"Handcuffthemall！"shoutedJavert。
　　"Comeon！"criedavoicewhichwasnotthevoiceofaman，butofwhichnoonewouldeverhavesaid:"Itisawoman’svoice。"
　　TheThenardierwomanhadentrenchedherselfinoneoftheanglesofthewindow，anditwasshewhohadjustgivenventtothisroar。
　　Thepolicemenandagentsrecoiled。
　　Shehadthrownoffhershawl。butretainedherbonnet；
　　herhusband，whowascrouchingbehindher，wasalmosthiddenunderthediscardedshawl，andshewasshieldinghimwithherbody，assheelevatedthepaving—stoneaboveherheadwiththegestureofagiantessonthepointofhurlingarock。
　　"Beware！"sheshouted。
　　Allcrowdedbacktowardsthecorridor。Abroadopenspacewasclearedinthemiddleofthegarret。
　　TheThenardierwomancastaglanceattheruffianswhohadallowedthemselvestobepinioned，andmutteredinhoarseandgutturalaccents:——
　　"Thecowards！"
　　Javertsmiled，andadvancedacrosstheopenspacewhichtheThenardierwasdevouringwithhereyes。
　　"Don’tcomenearme，"shecried，"orI’llcrushyou。"
　　"Whatagrenadier！"ejaculatedJavert；"you’vegotabeardlikeaman，mother，butIhaveclawslikeawoman。"
　　Andhecontinuedtoadvance。
　　TheThenardier，dishevelledandterrible，setherfeetfarapart，threwherselfbackwards，andhurledthepaving—stoneatJavert’shead。
　　Javertducked，thestonepassedoverhim，struckthewallbehind，knockedoffahugepieceofplastering，and，reboundingfromangletoangleacrossthehovel，nowluckilyalmostempty，restedatJavert’sfeet。
　　Atthesamemoment，JavertreachedtheThenardiercouple。
　　Oneofhisbighandsdescendedonthewoman’sshoulder；theotheronthehusband’shead。
　　"Thehandcuffs！"heshouted。
　　Thepolicementroopedininforce，andinafewsecondsJavert’sorderhadbeenexecuted。
　　TheThenardierfemale，overwhelmed，staredatherpinionedhands，andatthoseofherhusband，whohaddroppedtothefloor，andexclaimed，weeping:——
　　"Mydaughters！"
　　"Theyareinthejug，"saidJavert。
　　Inthemeanwhile，theagentshadcaughtsightofthedrunkenmanasleepbehindthedoor，andwereshakinghim:——
　　Heawoke，stammering:——
　　"Isitallover，Jondrette？"
　　"Yes，"repliedJavert。
　　Thesixpinionedruffianswerestanding，andstillpreservedtheirspectralmien；allthreebesmearedwithblack，allthreemasked。
　　"Keeponyourmasks，"saidJavert。
　　AndpassingtheminreviewwithaglanceofaFrederickII。
　　ataPotsdamparade，hesaidtothethree"chimney—builders":——
　　"Goodday，Bigrenaille！goodday，Brujon！goodday，Deuxmilliards！"
　　Thenturningtothethreemaskedmen，hesaidtothemanwiththemeat—axe:——
　　"Goodday，Gueulemer！"
　　Andtothemanwiththecudgel:——
　　"Goodday，Babet！"
　　Andtotheventriloquist:——
　　"Yourhealth，Claquesous。"
　　Atthatmoment，hecaughtsightoftheruffians’prisoner。who，eversincetheentranceofthepolice，hadnotutteredaword，andhadheldhisheaddown。
　　"Untiethegentleman！"saidJavert，"andletnoonegoout！"
　　Thatsaid，heseatedhimselfwithsovereigndignitybeforethetable，wherethecandleandthewriting—materialsstillremained，drewastampedpaperfromhispocket，andbegantopreparehisreport。
　　Whenhehadwrittenthefirstlines，whichareformulasthatnevervary，heraisedhiseyes:——
　　"Letthegentlemanwhomthesegentlemenboundstepforward。"
　　Thepolicemenglancedroundthem。
　　"Well，"saidJavert，"whereishe？"
　　Theprisoneroftheruffians，M。Leblanc，M。UrbainFabre，thefatherofUrsuleortheLark，haddisappeared。
　　Thedoorwasguarded，butthewindowwasnot。Assoonashehadfoundhimselfreleasedfromhisbonds，andwhileJavertwasdrawinguphisreport，hehadtakenadvantageofconfusion，thecrowd，thedarkness，andofamomentwhenthegeneralattentionwasdivertedfromhim，todashoutofthewindow。
　　Anagentsprangtotheopeningandlookedout。Hesawnooneoutside。
　　Theropeladderwasstillshaking。
　　"Thedevil！"ejaculatedJavertbetweenhisteeth，"hemusthavebeenthemostvaluableofthelot。"
　　CHAPTERXXII
　　THELITTLEONEWHOWASCRYINGINVOLUMETWO
　　OnthedayfollowingthatonwhichtheseeventstookplaceinthehouseontheBoulevarddel’Hopital，achild，whoseemedtobecomingfromthedirectionofthebridgeofAusterlitz，wasascendingtheside—alleyontherightinthedirectionoftheBarrieredeFontainebleau。
　　Nighthadfullycome。
　　Thisladwaspale，thin，cladinrags，withlinentrousersinthemonthofFebruary，andwassingingatthetopofhisvoice。
　　AtthecorneroftheRueduPetit—Banquier，abentoldwomanwasrummaginginaheapofrefusebythelightofastreetlantern；
　　thechildjostledherashepassed，thenrecoiled，exclaiming:——
　　"Hello！AndItookitforanenormous，enormousdog！"
　　Hepronouncedthewordenormousthesecondtimewithajeeringswellofthevoicewhichmightbetolerablywellrepresentedbycapitals:
　　"anenormous，ENORMOUSdog。"
　　Theoldwomanstraightenedherselfupinafury。
　　"Nastybrat！"shegrumbled。"IfIhadn’tbeenbendingover，IknowwellwhereIwouldhaveplantedmyfootonyou。"
　　Theboywasalreadyfaraway。
　　"Kisss！kisss！"hecried。"Afterthat，Idon’tthinkIwasmistaken！"
　　Theoldwoman，chokingwithindignation，nowrosecompletelyupright，andtheredgleamofthelanternfullylightedupherlividface，allhollowedintoanglesandwrinkles，withcrow’s—feetmeetingthecornersofhermouth。
　　Herbodywaslostinthedarkness，andonlyherheadwasvisible。
　　OnewouldhavepronouncedheramaskofDecrepitudecarvedoutbyalightfromthenight。
　　Theboysurveyedher。
　　"Madame，"saidhe，"doesnotpossessthatstyleofbeautywhichpleasesme。"
　　Hethenpursuedhisroad，andresumedhissong:——
　　"LeroiCoupdesabotS’enallaitalachasse，Alachasseauxcorbeaux——"
　　Attheendofthesethreelineshepaused。HehadarrivedinfrontofNo。50—52，andfindingthedoorfastened，hebegantoassaultitwithresoundingandheroickicks，whichbetrayedrathertheman’sshoesthathewaswearingthanthechild’sfeetwhichheowned。
　　Inthemeanwhile，theveryoldwomanwhomhehadencounteredatthecorneroftheRueduPetit—Banquierhastenedupbehindhim，utteringclamorouscriesandindulginginlavishandexaggeratedgestures。
　　"What’sthis？What’sthis？LordGod！He’sbatteringthedoordown！
　　He’sknockingthehousedown。"
　　Thekickscontinued。
　　Theoldwomanstrainedherlungs。
　　"Isthatthewaybuildingsaretreatednowadays？"
　　Allatonceshepaused。
　　Shehadrecognizedthegamin。
　　"What！soit’sthatimp！"
　　"Why，it’stheoldlady，"saidthelad。"Goodday，Bougonmuche。
　　Ihavecometoseemyancestors。"
　　Theoldwomanretortedwithacompositegrimace，andawonderfulimprovisationofhatredtakingadvantageoffeeblenessandugliness，whichwas，unfortunately，wastedinthedark:——
　　"There’snoonehere。"
　　"Bah！"retortedtheboy，"where’smyfather？"
　　"AtLaForce。"
　　"Come，now！Andmymother？"
　　"AtSaint—Lazare。"
　　"Well！Andmysisters？"
　　"AttheMadelonettes。"
