[100]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，59。（MemorialsdatedMessidor28，yearII。，byanemissaryoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，senttoTroyes，Prairial29，toreportonthesituationofthingsandonthetroublesinTroyes。）—AlbertBabeau，II。，203，205and112，122。
　　—Cf。179。"Gachez，intoxicated，abouteleveno’clockatnight，withseveralwomenasdrunkashimself，compelledthekeeperoftheTempleofReasontoopenthedoors，threateninghimwiththeguillotine。"—
　　Ibid。，166。Headdressedthesans—culottesinthepopularclub:"Nowisthetimetoputyourselvesintheplaceoftherich。Strike，anddon’tputitoff！"—Ibid。，165。"42633livreswereplacedinthehandsofGachezandthecommittee，assecretrevolutionaryservicemoney……BetweenDecember4and10Gachezreceived20000
　　livres，inthreeorders，forrevolutionaryexpensesandprovisionalaid……Theleadersofthepartydisposedofthesesumswithoutcontroland，itmaybeadded，withoutscruple；Gachezhandsoveronlyfourthousandlivrestothesectionalpoor—committee。OnNiv？se12，thereremainsinthetreasuryofthepoorfundonly3738livres，12
　　000havingbeendivertedorsquandered。"
　　[101]"Frochot，"byLouisPassy，172。（LetterofPajot，memberoftherevolutionarycommitteeofAignay—le—Duc。）"Denunciationsoccupiedmostofthetimeatourmeetings，anditistherethatonecouldseethehatredsandvengeanceofthecolleagueswhoruledus。"
　　[102]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，No。4。Thefollowingisasampleamongothersoftheimpositionsoftherevolutionarycommittees。
　　（ComplaintofMariotte，proprietor，formermayorofChatillon—sur—
　　Seine，Floréal27，yearII。）"OnBrumaire23，yearII。，IwasstoppedjustasIwastakingpostatMussy，travellingonbusinessfortheRepublic，andprovidedwithacommissionandpassportfromtheMinisterofwar……Iwassearchedinthemostshamefulmanner；
　　citizenMénétrier，memberofthecommittee，usedtowardsmethefoulestlanguage……Iwasconfinedinatavern；insteadoftwogendarmeswhichwouldhavebeenquitesufficienttoguardme，I
　　hadthewholebrigade，whopassedthatnightandthenextdaydrinking，until，inwineandbrandythechargeagainstmeinthetavernamountedtosixtyfrancs。Andworsestill，twomembersofthesamecommitteepassedanightguardingmeandmademepayforit。Addtothis，theysaidopenlybeforemethatIwasagoodpigeontopluck……Theygavemetheescortofastatecriminalofthehighestimportance，threenationalgendarmes，mounted，sixNationalGuards，andeventotheCommandantoftheNationalGuard；citizenMièdan，memberoftherevolutionarycommittee，puthimselfattheheadofthecortege，tenmentoconductone！……Iwasobligedtopaymytorturers，fiftyfrancstothecommandant，andsixtytohismen。"
　　[103]Moniteur，XXI。，261。（SpeechbyaninhabitantofTroyesintheJacobinClub，Paris，Messidor26，yearII。）
　　[104]AlbertBabeau，II。，164。（Depositionsofthetavern—keeperandofthecommissioner，Garnier。）
　　[105]"Frochot，"byLouisPassy，170，172。（LetterbyPajotandpetitionoftheAignaymunicipality，March10，1795。）—BibliothequeNationale，L。，41。No。1802。（DenunciationbysixsectionsofthecommuneofDijontotheNationalConvention。）
　　[106]"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquessurlaRévolutiondeStrasbourg，"I。，187，andletterofBurger，Thermidor25，yearII。
　　[107]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，6（file37）—LetterofthemembersoftheStrasbourgrevolutionarycommittee，Vent？se13，yearIII。，indicatingtothemayorandmunicipalofficersofChalons—sur—MarnecertainJacobinsofthetownassuitablemembersofthePropagandaatStrasbourg。
　　[108]"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquesconcernantlaRévolutionà
　　Strasbourg，"I。，71。DepositionoftherecorderWeisonthecircuitoftheRevolutionaryTribunal，composedofSchneider，ClavelandTaffin。
　　"Thejudgesneverleftthetablewithouthavingbecomeintoxicatedwitheverythingofthefinest，and，inthisstate，theygatheredinthetribunalandcondemnedtheaccusedtodeath。"—Freelivingand"extravagantexpenditure"werecommoneven"amongtheemployeesofthegovernment。""Iencountered，"saysMeissner，"governmentcartersservedwithchickens，pastryandgame，whilstatthetraveler’stabletherewassimplyanoldlegofmuttonandafewpoorside—dishes。"
　　（"VoyageenFrance，"towardtheendof1795，p。371。）
　　[109]Someofthem，nevertheless，arenotugly，butmerelysots。Thefollowingisaspecimen。AcertainVelu，abornvagabond，formerlyinthealms—houseandbroughtupthere，thenashoemakeroracobbler，afterwardsteachingschoolinthefaubourgdeVienne，andatlastaharanguerandproposeroftyrannicidemotions，short，stoutandasrubicundashiscap，ismadePresidentofthePopularclubatBlois，thendelegatefordomiciliaryvisits，and，throughoutthereignofTerror，heisaprincipalpersonageinthetown，districtanddepartment。（DufortdeCheverney，"Mémoires，"（MS。）March21，1793
　　andJune，1793。）InJune，1793，thisVeluisorderedtovisitthechateaudeCheverney，toverifythesurrenderofallfeudaldocuments。
　　Hearrivesunexpectedly，meetsthesteward，Bambinet，entersthemayor’shouse，whokeepsaninn，anddrinkscopiously，whichgivesBambinettimetowarnM。DufortdeCheverneyandhavethesuspiciousregistersconcealed。—Thisdone，"Veluisobligedtoleavehisbottleandmarchtothechateau。—Heassumedhaughtinessandaimedatfamiliarity；hewouldputhishandonhisbreastand，takingyours，addressyou:"Goodday，brother。"—Hecamethereatnineo’clockinthemorning，advanced，tookmyhandandsaid:"Good—day，brother，howareyou？""Verywell，citizen，andhowareyou？""Youdonottutoyer—
　　youarenotuptotheRevolution？"We’llsee—willyoustepintheparlor？""Yes，brother，I’llfollowyou。"—Weenter；heseesmywifewho，Imaysay，hasanimposingair。Heboldlyembracesherand，repeatinghisgestureonthebreast，takesherhandandsays:"Good—
　　day，sister。""Come，"Iinterpose，"letustakebreakfast，and，ifyouplease，youshalldinewithme。""Yes，butononecondition，thattumetutoie。""Iwilltry，butIamnotinthehabitofit。"Afterwarminguphisintellectandheartwithabottleofwine，wegetridofhimbysendinghimtoinspectthearchives—room，alongwithmysonandBambinet。Itisamusing，forhecanonlyreadprint……
　　Bambinet，andtheprocureur，readthetitlesaloud，andpassoverthefeudalisms。Veludoesnotnoticethisandalwaystellsthemtogoon。
　　—Afteranhour，tiredout，hecomesback:"Allright，"hesays，"nowletmeseeyourchateau，whichisafineone。"Hehadheardaboutaroomwheretherewerefantocini，intheattic。Hegoesup，openssomeplay—books，and，seeingonthelistsofcharactersthenameofKingandPrince，he，saystome:"Youmustscratchthoseout，andplayonlyrepublicanpieces。"Thedescentisbyaback—stairs。Onthewaydownheencountersamaidofmywife’s，whoisverypretty；hestopsand，regardingmyson，says:"YoumustasagoodRepublican，sleepwiththatgirlandmarryher。"Ilookathimandreply:"MonsieurVelu，listen；wearewellbehavedhere，andsuchlanguagecannotbeallowed。
　　Youmustrespecttheyoungpeopleinmyhouse。"Alittledisconcerted，hetamesdownandisquitedeferentialtoMadamedeCheverney。—"Youhavepenandinkonyourtable，"hesays，"bringthemhere。""Whatfor，"Iask，"totakemyinventory？""No，butImustmakeaprocès—
　　verbal。Youhelpme；itwillbebetterforyou，asyoucanfixittosuityou"Thiswasnotbadlydone，toconcealhiswantofknowledge。
　　—Wegointodinner。Myservantswaitedonthetable；Ihadnotyieldedtothesystemofageneraltableforallofus，whichwouldnothavepleasedmyservantsanymorethanmyself。Curiosityledthemalltocomeinandseeusdiningtogether。—"Brother，"saysVelutome，"don’tthesepeopleeatwithyou？"（Hesawthetablesetforonlyfourpersons。）Ireply:"Brother，thatwouldnotbeanymoreagreeabletothemthantomyself。Askthem。"—Heatelittle，dranklikeanogre，andwastalkativeabouthisamours；gettingcarriedawayhegotsoclosetobeingnaughtythatheupsetmywife，withoutactuallygoingtofar。AproposoftheRevolution，andthedangerweincurred，hesaidinnocently:"Don’tIrunasmuchriskasanybody？Itismyopinionthat，inthreemonths，Ishallhavemyheadoff！Butwemustalltakeourchance！"—Nowandthen，heindulgedinsans—
　　culottisms。Heseizedtheservant’shand，whochangedhisplate:
