’Part’means1athatintowhichaquantumcaninanywaybe
　　divided；forthatwhichistakenfromaquantumquaquantumis
　　alwayscalledapartofit，e。g。twoiscalledinasenseapartof
　　three。Itmeansb，ofthepartsinthefirstsense，onlythosewhich
　　measurethewhole；thisiswhytwo，thoughinonesenseitis，in
　　anotherisnot，calledapartofthree-2Theelementsintowhich
　　akindmightbedividedapartfromthequantityarealsocalled
　　partsofit；forwhichreasonwesaythespeciesarepartsofthe
　　genus-3Theelementsintowhichawholeisdivided，orofwhich
　　itconsists-the’whole’meaningeithertheformorthatwhichhas
　　theform；e。g。ofthebronzesphereorofthebronzecubeboththe
　　bronze-i。e。thematterinwhichtheformis-andthecharacteristic
　　angleareparts-4Theelementsinthedefinitionwhichexplainsa
　　thingarealsopartsofthewhole；thisiswhythegenusiscalleda
　　partofthespecies，thoughinanothersensethespeciesispartof
　　thegenus。
　　’Awhole’means1thatfromwhichisabsentnoneofthepartsof
　　whichitissaidtobenaturallyawhole，and2thatwhichso
　　containsthethingsitcontainsthattheyformaunity；andthisin
　　twosenses-eitherasbeingeachseverallyonesinglething，oras
　　makinguptheunitybetweenthem。Forathatwhichistrueofa
　　wholeclassandissaidtoholdgoodasawholewhichimpliesthatit
　　isakindwholeistrueofawholeinthesensethatitcontainsmany
　　thingsbybeingpredicatedofeach，andbyallofthem，e。g。man，
　　horse，god，beingseverallyonesinglething，becauseallareliving
　　things。Butbthecontinuousandlimitedisawhole，whenitisa
　　unityconsistingofseveralparts，especiallyiftheyarepresentonly
　　potentially，but，failingthis，eveniftheyarepresentactually。
　　Ofthesethingsthemselves，thosewhicharesobynaturearewholesin
　　ahigherdegreethanthosewhicharesobyart，aswesaidinthecase
　　ofunityalso，wholenessbeinginfactasortofoneness。
　　Again3ofquantathathaveabeginningandamiddleandanend，
　　thosetowhichthepositiondoesnotmakeadifferencearecalled
　　totals，andthosetowhichitdoes，wholes。Thosewhichadmitof
　　bothdescriptionsarebothwholesandtotals。Thesearethethings
　　whosenatureremainsthesameaftertransposition，butwhoseformdoes
　　not，e。g。waxoracoat；theyarecalledbothwholesandtotals；for
　　theyhavebothcharacteristics。Waterandallliquidsandnumberare
　　calledtotals，but’thewholenumber’or’thewholewater’onedoes
　　notspeakof，exceptbyanextensionofmeaning。Tothings，towhich
　　quaonetheterm’total’isapplied，theterm’all’isappliedwhen
　　theyaretreatedasseparate；’thistotalnumber，’’alltheseunits。’
　　Itisnotanychancequantitativethingthatcanbesaidtobe
　　’mutilated’；itmustbeawholeaswellasdivisible。Fornotonly
　　istwonot’mutilated’ifoneofthetwoonesistakenawayforthe
　　partremovedbymutilationisneverequaltotheremainder，butin
　　generalnonumberisthusmutilated；foritisalsonecessarythatthe
　　essenceremain；ifacupismutilated，itmuststillbeacup；butthe
　　numberisnolongerthesame。Further，evenifthingsconsistof
　　unlikeparts，noteventhesethingscanallbesaidtobemutilated，
　　forinasenseanumberhasunlikepartse。g。twoandthreeas
　　wellaslike；butingeneralofthethingstowhichtheirposition
　　makesnodifference，e。g。waterorfire，nonecanbemutilated；to
　　bemutilated，thingsmustbesuchasinvirtueoftheiressencehavea
　　certainposition。Again，theymustbecontinuous；foramusical
　　scaleconsistsofunlikepartsandhasposition，butcannotbecome
　　mutilated。Besides，noteventhethingsthatarewholesare
　　mutilatedbytheprivationofanypart。Forthepartsremovedmust
　　beneitherthosewhichdeterminetheessencenoranychanceparts，
　　irrespectiveoftheirposition；e。g。acupisnotmutilatedifitis
　　boredthrough，butonlyifthehandleoraprojectingpartisremoved，
　　andamanismutilatednotifthefleshorthespleenisremoved，
　　butifanextremityis，andthatnoteveryextremitybutonewhich
　　whencompletelyremovedcannotgrowagain。Thereforebaldnessisnota
　　mutilation。
　　Theterm’race’or’genus’isused1ifgenerationofthings
　　whichhavethesameformiscontinuous，e。g。’whiletheraceofmen
　　lasts’means’whilethegenerationofthemgoeson
　　continuously’-2Itisusedwithreferencetothatwhichfirst
　　broughtthingsintoexistence；foritisthusthatsomearecalled
　　HellenesbyraceandothersIonians，becausetheformerproceedfrom
　　HellenandthelatterfromIonastheirfirstbegetter。Andtheword
　　isusedinreferencetothebegettermorethantothematter，though
　　peoplealsogetarace-namefromthefemale，e。g。’thedescendants
　　ofPyrrha’-3Thereisgenusinthesenseinwhich’plane’isthe
　　genusofplanefiguresandsolid’ofsolids；foreachofthefigures
　　isintheonecaseaplaneofsuchandsuchakind，andintheothera
　　solidofsuchandsuchakind；andthisiswhatunderliesthe
　　differentiae。Again4indefinitionsthefirstconstituent
