Bainbridgehadpredicted,theexperimentcametonothing。Thewholecaseofthisgirlofferedastrikinginstanceofthepowerofimagination,butnoproofwhateverofthesupposedexistenceofthemagneticfluid。
TheMedicalCommitteeoftheUniversityCollegeHospitaltookalarmataveryearlyperiodattheinjurywhichmightbedonetothatInstitution,bytheexhibitionsofOkeyandhermagnetisers。AmeetingwasheldinJune1838,atwhichDr。Elliotsonwasnotpresent,totakeintoconsiderationthereportsoftheexperimentsthathadbeenpublishedintheMedicalJournals。Resolutionswerethenpassedtotheeffect,thatDr。Elliotsonshouldberequestedtorefrainfromfurtherpublicexhibitionsofmesmerism;and,atthesametime,statingthewishoftheCommitteenottointerferewithitsprivateemploymentasaremedialagent,ifhethoughtitwouldbeefficaciousuponanyofthepatientsoftheInstitution。Dr。Elliotsonreplied,thatnoconsiderationshouldpreventhimfrompursuingtheinvestigationofAnimalMagnetism;butthathehadnodesiretomakeapublicexhibitionofit。Hehadonlygivenlecturesanddemonstrationswhennumbersofscientificgentlemenwerepresent;hestillcontinuedtoreceivenumerouslettersfromlearnedandeminentmen,entreatingpermissiontowitnessthephenomena;butiftheCommitteewilledit,heshouldadmitnopersonwithouttheirsanction。Heshortlyafterwardssentalistofthenamesofindividualswhowereanxioustowitnesstheexperiments。TheCommitteereturnedittohimunread,withthereplythattheycouldnotsanctionanyexhibitionthatwassoentirelyforeigntotheobjectsoftheHospital。Inanswertothis,Dr。ElliotsonreiteratedhisfullbeliefinthedoctrinesofAnimalMagnetism,andhisconvictionthathisexperimentswouldultimatelythrowalightupontheoperationsofnature,whichwouldequal,ifnotexceed,thatelicitedbythegreatestdiscoveriesofby-goneages。Thecorrespondencedroppedhere;andtheexperimentscontinuedasusual。
Thescene,however,wasdrawingtoaclose。Onthe25thofAugust,anoticewaspublishedintheLancet,totheeffect,thatsomeexperimentshadbeenperformedonthegirlsElizabethandJaneOkey,atthehouseofMr。Wakley,areportofwhichwasonlywithheldinthehopethattheCommitteeofMembersoftheMedicalProfession,thensittingtoinvestigatethephenomenaofmesmerism,wouldpublishtheirreportofwhattheyhadwitnessed。Itwasfurtherstated,thatwhetherthatCommitteedidordidnotpublishtheirreport,theresultoftheexperimentsatMr。Wakley’shouseshouldcertainlybemadeknowninthenextnumberofthatjournal。Accordingly,onthe1stofSeptemberappearedastatement,whichoverthrew,inthemostcompletemanner,thedelusionofmesmerism。Nothingcouldhavebeenbetterconductedthantheseexperiments;nothingcouldbemoredecisiveofthefact,thatallthephenomenawerepurelytheresultsoftheexcitedimaginationsofthegirls,aidedinnoslightdegreebytheirwilfuldeception。
Thefirstexperimentswereperformedonthe16thofAugust,inthepresenceofMr。Wakley,M。Dupotet,Dr。Elliotson,Dr。Richardson,Mr。
Herring,Mr。Clarke,andMr。G。MillsthewriterofthepublishedreportsoftheexperimentsattheUniversityCollegeHospital。Dr。