　　Theladscratchedhisheadbehindhisear，staredatMa’amBougon，andsaid:——
　　"Ah！"
　　Thenheexecutedapirouetteonhisheel；amomentlater，theoldwoman，whohadremainedonthedoor—step，heardhimsinginginhisclear，youngvoice，asheplungedundertheblackelm—trees，inthewintrywind:——
　　"LeroiCoupdesabot[31]
　　S’enallaitalachasse，Alachasseauxcorbeaux，Montesurdeuxechasses。
　　Quandonpassaitdessous，Onluipayaitdeuxsous。"
　　[31]KingBootkickwenta—huntingaftercrows，mountedontwostilts。
　　Whenonepassedbeneaththem，onepaidhimtwosous。
　　[TheendofVolumeIII。"Marius"]
　　VOLUMEIV。SAINT—DENIS。
　　THEIDYLINTHERUEPLUMETANDTHEEPICINTHERUESAINT—DENIS
　　BOOKFIRST。——AFEWPAGESOFHISTORY
　　CHAPTERI
　　WELLCUT
　　1831and1832，thetwoyearswhichareimmediatelyconnectedwiththeRevolutionofJuly，formoneofthemostpeculiarandstrikingmomentsofhistory。Thesetwoyearsriseliketwomountainsmidwaybetweenthosewhichprecedeandthosewhichfollowthem。Theyhavearevolutionarygrandeur。Precipicesaretobedistinguishedthere。
　　Thesocialmasses，theveryassizesofcivilization，thesolidgroupofsuperposedandadheringinterests，thecentury—oldprofilesoftheancientFrenchformation，appearanddisappearinthemeveryinstant，athwartthestormcloudsofsystems，ofpassions，andoftheories。
　　Theseappearancesanddisappearanceshavebeendesignatedasmovementandresistance。Atintervals，truth，thatdaylightofthehumansoul，canbedescriedshiningthere。
　　Thisremarkableepochisdecidedlycircumscribedandisbeginningtobesufficientlydistantfromustoallowofourgraspingtheprincipallinesevenatthepresentday。
　　Weshallmaketheattempt。
　　TheRestorationhadbeenoneofthoseintermediatephases，hardtodefine，inwhichthereisfatigue，buzzing，murmurs，sleep，tumult，andwhicharenothingelsethanthearrivalofagreatnationatahalting—place。
　　Theseepochsarepeculiarandmisleadthepoliticianswhodesiretoconvertthemtoprofit。Inthebeginning，thenationasksnothingbutrepose；itthirstsforbutonething，peace；ithasbutoneambition，tobesmall。Whichisthetranslationofremainingtranquil。
　　Ofgreatevents，greathazards，greatadventures，greatmen，thankGod，wehaveseenenough，wehavethemheapedhigherthanourheads。WewouldexchangeCaesarforPrusias，andNapoleonfortheKingofYvetot。
　　"Whatagoodlittlekingwashe！"Wehavemarchedsincedaybreak，wehavereachedtheeveningofalongandtoilsomeday；wehavemadeourfirstchangewithMirabeau，thesecondwithRobespierre，thethirdwithBonaparte；wearewornout。Eachonedemandsabed。
　　Devotionwhichisweary，heroismwhichhasgrownold，ambitionswhicharesated，fortuneswhicharemade，seek，demand，implore，solicit，what？Ashelter。Theyhaveit。Theytakepossessionofpeace，oftranquillity，ofleisure；behold，theyarecontent。But，atthesametimecertainfactsarise，compelrecognition，andknockatthedoorintheirturn。Thesefactsaretheproductsofrevolutionsandwars，theyare，theyexist，theyhavetherighttoinstallthemselvesinsociety，andtheydoinstallthemselvestherein；
　　andmostofthetime，factsarethestewardsofthehouseholdandfouriers[32]whodonothingbutpreparelodgingsforprinciples。
　　[32]Inoldentimes，fouriersweretheofficialswhoprecededtheCourtandallottedthelodgings。
　　This，then，iswhatappearstophilosophicalpoliticians:——
　　Atthesametimethatwearymendemandrepose，accomplishedfactsdemandguarantees。Guaranteesarethesametofactsthatreposeistomen。
　　ThisiswhatEnglanddemandedoftheStuartsaftertheProtector；
　　thisiswhatFrancedemandedoftheBourbonsaftertheEmpire。
　　Theseguaranteesareanecessityofthetimes。Theymustbeaccorded。
　　Princes"grant"them，butinreality，itistheforceofthingswhichgivesthem。Aprofoundtruth，andoneusefultoknow，whichtheStuartsdidnotsuspectin1662andwhichtheBourbonsdidnotevenobtainaglimpseofin1814。
　　Thepredestinedfamily，whichreturnedtoFrancewhenNapoleonfell，hadthefatalsimplicitytobelievethatitwasitselfwhichbestowed，andthatwhatithadbestoweditcouldtakebackagain；thattheHouseofBourbonpossessedtherightdivine，thatFrancepossessednothing，andthatthepoliticalrightconcededinthecharterofLouisXVIII。
　　wasmerelyabranchoftherightdivine，wasdetachedbytheHouseofBourbonandgraciouslygiventothepeopleuntilsuchdayasitshouldpleasetheKingtoreassumeit。Still，theHouseofBourbonshouldhavefelt，fromthedispleasurecreatedbythegift，thatitdidnotcomefromit。
　　Thishousewaschurlishtothenineteenthcentury。Itputonanill—temperedlookateverydevelopmentofthenation。Tomakeuseofatrivialword，thatistosay，ofapopularandatrueword，itlookedglum。Thepeoplesawthis。
　　ItthoughtitpossessedstrengthbecausetheEmpirehadbeencarriedawaybeforeitlikeatheatricalstage—setting。Itdidnotperceivethatithad，itself，beenbroughtininthesamefashion。ItdidnotperceivethatitalsolayinthathandwhichhadremovedNapoleon。
　　Itthoughtthatithadroots，becauseitwasthepast。Itwasmistaken；
　　itformedapartofthepast，butthewholepastwasFrance。
　　TherootsofFrenchsocietywerenotfixedintheBourbons，butinthenations。Theseobscureandlivelyrootsconstituted，nottherightofafamily，butthehistoryofapeople。
　　Theywereeverywhere，exceptunderthethrone。
　　TheHouseofBourbonwastoFrancetheillustriousandbleedingknotinherhistory，butwasnolongertheprincipalelementofherdestiny，andthenecessarybaseofherpolitics。ShecouldgetalongwithouttheBourbons；shehaddonewithoutthemfortwoandtwentyyears；
　　therehadbeenabreakofcontinuity；theydidnotsuspectthefact。
　　Andhowshouldtheyhavesuspectedit，theywhofanciedthatLouisXVII。
　　reignedonthe9thofThermidor，andthatLouisXVIII。wasreigningatthebattleofMarengo？Never，sincetheoriginofhistory，hadprincesbeensoblindinthepresenceoffactsandtheportionofdivineauthoritywhichfactscontainandpromulgate。Neverhadthatpretensionherebelowwhichiscalledtherightofkingsdeniedtosuchapointtherightfromonhigh。
　　Acapitalerrorwhichledthisfamilytolayitshandoncemoreontheguarantees"granted"in1814，ontheconcessions，asittermedthem。Sad。Asadthing！Whatittermeditsconcessionswereourconquests；whatittermedourencroachmentswereourrights。
　　Whenthehourseemedtoittohavecome，theRestoration，supposingitselfvictoriousoverBonaparteandwell—rootedinthecountry，thatistosay，believingitselftobestronganddeep，abruptlydecidedonitsplanofaction，andriskeditsstroke。
　　OnemorningitdrewitselfupbeforethefaceofFrance，and，elevatingitsvoice，itcontestedthecollectivetitleandtheindividualrightofthenationtosovereignty，ofthecitizentoliberty。
　　Inotherwords，itdeniedtothenationthatwhichmadeitanation，andtothecitizenthatwhichmadehimacitizen。
