Western1767-1844；whigM。P。，1790-1832；chiefrepresentative
　　ofagriculturalinterests；madepeerin1833。
　　AnnualRegister，1816，Chron。p。67。
　　ThedisturbancesatBrandonceasedimmediatelyontheconcessionof
　　thedemandsofrioters；flourwasreducedto2s。6d。astone，andwageswere
　　raisedfortwoweeksto2s。ahead。Therioterswerecontented，andpeace
　　wasrestored——Times，May23，1816。
　　18。Times，June26。Acuriousironyhasplacedsidebysidewith
　　theaccountintheAnnualRegisteroftheexecutionofthefivemen
　　whowerehungfortheirshareinthisspasmofstarvationanddespair，the
　　reportofameeting，withtheinevitableWilberforceinthechair，forraising
　　asubscriptionforrebuildingtheProtestantChurchatCopenhagen，which
　　hadbeendestroyedbytheBritishFleetatthebombardmentofCopenhagen
　　in1807。
　　19。AgriculturalStateoftheKingdom，p。13。
　　SeeAnnualRegister，1819，p。320。
　　Thoseassessedat£；100weretohavetwovotes，thoseat£；150
　　threevotes，andthoseat£；400fourvotes。Whitbreaddidnotpropose
　　tocopytheprovisionofGilbert’sAct，whichwithdrewallvotingpowerin
　　vestriesinparishesthatadoptedthatActfrompersonsassessedatless
　　than£；5。
　　PoliticalRegister，August29，1807，p。329。
　　LettertoSamuelWhitbread，M。P。，onhisproposedBillfortheAmendment
　　ofthePoorLaws，1807。
　　H。O。Papers，MunicipalandProvincial。
　　Ofcoursethesystemwasonlyoneofthecausesofthisdifference
　　ThetableisgivenintheReportoftheCommitteeonthePoorLaws，
　　Cobbett，PoliticalRegister，September21，1822。Cobbettwrote
　　oneofhisliveliestarticlesonthisscale，settingoutthenumberoflivings
　　heldbythefiveparsons，andvariouscircumstancesconnectedwiththeir
　　families。
　　Thefarmerswereusuallysympathetictopoachingasahabit，butit
　　wasnotsomuchfromaperceptionofitseconomictendencies，asfromageneral
　　resentmentagainsttheGameLaws。
　　SeeCobbett；LetterstoPeel；PoliticalRegister；and
　　DrHunt’sevidencebeforetheSelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitmentsand
　　Convictions，1827。
　　39。AmanifestowaspublishedinaBathpaperinreplytothisAct；it
　　isquotedbySydneySmith，Essays，p。263：’TakeNotice——Wehave
　　latelyheardandseenthatthereisanactpassed，andwhateverpoacheris
　　caughtdestroyingthegameistobetransportedforsevenyears——Thisis
　　EnglishLiberty！
　　’Nowwedosweartoeachotherthatthefirstofourcompanythatthis
　　lawisinflictedon，thatthereshallnotbeonegentleman’sseatinour
　　countryescapetherageoffire。Thefirstthatimpeachesshallbeshot。
　　Wehaveswornnottoimpeach。Youmaythinkitatreat，buttheywillfind
　　itareality。TheGameLawsweretooseverebefore。TheLordofallmensent
　　theseanimalsforthepeasantsaswellasfortheprince。Godwillnotlet
　　hispeoplebeoppressed。Hewillassistusinourundertaking，andwewill
　　executeitwithcaution。’
　　TheArchbishopofCanterburyprosecutedamanunderthisActinJanuary
　　1831，forrescuingapoacherfromagameskeeperwithoutviolence，onthe
　　groundthathethoughtithisdutytoenforcetheprovisionsoftheAct。
　　AmagistratewrotetoSirR。Peelin1827tosaythatmanymagistrates
　　sentinveryimperfectreturnsofconvictions，andthatthetruenumberfar
　　exceededtherecords——Webb，ParishandCountry，p。598note。
　　BroughamSpeeches，vol。ii，p。
　　PoliticalRegister，Marc
　　SelectCommitteeonCriminalCommitteeandConvictions，1827，p。30。
　　QuotedinTimes，September18，1830。
　　ReturnofConvictionsundertheGameLawsfrom1827to1830。Ordered
　　bytheHouseofCommonstobeprinted，February14，1831，p。4。
　　Hansard，June9，1817。
