Thepeoplenotonlysentencebuttheyexecute，and，asisalwaysthecase，blindly。AtSaint—Denis，Chatel，themayor’slieutenant，whosedutyitistodistributeflour，hadreducedthepriceofbreadathisownexpense:onthe3rdofAugusthishouseisforcedopenattwoo’clockinthemorning，andhetakesrefugeinasteeple；themobfollowhim，cuthisthroatanddraghisheadalongthestreets。
——Notonlydothepeopleexecute，buttheypardon——andwithequaldiscernment。Onthe11thofAugust，atVersailles，asaparricideisabouttobebrokenonthewheel，thecrowddemandhisrelease，flyattheexecutioner，andsetthemanfree。[9]Veritablythisissovereignpowerlikethatoftheorientalsovereignwhoarbitrarilyawardslifeordeath！Awomanwhoprotestsagainstthisscandalouspardonisseizedandcomesnearbeinghung；forthenewmonarchconsidersasacrimewhateverisoffensivetohisnewmajesty。
Again，hereceivespublicandhumblehomage。ThePrimeMinister，onimploringthepardonofM。deBezenvalattheH？tel—de—Ville，inthepresenceoftheelectorsandofthepublic，hasputitinappropriatewords:
"Itisbeforethemostunknown，theobscurestcitizenofParisthatIprostratemyself；atwhosefeetIkneel。"
Afewdaysbeforethis，atSaint—Germain—en—Laye，andatPoissy，thedeputiesoftheNationalAssemblynotonlykneeldowninwords，butactually，andforalongtime，onthepavementinthestreet，andstretchforththeirhands，weeping，tosavetwolivesofwhichonlyoneisgrantedtothem。—Beholdthemonarchbythesebrilliantsigns！Alreadydotheyoung，whoareeagerimitatorsofallactionsthatareinfashion，apetheminminiature；duringthemonthwhichfollowsthemurderofBerthierandFoulon，Baillyisinformedthatthegaminsinthestreetsareparadingaboutwiththeheadsoftwocatsstuckontheendsoftwopoles。[10]
II……
Thedistressofthepeople。—Thedearthandthelackofwork。—
Howmenofexecutiveabilityarerecruited。
Apitiablemonarch，whoserecognizedsovereigntyleaveshimmoremiserablethanhewasbefore！Breadisalwaysscarce，andbeforethebaker’sdoorstherowofwaitingpeopledoesnotdiminish。InvainBaillypasseshisnightswiththecommitteeonsupplies；theyarealwaysinastateofterribleanxiety。Everymorningfortwomonthsthereisonlyoneortwodays’supplyofflour，andoften，intheevening，thereisnotenoughforthefollowingmorning。[11]Thelifeofthecapitaldependsonaconvoywhichisten，fifteen，twentyleaguesoff；andwhichmayneverarrive:oneconvoyoftwentycartsispillagedonthe18thofJuly，ontheRouenroad；another，onthe4thofAugust，inthevicinityofLouviers。WereitnotforSalis’Swissregiment，which，fromthe14thofJulytotheendofSeptember，marchesdayandnightasanescort，notaboat—loadofgrainwouldreachParisfromRouen。[12]——Thecommissarieschargedwithmakingpurchasesorwithsupervisingtheexpeditionsareindangeroftheirlives。Thosewhoaresenttoprovincesareseized，andacolumnoffourhundredmenwithcannonhastobedispatchedtodeliverthem。TheonewhoissenttoRouenlearnsthathewillbehungifhedarestoentertheplace。AtMantesamobsurroundshiscabriolet，thepeopleregardingwhoevercomesthereforthepurposeofcarryingawaygrainasapublicpest；heescapeswithdifficultyoutofabackdoorandreturnsonfoottoParis。——Fromtheverybeginning，accordingtoauniversalrule，thefearofashortsupplyhelpstoaugmentthefamine。Everyonelaysinastockforseveraldays；ononeoccasionsixteenloavesoffourpoundseacharefoundinanoldwoman’sgarret。Thebakings，consequently，whichareestimatedaccordingtothequantityneededforasingleday，becomeinadequate，andthelastofthosewhowaitatthebakers’shopsforbreadreturnhomeempty—handed。——OntheotherhandtheappropriationsmadebythecityandtheStatetodiminishthepriceofbreadsimplyservetolengthentherowsofthosewhowaitforit；
thecountrymenflockinthither，andreturnhomeloadedtotheirvillages。AtSaint—Denis，breadhavingbeenreducedtotwosousthepound，noneisleftfortheinhabitants。Tothisconstantanxietyaddthatofunemployment。Notonlyistherenocertaintyoftherebeingbreadatthebakers’duringthecomingweek，butmanyknowthattheywillnothavemoneyinthecomingweekwithwhichtobuybread。Nowthatsecurityhasdisappearedandtherightsofpropertyareshaken，workiswanting。Therich，deprivedoftheirfeudaldues，and，inadditiontheretooftheirrents，havereducedtheirexpenditure；manyofthem，threatenedbythecommitteeofinvestigation，exposedtodomiciliaryvisits，andliabletobeinformedagainstbytheirservants，haveemigrated。InthemonthofSeptemberM。Neckerlamentsthedeliveryofsixthousandpassportsinfifteendaystothewealthiestinhabitants。InthemonthofOctoberladiesofhighrank，refugeesinRome，sendwordthattheirdomesticsshouldbedischargedandtheirdaughtersplacedinconvents。Beforetheendof1789therearesomanyfugitivesinSwitzerlandthatahouse，itissaid，bringsinmorerentthanitisworthascapital。Withthisfirstemigration，whichisthatofthechiefspendthrifts，theCountd’Artois，PrincedeConti，DucdeBourbon，andsomanyothers，theopulentforeignershaveleft，and，attheheadofthem，theDuchessedel’Infantado，whospent800，000
livresayear。ThereareonlythreeEnglishmeninParis。
Itusedtobeacityofluxury，itwastheEuropeanhot—houseofcostlyandrefinedpleasures，butoncetheglasswasbrokenthenthedelicateplantsperish，theirloversleave，andthereisnoemploymentnowfortheinnumerablehandswhichcultivatedthem。
Fortunatearetheywhoatthereliefworksobtainamiserablesumbyhandlingapick—axe！"Isaw，"saysBailly，"mercers，jewellers，andmerchantsimplorethefavorofbeingemployedattwentysoustheday。"Enumerate，ifyoucan，inoneortworecognizedcallings，thehandswhicharedoingnothing:[13]1，200hair—dresserskeepabout6，000journeymen；2，000othersfollowthesamecallinginprivate—
houses；6，000lackeysdobutlittleelsethanthiswork。Thebodyoftailorsiscomposedof2，800masters，whohaveunderthem5，000
workmen。"Addtothesethenumberprivatelyemployed——therefugeesinprivilegedplacesliketheabbeysofSaint—GermainandSaint—Marcel，thevastenclosureoftheTemple，thatofSaint—JohntheLateran，andtheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，andyouwillfindatleast12，000personscutting，fitting，andsewing。"Howmanyinthesetwogroupsarenowidle！Howmanyothersarewalkingthestreets，suchasupholsterers，lace—makers，embroiderers，fan—
makers，gilders，carnage—makers，binders，engravers，andalltheotherproducersofParisiannick—nacks！Forthosewhoarestillatworkhowmanydaysarelostatthedoorsofbakers’shopsandinpatrollingasNationalGuards！GatheringsareformedinspiteoftheprohibitionsoftheH？tel—de—Ville，[14]andthecrowdopenlydiscusstheirmiserablecondition:3，000journeymen—tailorsneartheColonnade，asmanyjourneymen—shoemakersinthePlaceLouisXV。，thejourneymen—hairdressersintheChamps—Elysees，4，000domesticswithoutplacesontheapproachestotheLouvre，——andtheirpropositionsareonalevelwiththeirintelligence。ServantsdemandtheexpulsionfromParisoftheSavoyardswhoenterintocompetitionwiththem。Journeymen—tailorsdemandthataday’swagesbefixedatfortysous，andthattheold—clothesdealersshallnotbeallowedtomakenewones。Thejourneymen—shoemakersdeclarethatthosewhomakeshoesbelowthefixedpriceshallbedrivenoutofthekingdom。Eachoftheseirritatedandagitatedcrowdscontainsthegermofanoutbreak——and，intruth，thesegermsarefoundoneverypavementinParis:atthereliefworks，whichatMontmartrecollect17，000paupers；intheMarket，wherethebakerswanttohangtheflourcommissioners，andatthedoorsofthebakers，ofwhomtwo，onthe14thofSeptemberandonthe5thofOctober，areconductedtothelamppostandbarelyescapewiththeirlives。——Inthissuffering，mendicantcrowd，enterprisingmenbecomemorenumerouseveryday:theyconsistofdeserters，andfromeveryregiment；theyreachParisinbands，often250inoneday。There，"caressedandfedtothetopoftheirbent，"[15]havingreceivedfromtheNationalAssembly50livreseach，maintainedbytheKingintheenjoymentoftheiradvance—money，entertainedbythedistricts，ofwhichonealoneincursadebtof14，000livresforwineandsausagesfurnishedtothem，"theyaccustomthemselvestogreaterexpense，"togreaterlicense，andarefollowedbytheircompanions。