Elliotsonhadsaid,thatnickelwascapableofretainingandtransmittingthemagneticfluidinanextraordinarydegree;butthatleadpossessednosuchvirtues。Theeffectsofthenickel,hewasconfident,wouldbequiteastounding;butthatleadmightalwaysbeappliedwithimpunity。ApieceofnickelwasproducedbytheDoctor,aboutthreequartersofanounceinweight,togetherwithapieceofleadofthesameshapeandsmoothness,butsomewhatlarger。ElizabethOkeywasseatedinachair;and,byafewpassesandmanipulations,wasthrownintothestateof“ecstaticdelirium。“Apieceofthickpasteboardwasthenplacedinfrontofherface,andheldinthatsituationbytwoofthespectators,sothatshecouldnotseewhatwaspassingeitherbeloworinfrontofher。Mr。Wakleyhavingreceivedboththenickelandthelead,seatedhimselfoppositethegirl,andappliedtheleadtoeachhandalternately,butinsuchamannerastoleadhertobelievethatbothmetalshadbeenused。Noeffectwasproduced。ThenickelmagnetisedbyDr。Elliotsonwas,afterapause,appliedinasimilarmanner。Noresultsfollowed。Afteranotherpause,theleadwasseveraltimesapplied,andthenagainthenickel。Afterthelastapplicationofthenickel,thefaceofthepatientbecameviolentlyflushed,theeyeswereconvulsedintoastartlingsquint,shefellbackinthechair,herbreathingwashurried,herlimbsrigid,andherbackbentintheformofabow。Sheremainedinthisstateforaquarterofanhour。
Thisexperimentwasnotconsideredasatisfactoryproofofthemagneticpowersofthenickel;andDr。Elliotsonsuggestedthat,inthesecondexperiment,thatmetalshouldalonebetried。Mr。Wakleywasagaintheoperator;but,beforecommencing,hestatedprivatelytoMr。Clarke,thatinsteadofusingnickelonly,hewouldnotemploythenickelatall。Mr。Clarke,unseenbyanypersonpresent,tookthepieceofnickel;putitintohiswaistcoatpocket;andwalkedtothewindow,whereheremainedduringthewholeoftheexperiment。Mr。
Wakleyagainsatdown,employingbothhands,butplacinghisfingersinsuchamanner,thatitwasimpossibleforanypersontoseewhatsubstanceheheld。Presently,onapplyinghislefthand,thegirl’svisionbeingstillobstructedbythepasteboard,Mr。Herring,whowasstandingnear,saidinawhisper,andwithmuchsincerity,“Takecare,don’tapplythenickeltoostrongly。“Immediatelythefaceofthegirlbecameviolentlyred,hereyeswerefixedinanintensesquint,shefellbackconvulsivelyinherchair,andalltheprevioussymptomswereproducedmorepowerfullythanbefore。Dr。Elliotsonobservedthattheeffectsweremostextraordinary;thatnoothermetalthannickelcouldproducethem,andthattheypresentedabeautifulseriesofphenomena。Thisparoxysmlastedhalfanhour。Mr。WakleyretiredwithDr。Elliotsonandtheothergentlemenintoanadjoiningroom,andconvincedthemthathehadusednonickelatall,butapieceofleadandafarthing。
Thisexperimentwastwicerepeatedwiththesameresults。Athirdtrialwasmadewiththenickel,butnoeffectwasproduced。
Onthesucceedingdaytheexperimentswererepeateduponboththesisters,chieflywithmesmerisedwaterandsovereigns。Theinvestigationoccupiedaboutfivehours,andthefollowingweretheresults:——
1。Sixwineglasses,filledwithwaterunmesmerised,wereplacedonatable,andJaneOkeybeingcalledin,wasrequestedtodrinkfromeachofthemsuccessively。Shedidso,andnoeffectwasproduced。
2。Thesamesixglassesstoodonthetable,thewaterinthefourthhavingbeensubjectedforalongtimetothesupposedmagneticinfluence。Shewasrequestedinlikemannertodrinkofthese。Shedidso,andagainnoeffectwasproduced,although,accordingtothedoctrineofthemagnetisers,sheoughttohavebeenimmediatelyfixedondrinkingofthefourth。
3。Inthisexperimentthepositionoftheglasseswaschanged。
Therewasnoresult。
4。Wasarepetitionoftheforegoing。Noresult。
5。ThewaterinalltheglasseswassubjectedtothesupposedmagneticinfluencefromthefingersofDr。Elliotson,until,inhisopinion,itwasstronglymagnetised。Stillnoresult。
6。Theglasseswerefilledupwithfreshwaterunmesmerised。Noresult。
7。Thewaterwasstronglymagnetisedineachglass,andthegirlemptiedthemall。Noresult。