　　"Brother，Ibegyoutotakemyplace，andletmewaitonyouinmyturn"—Hedrankthecordials，andfinallyleft，pleasedwithhisreception。—Returningtotheinn，hestaysuntilnineo’clockatnightandstuffshimself，butisnotintoxicated。Onebottlehadnoeffectonhim；hecouldemptyacaskandshownosignsofit。
　　[110]Moniteur，XXII。，425。（SessionofBrumaire13，yearIII。）
　　Cambon，inrelationtotherevolutionarycommittees，says:"IwouldobservetotheAssemblythattheywereneverpaid。"Amemberreplies:
　　"Theytooktheirpaythemselves。"（"Yes，yes。"—Applause。）
　　[111]Moniteu，XXII。，711。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）
　　—Cambonstated，indeed，Frimaire26，yearII。，（Moniteur，XVIII。，680），concerningthesetaxes"Notoneword，notonesouhasyetreachedtheTreasury；theywanttooverridetheConventionwhichmadetheRevolution。"
　　[112]Ibid。，720。"Thebalancesreported，ofwhichthelargestportionisalreadypaidintothevaultsoftheNationalTreasury，amounttotwentymillionsonehundredandsixty—sixthousandthreehundredandthirtylivres。"—AtParis，Marseilles，andBordeaux，inthe3largetownswheretensofmillionswereraisedinthree—quartersofthedistricts，Cambon，threemonthsafterThermidor，couldnotyetobtain，Iwillnotsaythereturns，butastatementofthesumsraised。Thenationalagentseitherdidnotreplytohim，ordiditvaguely，orstatedthatintheirdistrictstherewasneithercivicdonationnorrevolutionarytax，andparticularlyatMarseilles，whereaforcedloanhadbeenmadeoffourmillions。—Cf。DeMartel，"
　　Fouché，"P。245。（MemorialofthecentraladministrationofNièvre，Prairial19，yearIII。）"TheaccountreturnedbythecityofNeversamountstoeightythousandfrancs，theuseofwhichhasneverbeenverified……Thistax，inpartpaymentofthewarsubsidy，wassimplyatraplaidbythepoliticalactorsinordertolevyacontributiononhonest，credulouscitizens。"—Ibid。，217。Onvoluntarygiftsandforcedtaxationcf。atNantes，theusemadeofrevolutionarytaxes，broughtoutonthetrialoftherevolutionarycommittee。
　　[113]LudovicSciout，IV。，19。ReportofRepresentativeBecker。
　　（JournaldesDébatsetDécrets，p。743，Prairial，yearIII。）HereturnsfromamissiontoLandauandrendersanaccountoftheexecutionscommittedbytheJacobinagentsintheRhenishprovinces。Theyleviedtaxes，swordinhand，andthreatenedtherefractorywiththeguillotineatStrasbourg。Thereceiptswhichpassedunderthereporter’seyes"presentedthesumofthreemillionsthreehundredandforty—fivethousandsevenhundredandeighty—fivelivres，twodeniers，whilstourcolleague，Cambon，reportsonlyonehundredandthirty—
　　eightthousandpaidin。"
　　[114]Moniteur，XXII。，754。（ReportofGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）"Rascallery—thiswordrecallstheoldrevolutionarycommittees，mostofwhichformedthescumofsocietyandwhichshowedsomanyaptitudesforthedoublefunctionofrobberandpersecutor。"
　　[115]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，107。（OrdersofRepresentativesYsabeauandTallien，Bordeaux，Brumaire11and17，yearII。）—Thirdorder，promulgatedbythesameparties，Frimaire2，yearII。，replacingthiscommitteebyanotheroftwelvemembersandsixdeputies，eachattwohundredfrancsamonth。Fourthorder，Pluvi？se16，yearII。，dismissingthemembersoftheforegoingcommittee，asexagérésanddisobedient。Itisbecausetheyregardtheirlocalroyaltyinquiteaseriouslight。—Ibid。，AF。，II。，46。（"ExtractsfromtheminutesofthemeetingsoftherevolutionarycommitteeofBordeaux，"Prairial，yearII。）Thisextract，consistingofeighteenpages，showsindetailtheinsideworkingsofarevolutionarycommitteethenumberofarrestedgoesonincreasing；onthe27thofPrairialthereare1524。Thecommitteeisessentiallyapoliceoffice；itdeliverscertificatesofcivism，issueswarrantsofarrest，correspondswithothercommittees，evenveryremote，atLimoges，andClermont—Ferrand，delegatesanyofitsmemberstomakeinvestigationsordomicialiarysearches，toaffixseals，anditreceivesandtransmitsdenunciations，summonsthedenouncedtoappearbeforeit，readsinterrogations，writestotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，etc。
　　Thefollowingaresamplesofitswarrantsofarrest:"Muller，ariding—master，willbeconfinedintheformerPetitSeminaire，undersuspicionofaristocracy，accordingtopublicopinion。"—Anotherexample，（ArchivesNationales，F。7，2475。Registeroftheprocès—
　　verbauxoftherevolutionarycommitteeofthePiquessection，Paris，June3，1793。）WarrantofarrestagainstBoucher，grocer，rueNeuveduLuxembourg，"suspect"ofincivismeand"havingcherishedwickedandperfidiousintentionsagainsthiswife。"Boucher，arrested，declaresthat，"whathesaidanddidinhisownhouse，concernednobodybuthimself。"Onwhichhewasledtoprison。
　　[116]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，30（No。105）。ExaminationofJeanDavilliers，andotherransomedparties。
　　[117]BerryatSaint—Prix，313。（TrialofLacombeandhisaccomplicesafterThermidor。）
　　[118]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，46。（LetterofJulientotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Bordeaux，Messidor12，yearII。）—
　　Moniteur，XXII。，713。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）AtVerins，citizenswereimprisonedandthensetatliberty"onconsiderationofafee。"—AlbertBabeau，II。，164，165，206。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearII。）"Citoyenne（madame）Deguerrois，havingcometoprocurethereleaseofherhusband，apublicfunctionarydemandedofhertenthousandlivres，whichhereducedtosixthousandfordoingwhatshedesired。"—"OnedocumentatteststhatMasseypaidtwothousandlivres，andwidowDelaportesixhundredlivres，togetoutofprison。"
　　[119]Mallet—Dupan，"FirstlettertoaGenoamerchant，"（MarchI，1796），pp。33—35。"OneofthewondersofthereignofTerroristheslightattentiongiventothetraffickinginlifeanddeath，characteristicofterrorism……Wescarcelyfindawordonthecountlessbargainsthroughwhich’suspect’citizensboughtthemselvesoutofcaptivity，andimprisonedcitizensboughtofftheguillotine……Dungeonsandexecutionswereasmuchmattersoftradeasthepurchaseofcattleatafair。"Thistraffic"wascarriedoninallthetowns，bourgsanddepartmentssurrenderedtotheConventionandRevolutionaryCommittees。"……"Ithasbeenestablishedsincethe10thofAugust。""IwillonlyciteamongamultitudeofinstancestheunfortunateDucduChatelet:neverdidanybodypaymoreforhisexecution！"—Wallon，"HistoireduTribunalRevolutionnairedeParis，"
　　VI。，88。（DenunciationofFouquier—Tinville，signedSaulnie。）
　　AccordingtoSaulniehedinedregularlytwiceaweekatNo6rueSerpente，withoneDemay，callinghimselfalawyerandlivingwithawomannamedMartin。Inthisdeath—trap，inthemiddleoforgies，thefreedomordeathofthoseinprisonwasbargainedforinmoneywithimpunity。Oneheadalone，belongingtothehouseofBoufflers，escapingthescaffoldthroughtheintriguesofthesevampires，wasworthtothemthirtythousandlivres，ofwhichonethousandwerepaiddownandabondgivenfortherest，payableonbeingsetatliberty。
　　—Morellet，"Memoires，"II。，32。TheagentofMesdamesdeBouffierswasAbbéChevalier，whohadformerlyknownFouquier—TinvilleintheofficeofaprocureuranParliamentandwho，renewingtheacquaintance，cameanddrankwithFouquier。"HesucceededinhavingthepapersoftheladiesBouffiers，whichwerereadytobesenttotheTribunal，placedatthebottomofthefile。"—Mallet—Dupan，"
　　Memoires，"II。，495。"Fouquier—TinvillereceivedapensionofonethousandcrownsamonthfromMesdamesdeBouffiers；theransomincreasedonequartereachmonthonaccountoftheatrocityofthecircumstances。Thismethodsavedtheseladies，whilstthosewhopaidasumingrosslosttheirlives……ItwasDuVaucel，fermier—
　　general，whosavedthePrincessofTarente……forfivehundredlouis，afterhavingsavedtwootherladiesforthreehundredlouis，giventooneoftheJacobinleaders。"
　　[120]"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，"324。Coudert，oftheMunicipalCouncil，shoemaker，chargedwiththedutyoftakingsilver—
　　platefromtheaccused，didnotknowhow，orwasunwilling，todrawupanyotherthananirregularandvaluelessprocès—verbal。Onthis，anaccusedpartyobjectedandrefusedtosign。"Takecare，you，"