　　ThisisthefoundationofthosefamousactswhicharecalledtheordinancesofJuly。TheRestorationfell。
　　Itfelljustly。But，weadmit，ithadnotbeenabsolutelyhostiletoallformsofprogress。Greatthingshadbeenaccomplished，withitalongside。
　　UndertheRestoration，thenationhadgrownaccustomedtocalmdiscussion，whichhadbeenlackingundertheRepublic，andtograndeurinpeace，whichhadbeenwantingundertheEmpire。FrancefreeandstronghadofferedanencouragingspectacletotheotherpeoplesofEurope。
　　TheRevolutionhadhadthewordunderRobespierre；thecannonhadhadthewordunderBonaparte；itwasunderLouisXVIII。
　　andCharlesX。thatitwastheturnofintelligencetohavetheword。Thewindceased，thetorchwaslightedoncemore。
　　Ontheloftyheights，thepurelightofmindcouldbeseenflickering。
　　Amagnificent，useful，andcharmingspectacle。Foraspaceoffifteenyears，thosegreatprincipleswhicharesooldforthethinker，sonewforthestatesman，couldbeseenatworkinperfectpeace，onthepublicsquare；equalitybeforethelaw，libertyofconscience，libertyofspeech，libertyofthepress，theaccessibilityofallaptitudestoallfunctions。Thusitproceededuntil1830。
　　TheBourbonswereaninstrumentofcivilizationwhichbrokeinthehandsofProvidence。
　　ThefalloftheBourbonswasfullofgrandeur，notontheirside，butonthesideofthenation。Theyquittedthethronewithgravity，butwithoutauthority；theirdescentintothenightwasnotoneofthosesolemndisappearanceswhichleaveasombreemotioninhistory；
　　itwasneitherthespectralcalmofCharlesI。，northeeaglescreamofNapoleon。Theydeparted，thatisall。Theylaiddownthecrown，andretainednoaureole。Theywereworthy，buttheywerenotaugust。
　　Theylacked，inacertainmeasure，themajestyoftheirmisfortune。
　　CharlesX。duringthevoyagefromCherbourg，causingaroundtabletobecutoverintoasquaretable，appearedtobemoreanxiousaboutimperilledetiquettethanaboutthecrumblingmonarchy。
　　Thisdiminutionsaddeneddevotedmenwholovedtheirpersons，andseriousmenwhohonoredtheirrace。Thepopulacewasadmirable。Thenation，attackedonemorningwithweapons，byasortofroyalinsurrection，feltitselfinthepossessionofsomuchforcethatitdidnotgointoarage。Itdefendeditself，restraineditself，restoredthingstotheirplaces，thegovernmenttolaw，theBourbonstoexile，alas！andthenhalted！IttooktheoldkingCharlesX。frombeneaththatdaiswhichhadshelteredLouisXIV。andsethimgentlyontheground。
　　Ittouchedtheroyalpersonagesonlywithsadnessandprecaution。
　　Itwasnotoneman，itwasnotafewmen，itwasFrance，Franceentire，Francevictoriousandintoxicatedwithhervictory，whoseemedtobecomingtoherself，andwhoputintopractice，beforetheeyesofthewholeworld，thesegravewordsofGuillaumeduVairafterthedayoftheBarricades:——
　　"Itiseasyforthosewhoareaccustomedtoskimthefavorsofthegreat，andtospring，likeabirdfromboughtobough，fromanafflictedfortunetoaflourishingone，toshowthemselvesharshtowardstheirPrinceinhisadversity；butasforme，thefortuneofmyKingsandespeciallyofmyafflictedKings，willalwaysbevenerabletome。"
　　TheBourbonscarriedawaywiththemrespect，butnotregret。
　　Aswehavejuststated，theirmisfortunewasgreaterthantheywere。
　　Theyfadedoutinthehorizon。
　　TheRevolutionofJulyinstantlyhadfriendsandenemiesthroughouttheentireworld。Thefirstrushedtowardherwithjoyandenthusiasm，theothersturnedaway，eachaccordingtohisnature。Atthefirstblush，theprincesofEurope，theowlsofthisdawn，shuttheireyes，woundedandstupefied，andonlyopenedthemtothreaten。
　　Afrightwhichcanbecomprehended，awrathwhichcanbepardoned。
　　Thisstrangerevolutionhadhardlyproducedashock；ithadnotevenpaidtovanquishedroyaltythehonoroftreatingitasanenemy，andofsheddingitsblood。Intheeyesofdespoticgovernments，whoarealwaysinterestedinhavinglibertycalumniateitself，theRevolutionofJulycommittedthefaultofbeingformidableandofremaininggentle。Nothing，however，wasattemptedorplottedagainstit。Themostdiscontented，themostirritated，themosttrembling，salutedit；whateverouregotismandourrancormaybe，amysteriousrespectspringsfromeventsinwhichwearesensibleofthecollaborationofsomeonewhoisworkingaboveman。
　　TheRevolutionofJulyisthetriumphofrightoverthrowingthefact。
　　Athingwhichisfullofsplendor。
　　Rightoverthrowingthefact。HencethebrilliancyoftheRevolutionof1830，hence，also，itsmildness。Righttriumphanthasnoneedofbeingviolent。
　　Rightisthejustandthetrue。
　　Thepropertyofrightistoremaineternallybeautifulandpure。
　　Thefact，evenwhenmostnecessarytoallappearances，evenwhenmostthoroughlyacceptedbycontemporaries，ifitexistonlyasafact，andifitcontainonlytoolittleofright，ornoneatall，isinfalliblydestinedtobecome，inthecourseoftime，deformed，impure，perhaps，evenmonstrous。Ifonedesirestolearnatoneblow，towhatdegreeofhideousnessthefactcanattain，viewedatthedistanceofcenturies，lethimlookatMachiavelli。Machiavelliisnotanevilgenius，norademon，noramiserableandcowardlywriter；
　　heisnothingbutthefact。AndheisnotonlytheItalianfact；
　　heistheEuropeanfact，thefactofthesixteenthcentury。
　　Heseemshideous，andsoheis，inthepresenceofthemoralideaofthenineteenth。
　　Thisconflictofrightandfacthasbeengoingoneversincetheoriginofsociety。Toterminatethisduel，toamalgamatethepureideawiththehumanereality，tocauserighttopenetratepacificallyintothefactandthefactintoright，thatisthetaskofsages。
　　CHAPTERII
　　BADLYSEWED
　　Butthetaskofsagesisonething，thetaskofclevermenisanother。
　　TheRevolutionof1830cametoasuddenhalt。
　　Assoonasarevolutionhasmadethecoast，theskilfulmakehastetopreparetheshipwreck。
　　TheskilfulinourcenturyhaveconferredonthemselvesthetitleofStatesmen；sothatthisword，statesmen，hasendedbybecomingsomewhatofaslangword。Itmustbeborneinmind，infact，thatwhereverthereisnothingbutskill，thereisnecessarilypettiness。
　　Tosay"theskilful"amountstosaying"themediocre。"
　　Inthesameway，tosay"statesmen"issometimesequivalenttosaying"traitors。"If，then，wearetobelievetheskilful，revolutionsliketheRevolutionofJulyareseveredarteries；apromptligatureisindispensable。Theright，toograndlyproclaimed，isshaken。
　　Also，rightoncefirmlyfixed，thestatemustbestrengthened。
　　Libertyonceassured，attentionmustbedirectedtopower。
　　Herethesagesarenot，asyet，separatedfromtheskilful，buttheybegintobedistrustful。Power，verygood。But，inthefirstplace，whatispower？Inthesecond，whencecomesit？
　　Theskilfuldonotseemtohearthemurmuredobjection，andtheycontinuetheirmanoeuvres。