　　element，whichisincludedinthe’what’，isthegenus，whose
　　differentiaethequalitiesaresaidtobe’Genus’thenisusedin
　　alltheseways，1inreferencetocontinuousgenerationofthe
　　samekind，2inreferencetothefirstmoverwhichisofthesame
　　kindasthethingsitmoves，3asmatter；forthattowhichthe
　　differentiaorqualitybelongsisthesubstratum，whichwecall
　　matter。
　　Thosethingsaresaidtobe’otheringenus’whoseproximate
　　substratumisdifferent，andwhicharenotanalysedtheoneintothe
　　othernorbothintothesamethinge。g。formandmatteraredifferent
　　ingenus；andthingswhichbelongtodifferentcategoriesofbeing
　　forsomeofthethingsthataresaidto’be’signifyessence，
　　othersaquality，otherstheothercategorieswehavebefore
　　distinguished；thesealsoarenotanalysedeitherintooneanotheror
　　intosomeonething。
　　’Thefalse’means1thatwhichisfalseasathing，andthata
　　becauseitisnotputtogetherorcannotbeputtogether，e。g。’that
　　thediagonalofasquareiscommensuratewiththeside’or’thatyou
　　aresitting’；foroneoftheseisfalsealways，andtheother
　　sometimes；itisinthesetwosensesthattheyarenon-existent。b
　　Therearethingswhichexist，butwhosenatureitistoappear
　　eithernottobesuchastheyareortobethingsthatdonotexist，
　　e。g。asketchoradream；forthesearesomething，butarenotthe
　　thingstheappearanceofwhichtheyproduceinus。Wecallthings
　　falseinthisway，then，-eitherbecausetheythemselvesdonot
　　exist，orbecausetheappearancewhichresultsfromthemisthatof
　　somethingthatdoesnotexist。
　　2Afalseaccountistheaccountofnon-existentobjects，in
　　sofarasitisfalse。Henceeveryaccountisfalsewhenappliedto
　　somethingotherthanthatofwhichitistrue；e。g。theaccountofa
　　circleisfalsewhenappliedtoatriangle。Inasensethereisone
　　accountofeachthing，i。e。theaccountofitsessence，butinasense
　　therearemany，sincethethingitselfandthethingitselfwithan
　　attributeareinasensethesame，e。g。Socratesandmusical
　　Socratesafalseaccountisnottheaccountofanything，exceptin
　　aqualifiedsense。HenceAntistheneswastoosimple-mindedwhenhe
　　claimedthatnothingcouldbedescribedexceptbytheaccountproper
　　toit，-onepredicatetoonesubject；fromwhichtheconclusionusedto
　　bedrawnthattherecouldbenocontradiction，andalmostthatthere
　　couldbenoerror。Butitispossibletodescribeeachthingnot
　　onlybytheaccountofitself，butalsobythatofsomethingelse。
　　Thismaybedonealtogetherfalselyindeed，butthereisalsoawayin
　　whichitmaybedonetruly；e。g。eightmaybedescribedasadouble
　　numberbytheuseofthedefinitionoftwo。
　　Thesethings，then，arecalledfalseinthesesenses，but3a
　　falsemanisonewhoisreadyatandfondofsuchaccounts，notfor
　　anyotherreasonbutfortheirownsake，andonewhoisgoodat
　　impressingsuchaccountsonotherpeople，justaswesaythingsare
　　whichproduceafalseappearance。ThisiswhytheproofintheHippias
　　thatthesamemanisfalseandtrueismisleading。Foritassumesthat
　　heisfalsewhocandeceivei。e。themanwhoknowsandiswise；
　　andfurtherthathewhoiswillinglybadisbetter。Thisisafalse
　　resultofinduction-foramanwholimpswillinglyisbetterthanone
　　whodoessounwillingly-by’limping’Platomeans’mimickingalimp’，
　　forifthemanwerelamewillingly，hewouldpresumablybeworsein
　　thiscaseasinthecorrespondingcaseofmoralcharacter。
　　’Accident’means1thatwhichattachestosomethingandcanbe
　　trulyasserted，butneitherofnecessitynorusually，e。g。ifsomeone
　　indiggingaholeforaplanthasfoundtreasure。This-thefinding
　　oftreasure-isforthemanwhodugtheholeanaccident；forneither
　　doestheonecomeofnecessityfromtheotheroraftertheother，nor，
　　ifamanplants，doesheusuallyfindtreasure。Andamusicalman
　　mightbepale；butsincethisdoesnothappenofnecessitynor
　　usually，wecallitanaccident。Thereforesincethereare
　　attributesandtheyattachtosubjects，andsomeofthemattachto
　　theseonlyinaparticularplaceandataparticulartime，whatever
　　attachestoasubject，butnotbecauseitwasthissubject，orthe
　　timethistime，ortheplacethisplace，willbeanaccident。
　　Therefore，too，thereisnodefinitecauseforanaccident，buta
　　chancecause，i。e。anindefiniteone。GoingtoAeginawasan
　　accidentforaman，ifhewentnotinordertogetthere，but
　　becausehewascarriedoutofhiswaybyastormorcapturedby
　　pirates。Theaccidenthashappenedorexists，-notinvirtueofthe
　　subject’snature，however，butofsomethingelse；forthestormwas
　　thecauseofhiscomingtoaplaceforwhichhewasnotsailing，and
　　thiswasAegina。
　　’Accident’hasalso2anothermeaning，i。e。allthatattachesto
　　eachthinginvirtueofitselfbutisnotinitsessence，ashaving
　　itsanglesequaltotworightanglesattachestothetriangle。And
　　accidentsofthissortmaybeeternal，butnoaccidentoftheother
　　sortis。Thisisexplainedelsewhere。