Closelyboundupwiththiscorrelationofanthropomorphismandprowessisthefactthatanthropomorphiccultsacttoconserve，ifnottoinitiate，habitsofmindfavorabletoaregimeofstatus。Asregardsthispoint，itisquiteimpossibletosaywherethedisciplinaryeffectofthecultendsandwheretheevidenceofaconcomitanceofvariationsininheritedtraitsbegins。Intheirfinestdevelopment，thepredatorytemperament，thesenseofstatus，andtheanthropomorphiccultalltogetherbelongtothebarbarianculture；andsomethingofamutualcausalrelationsubsistsbetweenthethreephenomenaastheycomeintosightincommunitiesonthatculturallevel。Thewayinwhichtheyrecurincorrelationinthehabitsandattitudesofindividualsandclassestodaygoesfartoimplyalikecausalororganicrelationbetweenthesamepsychologicalphenomenaconsideredastraitsorhabitsoftheindividual。Ithasappearedatanearlierpointinthediscussionthattherelationofstatus，asafeatureofsocialstructure，isaconsequenceofthepredatoryhabitoflife。Asregardsitslineofderivation，itissubstantiallyanelaboratedexpressionofthepredatoryattitude。
　　Ontheotherhand，ananthropomorphiccultisacodeofdetailedrelationsofstatussuperimposedupontheconceptofapreternatural，inscrutablepropensityinmaterialthings。Sothat，asregardstheexternalfactsofitsderivation，thecultmaybetakenasanoutgrowthofarchaicman’spervadinganimisticsense，definedandinsomedegreetransformedbythepredatoryhabitoflife，theresultbeingapersonifiedpreternaturalagency，whichisbyimputationendowedwithafullcomplementofthehabitsofthoughtthatcharacterizethemanofthepredatoryculture。
　　Thegrosserpsychologicalfeaturesinthecase，whichhaveanimmediatebearingoneconomictheoryandareconsequentlytobetakenaccountofhere，aretherefore:aashasappearedinanearlierchapter，thepredatory，emulativehabitofmindherecalledprowessisbutthebarbarianvariantofthegenericallyhumaninstinctofworkmanship，whichhasfallenintothisspecificformundertheguidanceofahabitofinvidiouscomparisonofpersons；btherelationofstatusisaformalexpressionofsuchaninvidiouscomparisondulygaugedandgradedaccordingtoasanctionedschedule；cananthropomorphiccult，inthedaysofitsearlyvigoratleast，isaninstitutionthecharacteristicelementofwhichisarelationofstatusbetweenthehumansubjectasinferiorandthepersonifiedpreternaturalagencyassuperior。Withthisinmind，thereshouldbenodifficultyinrecognizingtheintimaterelationwhichsubsistsbetweenthesethreephenomenaofhumannatureandofhumanlife；
　　therelationamountstoanidentityinsomeoftheirsubstantialelements。Ontheonehand，thesystemofstatusandthepredatoryhabitoflifeareanexpressionoftheinstinctofworkmanshipasittakesformunderacustomofinvidiouscomparison；ontheotherhand，theanthropomorphiccultandthehabitofdevoutobservancesareanexpressionofmen’sanimisticsenseofapropensityinmaterialthings，elaboratedundertheguidanceofsubstantiallythesamegeneralhabitofinvidiouscomparison。Thetwocategories——theemulativehabitoflifeandthehabitofdevoutobservances——arethereforetobetakenascomplementaryelementsofthebarbariantypeofhumannatureandofitsmodernbarbarianvariants。Theyareexpressionsofmuchthesamerangeofaptitudes，madeinresponsetodifferentsetsofstimuli。
　　ChapterTwelveDevoutObservancesAdiscoursiverehearsalofcertainincidentsofmodernlifewillshowtheorganicrelationoftheanthropomorphiccultstothebarbariancultureandtemperament。Itwilllikewiseservetoshowhowthesurvivalandefficacyofthecultsandheprevalenceoftheirscheduleofdevoutobservancesarerelatedtotheinstitutionofaleisureclassandtothespringsofactionunderlyingthatinstitution。Withoutanyintentiontocommendortodeprecatethepracticestobespokenofundertheheadofdevoutobservances，orthespiritualandintellectualtraitsofwhichtheseobservancesaretheexpression，theeverydayphenomenaofcurrentanthropomorphiccultsmaybetakenupfromthepointofviewoftheinterestwhichtheyhaveforeconomictheory。Whatcanproperlybespokenofherearethetangible，externalfeaturesofdevoutobservances。Themoral，aswellasthedevotionalvalueofthelifeoffaithliesoutsideofthescopeofthepresentinquiry。Ofcoursenoquestionishereentertainedastothetruthorbeautyofthecreedsonwhichthecultsproceed。Andeventheirremotereconomicbearingcannotbetakenuphere；thesubjectistooreconditeandoftoograveimporttofindaplaceinsoslightasketch。