　　exclaimsCoudertinarage，"withyourdamnedcleverness，youareplayingthestubborn。Youarenothingbutabloodyfool！Youaregettingintoabadbox！Ifyoudon’tsign，I’llhaveyouguillotined。"
　　Frequently，therearenopapersatall。（DeMartel，"Fouché，"p。236。
　　MemorialbytheauthoritiesofAllier，addressedtotheConvention，document9。）October30，1793。Orderoftherevolutionarycommitteeenjoiningnocturnalvisitsinall"suspect"housesinMoulins，toremoveallgold，silverandcopper。"Elevenpartiesaremadeup……eachtovisiteightortenhouses。Eachbandisheadedbyoneofthecommittee，withonemunicipalofficer，accompaniedbylocksmithsandarevolutionaryguard。Thedwellingsoftheaccusedandotherprivateindividualsaresearched。Theyforcesecretariesandwardrobesofwhichtheydonotfindthekeys。Theypillagethegoldandsilvercoin。Theycarryoffplate，jewels，copperutensilsandothereffects，bed—clothes，docks，vehicles，etc。Noreceiptisgiven。Nostatementismadeofwhatiscarriedoff。Theyrestcontentbyattheendofthemonth，reporting，inasortofprocès—
　　verbaldrawnupatameetingofthecommittee，that，accordingtoreturnsofthevisitsmade，verylittleplatewasfound，andonlyalittlemoneyingoldandsilver，allwithoutanycalculationorenumeration。"—"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，"p。93。
　　（February25，1795。）Themeetingsofthepopularclub"werelargelydevotedtoreadingtheinfamousdoingsandrobberiesoftherevolutionarycommittee……Thememberswhodesignated’suspects’oftenarrestedthemthemselves，anddrewupaprocès—verbalinwhichtheyomittedtostatethejewelsandgoldtheyfound。"
　　[121]Ibid。，461。（Vendemaire24，yearIII。VisitofRepresentativeMalarmé。）TheformerDucdeNarbonne—Lorraagedeighty—four，saystoMalarmé:"Citizenrepresentative，excusemeifIkeepmycapon；I
　　lostmyhairinthatprison，withouthavingbeenabletogetpermissiontohaveawigmade；itisworsethanbeingrobbedontheroad。""Didtheystealanythingfromyou？""Theystoleonehundredandfortyfivelouisd’orandpaidmewithanacquittanceforataxforthesans—culottes，whichisanotherrobberydonetothecitizensofthiscommunewhereIhaveneitherhomenorpossessions。""Whocommittedthisrobbery？""ItwasCitizenBerger，ofthemunicipalcouncil。""Wasnothingelsetakenfromyou？""Theytookasilvercoffee—pot，twosoap—casesandasilvershaving—dish""Whotookthosearticles？""ItwasCitizenMiot（anotableofthecouncil）。"MiotconfessestohavingkepttheseobjectsandnottakenthemtotheMint。—Ibid。，178。（Vent？se20，yearII。）Prisonersallhavetheirshoestaken，eventhosewhohadbutonepair，apromisebeingmadethattheyshouldhavesabotsinexchange，whichtheynevergot。Theircloaksalsoweretakenwithapromisetopayforthem，whichwasneverdone。—"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，"p。92。
　　（February25，1795。）Thesessionsofthepopularclubwerelargelydevotedtoreadingtheinfamiesandrobberiesoftherevolutionarycommittee。Itsmembers，whodesignatedthesuspects，oftenarrestedthemthemselves；theymadeleviesandreportsoftheseinwhichtheyomittedthegoldandjewelsfound。"
　　[122]Moniteur，XXII。133。（SessionofVendémiaireII，yearIII。）
　　ReportbyThibaudeau。"Thesesevenindividualsarereprobateswhoweredismissedbythepeople’srepresentativesforhavingstolentheeffectsofpersonsarrested。Adocumentisonrecordinwhichtheymakeadeclarationthat，notrememberingthevalueoftheeffectsembezzled，theyagreetopaydamagestothenationoftwenty—twofrancseach。"
　　[123]BerryatSaint—Prix，447。JudgeRagotwasformerlyajoineratLyons，andViot，thepublicprosecutor，aformerdeserterfromthePenthièvreregiment。"Otheraccusedpersonsweredespoiled。Littlewasleftthemotherthantheirclothes，whichwereinabadstate。
　　Nappier，thebailiff，was，later，（Messidor，yearIII。），condemnedtoironsforhavingappropriatedapartoftheeffects，jewelsandassignatsbelongingtopersonsunderaccusation。"
　　[124]ThewordsofCamilleDesmoulinsin"LaFranceLibre，"（August，1782）。
　　[125]DeMartel，"Fouché，"362。—Ibid。，，132，162，179，427，443。—
　　Lecarpentier，inLaManche，constantlystated:"ThosewhodonotliketheRevolution，mustpaythosewhomakeit。"
　　[126]MarcelinBoudet，175。（AddressofMonestiertothepopularclubsofPuy—de—Dome，February23，1793。）
　　[127]AlexandrinedesEcherolles，"UnefamillenoblesouslaTerreur。"
　　[128]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，65。（LetterofGeneralKermorvantothepresidentofthecommitteeofPublicSafety，Valenciennes，Fructidor12，yearIII。）
　　[129]ReportbyCourtois，"SurlespapiersdeRobespierre，"（Piecesjustificatives，pp。312—324），LettersofReverchon，Germinal29，Floréal7and23，andbyLaPorte，Germinal24，yearII。
　　[130]Ibid。LetterbyLaPorte"Idonotknowwhatfatalityinducespatriotsherenottotoleratetheirbrethrenwhomtheycallstrangers……Theyhavedeclaredtousthattheywouldnotsufferanyofthemtoholdoffice。"Therepresentativesdaredarrestbuttworobbersanddespoilers，whoarenowfreeanddeclaimingagainstthematParis。
　　"Countlessgraveandevenatrociouscircumstancesaredailypresentedtousonwhichwehesitatetoact，lestweshouldstrikepatriots，orthosewhocallthemselvessuch……Horribledepredationsarecommitted。"
　　[131]Ibid。LetterbyReverchon:"ThesefanaticsallwanttheRepublicsimplyforthem—selves。"……"Theycallthemselvespatriotsonlytocutthethroatsoftheirbrethrenandgetrich。"—
　　GuillondeMontléon，"HistoiredelavilledeLyonsPendantlaRévolutionIII。，166。（ReportbyFouché，April，1794。）"Innocentpersons，acquittedbytheterribletribunaloftheRevolutionarycommittee，wereagainconsignedtothedungeonsofcriminalsthroughthedespoticordersofthethirty—twocommittees，becausetheyweresounfortunateastocomplainthat，onreturninghome，theycouldnotfindthestrictlynecessaryobjectstheyhadleftthere。"
　　[132]Meissner，"VoyageenFrancedanslesDerniersMoisde1795，"
　　p。343。"Acertaindomainwashandedovertooneoftheircreaturesbytherevolutionarydepartmentsforalmostnothing，lessthantheproceedsofthefirstcutofwood。"—Moniteur，XXIII。，397。（SpeechbyBourdondel’Oise，May6，1795。）"Acertainfarmerpaidforhisfarmworthfivethousandfrancsbythesaleofonehorse。"
　　[133]Moniteur，XXII。，82。（ReportbyGrégoire，Fructidor14，yearII。）Ibid。，775。（ReportbyGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）
　　[134]"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquessurlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，"
　　II。，p。I。（Procès—verbal，drawnupinthepresenceoftheelderMouetandsignedbyhim。）
　　[135]Moniteur，XXII。，775。（ReportofGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）—Ibid。，711。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）—
　　ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，65。（LetterofGeneralKermorvan，Valenciennes，Fructidor12，yearIII。）
　　[136]"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，"184。（VisitofVent？se27，yearII。）
　　[137]ArchivesNationales，F。7，7164。（DepartmentofVar"Ideé
　　généraleetappréciationavecdétailssurchaquecanton，"yearV。）
　　[138]Ibid。，F。7，7171（No。7915）。—（DepartmentofBouches—du—Rh？ne，"Ideégénérale，"yearV。）—（LettersofMiollis，commissioneroftheDirectoryinthedepartment，Vent？se14and16，yearV。LetterofGen。WillottotheMinister，Vent？se10，andofGen。MerletoGen。
　　Willot，Vent？se17，yearV。）"Severalsectionsofanarchiststravelfromonecommunetoanotherexcitingweakcitizenstoriotsandgettingthemtotakepartinthehorrorstheyaremeditating。"—Ibid。，F7，7164。LetterofGen。WillottotheMinister，Aries，Pluvi？se12，yearV。，withsupportingdocuments，andespeciallyaletterofthedirectorofthejury，ontheviolencecommittedby，andthereignof，theJacobinsinAries。）Theirparty"iscomposedofthevilestartisansandnearlyallthesailors。"Themunicipalityrecruitedamongstformerterrorists，"hasenforcedforayearbacktheagrarianlaw，devastationoftheforests，pillageofthewheat—crops，bybandsofarmedmenunderpretextoftherightofgleaning，therobberyofanimalsattheploughaswellasoftheflocks，"etc。