　　Accordingtothepoliticians，whoareingeniousinputtingthemaskofnecessityonprofitablefictions，thefirstrequirementofapeopleafterarevolution，whenthispeopleformspartofamonarchicalcontinent，istoprocureforitselfadynasty。
　　Inthisway，saythey，peace，thatistosay，timetodressourwounds，andtorepairthehouse，canbehadafterarevolution。
　　Thedynastyconcealsthescaffoldingandcoverstheambulance。
　　Now，itisnotalwayseasytoprocureadynasty。
　　Ifitisabsolutelynecessary，thefirstmanofgeniusoreventhefirstmanoffortunewhocomestohandsufficesforthemanufacturingofaking。Youhave，inthefirstcase，Napoleon；inthesecond，Iturbide。
　　Butthefirstfamilythatcomestohanddoesnotsufficetomakeadynasty。Thereisnecessarilyrequiredacertainmodicumofantiquityinarace，andthewrinkleofthecenturiescannotbeimprovised。
　　Ifweplaceourselvesatthepointofviewofthe"statesmen，"aftermakingallallowances，ofcourse，afterarevolution，whatarethequalitiesofthekingwhichresultfromit？Hemaybeanditisusefulforhimtobearevolutionary；thatistosay，aparticipantinhisownpersoninthatrevolution，thatheshouldhavelentahandtoit，thatheshouldhaveeithercompromisedordistinguishedhimselftherein，thatheshouldhavetouchedtheaxeorwieldedtheswordinit。
　　Whatarethequalitiesofadynasty？Itshouldbenational；thatistosay，revolutionaryatadistance，notthroughactscommitted，butbyreasonofideasaccepted。Itshouldbecomposedofpastandbehistoric；becomposedoffutureandbesympathetic。
　　Allthisexplainswhytheearlyrevolutionscontentedthemselveswithfindingaman，CromwellorNapoleon；andwhythesecondabsolutelyinsistedonfindingafamily，theHouseofBrunswickortheHouseofOrleans。
　　RoyalhousesresemblethoseIndianfig—trees，eachbranchofwhich，bendingovertotheearth，takesrootandbecomesafig—treeitself。
　　Eachbranchmaybecomeadynasty。Onthesoleconditionthatitshallbenddowntothepeople。
　　Suchisthetheoryoftheskilful。
　　Here，then，liesthegreatart:tomakealittlerendertosuccessthesoundofacatastropheinorderthatthosewhoprofitbyitmaytremblefromitalso，toseasonwithfeareverystepthatistaken，toaugmentthecurveofthetransitiontothepointofretardingprogress，todullthataurora，todenounceandretrenchtheharshnessofenthusiasm，tocutallanglesandnails，towadtriumph，tomuffleupright，toenvelopthegiant—peopleinflannel，andtoputittobedveryspeedily，toimposeadietonthatexcessofhealth，toputHerculesonthetreatmentofaconvalescent，todilutetheeventwiththeexpedient，tooffertospiritsthirstingfortheidealthatnectarthinnedoutwithapotion，totakeone’sprecautionsagainsttoomuchsuccess，togarnishtherevolutionwithashade。
　　1830practisedthistheory，alreadyappliedtoEnglandby1688。
　　1830isarevolutionarrestedmidway。Halfofprogress，quasi—right。Now，logicknowsnotthe"almost，"absolutelyasthesunknowsnotthecandle。
　　Whoarrestsrevolutionshalf—way？Thebourgeoisie？
　　Why？
　　Becausethebourgeoisieisinterestwhichhasreachedsatisfaction。
　　Yesterdayitwasappetite，to—dayitisplenitude，to—morrowitwillbesatiety。
　　Thephenomenonof1814afterNapoleonwasreproducedin1830afterCharlesX。
　　Theattempthasbeenmade，andwrongly，tomakeaclassofthebourgeoisie。Thebourgeoisieissimplythecontentedportionofthepeople。Thebourgeoisisthemanwhonowhastimetositdown。
　　Achairisnotacaste。
　　Butthroughadesiretositdowntoosoon，onemayarresttheverymarchofthehumanrace。Thishasoftenbeenthefaultofthebourgeoisie。
　　Oneisnotaclassbecauseonehascommittedafault。Selfishnessisnotoneofthedivisionsofthesocialorder。
　　Moreover，wemustbejusttoselfishness。Thestatetowhichthatpartofthenationwhichiscalledthebourgeoisieaspiredaftertheshockof1830wasnottheinertiawhichiscomplicatedwithindifferenceandlaziness，andwhichcontainsalittleshame；
　　itwasnottheslumberwhichpresupposesamomentaryforgetfulnessaccessibletodreams；itwasthehalt。
　　Thehaltisawordformedofasingulardoubleandalmostcontradictorysense:atrooponthemarch，thatistosay，movement；astand，thatistosay，repose。
　　Thehaltistherestorationofforces；itisreposearmedandonthealert；itistheaccomplishedfactwhichpostssentinelsandholdsitselfonitsguard。
　　Thehaltpresupposesthecombatofyesterdayandthecombatofto—morrow。
　　Itisthepartitionbetween1830and1848。
　　Whatweherecallcombatmayalsobedesignatedasprogress。
　　Thebourgeoisiethen，aswellasthestatesmen，requiredamanwhoshouldexpressthiswordHalt。AnAlthough—Because。
　　Acompositeindividuality，signifyingrevolutionandsignifyingstability，inotherterms，strengtheningthepresentbytheevidentcompatibilityofthepastwiththefuture。
　　Thismanwas"alreadyfound。"HisnamewasLouisPhilipped’Orleans。
　　The221madeLouisPhilippeKing。Lafayetteundertookthecoronation。
　　Hecalleditthebestofrepublics。Thetown—hallofParistooktheplaceoftheCathedralofRheims。
　　Thissubstitutionofahalf—throneforawholethronewas"theworkof1830。"
　　Whentheskilfulhadfinished，theimmenseviceoftheirsolutionbecameapparent。Allthishadbeenaccomplishedoutsidetheboundsofabsoluteright。Absoluterightcried:
　　"Iprotest！"then，terribletosay，itretiredintothedarkness。
　　CHAPTERIII
　　LOUISPHILIPPE
　　Revolutionshaveaterriblearmandahappyhand，theystrikefirmlyandchoosewell。Evenincomplete，evendebasedandabusedandreducedtothestateofajuniorrevolutionliketheRevolutionof1830，theynearlyalwaysretainsufficientprovidentialluciditytopreventthemfromfallingamiss。Theireclipseisneveranabdication。
　　Nevertheless，letusnotboasttooloudly；revolutionsalsomaybedeceived，andgraveerrorshavebeenseen。
　　Letusreturnto1830。1830，initsdeviation，hadgoodluck。
　　Intheestablishmentwhichentitleditselforderaftertherevolutionhadbeencutshort，theKingamountedtomorethanroyalty。
　　LouisPhilippewasarareman。
　　Thesonofafathertowhomhistorywillaccordcertainattenuatingcircumstances，butalsoasworthyofesteemasthatfatherhadbeenofblame；possessingallprivatevirtuesandmanypublicvirtues；
　　carefulofhishealth，ofhisfortune，ofhisperson，ofhisaffairs，knowingthevalueofaminuteandnotalwaysthevalueofayear；
　　sober，serene，peaceable，patient；agoodmanandagoodprince；
　　sleepingwithhiswife，andhavinginhispalacelackeyschargedwiththedutyofshowingtheconjugalbedtothebourgeois，anostentationoftheregularsleeping—apartmentwhichhadbecomeusefulaftertheformerillegitimatedisplaysoftheelderbranch；