Itwouldbeneedlesstogothroughthewholeseriesofexperiments。Theresultsmaybebrieflystated。Sovereignsunmesmerisedthrewthegirlsintoconvulsions,orfixedthem。
Mesmerisedsovereignssometimesdidandsometimesdidnotproducethesesymptoms。ElizabethOkeybecamerepeatedlyfixedwhendrinkingunmagnetisedwater;whilethatwhichhadbeensubjectedtothepowersofasupposedmagneticbattery,producednoresults。Altogethertwenty-nineexperimentsweretried,whichconvincedeveryonepresent,exceptDr。Elliotson,thatAnimalMagnetismwasadelusion,thatthegirlswereofveryexciteableimaginations,andarrantimpostors。
Theirmotivesforcarryingonsoextraordinaryadeceptionhaveoftenbeenasked。Thequestioniseasilyanswered。Poorgirls,unknownandunnoticed,or,ifnoticed,perhapsdespised,theyfoundthemselvesallatoncetheobservedofallobservers,bythereallyremarkablesymptomsoftheirdisease,whichitrequirednoaidfrommagnetismtoproduce。Flatteredbytheoft-repeatedexperimentsandconstantattentionsofdoctorsandlearnedmen,whohadbegunbydeludingthemselves,theyimaginedthemselvespersonsofvastimportance,andencouragedbydegreesthewhimsoftheirphysicians,asthemeansofprolongingtheconsiderationtheysounexpectedlyenjoyed。Constantpracticemadethematlastallbutperfectinthepartstheywereperforming;andtheyfailedatlast,notfromawantofingenuity,orofamostwonderfulpowerovertheirownminds,andbytheirmindsupontheirbodies,butfromthephysicalimpossibilityofseeingthroughathickpasteboard,orintotheclosedhandsofMr。Wakley。
Theexposurethatwasmadewascompleteanddecisive。Fromthatdayforth,magnetisminEnglandhashiditsdiminishedhead,andaffrontednolongerthecommonsenseoftheage。M。Dupotetisnomoreheardof,thegirlsOkeyaffordnomoreeitherwonderoramusementbytheircleveracting,andreasonhasresumedherswayinthepublicmind。
Afewmorecircumstancesremaintobestated。ElizabethOkeyleftthehospital;butwasre-admittedsomeweeksafterwards,labouringunderischuria,afreshcomplaint,unconnectedwithherformermalady。
Asexperimentsinmagnetismwerestilltrieduponherprivately,notwithstandingtherecentexposureandtheallbutuniversalderisionofthepublic,theHouseCommitteeofthehospital,earlyinDecember,mettoconsidertheexpediencyofexpellingthegirl。Dr。Elliotson,onthatoccasion,expressedhisopinionthatitwasnecessarytoretainherinthehospital,asshewastooilltobedischarged。Itwasthenelicitedfromthenurse,whowasexaminedbytheCommittee,thatOkey,wheninthestateof“magneticdelirium,“wasinthehabitofprophesyingthedeathorrecoveryofthepatientsintheward;
that,withtheconsentofDr。Elliotson,shehadbeenledinthetwilightintothemen’sward,andhadprophesiedinasimilarmanner;
herpredictionsbeingtakendowninwriting,andgiveninasealedpapertotheapothecary,tobeopenedafteracertaintime,thatitmightbeseenwhethertheywereverified。Dr。Elliotsondidnotdenythefact。Thenursealsostatedmoreparticularlythemannerinwhichthepropheciesweredelivered。Shesaidthat,onapproachingthebedofacertainpatient,Okeygaveaconvulsiveshudder,exclaimingthat“GreatJackywassittingonthebedclothes!“Onbeingaskedtoexplainherself,shesaidthatGreatJackywastheangelofdeath。Atthebedsideofanotherpatientsheshudderedslightly,andsaid“LittleJackywasthere!“Dr。Elliotsondidnotaltogetherdiscreditthepredictions;butimaginedtheymightultimatelybeverifiedbythedeathorrecoveryofthepatient。Uponthemindsofthepatientsthemselves,enfeebledastheywerebydiseaseandsuffering,theworsteffectswereproduced。Oneman’sdeathwasacceleratedbythedespondencyitoccasioned,andtherecoveryofotherswasseriouslyimpeded。