　　[139]Ibid。，F。7，7171。"Thesecommissioners（ofthequarter）notifytheexclusives，andevenswindlers，whenwarrantsareoutagainstthem……Thesamemeasurescarriedoutintheprimaryassembliesonthe1stofThermidorlast，intheselectionofmunicipalofficers，havebeensuccessfullyrevivedintheorganizationoftheNationalGuard—threats，insults，shouting，assaults，compulsoryejectionfrommeetingsthengovernedbytheamnestied，finally，theappointmentofthelattertotheprincipaloffices。Ineffect，all，beginningwiththeplacesofbattalionleadersandreachingtothoseofcorporals，areexclusivelyfilledbytheirpartisans。Theresultisthatthehonest，towhomservingwithmenregardedbythemwithaversionisrepugnant，employsubstitutesinsteadofmountingguardthemselves，thesecurityofthetownbeinginthehandsofthosewhothemselvesoughttobewatched。"
　　[140]ArchivesNationales，F。7，3273。（LetterofMérard，formeradministratorandjudgein1790and1791，inyearsIII。，IV。andV。，totheMinister，Apt，Pluvi？se15，yearIII。，withpersonalreferencesanddocumentaryevidence。）"Icannolongerrefrainatthesightofsomanyhorrors……Thejusticesofthepeaceandthedirectorofthejuryexcusethemselvesonthegroundthatnodenunciationsorwitnessesarebroughtforward。Whowoulddareappearagainstmenarrogatingtothemselvesthetitleofsuperiorpatriots，foremostineveryrevolutionarycrisis，andwithfriendsineverycommuneandprotectorsinallhighplaces？ThefavortheyenjoyedwassuchthatthecommuneofGordeswasfreeofanylevyofconscriptsandfromallrequisitions。Peoplethusdisposed，theysaid，tosecondcivicandadministrativeviews，couldnotbehumoredtoomuch……Thisdiscouragingstateofthingssimplyresultsfromtheweakness，inexperience，ignorance，apathyandimmoralityofthepublicfunctionarieswho，sincethe18thofFructidor，yearV。，swarm，withafewexceptionsonly，amongtheconstitutedauthorities。Whateverismostfoulandincompetentisinoffice，everygoodcitizenbeingfrightenedtodeath。"—Ibid。（LetterofMontauban，directoroftheregistrysince1793totheMinisteroftheInterior，acompatriot，Avignon，Pluvi？se7，yearVII。）"Honestfolksareconstantlyannoyedandputdownbytheauthorsandmanagersofthe’Glaciere’……bythetoolsofthebloodytribunalofOrangeandtheincendiariesofBedouim。"Heenjoinssecrecyonthisletter，which，"ifknowntotheGlacièrists，orOrangeists，wouldcosthimhislife。"
　　[141]Ibid。，F。7，7164。（DepartmentofVar，yearV。，"Ideé
　　Générale。"）"Nationalcharacterisgone；itisevendemoralized:anoffice—holderwhohasnotmadehisfortunequicklyisregardedasafool。"
　　[142]Moniteur，XXII。，240。（IndictmentofthefourteenmembersoftheRevolutionarycommitteeofNantes，andthesumming—upoftheexamination，Vendémiaire23，yearII。）Whenthereisnospecialinformationconcerningtheothercommitteestheverdict，onthewhole，isnearlyalwaysasoverwhe1ming。—Ibid。（SessionofVendémiaire12，yearIII。complaintofadeputationfromFerney—Voltaire。）"TheGexdistrictwas，foroverayear，apreytofiveorsixscoundrelswhotookrefugethere。Underthemaskofpatriotismtheysucceededingettingpossessionofalltheoffices。Vexationsofeverykind，robberiesofprivatehouses，squanderingofpublicmoney，werecommittedbythesemonsters。"（TheFerneydeputiesbroughtwiththemthetestimonyofwitnesses。）—Ibid。，290。（LettersofRepresentativeGoupilleau，Beziers，Vendémiaire28，yearIII。ontheterroristsofVaucluse。）"Thesecarnivorousfellows，regrettingthetimeswhentheycouldrobandmassacrewithimpunity……Who，sixmonthsago，werestarvingandwhonowliveinthemostscandalousopulence……
　　Squanderersofthepublicfunds，robbersofprivatefortunes……
　　Guiltyofrapine，offorcedcontributions，ofextortions，"etc。—
　　Prudhomme，"LescrimesdelaRévolution，"VI。，79。（OntheRevolutionarycommitteeinstalledbyFouchéatNevers。）Thelocalinvestigationshowsthattheelevenleadersweremenofvilecharacter，unfrockedanddisreputablepriests，lawyersandnotariesdrivenoutoftheirprofessionalbodies，andevenfromthepopularclubs，onaccountoftheirdishonesty，pennilessactors，surgeonswithoutpatients，depraved，ruined，incapablemen，andtwojail—birds。
　　[143]Beaulieu，III。，754。—Cf。"TheRevolution，"vol。II。，ch。
　　I。，§9。
　　[144]"RecueildepiècesauthentiquessurlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，"
　　I。，21。—ArchivesNationalesD。，I。，§6。（OrdersbyRousselin，FrimaireII，yearII。）
　　[145]"UnSejourenFrancede1792à1795，"p。409。
　　[146]Ihavenotfoundacompletelistofthetownsanddepartmentswhichhadarevolutionaryarmy。Thecorrespondenceofrepresentativesonmissionandpublisheddocumentsverifythepresenceofrevolutionaryarmiesinthetownsmentioned。
　　[147]DeMartel，"Fouché，"338。（TextoftheordersofthecommissionersofPublicSafety。）ThedetachmentsenttoLyonscomprisestwelvehundredfusiliers，sixhundredgunners，onehundredandfiftyhorses。Threehundredthousandlivresareremittedastravelingexpensestothecommissary，fiftythousandtoCollotd’Herbois，andnineteenthousandtwohundredtotheJacobinciviliansaccompanyingthem。
　　[148]Moniteur。（SessionofBrumaire17yearIII。）LetterofRepresentativeCalèstotheConvention。"Underthepretextofguardingtheprisons，themunicipality（ofDijon）hadarevolutionaryarmywhichIbrokeuptwodaysago，asitcostsixthousandfrancsamonth，andwouldnotobeythecommanderofthearmedforce，andservedasasupporttointriguers。Thesesoldiers，whowereallworkmenoutofemployment，donothingbutpostthemselvesinthetribunesoftheclubs，wherethey，withthewomentheybringalongwiththem，applaudtheleaders，andsothreatencitizenswhoaredisposedtocombatthem，andforcethesetokeeptheirmouthsshut。"？？DeMartel，"Fouché，"
　　425。"Javogues，toeludeadecreeoftheConvention（Frimaire14）
　　suppressingtherevolutionaryarmyinthedepartments，convertedthetwelvehundredmenhehadembodiedinitintheLoireintopaidsoldiers。"？Ibid。，132。（LetterofGoulin，Bourg，Frimaire23。）
　　"Yesterday，atBourg—Régeriéré，IfoundJavogueswithaboutfourhundredmenoftherevolutionaryarmywhomhehadbroughtwithhimonthe20thinstant。"
　　[149]BuchezetRoux，XXIX。，45。—Moniteur，XX。，67。（ReportofBarère，Germinal7。）—Sauzay，IV。，303。（OrdersofRepresentativeBassalatBésan？on。）
　　[150]WeseebyBarère’sreport（Germinal7，yearII。）thattherevolutionaryarmyofParis，insteadofbeingsixthousandmen，wasonlyfourthousand，whichiscreditabletoParis。—Mallet—Dupan，II。，52。（cf。"TheRevolution，"II。，353。）—GouvionSt。Cyr，I。，137。"Inthesetimes，therepresentativeshadorganizedinHaut—Rhinwhattheycalledarevolutionaryarmy，composedofdesertersandallthevagabondsandscampstheycouldpickupwhohadbelongedtothepopularclub；theydraggedalongafteritwhattheycalledjudgesandaguillotine。"—"Hua，"Souvenirsd’unAvocat，"196。
　　[151]Riouffe，"Memoiresd’undeténue。"P。31。
　　[152]Ibid。，"Theseballswerebroughtoutostentatiouslyandshowntothepeoplebeforehand。Thetyingofourhandsandpassingthreeropesaroundourwaistsdidnotseemtohimsufficient。Wekepttheseironsontherestoftheroute，andtheyweresoheavythat，ifthecarriagehadtiltedtooneside，weshouldinevitablyhavehadourlegsbroken。
　　Thegate—keepersoftheconciergerieofParis，whohadheldtheirplacesnine—teenyears，wereastonishedatit。"
　　[153]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。331。（LetterofHaupt，Belfort，Frimaire13，yearII。）
　　[154]Ibid。（LetterbyDesgranges，Bordeaux，Frimaire10。）
　　[155]Ibid。，vol。332。（LetterofThiberge，Marseilles，Frimaire14。）
　　"Isurroundedthetownwithmysmallarmy。"
　　[156]Ibid。，331。（OrdersofRepresentativeBassal，Besan？onFrimaire5。）"Nocitizenshallkeepinhishousemorethanfourmonths’