　　knowingallthelanguagesofEurope，and，whatismorerare，allthelanguagesofallinterests，andspeakingthem；anadmirablerepresentativeofthe"middleclass，"butoutstrippingit，andineverywaygreaterthanit；possessingexcellentsense，whileappreciatingthebloodfromwhichhehadsprung，countingmostofallonhisintrinsicworth，and，onthequestionofhisrace，veryparticular，declaringhimselfOrleansandnotBourbon；thoroughlythefirstPrinceoftheBloodRoyalwhilehewasstillonlyaSereneHighness，butafrankbourgeoisfromthedayhebecameking；diffuseinpublic，conciseinprivate；reputed，butnotprovedtobeamiser；
　　atbottom，oneofthoseeconomistswhoarereadilyprodigalattheirownfancyorduty；lettered，butnotverysensitivetoletters；
　　agentleman，butnotachevalier；simple，calm，andstrong；
　　adoredbyhisfamilyandhishousehold；afascinatingtalker，anundeceivedstatesman，inwardlycold，dominatedbyimmediateinterest，alwaysgoverningattheshortestrange，incapableofrancorandofgratitude，makingusewithoutmercyofsuperiorityonmediocrity，cleveringettingparliamentarymajoritiestoputinthewrongthosemysteriousunanimitieswhichmutterdullyunderthrones；
　　unreserved，sometimesimprudentinhislackofreserve，butwithmarvellousaddressinthatimprudence；fertileinexpedients，incountenances，inmasks；makingFrancefearEuropeandEuropeFrance！
　　Incontestablyfondofhiscountry，butpreferringhisfamily；
　　assumingmoredominationthanauthorityandmoreauthoritythandignity，adispositionwhichhasthisunfortunateproperty，thatasitturnseverythingtosuccess，itadmitsofruseanddoesnotabsolutelyrepudiatebaseness，butwhichhasthisvaluableside，thatitpreservespoliticsfromviolentshocks，thestatefromfractures，andsocietyfromcatastrophes；minute，correct，vigilant，attentive，sagacious，indefatigable；contradictinghimselfattimesandgivinghimselfthelie；boldagainstAustriaatAncona，obstinateagainstEnglandinSpain，bombardingAntwerp，andpayingoffPritchard；
　　singingtheMarseillaisewithconviction，inaccessibletodespondency，tolassitude，tothetasteforthebeautifulandtheideal，todaringgenerosity，toUtopia，tochimeras，towrath，tovanity，tofear；possessingalltheformsofpersonalintrepidity；ageneralatValmy；asoldieratJemappes；attackedeighttimesbyregicidesandalwayssmiling。braveasagrenadier，courageousasathinker；
　　uneasyonlyinthefaceofthechancesofaEuropeanshakingup，andunfittedforgreatpoliticaladventures；alwaysreadytoriskhislife，neverhiswork；disguisinghiswillininfluence，inorderthathemightbeobeyedasanintelligenceratherthanasaking；
　　endowedwithobservationandnotwithdivination；notveryattentivetominds，butknowingmen，thatistosayrequiringtoseeinordertojudge；promptandpenetratinggoodsense，practicalwisdom，easyspeech，prodigiousmemory；drawingincessantlyonthismemory，hisonlypointofresemblancewithCaesar，Alexander，andNapoleon；
　　knowingdeeds，facts，details，dates，propernames，ignorantoftendencies，passions，thediversegeniusesofthecrowd，theinterioraspirations，thehiddenandobscureuprisingsofsouls，inaword，allthatcanbedesignatedastheinvisiblecurrentsofconsciences；acceptedbythesurface，butlittleinaccordwithFrancelowerdown；extricatinghimselfbydintoftact；
　　governingtoomuchandnotenough；hisownfirstminister；
　　excellentatcreatingoutofthepettinessofrealitiesanobstacletotheimmensityofideas；minglingagenuinecreativefacultyofcivilization，oforderandorganization，anindescribablespiritofproceedingsandchicanery，thefounderandlawyerofadynasty；
　　havingsomethingofCharlemagneandsomethingofanattorney；inshort，aloftyandoriginalfigure，aprincewhounderstoodhowtocreateauthorityinspiteoftheuneasinessofFrance，andpowerinspiteofthejealousyofEurope。LouisPhilippewillbeclassedamongtheeminentmenofhiscentury，andwouldberankedamongthemostillustriousgovernorsofhistoryhadhelovedglorybutalittle，andifhehadhadthesentimentofwhatisgreattothesamedegreeasthefeelingforwhatisuseful。
　　LouisPhilippehadbeenhandsome，andinhisoldageheremainedgraceful；
　　notalwaysapprovedbythenation，healwayswassobythemasses；
　　hepleased。Hehadthatgiftofcharming。Helackedmajesty；heworenocrown，althoughaking，andnowhitehair，althoughanoldman；
　　hismannersbelongedtotheoldregimeandhishabitstothenew；
　　amixtureofthenobleandthebourgeoiswhichsuited1830；
　　LouisPhilippewastransitionreigning；hehadpreservedtheancientpronunciationandtheancientorthographywhichheplacedattheserviceofopinionsmodern；helovedPolandandHungary，buthewrotelesPolonois，andhepronouncedlesHongrais。Heworetheuniformofthenationalguard，likeCharlesX。，andtheribbonoftheLegionofHonor，likeNapoleon。
　　Hewentalittletochapel，notatalltothechase，nevertotheopera。
　　Incorruptiblebysacristans，bywhippers—in，byballet—dancers；
　　thismadeapartofhisbourgeoispopularity。Hehadnoheart。
　　Hewentoutwithhisumbrellaunderhisarm，andthisumbrellalongformedapartofhisaureole。Hewasabitofamason，abitofagardener，somethingofadoctor；hebledapostilionwhohadtumbledfromhishorse；LouisPhilippenomorewentaboutwithouthislancet，thandidHenriIV。withouthisponiard。TheRoyalistsjeeredatthisridiculousking，thefirstwhohadevershedbloodwiththeobjectofhealing。
　　ForthegrievancesagainstLouisPhilippe，thereisonedeductiontobemade；thereisthatwhichaccusesroyalty，thatwhichaccusesthereign，thatwhichaccusestheKing；threecolumnswhichallgivedifferenttotals。Democraticrightconfiscated，progressbecomesamatterofsecondaryinterest，theprotestsofthestreetviolentlyrepressed，militaryexecutionofinsurrections，therisingpassedoverbyarms，theRueTransnonain，thecounselsofwar，theabsorptionoftherealcountrybythelegalcountry，onhalfshareswiththreehundredthousandprivilegedpersons，——
　　thesearethedeedsofroyalty；Belgiumrefused，Algeriatooharshlyconquered，and，asinthecaseofIndiabytheEnglish，withmorebarbarismthancivilization，thebreachoffaith，toAbd—el—Kader，Blaye，Deutzbought，Pritchardpaid，——thesearethedoingsofthereign；thepolicywhichwasmoredomesticthannationalwasthedoingoftheKing。
　　Aswillbeseen，theproperdeductionhavingbeenmade，theKing’schargeisdecreased。
　　Thisishisgreatfault；hewasmodestinthenameofFrance。
　　Whencearisesthisfault？
　　Wewillstateit。
　　LouisPhilippewasrathertoomuchofapaternalking；thatincubationofafamilywiththeobjectoffoundingadynastyisafraidofeverythinganddoesnotliketobedisturbed；henceexcessivetimidity，whichisdispleasingtothepeople，whohavethe14thofJulyintheircivilandAusterlitzintheirmilitarytradition。
　　Moreover，ifwedeductthepublicdutieswhichrequiretobefulfilledfirstofall，thatdeeptendernessofLouisPhilippetowardshisfamilywasdeservedbythefamily。Thatdomesticgroupwasworthyofadmiration。Virtuestheredweltsidebysidewithtalents。