　　Somethinghasbeensaidinanearlierchapterastotheinfluencewhichpecuniarystandardsofvalueexertupontheprocessesofvaluationcarriedoutonotherbases，notrelatedtothepecuniaryinterest。Therelationisnotaltogetherone-sided。
　　Theeconomicstandardsorcanonsofvaluationareintheirturninfluencedbyextra-economicstandardsofvalue。Ourjudgmentsoftheeconomicbearingoffactsaretosomeextentshapedbythedominantpresenceoftheseweightierinterests。Thereisapointofview，indeed，fromwhichtheeconomicinterestisofweightonlyasbeingancillarytothesehigher，non-economicinterests。
　　Forthepresentpurpose，therefore，somethoughtmusthetakentoisolatetheeconomicinterestortheeconomichearingofthesephenomenaofanthropomorphiccults。Ittakessomeefforttodivestoneselfofthemoreseriouspointofview，andtoreachaneconomicappreciationofthesefacts，withaslittleasmaybeofthebiasduetohigherinterestsextraneoustoeconomictheory。
　　Inthediscussionofthesportingtemperament，ithasappearedthatthesenseofananimisticpropensityinmaterialthingsandeventsiswhataffordsthespiritualbasisofthesportingman’sgamblinghabit。Fortheeconomicpurpose，thissenseofpropensityissubstantiallythesamepsychologicalelementasexpressesitself，underavarietyofforms，inanimisticbeliefsandanthropomorphiccreeds。Sofarasconcernsthosetangiblepsychologicalfeatureswithwhicheconomictheoryhastodeal，thegamblingspiritwhichpervadesthesportingelementshadesoffbyinsensiblegradationsintothatframeofmindwhichfindsgratificationindevoutobservances。Asseenfromthepointofviewofeconomictheory，thesportingcharactershadesoffintothecharacterofareligiousdevotee。Wherethebettingman’sanimisticsenseishelpedoutbyasomewhatconsistenttradition，ithasdevelopedintoamoreorlessarticulatebeliefinapreternaturalorhyperphysicalagency，withsomethingofananthropomorphiccontent。Andwherethisisthecase，thereiscommonlyaperceptibleinclinationtomaketermswiththepreternaturalagencybysomeapprovedmethodofapproachandconciliation。Thiselementofpropitiationandcajolinghasmuchincommonwiththecrasserformsofworship——
　　ifnotinhistoricalderivation，atleastinactualpsychologicalcontent。Itobviouslyshadesoffinunbrokencontinuityintowhatisrecognizedassuperstitiouspracticeandbelief，andsoassertsitsclaimtokinshipwiththegrosseranthropomorphiccults。
　　Thesportingorgamblingtemperament，then，comprisessomeofthesubstantialpsychologicalelementsthatgotomakeabelieverincreedsandanobserverofdevoutforms，thechiefpointofcoincidencebeingthebeliefinaninscrutablepropensityorapreternaturalinterpositioninthesequenceofevents。Forthepurposeofthegamblingpracticethebeliefinpreternaturalagencymaybe，andordinarilyis，lesscloselyformulated，especiallyasregardsthehabitsofthoughtandtheschemeoflifeimputedtothepreternaturalagent；or，inotherwords，asregardshismoralcharacterandhispurposesininterferinginevents。Withrespecttotheindividualityorpersonalityoftheagencywhosepresenceasluck，orchance，orhoodoo，ormascot，etc。，hefeelsandsometimesdreadsandendeavorstoevade，thesportingman’sviewsarealsolessspecific，lessintegratedanddifferentiated。Thebasisofhisgamblingactivityis，ingreatmeasure，simplyaninstinctivesenseofthepresenceofapervasiveextraphysicalandarbitraryforceorpropensityinthingsorsituations，whichisscarcelyrecognizedasapersonalagent。Thebettingmanisnotinfrequentlybothabelieverinluck，inthisnaivesense，andatthesametimeaprettystaunchadherentofsomeformofacceptedcreed。Heisespeciallypronetoacceptsomuchofthecreedasconcertstheinscrutablepowerandthearbitraryhabitsofthedivinitywhichhaswonhisconfidence。Insuchacaseheispossessedoftwo，orsometimesmorethantwo，distinguishablephasesofanimism。Indeed，thecompleteseriesofsuccessivephasesofanimisticbeliefistobefoundunbrokeninthespiritualfurnitureofanysportingcommunity。Suchachainofanimisticconceptionswillcomprisethemostelementaryformofaninstinctivesenseofluckandchanceandfortuitousnecessityatoneendoftheseries，togetherwiththeperfectlydevelopedanthropomorphicdivinityattheotherend，withallinterveningstagesofintegration。Coupledwiththesebeliefsinpreternaturalagencygoesaninstinctiveshapingofconducttoconformwiththesurmisedrequirementsoftheluckychanceontheonehand，andamoreorlessdevoutsubmissiontotheinscrutabledecreesofthedivinityontheotherhand。