　　supplies……Everycitizenwithmorethanthiswilldepositthesurplusinthegranary’d’abondance’providedforthepurpose……Immediatelyonreceiptofthepresentorder，themunicipalitywillsummonallcitizensthatcanthreshandproceedimmediately，withoutdelay，tothethreshing—ground，underpenaltyofbeingprosecutedasrefractorytothelaw……Therevolutionaryarmyisspeciallychargedwiththeexecutionofthearticlesofthisorder，andtherevolutionarytribunals，followingthisarmywiththeenforcementofthepenaltiesinflictedaccordingtothisorder。"—Otherdocumentsshowusthattherevolutionaryarmy，organizedinthedepartmentofDoubsandinthefiveneighboringdepartments，comprises，inall，twothousandfourhundredmen。（Ibid。，vol。，1411。LetterofMeyenfeldtoMinisterDesforges，Brumaire27，yearII。）—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，111。（OrderofCouthon，Maignet，Chateauneuf，Randon，LaPorteandAlbitte，Commune—Affranchie，Brumaire9，yearII。，establishinginthetensurroundingdepartmentsarevolutionaryarmyofonethousandmenperdepartment，fortheconscriptionofgrain。
　　Eacharmyistobedirectedbycommissioners，strangerstothedepartment，andistooperateinotherdepartmentsthanintheonewhereitisraised。）
　　[157]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，331。（LetterofChépy，FrimaireII。）—Writingonemonthbeforethis，（Brumaire6）hesays:
　　"Thefarmersshowthemselvesveryhostileagainstthetownsandthelawofthemaximum。Nothingcanbedonewithoutarevolutionaryarmy。"
　　[158]Mercier，"ParisPendantlaRévolution，"I。，357。
　　[159]Hua，197。Idonotfindinanyprintedormanuscriptdocumentbutonecaseofresistance，thatofthebrothersChaperon，inthehamletofLeges，nearSens，whodeclarethattheyhavenowheatexceptfortheirownuse，andwhodefendthemselvesbytheuseofagun。Thegendarmerienotbeingstrongenoughtoovercomethem，thetocsinissoundedandtheNationalGuardofSensandtheneighborhoodissummoned；bringingcannon，theaffairendswiththeburningofthehouse。Thetwobrothersarekilled。Beforebeingovercome，however，theyhadstruckdownthecaptainoftheNationalGuardofSensandkilledorwoundednearlyfortyoftheirassailants。Asurvivingbrotherandasisterareguillotined。（June，1794。Wallon，IV。，352。）
　　[160]Moniteur，XVIII。，663。（SessionofFrimaire24，reportbyLecointre。）"ThecommunesofThieux，Jullyandmanyotherswerevictimstotheirbrigandage。"—"Thestuporinthecountryissuchthatthepoorsufferersdarenotcomplainofthesevexationsbecause，theysay，theyareonlytooluckytohaveescapedwiththeirlives。"—
　　Thistime，however，thesepublicbrigandsmadeamistake。Gibbon’ssonhappenstobeLecointre’stenantfarmer。Moreover，itisonlyaccidentallythathementionsthecircumstancetohislandlord；"hecametoseehimforanotherpurpose。"—Cf。"TheRevolution，"vol。
　　II。，302。（ThereisasimilarsceneinthehouseofoneRuelle，afarmer，inthecommuneofLisse。）
　　[161]PassimAlfredLallier，"Lesans—culotteGoullin。"—Wallon，"HistoireduTribunalrévolutionnairedeParis，"V。，368。（DepositionofLacaille。）—Inadditiontothis，themostextraordinarymonstersaremetwithinotheradministrativebodies，forexample，inNantes，aJeand’Héron，tailor，whobecomesinspectorofmilitarystores。
　　"AftertheroutatClisson，saysthewomanLaillet，heappearedinthepopularclubwithabrigand’searattachedtohishatbywayofcockade。Hispocketswerefullofears，whichhetookdelightinmakingthewomenkiss。HeexposedotherthingswhichhemadethemkissandthewomanLailletaddscertaindetailswhichIdarenottranscribe。"（"Lepatrioted’Héron，"byL。delaSicotière，pp。9and10。DepositionofthewomanLaillet，fish—dealer，alsothetestimonyofMellinet，vol。VIII。，p。256。）
　　[162]Wallon，V。，368。（DepositionofdeLaillet。）
　　[163]Ibid。，V。，37’。（DepositionofTabouret。）
　　[164]Ibid。，V。，373。（DepositionofMariotte。）
　　[165]Monieur，XXII。，321。（DepositionofPhilippeTroncjolly。）—
　　BerryatSaint—Prix，"LaJusticeRévolutionnaire，"39。
　　[166]Campardon，"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionnaire，"II。，30。
　　Theyhavetenfrancsaday，andfullpowersconferredonthem。
　　（OrdersofCarrierandFrancastel，October28，1793。）"Therepresentatives……confercollectivelyandindividually，oneachmemberoftherevolutionarycompany，therightofsurveillanceoverall’suspect’citizensinNantes，overstrangerswhocometoorresidethere，overmonopolistsofeverysort……Therighttomakedomiciliaryvisitswherevertheymaydeemitadvisable……
　　Thearmedforcewilleverywhererespondtothedemandsmadeuponitinthenameofthecompany，orofanyindividualmembercomposingit。"—
　　BerryatSaint—Prix，p。42。—AlfredLallier，"LesNoyadesdeNantes，"p。20。（DepositionofGauthier。）Ibid。，p。22。"Damn，"
　　exclaimsCarrier，"IkeptthatexecutionforLamberty。I’msorrythatitwasdonebyothers。"
　　[167]AlfredLallier，ibid。，pp。21and90。—Cf。Moniteur，XXII。，331。（DepositionofVictoireAbraham。）"Thedrownersmadequitefreewiththewomen，evenusingthemfortheirownpurposeswhenpleasedwiththem，whichwomen，intokenoftheirkindness，enjoyedthepreciousadvantageofnotbeingdrowned。"
　　[168]Campardon，II。，8。（DepositionofCommeret。）—BerryatSaint—
　　Prix，p。42。—Ibid。，p。28。OtheragentsofCarrier，FouquetandLamberty，werecondemnedspecially，"forhavingsavedfromnationalvengeanceMadamedeMartillyandhermaid……TheysharedthewomanMartillyandthemaidbetweenthem。"Inconnectionwiththe"daintytaste"ofJacobinsforsilkdressesM。BerryatSaint—PrixcitesthefollowinganswerofaJacobinof1851tothejudged’instructionofRheims；ontheobjectionbeingmadetohimthattheRepublic，asheunderstoodit，couldnotlastlong，hereplied:
　　"Possibly，butsayitlaststhreemonths。That’slongenoughtofillone’spocketandbellyandrumplesilkdresses？"Anotherofthesamespeciessaidin1871:"Weshallanyhowhaveaweek’suseofit。"
　　ObserversofhumannaturewillfindanalogousdetailsinthehistoryoftheSepoyrebellioninIndiaagainsttheEnglishin1803，alsointhehistoryoftheIndiansintheUnitedStates。TheSeptembermassacresinParisandthehistoryofthecombatof1791and1792havealreadyprovideduswiththesamecharacteristicdocuments。
　　[169]AlfredLallier，"LesFusilladesdeNantes，"P。23。（DepositionsofPicard，commanderoftheNationalGuardsoftheescort。—Cf。thedepositionsofJeanJounet，paver，andofHenriFerdinand，joiner。）
　　[170]Sauzay，"HistoiredelaPersécutionRévolutionnairedansleDépartementduDoubs，"VII。，687。（LetterofGrégoire，December24，1796。）"Anapproximativecalculationmakesthenumberoftheauthorsofsomanycrimesthreehundredthousand，forineachcommunetherewereaboutfiveorsixoftheseferociousbruteswho，namedBrutus，perfectedtheartofremovingseals，drowningandcuttingthroats。
　　Theyconsumedimmenseamountsinconstructing’Mountains，’inreveling，andinfeteseverythreemonthswhich，afterthefirstparade，becameparodies，representedbythreeorfouractorsinthem，andwithnoaudience。Theseconsisted，finally，ofadrum—beaterandthemusicalofficer；andthelatter，ashamedofhimself，oftenconcealedhisscarfinhispocket，onhiswaytotheTempleofReason……Butthese300000brigandshad2or300directors，membersoftheNationalconvention，whocannotbecalledanythingbutscoundrels，sincethelanguageprovidesnootherepithetsoforcible。"
　　BOOKFOURTH。TheGoverned。
　　CHAPTERI。TheOppressed。
　　I。RevolutionaryDestruction。
　　Magnitudeofrevolutionarydestructiveness。—Thefourwaysofeffectingit。—Expulsionfromthecountrythroughforcedemigrationandlegalbanishment。—Numberofthoseexpelled。—Privationofliberty。—Differentsortsofimprisonment。—Numberandsituationofthoseimprisoned。—Murdersafterbeingtried，orwithouttrial。
　　—Numberofthoseguillotinedorshotaftertrial。—Indicationofthenumberofotherlivesdestroyed。—Necessityandplanforwiderdestruction。—Spoliation。—Itsextent。—Squandering。—Utterlosses。—RuinofindividualsandtheState。—TheNotablesthemostoppressed。
　　TheobjectoftheJacobin，firstofall，isthedestructionofhisadversaries，avowedorpresumed，probableorpossible。Fourviolentmeasuresconcur，togetherorinturn，tobringaboutthephysicalorsocialexterminationofallFrenchmenwhonolongerbelongtothesectortheparty。
　　Thefirstoperationconsistsinexpellingthemfromtheterritory。—
　　Since1789，theyhavebeenchasedoffthroughaforcedemigration；