"Duringthenightofthe31stofJulytheFrenchGuardsondutyatVersaillesabandonthecustodyoftheKingandbetakethemselvestoParis，withouttheirofficers，butwiththeirarmsandbaggage，"
that"theymaytakepartinthecheerwhichthecityofParisextendstotheirregiment。"AtthebeginningofSeptember，16，000
desertersofthisstamparecounted。[16]Now，amongthosewhocommitmurdertheseareinthefirstrank；andthisisnotsurprisingwhenwetaketheleastaccountoftheirantecedents，education，andhabits。Itwasasoldierofthe"RoyalCroat"whotoreouttheheartofBerthier。TheywerethreesoldiersoftheregimentofProvencewhoforcedthehouseofChatelatSaint—Denis，anddraggedhisheadthroughthestreets。ItisSwisssoldierswho，atPassy，knockdownthecommissionersofpolicewiththeirguns。
TheirheadquartersareatthePalais—Royal，amongstwomenwhoseinstrumentstheyare，andamongstagitatorsfromwhomtheyreceivethewordofcommand。Henceforth，alldependsonthisword，andwehaveonlytocontemplatethenewpopularleaderstoknowwhatitwillbe。
III。
Thenewpopularleaders。—Theirascendancy。—Theireducation。—
Theirsentiments。—Theirsituation。—Theircouncils。—Theirdenunciations。—
Administratorsandmembersofdistrictassemblies，agitatorsofbarracks，coffee—houses，clubsandpublicthoroughfares，writersofpamphlets，penny—a—linersaremultiplyingasfastasbuzzinginsectsarehatchedonasultrynight。Afterthe14thofJulythousandsofjobshavebecomeavailableforreleasedambitions；"attorneys，notaries’clerks，artists，merchants，shopkeepers，comediansandespeciallyadvocates；[17]eachwantstobeeitheranofficer，adirector，acouncillor，oraministerofthenewreign；whilejournals，whichareestablishedbydozens，[18]formapermanenttribune，wherespeakerscometocourtthepeopletotheirpersonaladvantage。"Philosophy，fallenintosuchhands，seemstoparodyitself；andnothingequalsitsemptiness，unlessitbeitsmischievousnessandsuccess。Lawyers，inthesixtyassemblydistricts，rolloutthehigh—soundingdogmasoftherevolutionarycatechism。Thisorthatone，passingfromthequestionofapartywalltotheconstitutionofempires，becomestheimprovisedlegislator，somuchthemoreinexhaustibleandthemoreapplaudedashisflowofwords，showereduponhishearers，provestothemthateverycapacityandeveryrightarenaturallyandlegitimatelytheirs。
"Whenthatmanopenedhismouth，"saysacold—bloodedwitness，"weweresureofbeinginundatedwithquotationsandmaxims，oftenaproposofstreetlampposts，orofthestallofaherb—dealer。Hisstentorianvoicemadethevaultsring；andafterhehadspokenfortwohours，andhisbreathwascompletelyexhausted，theadmiringandenthusiasticshoutswhichgreetedhimamountedalmosttofrenzy。
ThustheoratorfanciedhimselfaMirabeau，whilethespectatorsimaginedthemselvestheConstituentAssembly，decidingthefateofFrance。"
Thejournalsandpamphletsarewritteninthesamestyle。Everybrainisfilledwiththefumesofconceitandofbigwords；theleaderofthecrowdishewhoravesthemost，andheguidesthewildenthusiasmwhichheincreases。
Letusconsiderthemostpopularofthesechiefs；theyarethegreenorthedryfruitofliterature，andofthebar。Thenewspaperisthestallwhicheverymorningoffersthemforsale，andiftheysuittheoverexcitedpublicitissimplyowingtotheiracidorbitterflavor。Theirempty，unpracticedmindsarewhollyvoidofpoliticalconceptions；theyhavenocapacityorpracticalexperience。Desmoulinsistwenty—nineyearsofage，Loustalottwenty—seven，andtheirintellectualballastconsistsofcollegereminiscences，souvenirsofthelawschools，andthecommon—placespickedupinthehousesofRaynalandhisassociates。AstoBrissotandMarat，whoareostentatioushumanitarians，theirknowledgeofFranceandofforeigncountriesconsistsinwhattheyhaveseenthroughthedormerwindowsoftheirgarrets，andthroughutopianspectacles。Inmindslikethese，emptyorledastray，theContrat—
Socialcouldnotfailtobecomeagospel；foritreducespoliticalsciencetoastrictapplicationofanelementaryaxiomwhichrelievesthemofallstudy，andhandssocietyovertothecapriceofthepeople，or，inotherwords，deliversitintotheirownhands。—
—Hencetheydemolishallthatremainsofsocialinstitutions，andpushonequalizationuntileverythingisbroughtdowntothesamelevel。
"Withmyprinciples，"writesDesmoulins，[19]"isassociatedthesatisfactionofputtingmyselfwhereIbelong，ofshowingmystrengthtothosewhohavedespisedme，ofloweringtomylevelallwhomfortunehasplacedaboveme:mymottoisthatofallhonestpeople:’Nosuperiors！’"
Thus，underthegreatnameofLiberty，eachvainspiritseeksitsrevengeandfindsitsnourishment。Whatissweeterandmorenaturalthantojustifypassionbytheory，tobefactiousinthebeliefthatthisispatriotism，andtocloaktheinterestsofambitionwiththeinterestsofhumanity？
Letuspicturetoourselvesthesedirectorsofpublicopinionastheywerethreemonthsearlier:Desmoulins，abrieflessbarrister，livinginfurnishedlodgingswithpettydebts，andonafewlouisextractedfromhisrelations。Loustalot，stillmoreunknown，wasadmittedthepreviousyeartotheParliamentofBordeaux，andhaslandedatParisinsearchofacareer。Danton，anothersecond—ratelawyer，comingoutofahovelinChampagne，borrowedthemoneytopayhisexpenses，whilehisstintedhouseholdiskeptuponlybymeansofalouiswhichisgiventohimweeklybyhisfather—in—law，whoisacoffee—housekeeper。Brissot，astrollingBohemian，formerlyemployeeofliterarypirates，hasroamedovertheworldforfifteenyears，withoutbringingbackwithhimeitherfromEnglandorAmericaanythingbutacoatoutatelbowsandfalseideas；and，finally，Marat；awriterthathasbeenhissed，anabortivescholarandphilosopher，amisrepresenterofhisownexperiences，caughtbythenaturalphilosopherCharlesintheactofcommittingascientificfraud，andfallenfromthetopofhisinordinateambitiontothesubordinatepostofdoctorinthestablesoftheComted’Artois。——Atthepresenttime，Danton，PresidentoftheCordeliers，canarrestanyonehepleasesinhisdistrict，andhisviolentgesturesandthunderingvoicesecuretohim，tillsomethingbetterturnsup，thegovernmentofhissectionofthecity。AwordofMarat’shasjustcausedMajorBelzunceatCaentobeassassinated。Desmoulinsannounces，withasmileoftriumph，that"alargesectionofthecapitalregardshimasoneamongtheprincipalinstigatorsoftheRevolution，andthatmanyevengosofarastosaythatheistheauthorofit。"Isittobesupposedthat，bornesohighbysuchasuddenjerkoffortune，theywishtoputonthedragandagaindescend？andisitnotclearthattheywillaidwithalltheirmighttherevoltwhichhoiststhemtowardstheloftiestsummits？——Moreover，thebrainreelsataheightlikethis；suddenlylaunchedintheairandfeelingasifeverythingwastotteringaroundthem，theyutterexclamationsofindignationandterror，theyseeplotsonallsides，imagineinvisiblecordspullinginanoppositedirection，andtheycalluponthepeopletocutthem。
Withthefullweightoftheirinexperience，incapacity，andimprovidence，oftheirfears，credulity，anddogmaticobstinacy，theyurgeonpopularattacks，andtheirnewspaperarticlesordiscoursesareallsummedupinthefollowingphrases:
"Fellow—citizens，you，thepeopleofthelowerclass，youwholistentome，youhaveenemiesintheCourtandthearistocracy。TheH？tel—de—VilleandtheNationalAssemblyareyourservants。Seizeyourenemieswithastronghand，andhangthem，andletyourservantsknowthattheymustquickentheirsteps！"
Desmoulinsstyleshimself"District—attorneyofthegallows，"[20]
andifheatallregretsthemurdersofFoulonandBerthier，itisbecausethistooexpeditiousjudgmenthasallowedtheproofsofconspiracytoperish，therebysavinganumberoftraitors:hehimselfmentionstwentyofthemhaphazard，andlittledoeshecarewhetherhemakesmistakes。
"Weareinthedark，anditiswellthatfaithfuldogsshouldbark，evenatallwhopassby，sothattheremaybenofearofrobbers。"
>FromthistimeforthMarat[21]denouncestheKing，theministers，theadministration，thebench，thebar，thefinancialsystemandtheacademies，allas"suspicious；"atalleventsthepeopleonlysufferontheiraccount。
"TheGovernmentismonopolizinggrain，tomakeustopaythroughthenoseforapoisonousbread。"
TheGovernment，again，throughanewconspiracyisabouttoblockadeParis，soastostarveitwithgreaterease。Utterancesofthiskind，atsuchatime，arefirebrandsthrownuponfearandhungertokindletheflamesofrageandcruelty。Tothisfrightenedandfastingcrowdtheagitatorsandnewspaperwriterscontinuetorepeatthatitmustact，andactalongsideoftheauthorities，and，ifneedbe，againstthem。Inotherwords，Wewilldoasweplease；wearethesolelegitimatemasters；
"inawell—constitutedgovernment，thepeopleasabodyaretherealsovereign:ourdelegatesareappointedonlytoexecuteourorders；
whatrighthastheclaytorebelagainstthepotter？"
Onthestrengthofsuchprinciples，thetumultuousclubwhichoccupiesthePalais—RoyalsubstitutesitselffortheAssemblyatVersailles。Hasitnotallthetitlesforthisoffice？ThePalais—
Royal"savedthenation"onthe12thand13thofJuly。ThePalais—
Royal，"throughitsspokesmenandpamphlets，"hasmadeeverybodyandeventhesoldiers"philosophers。"Itisthehouseofpatriotism，"therendezvousoftheselectamongthepatriotic，"whetherprovincialsorParisians，ofallwhopossesstherightofsuffrage，andwhocannotorwillnotexerciseitintheirowndistrict。"ItsavestimetocometothePalais—Royal。ThereisnoneedthereofappealingtothePresidentfortherighttospeak，ortowaitone’stimeforacoupleofhours。Theoratorproposeshismotion，and，ifitfindssupporters，mountsachair。Ifheisapplauded，itisputintopropershape。Ifheishissed，hegoesaway。ThiswasthewayoftheRomans。"BeholdtheveritableNationalAssembly！Itissuperiortotheothersemi—feudalaffair，encumberedwith"sixhundreddeputiesoftheclergyandnobility，"whoaresomanyintrudersandwho"shouldbesentoutintothegalleries。"——HencethepureAssemblyrulestheimpureAssembly，and"theCaféFoylaysclaimtothegovernmentofFrance。"
IV。
InterventionbythepopularleaderswiththeGovernment。—TheirpressureontheAssembly。
Onthe30thofJuly，theharlequinwholedtheinsurrectionatRouenhavingbeenarrested，"itisopenlyproposedatthePalaisRoyal[22]
togoinabodyanddemandhisrelease。"——Onthe1stofAugust，Thouret，whomthemoderatepartyoftheAssemblyhavejustmadePresident，isobligedtoresign；thePalais—Royalthreatenstosendabandandmurderhimalongwiththosewhovotedforhim，andlistsofproscriptions，inwhichseveralofthedeputiesareinscribed，begintobecirculated。——Fromthistimeforth，onallgreatquestions—theabolitionofthefeudalsystem，thesuppressionoftithes，adeclarationoftherightsofman，thedisputeabouttheChambers，theKing’spowerofveto，[23]thepressurefromwithoutinclinesthebalance:inthiswaytheDeclarationofRights，whichisrejectedinsecretsessionbytwenty—eightbureausoutofthirty，isforcedthroughbythetribunesinapublicsittingandpassedbyamajority。——Justasbeforethe14thofJuly，andtoastillgreaterextent，twokindsofcompulsioninfluencethevotes，anditisalwaystherulingfactionwhichemploysbothitshandstothrottleitsopponents。Ontheonehandthisfactiontakespostonthegalleriesinknotscomposednearlyalwaysofthesamepersons，"fiveorsixhundredpermanentactors，"whoyellaccordingtounderstoodsignalsandatthewordofcommand。[24]ManyoftheseareFrenchGuards，incivilianclothes，andwhorelieveeachother:
previouslytheyhaveaskedoftheirfavoritedeputy"atwhathourtheymustcome，whetherallgoesonwell，andwhetherheissatisfiedwiththosefoolsofparsons（calotins）andthearistocrats。"OthersconsistoflowwomenunderthecommandofThéroignedeMéricourt，aviragocourtesan，whoassignsthemtheirpositionsandgivesthemthesignalforhootingorforapplause。
Publiclyandinfullsession，ontheoccasionofthedebateontheveto，"thedeputiesareapplaudedorinsultedbythegalleriesaccordingastheyuttertheword’suspensive，’ortheword’indefinite。’""Threats，"（saysoneofthem）"circulated；Iheardthemonallsidesaroundme。"Thesethreatsarerepeatedongoingout:"Valetsdismissedbytheirmasters，deserters，andwomeninrags，"threatentherefractorywiththelamppost，"andthrusttheirfistsintheirfaces。Inthehallitself，andmuchmoreaccuratelythanbeforethe14thofJuly，theirnamesaretakendown，andthelists，handedovertothepopulace，"traveltothePalais—Royal，fromwheretheyaredispatchedincorrespondenceandinnewspaperstotheprovinces。[25]—Thusweseethesecondmeansofcompulsion；eachdeputyisanswerableforhisvote，atParis，withhisownlife，and，intheprovince，withthoseofhisfamily。
MembersoftheformerThird—EstateavowthattheyabandontheideaoftwoChambers，because"theyarenotdisposedtogettheirwives’
andchildren’sthroatscut。"Onthe30thofAugust，Saint—Hurugue，themostnoisyofthePalais—Royalbarkers，marchesofftoVersailles，attheheadof1，500men，tocompletetheconversionoftheAssembly。Thisgardenclubindeed，fromtheheightsofitsgreatlearning，integrity，andimmaculatereputation，decidesthattheignorant，corrupt，anddoubtfuldeputiesmustbegotridof。"
Thattheyaresuchcannotbequestioned，becausetheydefendtheroyalsanction；thereareover600andmore，120aredeputiesofthecommunes，whomustbeexpelledtobeginwith，andthenmustbebroughttojudgment。[26]Inthemeantimetheyareinformed，aswellastheBishopofLangres，PresidentoftheNationalAssembly，that"15，000menarereadytolightuptheirchateauxandinparticularyours，sir。"Toavoidallmistake，thesecretariesoftheAssemblyareinformedinwritingthat"2，000letters"willbesentintotheprovincestodenouncetothepeopletheconductofthemalignantdeputies:"Yourhousesareheldasasuretyforyouropinions:keepthisinmind，andsaveyourselves！"Atlast，onthemorningofthe1stofAugust，fivedeputationsfromthePalais—Royal，oneofthemledbyLoustalot，marchinturntotheH？tel—de—Ville，insistingthatthedrumsshouldbebeatenandthecitizensbecalledtogetherforthepurposeofchangingthedeputies，ortheirinstructions，andoforderingtheNationalAssemblytosuspenditsdiscussiononthevetountilthedistrictsandprovincescouldgiveexpressiontotheirwill:thepeople，ineffect，alonebeingsovereign，andalonecompetent，alwayshastherighttodismissorinstructanewitsservants，thedeputies。Onthefollowingday，August2nd，tomakemattersplainer，newdelegatesfromthesamePalais—Royalsuitgesturestowords；theyplacetwofingersontheirthroats，onbeingintroducedbeforetherepresentativesofthecommune，asahintthat，ifthelatterdonotobey，theywillbehung。
AfterthisitisvainfortheNationalAssemblytomakeanyshowofindignation，todeclarethatitdespisesthreats，andtoprotestitsindependence；theimpressionisalreadyproduced。"Morethan300