　　Thereisarelationshipinthisrespectbetweenthesportingtemperamentandthetemperamentofthedelinquentclasses；andthetwoarerelatedtothetemperamentwhichinclinestoananthropomorphiccult。Boththedelinquentandthesportingmanareontheaveragemoreapttobeadherentsofsomeaccreditedcreed，andarealsorathermoreinclinedtodevoutobservances，thanthegeneralaverageofthecommunity。itisalsonoticeablethatunbelievingmembersoftheseclassesshowmoreofaproclivitytobecomeproselytestosomeaccreditedfaiththantheaverageofunbelievers。Thisfactofobservationisavowedbythespokesmenofsports，especiallyinapologizingforthemorenaivelypredatoryathleticsports。Indeed，itissomewhatinsistentlyclaimedasameritoriousfeatureofsportinglifethatthehabitualparticipantsinathleticgamesareinsomedegreepeculiarlygiventodevoutpractices。Anditisobservablethattheculttowhichsportingmenandthepredaceousdelinquentclassesadhere，ortowhichproselytesfromtheseclassescommonlyattachthemselves，isordinarilynotoneoftheso-calledhigherfaiths，butacultwhichhastodowithathoroughlyanthropomorphicdivinity。Archaic，predatoryhumannatureisnotsatisfiedwithabstruseconceptionsofadissolvingpersonalitythatshadesoffintotheconceptofquantitativecausalsequence，suchasthespeculative，esotericcreedsofChristendomimputetotheFirstCause，UniversalIntelligence，WorldSoul，orSpiritualAspect。Asaninstanceofacultofthecharacterwhichthehabitsofmindoftheathleteandthedelinquentrequire，maybecitedthatbranchofthechurchmilitantknownastheSalvationArmy。Thisistosomeextentrecruitedfromthelower-classdelinquents，anditappearstocomprisealso，amongitsofficersespecially，alargerproportionofmenwithasportingrecordthantheproportionofsuchmenintheaggregatepopulationofthecommunity。
　　Collegeathleticsaffordacaseinpoint。Itiscontendedbyexponentsofthedevoutelementincollegelife——andthereseemstobenogroundfordisputingtheclaim——thatthedesirableathleticmaterialaffordedbyanystudentbodyinthiscountryisatthesametimepredominantlyreligious；orthatitisatleastgiventodevoutobservancestoagreaterdegreethantheaverageofthosestudentswhoseinterestinathleticsandothercollegesportsisless。Thisiswhatmightbeexpectedontheoreticalgrounds。Itmayberemarked，bytheway，thatfromonepointofviewthisisfelttoreflectcreditonthecollegesportinglife，onathleticgames，andonthosepersonswhooccupythemselveswiththesematters。Ithappensnotfrequentlythatcollegesportingmendevotethemselvestoreligiouspropaganda，eitherasavocationorasaby-occupation；anditisobservablethatwhenthishappenstheyarelikelytobecomepropagandistsofsomeoneofthemoreanthropomorphiccults。Intheirteachingtheyareapttoinsistchieflyonthepersonalrelationofstatuswhichsubsistsbetweenananthropomorphicdivinityandthehumansubject。
　　Thisintimaterelationbetweenathleticsanddevoutobservanceamongcollegemenisafactofsufficientnotoriety；
　　butithasaspecialfeaturetowhichattentionhasnotbeencalled，althoughitisobviousenough。ThereligiouszealwhichpervadesmuchofthecollegesportingelementisespeciallypronetoexpressitselfinanunquestioningdevoutnessandanaiveandcomplacentsubmissiontoaninscrutableProvidence。Itthereforebypreferenceseeksaffliationwithsomeoneofthoselayreligiousorganizationswhichoccupythemselveswiththespreadoftheexotericformsoffaith——as，e。g。，theYoungMen’sChristianAssociationortheYoungPeople’sSocietyforChristianEndeavor。Theselaybodiesareorganizedtofurther“practical“