　　handedovertojacqueries，orpopularuprisings，inthecountry，andtoinsurrectionsinthecities，[1]defenselessandnotallowedtodefendthemselves，three—fourthsofthemhaveleftFrance，simplytoescapepopularbrutalitiesagainstwhichneitherthelawnorthegovernmentaffordedthemanyprotection。Accordingasthelawandtheadministration，inbecomingmoreJacobin，becamemorehostiletothem，sodidtheyleaveingreatercrowds。Afterthe10thofAugustand2ndofSeptember，theflightnecessarilywasmoregeneral；for，henceforth，ifanyonepersistedinremainingafterthatdateitwaswiththealmostpositivecertaintythathewouldbeconsignedtoaprison，toawaitamassacreortheguillotine。Aboutthesametime，thelawaddedtothefugitivethebanished，allunswornpriests，almostanentireclassconsistingofnearly40000persons。[2]Itiscalculatedthat，onissuingfromthereignofTerror，thetotalnumberoffugitivesandbanished）amountedto150000[3]thelistwouldhavebeenstilllarger，hadnotthefrontierbeenguardedbypatrolsandonehadtocrossitattheriskofone’slife；andyet，manydorisktheirlivesinattemptingtocrossit，indisguise，wanderingaboutatnight，inmid—winter，exposedtogunshots，determinedtoescapecostwhatitwill，intoSwitzerland，Italy，orGermany，andevenintoHungary，inquestofsecurityandtherightofprayingtoGodasonepleases。[4]—Ifanyexiledordeportedpersonventurestoreturn，heistrackedlikeawildbeast，and，assoonastaken，heisguillotined。[5]Forexample，M。deChoiseul，andotherunfortunates，wreckedandcastashoreonthecoastofNormandy，arenotsufficientlyprotectedbythelawofnations。Theyarebroughtbeforeamilitarycommission；savedtemporarilythroughpubliccommiseration，theyremaininprisonuntiltheFirstConsulintervenesbetweenthemandthehomicidallawandconsents，throughfavor，todeportthemtotheDutchfrontier。—IftheyhavetakenuparmsagainsttheRepublictheyarecutofffromhumanity；aPandour[6]takenprisoneristreatedasaman；anémigrémadeprisoneristreatedlikeawolf—theyshoothimonthespot。Insomecases，eventhepettiestlegalformalitiesaredispensedwith。
　　"WhenIamluckyenoughtocatch’em，"writesGen。Vandamme，"Idonottroublethemilitarycommissiontotrythem。Theyarealreadytried—mysaberandpistolsdotheirbusiness。"[7]
　　Thesecondoperationconsistsindepriving"suspects"oftheirliberty，ofwhichdeprivationthereareseveraldegrees；therearevariouswaysofgettingholdofpeople。—Sometimes，the"suspect"is"adjourned，"thatistosay，theorderofarrestissimplysuspended；
　　helivesunderaperpetualmenacethatisgenerallyfulfilled；heneverknowsinthemorningthathewillnotsleepinaprisonthatnight。Sometimes，heisputonthelimitsofhiscommune。Sometimes，heisconfinedtohishousewithorwithoutguards，and，intheformercase，heisobligedtopaythem。Again，finally，andwhichoccursmostfrequently，heisshutupinthisorthatcommonjail。—InthesingledepartmentofDoubs，twelvehundredmenandwomenare"adjourned；"threehundredputonthelimitsofthecommune，fifteenhundredconfinedtotheirhouses，andtwentytwohundredimprisoned。[8]InParis，thirty—sixsuchprisonsandmorethan"violins"，ortemporaryjails，soonfilledbytherevolutionarycommittees，donotsufficefortheservice。[9]Itisestimatedthat，inFrance，notcountingmorethan40，000provisionaljails，twelvehundredprisons，fullandrunningover，containeachmorethantwohundredinmates。[10]AtParis，notwithstandingthedailyvoidcreatedbytheguillotine，thenumberoftheimprisonedonFloréal9，yearII。，amountsto7，840；and，onMessidor25following，notwithstandingthelargebatchesof50and60personsledinoneday，andeveryday，tothescaffold，thenumberisstill7，502。[11]TherearemorethanonethousandpersonsintheprisonsofArras，morethanonethousandfivehundredinthoseofToulouse，morethanthreethousandinthoseofStrasbourg，andmorethanthirteenthousandinthoseofNantes。InthetwodepartmentsaloneofBouchesdu—Rh？neandVaucluse，RepresentativeMaignet，whoisonthespot，reportsfrom12，000to15，000arrests。[12]"AlittlebeforeThermidor，"saysRepresentativeBeaulieu，"thenumberofincarceratedarosetonearly400，000，asisapparentonthelistsandregistersthenbeforetheCommitteeofGeneralSecurity。"[13]—Amongthesepoorcreatures，therearechildren，andnotaloneintheprisonsofNanteswheretherevolutionarysearcheshavecollectedthewholeoftheruralpopulation；intheprisonsofArras，amongtwentysimilarcases，I
　　findacoal—dealerandhiswifewiththeirsevensonsanddaughters，fromseventeendowntosixyearsofage；awidowwithherfourchildrenfromnineteendowntotwelveyearsofage；anothernoblewidowwithherninechildren，fromseventeendowntothreeyearsofage，andsixchildren，withoutfatherormother，fromtwenty—threedowntonineyearsofage。[14]—TheseprisonersofStateweretreated，almosteverywhere，worsethanrobbersandassassinsundertheancientrégime。Theybeganbysubjectingthemtorapiotage，thatistosay，strippingthemnakedor，atbest，feelingtheirbodiesundertheirshirts；womenandyounggirlsfaintedawayunderthisexamination，formerlyconfinedtoconvictsonenteringthebagnio。[15]
　　—Frequently，beforeconsigningthemtotheirdungeonsorshuttingthemupintheircells，theywouldbelefttwoorthreenightspell—
　　mellinalowerhallonbenches，orinthecourtonthepavement，"withoutbedsorstraw。""Thefeelingsarewoundedinalldirections，everypointofsensibility，sotosay，beingplayedupon。Theyaredeprivedoneaftertheotheroftheirproperty，assignats，furniture，andfood，ofdaylightandlamp—light，oftheassistancewhichtheirwantsandinfirmitiesdemand，ofaknowledgeofpublicevents，ofallcommunication，eitherimmediateorwritten，withfathers，sonsandhusbands。"[16]Theyareobligedtopayfortheirlodgings，theirkeepers，andforwhattheyeat；theyarerobbedattheirverydoorsofthesuppliestheysendforoutside；theyarecompelledtoeatatamess—table；theyarefurnishedwithscantandnauseousfood，"spoiltcodfish，putridherringsandmeat，rottenvegetables，allthisaccompaniedwithamugofSeinewatercoloredredwithsomedrugorother。"[17]Theystarvethem，bullythem，andvexthempurposelyasiftheymeanttoexhausttheirpatienceanddrivethemintoarevolt，soastogetridoftheminamass，or，atleast，tojustifytheincreasingrapidstrokesoftheguillotine。Theyarehuddledtogetherintens，twentiesandthirties，inoneroomatLaForce，"eightinachamber，fourteenfeetsquare，"whereallthebedstouch，andmanyoverlapeachother，wheretwooutoftheeightinmatesareobligedtosleeponthefloor，whereverminswarm，wheretheclosedsky—lights，thestandingtub，andthecrowdingtogetherofbodiespoisonstheatmosphere。—Inmanyplaces，theproportionofthesickanddyingisgreaterthanintheholdofaslave—ship。"OfninetyindividualswithwhomIwasshutuptwomonthsago，"writesaprisoneratStrasbourg，"sixty—sixweretakentothehospitalinthespaceofeightdays。"[18]
　　IntheprisonsofNantes，3000out13，000prisonersdieoftyphoidfeverandoftherotintwomonths。[19]400priests[20]confinedonavesselbetweendecks，intheroadsteadofAix，stowedontopofeachother，wastedwithhunger，eatenupbyvermin，suffocatedforlackofair，half—frozen，beaten，mockedat，andconstantlythreatenedwithdeath，sufferstillmorethanNegroesinaslave—hold；for，throughinterestinhisfreight，thecaptainoftheslavertriestokeephishumanconsignmentingoodhealth，whilst，throughrevolutionaryfanaticism，thecrewoftheAixvesseldetestsitscargoof"black—
　　frocks"andwouldgladlysendthemtothebottom。—Accordingtothissystem，which，uptoThermidor9，growsworseandworse，imprisonmentbecomesatorture，oftentimesmortal，slowerandmorepainfulthantheguillotine，andtosuchanextentthat，toescapeit，ChampfortopenshisveinsandCondorcetswallowspoison。[21]Thethirdexpedientconsistsofmurder，withorwithouttrial。—178tribunals，ofwhich40areambulatory，pronounceineverypartoftheterritorysentencesofdeathwhichareimmediatelyexecutedonthespot。[22]BetweenApril6，1793，andThermidor9，yearII。，（July27th，1794）thatofParishas2，625personsguillotined，[23]whiletheprovincialjudgesdoasmuchworkastheParisjudges。InthesmalltownofOrangealone，theyguillotine331persons。InthesingletownofArrastheyhave299menand93womenguillotined。AtNantes，therevolutionarytribunalsandmilitarycommitteeshave，ontheaverage，100personsadayguillotined，orshot，inall1，971。InthecityofLyonstherevolutionarycommitteeadmit1，684，whileCadillot，oneofRobespierre’scorrespondents，adviseshimof6，000。[24]—Thestatementofthesemurdersisnotcomplete，but17，000havebeenenumerated，[25]"mostofthemeffectedwithoutanyformality，evidenceordirectcharge，"amongothersthemurderof"morethan1200women，severalofwhomwereoctogenariansandinfirm；"[26]particularlythemurderof60womenoryounggirls，condemnedtodeath，saythewarrants，forhavingattendedtheservicesofunswornpriests，orforhavingneglectedtheservicesofaswornpriest。