　　OneofLouisPhilippe’sdaughters，Maried’Orleans，placedthenameofherraceamongartists，asCharlesd’Orleanshadplaceditamongpoets。ShemadeofhersoulamarblewhichshenamedJeanned’Arc。TwoofLouisPhilippe’sdaughterselicitedfromMetternichthiseulogium:"Theyareyoungpeoplesuchasarerarelyseen，andprincessuchasareneverseen。"
　　This，withoutanydissimulation，andalsowithoutanyexaggeration，isthetruthaboutLouisPhilippe。
　　TobePrinceEquality，tobearinhisownpersonthecontradictionoftheRestorationandtheRevolution，tohavethatdisquietingsideoftherevolutionarywhichbecomesreassuringingoverningpower，thereinlaythefortuneofLouisPhilippein1830；
　　neverwasthereamorecompleteadaptationofamantoanevent；
　　theoneenteredintotheother，andtheincarnationtookplace。
　　LouisPhilippeis1830mademan。Moreover，hehadinhisfavorthatgreatrecommendationtothethrone，exile。Hehadbeenproscribed，awanderer，poor。Hehadlivedbyhisownlabor。InSwitzerland，thisheirtotherichestprincelydomainsinFrancehadsoldanoldhorseinordertoobtainbread。AtReichenau，hegavelessonsinmathematics，whilehissisterAdelaidedidwoolworkandsewed。
　　Thesesouvenirsconnectedwithakingrenderedthebourgeoisieenthusiastic。Hehad，withhisownhands，demolishedtheironcageofMont—Saint—Michel，builtbyLouisXI，andusedbyLouisXV。
　　HewasthecompanionofDumouriez，hewasthefriendofLafayette；
　　hehadbelongedtotheJacobins’club；Mirabeauhadslappedhimontheshoulder；Dantonhadsaidtohim:"Youngman！"
　　Attheageoffourandtwenty，in’93，beingthenM。deChartres，hehadwitnessed，fromthedepthofabox，thetrialofLouisXVI。，sowellnamedthatpoortyrant。TheblindclairvoyanceoftheRevolution，breakingroyaltyintheKingandtheKingwithroyalty，didsoalmostwithoutnoticingthemaninthefiercecrushingoftheidea，thevaststormoftheAssembly—Tribunal，thepublicwrathinterrogating，Capetnotknowingwhattoreply，thealarming，stupefiedvacillationbythatroyalheadbeneaththatsombrebreath，therelativeinnocenceofallinthatcatastrophe，ofthosewhocondemnedaswellasofthemancondemned，——hehadlookedonthosethings，hehadcontemplatedthatgiddiness；hehadseenthecenturiesappearbeforethebaroftheAssembly—Convention；
　　hehadbeheld，behindLouisXVI。，thatunfortunatepasser—bywhowasmaderesponsible，theterribleculprit，themonarchy，risethroughtheshadows；andtherehadlingeredinhissoultherespectfulfearoftheseimmensejusticesofthepopulace，whicharealmostasimpersonalasthejusticeofGod。
　　ThetraceleftinhimbytheRevolutionwasprodigious。Itsmemorywaslikealivingimprintofthosegreatyears，minutebyminute。
　　Oneday，inthepresenceofawitnesswhomwearenotpermittedtodoubt，herectifiedfrommemorythewholeoftheletterAinthealphabeticallistoftheConstituentAssembly。
　　LouisPhilippewasakingofthebroaddaylight。Whilehereignedthepresswasfree，thetribunewasfree，conscienceandspeechwerefree。ThelawsofSeptemberareopentosight。
　　Althoughfullyawareofthegnawingpoweroflightonprivileges，helefthisthroneexposedtothelight。Historywilldojusticetohimforthisloyalty。
　　LouisPhilippe，likeallhistoricalmenwhohavepassedfromthescene，isto—dayputonhistrialbythehumanconscience。Hiscaseis，asyet，onlyinthelowercourt。
　　Thehourwhenhistoryspeakswithitsfreeandvenerableaccent，hasnotyetsoundedforhim；themomenthasnotcometopronounceadefinitejudgmentonthisking；theaustereandillustrioushistorianLouisBlanchashimselfrecentlysoftenedhisfirstverdict；
　　LouisPhilippewaselectedbythosetwoalmostswhicharecalledthe221and1830，thatistosay，byahalf—Parliament，andahalf—revolution；andinanycase，fromthesuperiorpointofviewwherephilosophymustplaceitself，wecannotjudgehimhere，asthereaderhasseenabove，exceptwithcertainreservationsinthenameoftheabsolutedemocraticprinciple；intheeyesoftheabsolute，outsidethesetworights，therightofmaninthefirstplace，therightofthepeopleinthesecond，allisusurpation；butwhatwecansay，evenatthepresentday，thataftermakingthesereservesis，thattosumupthewhole，andinwhatevermannerheisconsidered，LouisPhilippe，takeninhimself，andfromthepointofviewofhumangoodness，willremain，tousetheantiquelanguageofancienthistory，oneofthebestprinceswhoeversatonathrone。
　　Whatisthereagainsthim？Thatthrone。TakeawayLouisPhilippetheking，thereremainstheman。Andthemanisgood。Heisgoodattimeseventothepointofbeingadmirable。Often，inthemidstofhisgravestsouvenirs，afteradayofconflictwiththewholediplomacyofthecontinent，hereturnedatnighttohisapartments，andthere，exhaustedwithfatigue，overwhelmedwithsleep，whatdidhedo？
　　Hetookadeathsentenceandpassedthenightinrevisingacriminalsuit，consideringitsomethingtoholdhisownagainstEurope，butthatitwasastillgreatermattertorescueamanfromtheexecutioner。
　　Heobstinatelymaintainedhisopinionagainsthiskeeperoftheseals；
　　hedisputedthegroundwiththeguillotinefootbyfootagainstthecrownattorneys，thosechatterersofthelaw，ashecalledthem。
　　Sometimesthepileofsentencescoveredhistable；heexaminedthemall；
　　itwasanguishtohimtoabandonthesemiserable，condemnedheads。
　　Oneday，hesaidtothesamewitnesstowhomwehaverecentlyreferred:
　　"Iwonsevenlastnight。"Duringtheearlyyearsofhisreign，thedeathpenaltywasasgoodasabolished，andtheerectionofascaffoldwasaviolencecommittedagainsttheKing。TheGrevehavingdisappearedwiththeelderbranch，abourgeoisplaceofexecutionwasinstitutedunderthenameoftheBarriere—Saint—Jacques；
　　"practicalmen"feltthenecessityofaquasi—legitimateguillotine；
　　andthiswasoneofthevictoriesofCasimirPerier，whorepresentedthenarrowsidesofthebourgeoisie，overLouisPhilippe，whorepresenteditsliberalsides。LouisPhilippeannotatedBeccariawithhisownhand。AftertheFieschimachine，heexclaimed:
　　"WhatapitythatIwasnotwounded！ThenImighthavepardoned！"
　　Onanotheroccasion，alludingtotheresistanceofferedbyhisministry，hewroteinconnectionwithapoliticalcriminal，whoisoneofthemostgenerousfiguresofourday:"Hispardonisgranted；itonlyremainsformetoobtainit。"LouisPhilippewasasgentleasLouisIX。
　　andaskindlyasHenriIV。
　　Now，toourmind，inhistory，wherekindnessistherarestofpearls，themanwhoiskindlyalmosttakesprecedenceofthemanwhoisgreat。
　　LouisPhilippehavingbeenseverelyjudgedbysome，harshly，perhaps，byothers，itisquitenaturalthataman，himselfaphantomatthepresentday，whoknewthatking，shouldcomeandtestifyinhisfavorbeforehistory；thisdeposition，whateverelseitmaybe，isevidentlyandaboveallthings，entirelydisinterested；anepitaphpennedbyadeadmanissincere；oneshademayconsoleanothershade；
　　thesharingofthesameshadowsconferstherighttopraiseit；