membersofthecommunes，"saysMounier，"haddecidedtosupporttheabsoluteveto。"Attheendoftendaysmostofthesehadgoneover，severalofthemthroughattachmenttotheKing，becausetheywereafraidof"ageneraluprising，"and"werenotwillingtojeopardizethelivesoftheroyalfamily。"Butconcessionsliketheseonlyprovokefreshextortions。Thepoliticiansofthestreetnowknowbyexperiencetheeffectofbrutalviolenceonlegalauthority。
Emboldenedbysuccessandbyimpunity，theyreckonuptheirstrengthandtheweaknessofthelatter。Oneblowmore，andtheyareundisputedmasters。Besides，theissueisalreadyapparenttoclear—sightedmen。Whentheagitatorsofthepublicthoroughfares，andtheportersatthestreet—corners，convincedoftheirsuperiorwisdom，imposedecreesbythestrengthoftheirlungs，oftheirfists，andoftheirpikes，atthatmomentexperience，knowledge，goodsense，cool—blood，genius，andjudgment，disappearfromhumanaffairs，andthingsrevertbacktochaos。Mirabeau，infavorofthevetoforlife，sawthecrowdimploringhimwithtearsintheireyestochangehisopinion:
"MonsieurleComte，iftheKingobtainsthisveto，whatwillbetheuseofaNationalAssembly？Weshallallbeslaves"[27]
Outburstsofthisdescriptionarenottoberesisted，andallislost。Already，neartheendofSeptember，theremarkapplieswhichMirabeaumakestotheComtedelaMarck:
"Yes，allislost；theKingandQueenwillbesweptaway，andyouwillseethepopulacetramplingontheirlifelessbodies。"
Eightdaysafterthis，onthe5thand6thofOctober，itbreaksoutagainstbothKingandQueen，againsttheNationalAssemblyandtheGovernment，againstallgovernmentpresentandtocome；theviolentpartywhichrulesinParisobtainspossessionofthechiefsofFrancetoholdthemunderstrictsurveillance，andtojustifyitsintermittentoutragesbyonepermanentoutrage。
V。
The5thand6thofOctober。
Oncemore，twodifferentcurrentscombineintoonetorrenttohurrythecrowdonwardtoacommonend。——Ontheonehandarethecravingsofthestomach，andwomenexcitedbythefamine:
"NowthatbreadcannotbehadinParis，letusgotoVersaillesanddemanditthere；oncewehavetheKing，Queen，andDauphininthemidstofus，theywillbeobligedtofeedus；"wewillbringback"theBaker，theBakeress，andtheBaker’sboy。"
——Ontheotherhand，thereisfanaticism，andmenwhoarepushedonbytheneedtodominate。
"Nowthatourchiefsyonderdisobeyus，——letusgoandmakethemobeyusforthwith；theKingisquibblingovertheConstitutionandtheRightsofMan——makehimapprovethem；hisguardsrefusetowearourcockade——makethemacceptit；theywanttocarryhimofftoMetz——makehimcometoParis，here，underoureyesandinourhands，he，andthelameAssemblytoo，willmarchstraighton，andquickly，whethertheylikeitornot，andalwaysontherightroad。"
——Underthisconfluenceofideastheexpeditionisarranged。[28]
Tendaysbeforethis，itispubliclyalludedtoatVersailles。Onthe4thofOctober，atParis，awomanproposesitatthePalais—
Royal；DantonroarsattheCordeliers；Marat，"alone，makesasmuchnoiseasthefourtrumpetsontheDayofJudgment。"Loustalotwritesthatasecondrevolutionaryparoxysmisnecessary。""Thedaypasses，"saysDesmoulins，"inholdingcouncilsatthePalais—Royal，andintheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，ontheendsofthebridges，andonthequays……inpullingoffthecockadesofbutonecolor……
Thesearetornoffandtrampledunderfootwiththreatsofthelamppost，incaseoffreshoffense；asoldierwhoistryingtorefastenhis，changeshismindonseeingahundredsticksraisedagainsthim。"[29]Thesearethepremonitorysymptomsofacrisis；ahugeulcerhasformedinthisfeverish，sufferingbody，anditisabouttobreak。
But，asisusuallythecase，itisapurulentconcentrationofthemostpoisonouspassionsandthefoulestmotives。Thevilestofmenandwomenwereengagedinit。Moneywasfreelydistributed。Wasitdonebyintriguingsubalternswho，playingupontheaspirationsoftheDukeofOrleans，extractedmillionsfromhimunderthepretextofmakinghimlieutenant—generalofthekingdom？Orisitduetothefanaticswho，fromtheendofApril，clubbedtogethertodebauchthesoldiery，andstirupabodyofruffiansforthepurposeoflevelinganddestroyingeverythingaroundthem？[30]TherearealwaysMachiavellisofthehighwaysandofhousesofill—famereadytoexcitethefoulandthevileofbothsexes。OnthefirstdaythattheFlemishregimentgoesintogarrisonatVersaillesanattemptismadetocorruptitwithmoneyandwomen。SixtyabandonedwomenaresentfromParisforthispurpose，whiletheFrenchGuardscomeandtreattheirnewcomrades。ThelatterhavebeentreatedatthePalais—Royal，whilethreeofthem，atVersailles，exclaim，showingsomecrownpiecesofsixlivres，"WhatapleasureitistogotoParis！onealwayscomesbackwithmoney！"Inthisway，resistanceisovercomebeforehand。Astotheattack，womenaretobetheadvancedguard，becausethesoldierswillscrupletofireatthem；
theirranks，however，willbereinforcedbyanumberofmendisguisedaswomen。Onlookingcloselyatthemtheyareeasilyrecognized，notwithstandingtheirrouge，bytheirbadly—shavenbeards，andbytheirvoicesandgait。[31]NodifficultyhasbeenfoundinobtainingmenandwomenamongtheprostitutesofthePalais—Royalandthemilitarydeserterswhoservethemasbullies。
Itisprobablethattheformerlenttheirloversthecast—offdressestheyhadtospare。Atnightallwillmeetagainatthecommonrendezvous，onthebenchesoftheNationalAssembly，wheretheyarequiteasmuchathomeasintheirownhouses。[32]——Inanyevent，thefirstbandwhichmarchesoutisofthisstamp，displayingthefineryandthegaietyoftheprofession；"mostofthemyoung，dressedinwhite，withpowderedhairandasprightlyair；"manyofthem"laughing，singing，anddrinking，"astheywoulddoatsettingoutforapicnicinthecountry。Threeorfourofthemareknownbyname——onebrandishingasword，andanother，thenotoriousThéroigne。MadeleineChabryLouison，whoisselectedtoaddresstheKing，isaprettygrisettewhosellsflowers，and，nodoubt，somethingelse，atthePalais—Royal。Someappeartobelongtothefirstrankintheircalling，andtohavetactandthemannersofsociety——suppose，forinstance，thatChampfortandLaclossenttheirmistresses。Tothesemustbeaddedwasherwomen，beggars，bare—footedwomen，andfishwomen，enlistedforseveraldaysbeforeandpaidaccordingly。Thisisthefirstnucleus，anditkeepsongrowing；for，bycompulsionorconsent，thetroopincorporatesintoit，asitpassesalong，allthewomenitencounters——seamstresses，portresses，housekeepers，andevenrespectablefemales，whosedwellingsareenteredwiththreatsofcuttingofftheirhairiftheydonotfallin。Tothesemustbeaddedvagrants，street—rovers，ruffiansandrobbers——theleesofParis，whichaccumulateandcometothesurfaceeverytimeagitationoccurs:theyaretobefoundalreadyatthefirsthour，behindthetroopofwomenattheH？tel—
de—Ville。Othersaretofollowduringtheeveningandinthenight。
OthersarewaitingatVersailles。Many，bothatParisandVersailles，areunderpay:one，inadirtywhitishvest，chinksgoldandsilvercoininhishand。——Suchisthefoulscumwhich，bothinfrontandintherear，rollsalongwiththepopulartide；
whateverisdonetostemthetorrent，itwidensoutandwillleaveitsmarkateverystageofitsoverflow。
Thefirsttroop，consistingoffourorfivehundredwomen，beginoperationsbyforcingtheguardoftheH？tel—de—Ville，whichisunwillingtomakeuseofitsbayonets。Theyspreadthroughtheroomsandtrytoburnallthewrittendocumentstheycanfind，declaringthattherehasbeennothingbutscribblingsincetheRevolutionbegan。[33]Acrowdofmenfollowafterthem，burstingopendoors，andpillagingthemagazineofarms。TwohundredthousandfrancsinTreasurynotesarestolenordisappear；severaloftheruffianssetfiretothebuilding，whileothershanganabbé。