　　"Theaccused，rangedinorder，werecondemnedatsight。Hundredsofdeath—sentencestookaboutaminuteperhead。Childrenofseven，fiveandfouryearsofage，weretried。Afatherwascondemnedfortheson，andthesonforthefather。Adogwassentencedtodeath。A
　　parrotwasbroughtforwardasawitness。Numbersofaccusedpersonswhosesentencescouldnotbewrittenoutwereexecuted。"
　　AtAngers，thesentencesofoverfourhundredmenandthreehundredandsixtywomen，executedforthepurposeofrelievingtheprisons，werementionedontheregisterssimplybythelettersSorG（shotorguillotined）。[27]AtParis，asintheprovinces，theslightestpretext[28]servedtoconstituteacrime。Thedaughterofthecelebratedpainter，JosephVernet，[29]wasguillotinedforbeinga"
　　receiver，"forhavingkeptfiftypoundsofcandlesinherhouse，distributedamongtheemployeesofLaMuettebytheliquidatorsofthecivillist。YoungdeMaillé，[30]agedsixteenyears，wasguillotinedasaconspirator，"forhavingthrownarottenherringinthefaceofhisjailer，whohadservedittohimtoeat。"MadamedePuy—Verinwasguillotinedas"guilty"becauseshehadnottakenawayfromherdeaf，blindandsenilehusbandabagofcard—counters，markedwiththeroyaleffigy。—Indefaultofanypretext，[31]therewasthesuppositionofaconspiracy；blanklistsweregiventopaidemissaries，whoundertooktosearchthevariousprisonsandselecttherequisitenumberofheads；theywrotenamesdownonthemaccordingtotheirfancy，andtheseprovidedthebatchesfortheguillotine。
　　"Asformyself，"saidthejurymanVilate，"Iamneverembarrassed。I
　　amalwaysconvinced。Inarevolution，allwhoappearbeforethistribunaloughttobecondemned。"—
　　AtMarseilles，theBrutusCommission，[32]"sentencingwithoutpublicprosecutororjurymen，senttotheprisonsforthoseitwishedtoputtodeath。Afterhavingdemandedtheirnames，professionsandwealththeyweresentdowntoacartstandingatthedoorofthePalaisdeJustice；thejudgesthensteppedoutonthebalconyandpronouncedthedeath—sentence。"ThesameproceedingstookplaceatCambrai，Arras，Nantes，LeMans，Bordeaux，N？mes，Lyons，Strasbourg，andelsewhere。—
　　Evidently，thejudicialcomedyissimplyaparade；theymakeuseofitasoneoftherespectablemeans，amongotherslessrespectable，toexterminatepeoplewhoseopinionsarenotwhattheyshouldbe，orwhobelongtotheproscribedclasses；[33]Samson，atParis，andhiscolleaguesintheprovinces，theexecution—platoonsofLyonsandNantes，aresimplythecollaboratorsofmurderersproperlysocalled，whilelegalmassacrescompleteothermassacrespureandsimple。
　　Ofthislatterdescription，thefusilladesofTouloncomefirst，wherethenumberofthosewhoareshotlargelysurpassesonethousand；[34]
　　nextthegreatdrowningsofNantes，inwhich4，800men，womenandchildrenperished，[35]theotherdrownings，forwhichnofiguresmaybegiven；[36]thenthecountlesspopularmurderscommittedinFrancebetweenJuly14，1789，andAugust10，1792；themassacreofone1，300
　　prisonersinParis，inSeptember，1792；thelongtrainofassassinationswhich，inJuly，AugustandSeptember，1789，extendsovertheentireterritory；finally，thedispatchoftheprisoners，eithershotorsabered，withouttrialatLyonsandintheWest。Evenexceptingthosewhohaddiedfightingorwho，takenwitharmsintheirhands，wereshotdownorsaberedonthespot，therewere10，000
　　personsslaughteredwithouttrialintheprovinceofAnjoualone:[37]
　　accordingly，theinstructionsoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，alsothewrittenordersofCarrierandFrancastel，directgeneralsto"bleedfreely"theinsurgentdistricts，[38]andsparenotalife:itisestimatedthat，intheelevenwesterndepartments，thedeadofbothsexesandofallagesexceeded400，000。[39]—ConsideringtheprogramandprinciplesoftheJacobinsectthisisnogreatnumber；theymighthavekilledagoodmanymore。Buttimewaswanting；duringtheirshortreigntheydidwhattheycouldwiththeinstrumentintheirhands。Lookattheirmachine，thegradualconstructionofitsparts，thesuccessivestagesofitsoperationfromitsstartinguptoThermidor9，andseehowlimitedtheperiodofitsoperationwas。
　　OrganizedMarch30andApril6，1793，theRevolutionaryCommitteesandtheRevolutionaryTribunalhadbutseventeenmonthsinwhichtodotheirwork。TheydidnotdriveaheadwithalltheirmightuntilafterthefalloftheGirondists，andespeciallyafterSeptember，1763thatistosayforaperiodofelevenmonths。ItsloosewheelswerenotscrewedupandthewholewasnotinrunningorderundertheimpulseofthecentralmotoruntilafterDecember，1793，thatistosayduringeightmonths。PerfectedbythelawofPrairial22，itworksforthepasttwomonths，fasterandbetterthanbefore，withanenergyandrapiditythatincreasefromweektoweek。—Atthatdate，andevenbeforeit，thetheoristshavetakenthebearingsoftheirdestiniesandacceptedtheconditionsoftheirundertaking。Beingsectarians，theyhaveafaith，andasorthodoxytoleratesnoheresy，andastheconversionofhereticsisneversincereordurable，heresycanbesuppressedonlybysuppressingheretics。"Itisonlythedead，"saidBarère，Messidor16，"whoneverreturn。"Onthe2ndand3rdofThermidor，[40]theCommitteeofPublicSafetysendstoFouquier—
　　Tinvillealistoffourhundredandseventy—eightaccusedpersonswithorders"tobringthepartiesnamedtotrialatonce。"BaudotandJeanBonSt。Andre，Carrier，AntonelleandGuifroy，hadalreadyestimatedthelivestobetakenatseveralmillionsand，accordingtoCollotd’
　　Herbois，whohadalivelyimagination，"thepoliticalperspirationshouldgoonfreely，andnotstopuntilfromtwelvetofifteenmillionFrenchmenhadbeendestroyed。"[41]
　　Tomakeamends，inthefourthandlastdivisionoftheirwork，thatistosay，inspoliation，theywenttothelastextreme:theydidallthatcouldbedonetoruinindividuals，familiesandtheState；
　　whatevercouldbetaken，theytook。—TheConstituentandLegislativeAssemblieshad，ontheirside，begunthebusinessbyabolishingtithesandallfeudalrightswithoutindemnity，andbyconfiscatingallecclesiasticalproperty；theJacobinoperatorscontinueandcompletethejob；wehaveseenbywhatdecreesandwithwhathostilityagainstcollectiveandindividualproperty，whethertheyattributetotheStatethepossessionofallcorporationswhatever，evenlaic，suchascolleges，schoolsandscientificorliterarysocieties，hospitalsandcommunes，orwhethertheydespoilindividuals，indirectlythroughassignatsandthemaximum，ordirectlythroughtheforcedloan，revolutionarytaxes，[42]seizuresofgoldandsilvercoin，requisitionsofcommonusefulutensils，[43]sequestrationsofprisoners’property，confiscationsofthepossessionsofemigrantsandexilesandofthosedeportedorcondemnedtodeath。Nocapitalinvestedinrealorpersonalproperty，noincomeinmoneyorproduce，whateveritssource，whetherleases，mortgages，privatecredits，pensions，agricultural，industrialorcommercialgains，thefruitsofeconomyorlabor，fromthefarmers’，themanufacturers’andthemerchant’sstorestotherobes，coats，shirtsandshoes，eventothebedsandbed—roomsofprivateindividuals—nothingescapestheirrapaciousgrasp:inthecountry，theycarryoffevenseedreservedforplanting；atStrasbourgandintheUpperRhine，allkitchenutensils；
　　inAuvergneandelsewhere，eventheshepherd’spots。Everyobjectofvalue，eventhosenotinpublicuse，comesunderrequisition:forinstance，[44]theRevolutionaryCommitteeofBayonneseizesalotof"cottonclothandmuslin，"underthepretextofmaking"breechesforthecountry’sdefenders。"Onusefulobjectsbeingtakenitisnotalwayscertainthattheywillbeutilized；betweentheirseizureandputtingthemtoservice，robberyandwasteintervene。AtStrasbourg，[45]onarequisitionbeingthreatenedbytherepresentatives，theinhabitantsstripthemselvesand，inafewdays，bringtothemunicipality"6，879coats，breechesandvests，4，767
　　pairsofstockings，16，921pairsofshoes，863pairsofboots，1351