　　itisnotgreatlytobefearedthatitwilleverbesaidoftwotombsinexile:"Thisoneflatteredtheother。"
　　CHAPTERIV
　　CRACKSBENEATHTHEFOUNDATION
　　AtthemomentwhenthedramawhichwearenarratingisonthepointofpenetratingintothedepthsofoneofthetragiccloudswhichenvelopthebeginningofLouisPhilippe’sreign，itwasnecessarythatthereshouldbenoequivoque，anditbecamerequisitethatthisbookshouldoffersomeexplanationwithregardtothisking。
　　LouisPhilippehadenteredintopossessionofhisroyalauthoritywithoutviolence，withoutanydirectactiononhispart，byvirtueofarevolutionarychange，evidentlyquitedistinctfromtherealaimoftheRevolution，butinwhichhe，theDucd’Orleans，exercisednopersonalinitiative。HehadbeenbornaPrince，andhebelievedhimselftohavebeenelectedKing。Hehadnotservedthismandateonhimself；hehadnottakenit；ithadbeenofferedtohim，andhehadacceptedit；convinced，wrongly，tobesure，butconvincednevertheless，thattheofferwasinaccordancewithrightandthattheacceptanceofitwasinaccordancewithduty。
　　Hencehispossessionwasingoodfaith。Now，wesayitingoodconscience，LouisPhilippebeinginpossessioninperfectgoodfaith，andthedemocracybeingingoodfaithinitsattack，theamountofterrordischargedbythesocialconflictsweighsneitherontheKingnoronthedemocracy。Aclashofprinciplesresemblesaclashofelements。Theoceandefendsthewater，thehurricanedefendstheair，theKingdefendsRoyalty，thedemocracydefendsthepeople；therelative，whichisthemonarchy，resiststheabsolute，whichistherepublic；societybleedsinthisconflict，butthatwhichconstitutesitssufferingto—daywillconstituteitssafetylateron；and，inanycase，thosewhocombatarenottobeblamed；
　　oneofthetwopartiesisevidentlymistaken；therightisnot，liketheColossusofRhodes，ontwoshoresatonce，withonefootontherepublic，andoneinRoyalty；itisindivisible，andallononeside；butthosewhoareinerroraresosincerely；
　　ablindmanisnomoreacriminalthanaVendeanisaruffian。
　　Letus，then，imputetothefatalityofthingsalonetheseformidablecollisions。Whateverthenatureofthesetempestsmaybe，humanirresponsibilityismingledwiththem。
　　Letuscompletethisexposition。
　　Thegovernmentof1840ledahardlifeimmediately。Bornyesterday，itwasobligedtofightto—day。
　　Hardlyinstalled，itwasalreadyeverywhereconsciousofvaguemovementsoftractionontheapparatusofJulysorecentlylaid，andsolackinginsolidity。
　　Resistancewasbornonthemorrow；perhapseven，itwasbornontheprecedingevening。Frommonthtomonththehostilityincreased，andfrombeingconcealeditbecamepatent。
　　TheRevolutionofJuly，whichgainedbutlittleacceptanceoutsideofFrancebykings，hadbeendiverselyinterpretedinFrance，aswehavesaid。
　　Goddeliversovertomenhisvisiblewillinevents，anobscuretextwritteninamysterioustongue。Menimmediatelymaketranslationsofit；translationshasty，incorrect，fulloferrors，ofgaps，andofnonsense。Veryfewmindscomprehendthedivinelanguage。
　　Themostsagacious，thecalmest，themostprofound，decipherslowly，andwhentheyarrivewiththeirtext，thetaskhaslongbeencompleted；
　　therearealreadytwentytranslationsonthepublicplace。
　　Fromeachremainingspringsaparty，andfromeachmisinterpretationafaction；andeachpartythinksthatitalonehasthetruetext，andeachfactionthinksthatitpossessesthelight。
　　Poweritselfisoftenafaction。
　　Thereare，inrevolutions，swimmerswhogoagainstthecurrent；
　　theyaretheoldparties。
　　FortheoldpartieswhoclungtohereditybythegraceofGod，thinkthatrevolutions，havingsprungfromtherighttorevolt，onehastherighttorevoltagainstthem。Error。Forintheserevolutions，theonewhorevoltsisnotthepeople；itistheking。
　　Revolutionispreciselythecontraryofrevolt。Everyrevolution，beinganormaloutcome，containswithinitselfitslegitimacy，whichfalserevolutionistssometimesdishonor，butwhichremainsevenwhensoiled，whichsurvivesevenwhenstainedwithblood。
　　Revolutionsspringnotfromanaccident，butfromnecessity。
　　Arevolutionisareturnfromthefictitioustothereal。Itisbecauseitmustbethatitis。
　　NonethelessdidtheoldlegitimistpartiesassailtheRevolutionof1830withallthevehemencewhicharisesfromfalsereasoning。
　　Errorsmakeexcellentprojectiles。Theystrikeitcleverlyinitsvulnerablespot，indefaultofacuirass，initslackoflogic；
　　theyattackedthisrevolutioninitsroyalty。Theyshoutedtoit:
　　"Revolution，whythisking？"Factionsareblindmenwhoaimcorrectly。
　　Thiscrywasutteredequallybytherepublicans。Butcomingfromthem，thiscrywaslogical。Whatwasblindnessinthelegitimistswasclearnessofvisioninthedemocrats。1830hadbankruptedthepeople。
　　Theenrageddemocracyreproacheditwiththis。
　　Betweentheattackofthepastandtheattackofthefuture，theestablishmentofJulystruggled。Itrepresentedtheminuteatloggerheadsontheonehandwiththemonarchicalcenturies，ontheotherhandwitheternalright。
　　Inaddition，andbesideallthis，asitwasnolongerrevolutionandhadbecomeamonarchy，1830wasobligedtotakeprecedenceofallEurope。
　　Tokeepthepeace，wasanincreaseofcomplication。Aharmonyestablishedcontrarytosenseisoftenmoreonerousthanawar。
　　Fromthissecretconflict，alwaysmuzzled，butalwaysgrowling，wasbornarmedpeace，thatruinousexpedientofcivilizationwhichintheharnessoftheEuropeancabinetsissuspiciousinitself。
　　TheRoyaltyofJulyrearedup，inspiteofthefactthatitcaughtitintheharnessofEuropeancabinets。Metternichwouldgladlyhaveputitinkicking—straps。PushedoninFrancebyprogress，itpushedonthemonarchies，thoseloiterersinEurope。Afterhavingbeentowed，itundertooktotow。
　　Meanwhile，withinher，pauperism，theproletariat，salary，education，penalservitude，prostitution，thefateofthewoman，wealth，misery，production，consumption，division，exchange，coin，credit，therightsofcapital，therightsoflabor，——
　　allthesequestionsweremultipliedabovesociety，aterribleslope。
　　Outsideofpoliticalpartiesproperlysocalled，anothermovementbecamemanifest。Philosophicalfermentationrepliedtodemocraticfermentation。Theelectfelttroubledaswellasthemasses；
　　inanothermanner，butquiteasmuch。
　　Thinkersmeditated，whilethesoil，thatistosay，thepeople，traversedbyrevolutionarycurrents，trembledunderthemwithindescribablyvagueepilepticshocks。Thesedreamers，someisolated，othersunitedinfamiliesandalmostincommunion，turnedoversocialquestionsinapacificbutprofoundmanner；impassiveminers，whotranquillypushedtheirgalleriesintothedepthsofavolcano，hardlydisturbedbythedullcommotionandthefurnacesofwhichtheycaughtglimpses。
　　Thistranquillitywasnottheleastbeautifulspectacleofthisagitatedepoch。