　　Scotlandwasexemptedfromtheoperationofthisstatute，forwhilst
　　theBillwasgoingthroughParliament，acaseraisedinaScottishCourt
　　endedinaunanimousdecisionbythesixJudgesoftheHighCourtofJusticiary
　　thatkillingbyaspringgunwasmurder。Hencethemilderprovisionsofthis
　　Actwerenotrequired。SeeAnnualRegister，1827，p。185，andChron。
　　p。116。
　　ThatCokeofNorfolkdidnoterronthesideofmercytowardspoachers
　　isclearfromthisrecord。HisbiographerMrsStirlingstatesthatone
　　ofhisfirsteffortsinParliamentwastointroduceaBilltopunishnight
　　poaching。
　　’Speakingnowofcountryandagriculturalparishes，Idonotknow
　　aboveoneinstanceinallmyexperience。’
　　SomeEnclosureActsprescribespecialpenaltiesforthebreakingof
　　fences。SeecasesofHauteHuntreandCroydoninAppendix。
　　SeeMrEstcourt’sevidencebeforeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，
　　1831，p。41。
　　PresentStateoftheLaw，p。41。
　　FromPloughsharestoParliament，p。186；theAnnualRegister
　　for1791recordstheexecutionoftwoboysatNewportforstealing，oneaged
　　fourteenandtheotherfifteen。
　　Romilly，Memoirs，vol。ii，p。181。
　　Itwasagainrejectedin1813bytwentytofifteen，themajorityincluding
　　fivebishops。
　　CorrespondenceontheSubjectofSecondaryPunishments，1834，
　　SeeSelectCommitteeonSecondaryPunishments，1831，andSelectCommittee
　　onTransportation，1838。
　　SeeevidenceofDr。Ullathorne，RomanCatholicVicar-GeneralofNew
　　HollandandVanDiemen’sLand，beforethe1838CommitteeonTransportation。
　　ChapterEightTheIsolationofthePoorTheupperclasses，towhomthefactthatthelabourersweremorewretched
　　in1830thantheyhad，beenin1795wasareasonformakingpunishmentmore
　　severe，werenotdeliberatelycallousandcruelintheirneglectofallthis
　　growingmiseryandhunger。Mostofthosewhothoughtseriouslyaboutithad
　　learntareasonedinsensibilityfromthesternSibylofthepoliticaleconomy
　　infashion，thatstrangeandpartialinterpretationofAdamSmith，Malthus
　　andRicardowhichwastheninfullpower。Thispoliticaleconomyhadrobbed
　　povertyofitsstingfortherichbyrepresentingitasNature’smedicine，
　　bitterindeed，butlessbitterthananymedicinethatmancouldprescribe。
　　Ifpovertywassharperatonetimethananother，thisonlymeantthatsociety
　　wasmorethaneverinneedofthismedicine。Butthegoverningclassasa
　　wholedidnotthinkoutanysuchschemeororderofsociety，ormasterthe
　　newscienceofmiseryandvice。Theythoughtofthepoornotinrelation
　　tothemysteriousforcesofNature，butinrelationtotheprivilegesof
　　theirownclassinwhichtheysawnomysteryatall。Theirstateofmind
　　ispresentedinapassageinBolingbroke’sIdeaofaPatriotKing。
　　’Asmenareapttomakethemselvesthemeasureofallbeing，sotheymake
　　themselvesthefinalcauseofallcreation。Thusthereputedorthodoxphilosophers
　　inallageshavetaughtthattheworldwasmadeforman，theearthforhim
　　toinhabit，andalltheluminousbodiesintheimmenseexpansearoundus
　　forhimtogazeat。Kingsdonomore，naynotsomuch，whentheyimagine
　　themselvesthefinalcauseforwhichsocietieswereformedandgovernments
　　instituted。’Ifweread’thearistocracy’for’kings’weshallhaveacomplete
　　analysisofthesocialphilosophyoftherulingclass。Itwasfromthiscentre
　　thattheylookedoutupontheworld。Whenthemiseryofthepoorreacted
　　ontheirowncomfort，asinthecaseofpoachingorcrimeorthepressure
　　ontherates，theywereawareofitandtookmeasurestoprotecttheirproperty，
　　butofanysocialproblemoutsidetheserelationstheywereentirelyunconscious。