　　cloaks，20，518shirts，4，524hats，523pairsofgaiters，143skinvests，2，673，900blankets，besides29quintalsoflint，21quintalsofoldlinen，andalargenumberofotherarticles。"
　　But"mostofthesearticlesremainpiledupinthestorehouses，partofthemrotten，oreatenbyrats，therestbeingabandonedtothefirst—comer……Theendofspoliationwasattained。"—Utterlosstoindividualsandnogain，ortheminimumofagain，totheState。Suchisthenetresultoftherevolutionarygovernment。Afterhavinglaiditshandonthree—fifthsofthelandedpropertyofFrance；
　　afterhavingwrestedfromcommunitiesandindividualsfromtentotwelvebillionsofrealandpersonalestate；afterhavingincreased，throughassignatsandterritorialwarrants，thepublicdebt，whichwasnotfivebillionsin1789，tomorethanfiftybillions；[46]nolongerabletopayitsemployees；reducedtosupportingitsarmiesaswellasitselfbyforcedcontributionsonconqueredterritories，itendsinbankruptcy；itrepudiatestwo—thirdsofitsdebt，anditscreditissolowthattheremainingthirdwhichithasconsolidatedandguaranteedafresh，loseseighty—threepercent。theverynextday。Initshands，theStatehasitselfsufferedasmuchastheprivateindividuals。—Ofthelatter，morethan1200000havesufferedphysically:severalmillions，allwhoownedanything，greatorsmall，havesufferedthroughtheirproperty。[47]But，inthismultitudeoftheoppressed，itisthenotableswhoarechieflyaimedatandwho，intheirpossessionsaswellasintheirpersons，havesufferedthemost。
　　II。TheValueofNotablesinSociety。
　　VariouskindsanddegreesofNotablesin1789。—Thegreatsocialstaff。—Menoftheworld。—Theirbreeding。—Theirintellectualculture。—Theirhumanityandphilanthropy。—Theirmoraltemper。—
　　Practicalmen。—Whererecruited，—Theirqualifications。—Theiractivebenevolence。—Scarcityofthemandtheirworthtoacommunity。
　　Onestimatingthevalueofaforestyoubeginbydividingitsvegetationintotwoclasses；ontheonehandthefull—growntrees，thelargeormedium—sizedoaks，beechesandaspens，and，ontheother，thesaplingsandtheundergrowth。Inlikemanner，inestimatingsociety，youdividetheindividualscomposingitintotwogroups，oneconsistingofitsnotablesofeverykindanddegree，andtheother，ofthecommonrunofmen。Iftheforestisanoldoneandhasnotbeentoobadlymanaged，nearlythewholeofitsseculargrowthisfoundinitsclustersoffull—growntrees。Nearlyalltheusefulwoodistobefoundinthematureforest。Afewthousandlargehandsometreesandthethreeorfourhundredthousandsaplings，youngandold，ofthereserve，containmoreusefulandvaluablewoodthanthetwentyorthirtymillionsshrubs，bushesandheathersputtogether。Itisthesameinacommunitywhichhasexistedforalongtimeunderatolerablystrictsystemofjusticeandpolice；almosttheentiregainofasecularcivilizationisfoundconcentratedinitsnotables，which，takingitallinall，wasthestateofFrenchsocietyin1789。[48]
　　Letusfirstconsiderthemostprominentpersonages。—Itiscertain，that，amongthearistocracy，thewealthiestandmostconspicuousfamilieshadceasedtorenderservicesproportionatetothecostoftheirmaintenance。MostoftheseigniorsandladiesoftheCourt，theworldlybishops，abbés，andparliamentariansofthedrawing—room，knewbutlittlemorethanhowtosolicitwithaddress，makeagracefulparadeofthemselvesandspendlavishly。Anill—
　　understoodsystemofculturehaddivertedthemfromtheirnaturalavocations，andconvertedthemintoshowyandagreeablespecimensofvegetation，oftenhollow，blighted，saplessandover—pruned，besidesbeingverycostly，over—manuredandtoofreelywatered；andtheskillfulgardeningwhichshaped，groupedandarrangedtheminartificialformsandbouquets，renderedtheirfruitabortivethatflowersmightbemultiplied。—Buttheflowerswereexquisite，andeveninamoralist’seyes，suchfloweringcountsforsomething。Onthesideofcivility，good—breedinganddeportment，themannersandcustomsofhighlifehadreachedadegreeofperfection，whichnever，inFranceorelsewhere，hadbeenattainedbefore，andwhichhasneversincebeenrevived；[49]andofalltheartsthroughwhichmenhaveemancipatedthemselvesfromprimitivecoarseness，thatwhichteachesthemmutualconsiderationis，perhaps，themostprecious。Theobservanceofthis，notaloneinthedrawing—room，butinthefamily，inbusiness，inthestreet，withregardtorelatives，inferiors，servantsandstrangers，givesdignity，aswellasacharm，tohumanintercourse。Delicateregardforwhatisproperbecomesahabit，aninstinct，asecondnature，whichnature，superimposedontheoriginalnature，isthebest，inasmuchastheinternalcodewhichgovernseachdetailofactionandspeech，prescribesthestandardofbehaviorandrespectforoneself，aswellasrespectandrefinedbehaviortowardsothers。—Tothismerit，addmentalculture。Neverwasthereanaristocracysointerestedingeneralideasandrefinementofexpression；itwaseventoomuchso；literaryandphilosophicalpreoccupationexcludedallothersofthepositiveandpracticalorder；
　　theytalked，insteadofacting。But，inthislimitedcircleofspeculativereasonandofpureliteraryforms，itexcelled；writingsandhowtowritefurnishedtheordinaryentertainmentofpolitesociety；everyideautteredbyathinkercausedexcitementinthedrawing—room:thetalentandstyleofauthorswereshapedbyitstaste；[50]itwasinthedrawing—roomsthatMontesquieu，Voltaire，Rousseau，d’Alembert，theEncyclopedists，greatandlittle，Beaumarchais，BernardindeSaint—Pierre，Champfort，andRivarol，involuntarilysoughtlistenersandfoundthem，notmerelyadmirersandentertainers，butfriends，protectors，patrons，benefactorsandfollowers。—Undertheinstructionofthemasters，thediscipleshadbecomephilanthropists；moreover，theamenitiesofmannersdevelopedinallsoulscompassionandbenevolence:"Nothingwasmoredreadedbyopulentmenthantoberegardedasinsensitive。"[51]Theyconcernedthemselveswithchildren，withthepoor，withthepeasantry，settingtheirwitstoworktoaffordthemrelief；theirzealwasarousedagainstoppression，theirpitywasexcitedforeverymisfortune。Eventhosewhosedutiescompelledthemtoberigidtemperedtheirrigiditywithexplanationsorconcessions。
　　"TenyearsbeforetheRevolution，"saysR？derer，[52]"thecriminalcourtsofFrancewerenolongerlikebefore……Theirattitudehadchanged……Alltheyoungmagistrates，andthisIcanbearwitnessto，forIwasonemyself，pronouncedjudgmentsmoreinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofBeccaria，[53]thanaccordingtolaw。"—
　　Astothemeninauthority，militaryadministratorsandcommandants，itwasimpossibletobemorepatient，moremindfulofhumanblood。
　　Theirqualitiesturnedalsohereintodefects，for，throughexcessofhumanity，theywereunabletomaintainorder，asisevidentwhenfacingtheinsurrectionsthattookplacebetween1789and1792。Evenwiththeforceintheirownhands，amidstgrossinsultsandextremedangers，theydreadedtomakeuseofit；theycouldnotbringthemselvestorepressingbrutes，rascalsandmaniacs:followingtheexampleofLouisXVI。，theyconsideredthemselvesasshepherdsofthepeople，andletthemselvesbetrampleduponratherthanfireupontheirflock。—Inreality，theyhadnoble，andevengenerousandbighearts:inthebailiwickassemblies，inMarch，1789，longbeforethenightofAugust4，theyvoluntarilysurrenderedeverypecuniaryprivilege；underseveretrials，theircourage，heightenedbypolishedmanners，addseventotheirheroism，elegance，tactandgaiety。Themostcorrupt，aDukeofOrleans，themostfrivolousandthemostblasé，aDucdeBiron，meetdeathwithstoicalcoolnessanddisdain。[54]Delicatewomenwhocomplainofadraughtintheirdrawing—rooms，makenocomplaintofastrawmattressinadamp，gloomydungeon，wheretheysleepintheirclothessothattheymaynotwakeupstiffened，andtheycomedownintothecourtoftheConciergeriewiththeiraccustomedcheerfulness。Menandwomen，inprison，dressthemselvesasformerly，withthesamecare，thattheymaymeetandtalktogetherwiththesamegraceandspirit，inacorridorwithanirongratingwithinastepoftherevolutionaryTribunal，andontheeveofthescaffold。[55]——Thismoraltemperisevidentlyoftherarest；ifiterrsoneithersideitisonthatofbeingtoorefined，badforuse，goodforornament。