Theabbéiscutdown，andthefireextinguishedonlyjustintime:
sucharetheinterludesofthepopulardrama。Inthemeantime，thecrowdofwomenincreasesonthePlacedeGrève，alwayswiththesameunceasingcry，"Bread！"and"ToVersailles！"OneoftheconquerorsoftheBastille；theusherMaillard，offershimselfasaleader。Heisaccepted，andtapshisdrum；onleavingParis，hehassevenoreightthousandwomenwithhim，and，inaddition，somehundredsofmen；bydintofremonstrances，hesucceedsinmaintainingsomekindoforderamongstthisrabbleasfarasVersailles。——Butitisarabblenotwithstanding，andconsequentlysomuchbruteforce，atonceanarchicalandimperious。Ontheonehand，each，andtheworstamongthem，doeswhathepleases——whichwillbequiteevidentthisveryevening。Ontheotherhand，itsponderousmasscrushesallauthorityandoverridesallrulesandregulations——whichisatonceapparentonreachingVersailles。——AdmittedintotheAssembly，atfirstinsmallnumbers，thewomencrowdagainstthedoor，pushinwitharush，fillthegalleries，thenthehall，themenalongwiththem，armedwithclubs，halberds，andpikes，allpell—mell，sidebysidewiththedeputies，takingpossessionoftheirbenches，votingalongwiththem，andgatheringaboutthePresident，who，surrounded，threatened，andinsulted，finallyabandonstheposition，whilehischairistakenbyawoman。[34]A
fishwomancommandsinagallery，andaboutahundredwomenaroundhershoutorkeepsilenceatherbidding，whilesheinterruptsandabusesthedeputies:
"Whoisthatspeakerthere？Silencethatblabbermouth；hedoesnotknowwhatheistalkingabout。Thequestionishowtogetbread。
LetpapaMirabeauspeak——wewanttohearhim。"
Adecreeonsubsistencehavingbeenpassed，theleadersdemandsomethinginaddition；theymustbeallowedtoenterallplaceswheretheysuspectanymonopolizingtobegoingon，andthepriceof"breadmustbefixedatsixsousthefourpounds，andmeatatsixsousperpound。"
"Youmustnotthinkthatwearechildrentobeplayedwith。Wearereadytostrike。Doasyouarebidden。"
Alltheirpoliticalinjunctionsemanatefromthiscentralidea。Andfurther:
"SendbacktheFlemishregiment——itisathousandmenmoretofeed，andtheytakebreadoutofourmouths。"——"Punishthearistocrats，whohinderthebakersfrombaking。""Downwiththeskull—cap；thepriestsarethecauseofourtrouble！"——"MonsieurMounier，whydidyouadvocatethatvillainousveto？Bewareofthelamppost！"
Underthispressure，adeputationoftheAssembly，withthePresidentatitshead，setsoutonfoot，inthemud，throughtherain，andwatchedbyahowlingescortofwomenandmenarmedwithpikes:afterfivehoursofwaitingandentreaty，itwringsfromtheKing，besidesthedecreeonsubsistence，aboutwhichtherewasnodifficulty，theacceptance，pureandsimple，oftheDeclarationofRights，andhissanctiontotheconstitutionalarticles。——SuchistheindependenceoftheKingandtheAssembly。[35]Thusarethenewprinciplesofjusticeestablished，thegrandoutlinesoftheConstitution，theabstractaxiomsofpoliticaltruthunderthedictatorshipofacrowdwhichextortsnotonlyblindly，butwhichishalf—consciousofitsblindness。
"MonsieurlePresident，"someamongthewomensaytoMounier，whoreturnswiththeRoyalsanction，"willitbeofanyrealusetous？
willitgivepoorfolksbreadinParis？"
Meanwhile，thescumhasbeenbubblinguparoundthechateau；andtheabandonedwomensubsidizedinParisarepursuingtheircalling。[36]
Theyslipthroughintothelinesoftheregimentdrawnonthesquare，inspiteofthesentinels。Théroigne，inanAmazonianredvest，distributesmoneyamongthem。
"Sidewithus，"somesaytothemen；"weshallsoonbeattheKing’sGuards，stripofftheirfinecoatsandsellthem。"
Othersliesprawlingontheground，alluringthesoldiers，andmakesuchoffersastoleadoneofthemtoexclaim，"Wearegoingtohaveajollytimeofit！"Beforethedayisover，theregimentisseduced；thewomenhave，accordingtotheirownidea，actedforagoodmotive。Whenapoliticalideafindsitswayintosuchheads，insteadofennoblingthem，itbecomesdegradedthere；itsonlyeffectistoletlooseviceswhicharemnantofmodestystillkeepsinsubjection，andfullplayisgiventoluxuriousorferociousinstinctsundercoverofthepublicgood。——Thepassions，moreover，becomeintensifiedthroughtheirmutualinteraction；
crowds，clamor，disorder，longings，andfasting，endinastateoffrenzy，fromwhichnothingcanissuebutdizzymadnessandrage。——
Thisfrenzybegantoshowitselfontheway。Already，onsettingout，awomanhadexclaimed，"WeshallbringbacktheQueen’sheadontheendofapike！"[37]
OnreachingtheSèvresbridgeothersadded，"Letuscutherthroat，andmakecockadesofherentrails！"
Rainisfalling；theyarecold，tired，andhungry，andgetnothingtoeatbutabitofbread，distributedatalatehour，andwithdifficulty，onthePlaced’Armes。Oneofthebandscutsupaslaughteredhorse，roastsit，andconsumesithalfraw，afterthemannerofsavages。Itisnotsurprisingthat，underthenamesofpatriotismand"justice，"savageideasspringupintheirmindsagainst"membersoftheNationalAssemblywhoarenotwiththeprinciplesofthepeople，"against"theBishopofLangres，Mounier，andtherest。"Onemaninaraggedoldredcoatdeclaresthat"hemusthavetheheadoftheAbbéMaurytoplaynine—pinswith。"ButitisespeciallyagainsttheQueen，whoisawoman，andinsight，thatthefeminineimaginationisthemostaroused。
"Shealoneisthecauseoftheevilsweendure……shemustbekilled，andquartered。"
——Nightadvances；thereareactsofviolence，andviolenceengendersviolence。
"HowgladIshouldbe，"saysoneman，"ifIcouldonlylaymyhandonthatshe—devil，andstrikeoffherheadonthefirstcurbstone！"
Towardsmorning，somecryout，"Whereisthatcursedcat？Wemusteatherheartout……We’lltakeoffherhead，cutherheartout，andfryherliverI"
——Withthefirstmurderstheappetiteforbloodhasbeenawakened；
thewomenfromParissaythat"theyhavebroughttubstocarryawaythestumpsoftheRoyalGuards，"andatthesewordsothersclaptheirhands。SomeoftheriffraffofthecrowdexaminetheropeofthelamppostinthecourtoftheNationalAssembly，andjudgingitnottobesufficientlystrong，aredesirousofsupplyingitsplacewithanother"tohangtheArchbishopofParis，Maury，andd’Espréménil。"——Thismurderous，carnivorousragepenetratesevenamongthosewhosedutyitistomaintainorder，oneoftheNationalGuardbeingheardtosaythat"thebody—guardsmustbekilledtothelastman，andtheirheartstornoutforabreakfast。"
Finally，towardsmidnight，theNationalGuardofParisarrives；butitonlyaddsoneinsurrectiontoanother，forithaslikewisemutiniedagainstitschiefs。[38]
"IfM。deLafayetteisnotdisposedtoaccompanyus，"saysoneofthegrenadiers，"wewilltakeanoldgrenadierforourcommander。"
Havingcometothisdecision，theysoughtthegeneralattheH？tel—
de—Ville，andthedelegatesofsixofthecompaniesmadetheirinstructionsknowntohim。
"General，wedonotbelievethatyouareatraitor，butwethinkthattheGovernmentisbetrayingus……Thecommitteeonsubsistenceisdeceivingus，andmustberemoved。WewanttogotoVersaillestoexterminatethebody—guardandtheFlemishregimentwhohavetrampledonthenationalcockade。IftheKingofFranceistoofeebletowearhiscrown，lethimtakeitoff；wewillcrownhissonandthingswillgobetter。"
InvainLafayetterefuses，andharanguesthemonthePlacedeGrève；
invainheresistsforhours，nowaddressingthemandnowimposingsilence。Armedbands，comingfromtheFaubourgsSaint—AntoineandSaint—Marceau，swellthecrowd；theytakeaimathim；otherspreparethelamp—post。HethendismountsandendeavorstoreturntotheH？tel—de—Ville，buthisgrenadiersbartheway:
"Morbleu，General，youwillstaywithus；youwillnotabandonus！"
Beingtheirchiefitisprettyplainthathemustfollowthem；whichisalsothesentimentoftherepresentativesofthecommuneattheH？tel—de—Ville，whosendhimtheirauthorization，andeventheordertomarch，"seeingthatitisimpossibleforhimtorefuse。"
FifteenthousandmenthusreachVersailles，andinfrontofandalongwiththemthousandsofruffians，protectedbythedarkness。
OnthissidetheNationalGuardofVersailles，postedaroundthechateau，togetherwiththepeopleofVersailles，whobarthewayagainstvehicles，haveclosedupeveryoutlet。[39]TheKingisprisonerinhisownpalace，heandhis，withhisministersandhiscourt，andwithnodefense。For，withhisusualoptimism，hehasconfidedtheouterpostsofthechateautoLafayette’ssoldiers，and，throughahumanitarianobstinacywhichheistomaintainuptothelast，[40]hehasforbiddenhisownguardstofireonthecrowd，sothattheyareonlythereforshow。Withcommonrightinhisfavor，thelaw，andtheoathwhichLafayettehadjustobligedhistroopstorenew，whatcouldhehavetofear？Whatcouldbemoreeffectivewiththepeoplethantrustinthemandprudence？Andbyplayingthesheeponeissureoftamingbrutes！
>Fromfiveo’clockinthemorningtheyprowlaroundthepalace—
railings。Lafayette，exhaustedwithfatigue，hastakenanhour’srepose，[41]whichhoursufficesforthem。[42]Apopulacearmedwithpikesandclubs，menandwomen，surroundsasquadofeighty—eightNationalGuards，forcesthemtofireontheKing’sGuards，burstsopenadoor，seizestwooftheguardsandchopstheirheadsoff。
Theexecutioner，whoisastudiomodel，withaheavybeard，stretchesouthisblood—stainedhandsandgloriesintheact；andsogreatistheeffectontheNationalGuardthattheymoveoff；
throughsensibility，inordernottowitnesssuchsights:suchistheresistance！Inthemeantimethecrowdinvadethestaircases，beatdownandtrampleontheguardstheyencounter，andburstopenthedoorswithimprecationsagainsttheQueen。TheQueenrunsoff；
justintime，inherunderclothes；shetakesrefugewiththeKingandtherestoftheroyalfamily，whohaveinvainbarricadedthemselvesinthe？il—de—Boeuf，adoorofwhichisbrokenin:heretheystand，awaitingdeath，whenLafayettearriveswithhisgrenadiersandsavesallthatcanbesave——theirlives，andnothingmore。For，fromthecrowdhuddledinthemarblecourttheshoutrises，"ToPariswiththeKing！"acommandtowhichtheKingsubmits。
Nowthatthegreathostageisintheirhands，willtheydeigntoacceptthesecondone？Thisisdoubtful。OntheQueenapproachingthebalconywithhersonanddaughter，ahowlarisesof"Nochildren！"Theywanttohaveheraloneinthesightsoftheirguns，andsheunderstandsthat。AtthismomentM。deLafayette，throwingtheshieldofhispopularityoverher，appearsonthebalconyathersideandrespectfullykissesherhand。Thereactionisinstantaneousinthisover—excitedcrowd。Boththemenandespeciallythewomen，insuchastateofnervoustension，readilyjumpfromoneextremetoanother，rageborderingontears。A
portress，whoisacompanionofMaillard’s，[43]imaginesthatshehearsLafayettepromiseintheQueen’sname"toloveherpeopleandbeasmuchattachedtothemasJesusChristtohisChurch。"Peoplesobandembraceeachother；thegrenadiersshifttheircapstotheheadsofthebody—guard。Everythingwillbefine:"thepeoplehavewontheirKingback。"——Nothingistobedonenowbuttorejoice；
andthecortegemoveson。Theroyalfamilyandahundreddeputies，incarriages，formthecenter，andthencomestheartillery，withanumberofwomenbestridingthecannons；next，aconvoyofflour。
RoundaboutaretheKing’sGuards，eachwithaNationalGuardmountedbehindhim；thencomestheNationalGuardofParis，andafterthemmenwithpikesandwomenonfoot，onhorseback，incabs，andoncarts；infrontisabandbearingtwoseveredheadsontheendsoftwopoles，whichhaltsatahairdresser’s，inSèvres，tohavetheseheadspowderedandcurled；[44]theyaremadetobowbywayofsalutation，andaredaubedalloverwithcream；therearejokesandshoutsoflaughter；thepeoplestoptoeatanddrinkontheroad，andobligetheguardstoclinkglasseswiththem；theyshoutandfiresalvosofmusketry；menandwomenholdeachother’shandsandsinganddanceaboutinthemud。——Suchisthenewfraternity:afuneralprocessionoflegalandlegitimateauthorities，atriumphofbrutalityoverintelligence，amurderousandpoliticalMardi—gras，aformidablemasqueradewhich，precededbytheinsigniaofdeath，dragsalongwithittheheadsofFrance，theKing，theministers，andthedeputies，thatitmayconstrainthemtoruletountilaccordingtoitsfrenzy，thatitmayholdthemunderitsthempikesuntilitispleasedtoslaughterthem。
VI。
TheGovernmentandthenationinthehandsoftherevolutionaryparty。
Thistimetherecanbenomistake:theReignofTerrorisfullyandfirmlyestablished。Onthisverydaythemobstopsavehicle，inwhichithopestofindM。deVirieu，anddeclares，onsearchingit，that"theyarelookingforthedeputytomassacrehim，aswellasothersofwhomtheyhavealist。"[45]TwodaysafterwardstheAbbé
GrégoiretellstheNationalAssemblythatnotadaypasseswithoutecclesiasticsbeinginsultedinParis，andpursuedwith"horriblethreats。"Malouetisadvisedthat"assoonasgunsaredistributedamongthemilitia，thefirstusemadeofthemwillbetogetridofthosedeputieswhoarebadcitizens，"andamongothersoftheAbbé
Maury。"ThemomentIsteppedoutintothestreets，"writesMounier，"Iwaspubliclyfollowed。Itwasacrimetobeseeninmycompany。
WhereverIhappenedtogo，alongwithtwoorthreeofmycompanions，itwasstatedthatanassemblyofaristocratswasforming。Ihadbecomesuchanobjectofterrorthattheythreatenedtosetfiretoacountry—housewhereIhadpassedtwenty—fourhours；and，torelievetheirminds，apromisehadtobegiventhatneithermyselfnormyfriendsshouldbeagainreceivedintoit。"Inoneweekfiveorsixhundreddeputieshavetheirpassports[46]madeout，andholdthemselvesreadytodepart。Duringthefollowingmonthonehundredandtwentygiveintheirresignations，ornolongerappearintheAssembly。Mounier，Lally—Tollendal，theBishopofLangres，andothersbesides，quitParis，andafterwardsFrance。MalletduPanwrites，"Opinionnowdictatesitsjudgmentwithsteelinhand。
Believeordieistheanathemawhichvehementspiritspronounce，andthisinthenameofLiberty。Moderationhasbecomeacrime。"Afterthe7thofOctober，MirabeausaystotheComtedelaMarck:
"IfyouhaveanyinfluencewiththeKingortheQueen，persuadethemthattheyandFrancearelostiftheroyalfamilydoesnotleaveParis。Iambusywithaplanforgettingthemaway。"
Hepreferseverythingtothepresentsituation，"evencivilwar；"
for"war，atleast，invigoratesthesoul，"whilehere，"underthedictatorshipofdemagogues，wearebeingdrownedinslime。"Givenuptoitself，Paris，inthreemonths，"willcertainlybeahospital，and，perhaps，atheaterofhorrors。"Againsttherabbleanditsleaders，itisessentialthattheKingshouldatoncecoalesce"withhispeople，"thatheshouldgotoRouen，appealtotheprovinces，provideaCentreforpublicopinion，and，ifnecessary，resorttoarmedresistance。Malouet，onhisside，declaresthat"theRevolution，sincethe5thofOctober，"horrifiesallsensiblemen，andeveryparty，butthatitiscompleteandirresistible。"ThusthethreebestmindsthatareassociatedwiththeRevolution——thosewhoseverifiedpropheciesattestgeniusorgoodsense；theonlyoneswho，fortwoorthreeyears，andfromweektoweek，havealwayspredictedwisely，andwhohaveemployedreasonintheirdemonstrations——thesethree，MalletduPan，Mirabeau，Mabuet，agreeintheirestimateoftheevent，andinmeasuringitsconsequences。Thenationisglidingdownadeclivity，andnoonepossessesthemeansortheforcetoarrestit。TheKingcannotdoit:"undecidedandweakbeyondallexpression，hischaracterresemblesthoseoiledivoryballswhichonevainlystrivestokeeptogether。"[47]AndasfortheAssembly，blinded，violated，andimpelledonbythetheoryitproclaims，andbythefactionwhichsupportsit，eachofitsgranddecreesonlyrendersitsfallthemoreprecipitate。