　　Theirphilosophyandtheirreligiontaughtthemthatitwasthedutyofthe
　　richtobebenevolent，andofthepoortobepatientandindustrious。The
　　richwerereadytodotheirpart，andalltheyaskedofthepoorwasthat
　　theyshouldlearntobeartheirlotwithresignation。Burkehadlaiddown
　　thetrueandfullphilosophyofsociallifeonceandforall。’Goodorder
　　isthefoundationofallgoodthings。Tobeenabledtoacquire，thepeople，
　　withoutbeingservile，mustbetractableandobedient。Themagistratemust
　　havehisreverence，thelawstheirauthority。Thebodyofthepeoplemust
　　notfindtheprinciplesofnaturalsubordinationbyartrootedoutoftheir
　　minds。Theymustrespectthatpropertyofwhichtheycannotpartake。They
　　mustlabourtoobtainwhatbylabourcanbeobtained；andwhentheyfind，
　　astheycommonlydo，thesuccessdisproportionedtotheendeavour，theymust
　　betaughttheirconsolationinthefinalproportionsofeternaljustice。’1*
　　Theupperclasses，lookingupontheworldinthisway，consideredthat
　　itwasthedutyofthepoormantoadapthimself，histastes，hishabits，
　　andhisambitions，tothearrangementsofasocietywhichithadpleased
　　Providencetoorganiseonthisinterestingplan。Wehaveinthepagesof
　　Edentheportraitoftheidealpoorwoman，whoselifeshowedwhatcouldbe
　　doneifpovertywerefacedintheproperspirit。’AnneHurstwasbornat
　　WitleyinSurrey：thereshelivedthewholeperiodofalonglife，andthere
　　shedied。Assoonasshewasthoughtabletowork，shewenttoservice：there，
　　beforeshewastwenty，shemarriedJamesStrudwick，who，likeherownfather，
　　wasadaylabourer。Withthishusbandshelived，aprolific，hardworking，
　　contentedwife，somewhatmorethanfiftyyears。Heworkedmorethanthreescore
　　yearsononefarm，andhiswages，summerandwinter，wereregularlyashilling
　　aday。Heneveraskedmorenorwasneverofferedless。Theyhadbetweenthem
　　sevenchildren：。andlivedtoseesixdaughtersmarriedandthreethemothers
　　ofsixteenchildren：allofwhomwerebroughtup，orarebringingup，to
　　bedaylabourers。Strudwickcontinuedtoworktillwithinsevenweeksof
　　thedayofhisdeath，andattheageoffourscore，in1787，heclosed，in
　　peace，anotingloriouslife；for，tothedayofhisdeath，heneverreceived
　　afarthinginthewayofparochialaid。Hiswifesavedhimaboutsevenyears，
　　andthoughbentwithageandinfirmities，andlittleabletowork，excepting
　　asaweederinagentleman’sgarden，shealsowastooproudtoaskorreceive
　　anyrelieffromtheparish。Forsixorsevenofthelastyearsofherlife，
　　shereceivedtwentyshillingsayearfromthepersonwhofavouredmewith
　　thisaccount，whichhedrewupfromherownmouth。Withallhervirtue，and
　　allhermerit，sheyetwasnotmuchlikedinherneighbourhood；peoplein
　　affluencethoughtherhaughty，andthePaupersoftheparish，seeing，as
　　theycouldnothelpseeing，thatherlifewasareproachtotheirs，aggravated
　　allherlittlefailings。Yet，theworstthingtheyhadtosayofherwas，
　　thatshewasproud；which，theysaid，wasmanifestedbythewayinwhich
　　sheburiedherhusband。Resolute，assheownedshewas，tohavethefuneral，
　　andeverythingthatrelatedtoit，whatshecalleddecent，nothingcould
　　dissuadeherfromhavinghandlestohiscoffinandaplateonit，mentioning
　　hisage。Shewasalsochargedwithhavingbehavedherselfcrosslyandpeevishly
　　towardsoneofhersons-in-law，whowasamasonandwentregularlyevery
　　Saturdayeveningtothealehouseashesaidjusttodrinkapotofbeer。
　　JamesStrudwickinallhislife，assheoftentoldthisungraciousson-in-law，
　　neverspentfiveshillingsinanyidleness：luckilyasshewassuretoadd
　　hehaditnottospend。Amoreseriouschargeagainstherwasthat，living