　　Thesemenlefttopoliticalpartiesthequestionofrights，theyoccupiedthemselveswiththequestionofhappiness。
　　Thewell—beingofman，thatwaswhattheywantedtoextractfromsociety。
　　Theyraisedmaterialquestions，questionsofagriculture，ofindustry，ofcommerce，almosttothedignityofareligion。Incivilization，suchasithasformeditself，alittlebythecommandofGod，agreatdealbytheagencyofman，interestscombine，unite，andamalgamateinamannertoformaveritablehardrock，inaccordancewithadynamiclaw，patientlystudiedbyeconomists，thosegeologistsofpolitics。
　　Thesemenwhogroupedthemselvesunderdifferentappellations，butwhomayallbedesignatedbythegenerictitleofsocialists，endeavoredtopiercethatrockandtocauseittospoutforththelivingwatersofhumanfelicity。
　　Fromthequestionofthescaffoldtothequestionofwar，theirworksembracedeverything。Totherightsofman，asproclaimedbytheFrenchRevolution，theyaddedtherightsofwomanandtherightsofthechild。
　　Thereaderwillnotbesurprisedif，forvariousreasons，wedonotheretreatinathoroughmanner，fromthetheoreticalpointofview，thequestionsraisedbysocialism。Weconfineourselvestoindicatingthem。
　　Alltheproblemsthatthesocialistsproposedtothemselves，cosmogonicvisions，reveryandmysticismbeingcastaside，canbereducedtotwoprincipalproblems。
　　Firstproblem:Toproducewealth。
　　Secondproblem:Toshareit。
　　Thefirstproblemcontainsthequestionofwork。
　　Thesecondcontainsthequestionofsalary。
　　Inthefirstproblemtheemploymentofforcesisinquestion。
　　Inthesecond，thedistributionofenjoyment。
　　Fromtheproperemploymentofforcesresultspublicpower。
　　Fromagooddistributionofenjoymentsresultsindividualhappiness。
　　Byagooddistribution，notanequalbutanequitabledistributionmustbeunderstood。
　　Fromthesetwothingscombined，thepublicpowerwithout，individualhappinesswithin，resultssocialprosperity。
　　Socialprosperitymeansthemanhappy，thecitizenfree，thenationgreat。
　　Englandsolvesthefirstofthesetwoproblems。Shecreateswealthadmirably，shedividesitbadly。Thissolutionwhichiscompleteononesideonlyleadsherfatallytotwoextremes:
　　monstrousopulence，monstrouswretchedness。Allenjoymentsforsome，allprivationsfortherest，thatistosay，forthepeople；
　　privilege，exception，monopoly，feudalism，bornfromtoilitself。
　　Afalseanddangeroussituation，whichsatespublicpowerorprivatemisery，whichsetstherootsoftheStateinthesufferingsoftheindividual。Abadlyconstitutedgrandeurinwhicharecombinedallthematerialelementsandintowhichnomoralelemententers。
　　Communismandagrarianlawthinkthattheysolvethesecondproblem。
　　Theyaremistaken。Theirdivisionkillsproduction。Equalpartitionabolishesemulation；andconsequentlylabor。Itisapartitionmadebythebutcher，whichkillsthatwhichitdivides。Itisthereforeimpossibletopauseoverthesepretendedsolutions。
　　Slayingwealthisnotthesamethingasdividingit。
　　Thetwoproblemsrequiretobesolvedtogether，tobewellsolved。
　　Thetwoproblemsmustbecombinedandmadebutone。
　　Solveonlythefirstofthetwoproblems；youwillbeVenice，youwillbeEngland。Youwillhave，likeVenice，anartificialpower，or，likeEngland，amaterialpower；youwillbethewickedrichman。Youwilldiebyanactofviolence，asVenicedied，orbybankruptcy，asEnglandwillfall。Andtheworldwillallowtodieandfallallthatismerelyselfishness，allthatdoesnotrepresentforthehumanraceeitheravirtueoranidea。
　　Itiswellunderstoodhere，thatbythewordsVenice，England，wedesignatenotthepeoples，butsocialstructures；theoligarchiessuperposedonnations，andnotthenationsthemselves。Thenationsalwayshaveourrespectandoursympathy。Venice，asapeople，willliveagain；England，thearistocracy，willfall，butEngland，thenation，isimmortal。Thatsaid，wecontinue。
　　Solvethetwoproblems，encouragethewealthy，andprotectthepoor，suppressmisery，putanendtotheunjustfarmingoutofthefeeblebythestrong，putabridleontheiniquitousjealousyofthemanwhoismakinghiswayagainstthemanwhohasreachedthegoal，adjust，mathematicallyandfraternally，salarytolabor，minglegratuitousandcompulsoryeducationwiththegrowthofchildhood，andmakeofsciencethebaseofmanliness，developmindswhilekeepingarmsbusy，beatoneandthesametimeapowerfulpeopleandafamilyofhappymen，renderpropertydemocratic，notbyabolishingit，butbymakingituniversal，sothateverycitizen，withoutexception，maybeaproprietor，aneasiermatterthanisgenerallysupposed；
　　intwowords，learnhowtoproducewealthandhowtodistributeit，andyouwillhaveatoncemoralandmaterialgreatness；andyouwillbeworthytocallyourselfFrance。
　　Thisiswhatsocialismsaidoutsideandaboveafewsectswhichhavegoneastray；thatiswhatitsoughtinfacts，thatiswhatitsketchedoutinminds。
　　Effortsworthyofadmiration！Sacredattempts！
　　Thesedoctrines，thesetheories，theseresistances，theunforeseennecessityforthestatesmantotakephilosophersintoaccount，confusedevidencesofwhichwecatchaglimpse，anewsystemofpoliticstobecreated，whichshallbeinaccordwiththeoldworldwithouttoomuchdisaccordwiththenewrevolutionaryideal，asituationinwhichitbecamenecessarytouseLafayettetodefendPolignac，theintuitionofprogresstransparentbeneaththerevolt，thechambersandstreets，thecompetitionstobebroughtintoequilibriumaroundhim，hisfaithintheRevolution，perhapsaneventualindefinableresignationbornofthevagueacceptanceofasuperiordefinitiveright，hisdesiretoremainofhisrace，hisdomesticspirit，hissincererespectforthepeople，hisownhonesty，preoccupiedLouisPhilippealmostpainfully，andthereweremomentswhenstrongandcourageousashewas，hewasoverwhelmedbythedifficultiesofbeingaking。
　　Hefeltunderhisfeetaformidabledisaggregation，whichwasnot，nevertheless，areductiontodust，FrancebeingmoreFrancethanever。
　　Pilesofshadowscoveredthehorizon。Astrangeshade，graduallydrawingnearer，extendedlittlebylittleovermen，overthings，overideas；ashadewhichcamefromwrathsandsystems。
　　Everythingwhichhadbeenhastilystifledwasmovingandfermenting。
　　Attimestheconscienceofthehonestmanresumeditsbreathing，sogreatwasthediscomfortofthatairinwhichsophismswereintermingledwithtruths。Spiritstrembledinthesocialanxietylikeleavesattheapproachofastorm。Theelectrictensionwassuchthatatcertaininstants，thefirstcomer，astranger，broughtlight。Thenthetwilightobscurityclosedinagain。
　　Atintervals，deepanddullmutteringsallowedajudgmenttobeformedastothequantityofthundercontainedbythecloud。
　　TwentymonthshadbarelyelapsedsincetheRevolutionofJuly，theyear1832hadopenedwithanaspectofsomethingimpendingandthreatening。