Notes:
[1]Bailly，"Mémoires，"II。195，242。
[2]ElyséeLoustalot，journalist，editorofthepaper"RévolutionsdeParis，"wasayounglawyerwhohadshownanaturalgeniusforinnovativejournalism。Hewastodiealreadyin1790。（SR。）
[3]Montjoie，ch。LXX，p。65。
[4]Bailly，II。74，174，242，261，282，345，392。
[5]Suchasdomiciliaryvisitsandarrestsapparentlymadebylunatics。（"ArchivesdelaPréfecturedePolicedeParis。"）——AndMontjoie，ch。LXX。p。67。ExpeditionoftheNationalGuardagainstimaginarybrigandswhoarecuttingdownthecropsatMontmorencyandthevolleyfiredintheair。——ConquestofIle—AdamandChantilly。
[6]Bailly，II。46，95，232，287，296。
[7]"ArchivesdelaPréfecturedePolice，"minutesofthemeetingofthesectionofButtedesMoulins，October5，1789。
[8]Bailly，II。224。——Dusaulx，418，202，257，174，158。Thepowdertransportedwascalledpoudredetraite（transport）；thepeopleunderstooditaspoudredetra？tre（traitor）。M。delaSallewasnearbeingkilledthroughtheadditionofanr。ItishewhohadtakencommandoftheNationalGuardonthe13thofJuly。
[9]Floquet，VII。54。ThereisthesamesceneatGranville，inNormandy，onthe16thofOctober。Awomanhadassassinatedherhusband，whileasoldierwhowasherloverisheraccomplice；thewomanwasabouttohehungandthemanbrokenonthewheel，whenthepopulaceshout，"Thenationhastherightofpardon，"upsetthescaffold，andsavethetwoassassins。
[10]Bailly，II。274（August17th）。
[11]Bailly，II，83，202，230，235，283，299。
[12]MercuredeFrance，thenumberforSeptember26th。—DeGoncourt，p。111。
[13]Mercier，"TableaudeParis，"I，58；X。151。
[14]DeFerrières，I。178。——BuchezandRoux，II。311，316。——
Bai11y，II。104，174，207，246，257，282。
[15]MercuredeFrance，September5th，1789。HoraceWalpole’sLetters，September5，1789。——M。deLafayette，"Mémoires，"I。272。
Duringtheweekfollowingthe14thofJuly，6，000soldiersdesertedandwentovertothepeople，besides400and800SwissGuardsandsixbattalionsoftheFrenchGuards，whoremainwithoutofficers，anddoastheyplease。Vagabondsfromtheneighboringvillagesflockin，andtherearemorethan"30，000strangersandvagrants"inParis。
[16]Bailly，II。282。ThecrowdofdeserterswassogreatthatLafayettewasobligedtoplaceaguardatthebarrierstokeepthemfromenteringthecity。"Withoutthisprecautionthewholearmywouldhavecomein。"
[17]DeFerrières，I。103。——DeLavalette，I。39。——Bailly，I。53
（onthelawyers）。"ItmaybesaidthatthesuccessoftheRevolutionisduetothisclass。"——Marmontel，II。243"SincethefirstelectionsofParis，in1789，Iremarked，"hesays，"thisspeciesofrestlessintriguingmen，contendingwitheachothertobeheard，impatienttomakethemselvesprominent……Itiswellknownwhatinterestthisbody（thelawyers）hadtochangeReformintoRevolution，theMonarchyintoaRepublic；theobjectwastoorganizeforitselfaperpetualaristocracy。"——BuchezandRoux，II。358
（articlebyC。Desmoulins）。"Inthedistrictseverybodyexhaustshislungsandhistimeintryingtobepresident，vice—president，secretaryorvice—secretary"
[18]EugèneHatin，"HistoiredelaPresse，"vol。V。p。113。"LePatriotefran？ais"byBrissot，July28，1789。——"L’AmiduPeuple，"
byMarat，September12，1789。——"Annalespatriotiquesetlittéraires，"byCarraandMercier，October5，1789，——"LesRévolutionsdeParis，"chiefeditorLoustalot，July17th，1789。—
"LeTribundupeuple，"lettersby（middleof1789）。—"RévolutionsdeFranceetdeBrabant，"byC。Desmoulins，November28，1789；his"Francelibre"（IbelieveofthemonthofAugust，andhis"DiscoursdelaLanterne"ofthemonthofSeptember）。—"TheMoniteur"doesnotmakeitsappearanceuntilNovember24，1789。Intheseventynumberswhichfollow，uptoFebruary3，1790，thedebatesoftheAssemblywereafterwardswrittenout，amplified，andputinadramaticform。AllnumbersanteriortoFebruary3，1790，aretheresultofacompilationexecutedintheyearIV。ThenarrativepartduringthefirstsixmonthsoftheRevolutionisofnovalue。ThereportofthesittingsoftheAssemblyismoreexact，butshouldberevisedsittingbysittinganddiscoursebydiscourseforadetailedhistoryoftheNationalAssembly。Theprincipalauthoritieswhicharereallycontemporaryare，"LeMercuredeFrance，""LeJournaldeParis，""LepointdeJour"byBarrère，the"CourrierdeVersailles，"
byGorsas，the"CourrierdeProvence"byMirabeau，the"JournaldesDébatsetDécrets，"theofficialreportsoftheNationalassembly，the"Bulletindel’AsembléeNationale，"byMarat，besidesthenewspapersabovecitedfortheperiodfollowingthe14thofJuly，andthespeeches，whichareprintedseparately。
[19]C。Desmoulins，lettersofSeptember20thandofsubsequentdates。（Hequote，apassagefromLucaninthesenseindicated）。——
Brissot，"Mémoires，"passim。——BiographyofDantonbyRobinet。（SeethetestimonyofMadameRolandandofRousselindeSaint—Albin。）
[20]"DiscoursdelaLanterne。"Seetheepigraphoftheengraving。
[21]BuchezandRoux；III。55；articleofMarat，Octoberlst。
"SweepallthesuspectedmenoutoftheH？tel—de—Ville……
Reducethedeputiesofthecommunestofifty；donotletthemremaininofficemorethanamonthorsixweeks，andcompelthemtotransactbusinessonlyinpublic。"——AndII。412，anotherarticlebyMarat。——Ibid。III。21。AnarticlebyLoustalot。—C。
Desmoulins，"DiscoursdelaLanterne，"passim。——Bailly，II。326。
[22]Mounier，"DescausesquiontempêchelesFran？aisd’êtrelibre，"I。59。—Lally—Tollendal，secondletter，104。——
Bailly，II。203。
[23]DeBouillé，207。——Lally—Tollendal，ibid，141，146。——
Mounier，ibid。，41，60。
[24]MercuredeFrance，October2，1790（articleofMalletduPan:
"Isawit"）。CriminalproceedingsattheChateletontheeventsofOctober5thand6th。DepositionofM。Feydel，adeputy，No。178。—
—DeMontlosier，i。259。——Desmoulins（LaLanterne）。"Somemembersofthecommunesaregraduallywonoverbypensions，byplansformakingafortuneandbyflattery。Happily，theincorruptiblegalleriesarealwaysonthesideofthepatriots。TheyrepresentthetribunesofthepeopleseatedonabenchinattendanceonthedeliberationsoftheSenateandwhohadtheveto。Theyrepresentthemetropolisand，fortunately，itisunderthebatteriesofthemetropolisthattheconstitutionisbeingframed。"（C。Desmoulins，simple—mindedpolitician，alwaysletthecatoutofthebag。）
[25]"ProcédureduChatelet，"Ibid。DepositionofM。Malouet（No。
111）。"Ireceivedeveryday，aswellasMM。LallyandMounier，anonymouslettersandlistsofproscriptionsonwhichwewereinscribed。TheselettersannouncedapromptandviolentdeathtoeverydeputythatadvocatedtheauthorityoftheKing。"
[26]BuchezandRoux，I。368，376。————Bailly，II。326，341。—
Mounier，ibid。，62，75。
[27]EtienneDumont，145。——CorrespondencebetweenComtedeMirabeauandComtedelaMarck。
[28]"ProcédurecriminelleduChatelet，"Deposition148。—BuchezandRoux，III。67，65。（NarrativeofDesmoulins，articleofLoustalot。）MercuredeFrance，numberforSeptember5，1789。
"Sundayevening，August30，atthePalais—Royal，theexpulsionofseveraldeputiesofeveryclasswasdemanded，andespeciallysomeofthosefromDauphiny……TheyspokeofbringingtheKingtoParisaswellastheDauphin。Allvirtuouscitizens，everyincorruptiblepatriot，wasexhortedtosetoutimmediatelyforVersailles。"
[29]Theseactsofviolencewerenotreprisals；nothingofthekindtookplaceatthebanquetofthebody—guards（October1st）。"Amidstthegeneraljoy，"saysaneye—witness，IheardnoinsultsagainsttheNationalAssembly，noragainstthepopularparty，noragainstanybody。Theonlycrieswere’ViveleRoi！VivelaReine！Wewilldefendthemtothedeath！’"（MadamedeLarochejacquelein，p。40。—
Ibid。MadameCampan，anothereye—witness。）——Itappearstobecertain，however，thattheyoungermembersoftheNationalGuardatVersaillesturnedtheircockadessoastobelikeotherpeople，anditisalsoprobablethatsomeoftheladiesdistributedwhitecockades。Therestisastorymadeupbeforeandaftertheeventtojustifytheinsurrection。——Cf。Lerol，"HistoiredeVersailles，"
II。20—107。Ibid。p。141。"Astothatproscriptionofthenationalcockade，allwitnessesdenyit。"TheoriginatorofthecalumnyisGorsas，editoroftheCourrierdeVersailles。
[30]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions88，110，120，126，127，140，146，148。——Marmontel，"Mémoires，"aconversationwithChampfort，inMay，1789。——Morellet，"Mémoires，"I。398。
（AccordingtotheevidenceofGarat，Champfortgaveallhissavings，3，000livres，todefraytheexpensesofmaneuversofthisdescription。）——Malouet（II。2）。knewfourofthedeputies"whotookdirectpartinthisconspiracy。"
[31]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"1st。OntheFlemishsoldiers。Depositions17，20，24，35，87，89，98。——2nd。Onthemendisguisedaswomen。Depositions5，10，14，44，49，59，60，110，120，139，145，146，148。Theprosecutordesignatessixofthemtobeseized。——3rd。Ontheconditionofthewomenoftheexpedition。
Depositions35，83，91，98，146，and24。——4th。Onthemoneydistributed。Depositions49，56，71，82，110，126。
[32]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Deposition61。"Duringthenightscenes，notverydecent，occurredamongthesepeople，whichthewitnessthoughtituselesstorelate。"
[33]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions35，44，81。——
BuchezandRoux，III。120。（MinutesofthemeetingoftheCommune，October5th。）JournaldeParis，October12th。Afewdaysafter，M。
Pic，clerkoftheprosecutor，brought"apackageof100，000francswhichhehadsavedfromtheenemies’hands，"andanotherpackageofnoteswasfoundthrown，inthehubbub，intoareceipt—box。
[34]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions61，77，81，148，154。——Dumont，181。——Mounier，"Exposéjustificatif，"andspecially"Faitrelatifàladernièreinsurrection。"
[35]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Deposition168。ThewitnessseesonleavingtheKing’sapartment"severalwomendressedasfish—wives，oneofwhom，withaprettyface，hasapaperinherhand，andwhoexclaimsassheholdsitup，’He！F……，wehaveforcedtheguytosign。’"
[36]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions89，91，98。
"Promisingall，evenraisingtheirpetticoatsbeforethem。"
[37]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet，"Depositions9，20，24，30，49，61，82，115，149，155。
[38]ProcédurecriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions7，30，35，40。—
—Cf。Lafayette，"Mémoires，"andMadameCampan，"Mémoires。"
[39]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Deposition24。Anumberofbutcher—boysrunafterthecarriagesissuingfromthePetite—Ecurieshoutingout，"Don’tletthecursescape！"
[40]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions101，91，89，and17。M。deMiomandre，abody—guard，mildlysaystotheruffiansmountingthestaircase:"Myfriends，youloveyourKing，andyetyoucometoannoyhimeveninhispalace！"
[41]Malouet，II。2。"Ifeltnodistrust，"saysLafayettein1798；
"thepeoplepromisedtoremainquiet。"
[42]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions9，16，60，128，129，130，139，158，168，170。——M。duRepaire，body—guard，beingsentryattherailingfromtwoo’clockinthemorning，amanpasseshispikethroughthebarssaying，"Youembroideredb……，yourturnwillcomebeforelong。"M。deRepaire，"retireswithinthesentry—boxwithoutsayingawordtothisman，consideringtheordersthathavebeenissuednottoact。"
[43]"ProcédureCriminelleduChatelet。"Depositions82，170——
MadameCampan。II。87。——DeLavalette，I。33。——Cf。BertranddeMolleville，Mémoires。"
[44]Duval，"SouvenirsdelaTerreur，"I。78。（Doubtfulinalmosteverything，buthereheisaneye—witness。Hedinedoppositethehair—dresser’s，neartherailingoftheParkofSaint—Cloud。）——M。
deLally—Tollendal’ssecondlettertoafriend。"AtthemomenttheKingenteredhiscapitalwithtwobishopsofhiscouncilwithhiminthecarriage，thecrywasheard，"Offtothelamppostwiththebishops！"
[45]DeMontlosier，I。303。——Moniteur，sessionsofthe8th，9th，and10thofOctober。——Malouet，II。9，10，20。——Mounier，RecherchessurlesCauses，etc。，"and"AddresseauxDauphinois。"
[46]DeFerrières，I。346。（Onthe9thofOctober，300membershavealreadytakentheirpassports。）MercuredeFrance，No。ofthe17thOctober。CorrespondenceofMirabeauandM。delaMarck，I。116，126，364。
[47]CorrespondenceofMirabeauandM。delaMarck，I。175。（ThewordsofMonsieurtoM。delaMarck。）
BOOKSECOND。THECONSTITUENTASSEMBLY，ANDTHERESULTOFITS
LABORS。
CHAPTERI。
THECONSTITUENTASSEMBLY。—CONDITIONSREQUIREDFORTHEFRAMINGOF
GOODLAWS。
Amongthemostdifficultundertakingsinthisworldistheformulationofanationalconstitution，especiallyifthisistobeacompleteandcomprehensivework。Toreplacetheoldstructuresinsidewhichagreatpeoplehaslivedbyanew，different，appropriateanddurablesetoflaws，toapplyamoldofonehundredthousandcompartmentsontothelifeoftwenty—sixmillionpeople，toconstructitsoharmoniously，adaptitsowell，soclosely，withsuchanexactappreciationoftheirneedsandtheirfaculties，thattheyenteritofthemselvesandmoveaboutitwithoutcollisions，andthattheirspontaneousactivityshouldatoncefindtheeaseoffamiliarroutine，—isanextraordinaryundertakingandprobablybeyondthepowersofthehumanmind。Inanyevent，themindrequiresallitspowerstocarrytheundertakingout，anditcannotprotectitselfcarefullyenoughagainstallsourcesofdisturbanceanderror。AnAssembly，especiallyaConstituentAssembly，requires，outwardly，securityandindependence，inwardly，silenceandorder，andgenerally，calmness，goodsense，practicalabilityanddisciplineundercompetentandrecognizedleaders。DowefindanythingofallthisintheConstituentAssembly？
I。
TheseconditionsabsentintheAssembly—Causesofdisorderandirrationality—Theplaceofmeeting—Thelargenumberofdeputies—Interferenceofthegalleries—Rulesofprocedurewanting，defective，ordisregarded。—Theparliamentaryleaders—
Susceptibilityandover—excitementoftheAssembly—Itsparoxysmsofenthusiasm。—Itstendencytoemotion。—Itencouragestheatricaldisplay—Changeswhichthesedisplaysintroduceinitsgoodintentions。
Wehaveonlytolookatitoutwardlytohavesomedoubtsaboutit。
AtVersailles，andthenatParis，thesessionsareheldinanimmensehallcapableofseating2，000persons，inwhichthemostpowerfulvoicemustbestrainedinordertobeheard。Itisnotcalculatedforthemoderatetonesuitableforthediscussionofbusiness；thespeakerisobligedtoshout，andthestrainonthevoicecommunicatesitselftothemind；theplaceitselfsuggestsdeclamation；andthisallthemorereadilybecausetheassemblageconsistsof1，200，thatistosay，acrowd，andalmostamob。’Atthepresentday（1877），inourassembliesoffiveorsixhundreddeputies，thereareconstantinterruptionsandanincessantbuzz；
thereisnothingsorareasself—control，andthefirmresolvetogiveanhour’sattentiontoadiscourseopposedtotheopinionsofthehearers。——Whatcanbedoneheretocompelsilenceandpatience？ArthurYoungondifferentoccasionssees"ahundredmembersontheflooratonce，"shoutingandgesticulating。