ManylaboriousstatesmenbesidesLordBroughamhaveoccupiedtheirleisure，orconsoledthemselvesinretirementfromoffice，bythecompositionofworkswhichhavebecomepartofthestandardliteratureoftheworld。Thus’Caesar’sCommentaries’stillsurviveasaclassic；theperspicuousandforciblestyleinwhichtheyarewrittenplacinghiminthesamerankwithXenophon，whoalsosuccessfullycombinedthepursuitofletterswiththebusinessofactivelife。
　　WhenthegreatSullywasdisgracedasaminister，anddrivenintoretirement，heoccupiedhisleisureinwritingouthis’Memoirs，’
　　inanticipationofthejudgmentofposterityuponhiscareerasastatesman。Besidesthese，healsocomposedpartofaromanceafterthemanneroftheScuderischool，themanuscriptofwhichwasfoundamongsthispapersathisdeath。
　　Turgotfoundasolaceforthelossofoffice，fromwhichhehadbeendrivenbytheintriguesofhisenemies，inthestudyofphysicalscience。Healsorevertedtohisearlytasteforclassicalliterature。Duringhislongjourneys，andatnightswhentorturedbythegout，heamusedhimselfbymakingLatinverses；thoughtheonlylineofhisthathasbeenpreservedwasthatintendedtodesignatetheportraitofBenjaminFranklin:”Eripuitcaelofulmen，sceptrumquetyrannis。”
　　AmongmorerecentFrenchstatesmen——withwhom，however，literaturehasbeentheirprofessionasmuchaspolitics——maybementionedDeTocqueville，Thiers，Guizot，andLamartine，whileNapoleonIII。challengedaplaceintheAcademybyhis’LifeofCaesar。’
　　LiteraturehasalsobeenthechiefsolaceofourgreatestEnglishstatesmen。WhenPittretiredfromoffice，likehisgreatcontemporaryFox，herevertedwithdelighttothestudyoftheGreekandRomanclassics。Indeed，GrenvilleconsideredPittthebestGreekscholarhehadeverknown。CanningandWellesley，wheninretirement，occupiedthemselvesintranslatingtheodesandsatiresofHorace。Canning’spassionforliteratureenteredintoallhispursuits，andgaveacolourtohiswholelife。Hisbiographersaysofhim，thatafteradinneratPitt’s，whiletherestofthecompanyweredispersedinconversation，heandPittwouldbeobservedporingoversomeoldGrecianinacornerofthedrawing-room。FoxalsowasadiligentstudentoftheGreekauthors，and，likePitt，readLycophron。HewasalsotheauthorofaHistoryofJamesII。，thoughthebookisonlyafragment，and，itmustbeconfessed，isratheradisappointingwork。
　　Oneofthemostableandlaboriousofourrecentstatesmen——withwhomliteraturewasahobbyaswellasapursuit——wasthelateSirGeorgeCornewallLewis。Hewasanexcellentmanofbusiness——
　　diligent，exact，andpainstaking。HefilledbyturnstheofficesofPresidentofthePoorLawBoard——themachineryofwhichhecreated，——ChancelloroftheExchequer，HomeSecretary，andSecretaryatWar；andineachheachievedthereputationofathoroughlysuccessfuladministrator。Intheintervalsofhisofficiallabours，heoccupiedhimselfwithinquiriesintoawiderangeofsubjects——history，politics，philology，anthropology，andantiquarianism。Hisworkson’TheAstronomyoftheAncients，’
　　and’EssaysontheFormationoftheRomanicLanguages，’mighthavebeenwrittenbytheprofoundestofGermanSAVANS。Hetookespecialdelightinpursuingtheabstruserbranchesoflearning，andfoundinthemhischiefpleasureandrecreation。LordPalmerstonsometimesremonstratedwithhim，tellinghimhewas”takingtoomuchoutofhimself”bylayingasideofficialpapersafteroffice-hoursinordertostudybooks；Palmerstonhimselfdeclaringthathehadnotimetoreadbooks——thatthereadingofmanuscriptwasquiteenoughforhim。
　　DoubtlessSirGeorgeLewisrodehishobbytoohard，andbutforhisdevotiontostudy，hisusefullifewouldprobablyhavebeenprolonged。Whetherinoroutofoffice，heread，wrote，andstudied。Herelinquishedtheeditorshipofthe’EdinburghReview’
　　tobecomeChancelloroftheExchequer；andwhennolongeroccupiedinpreparingbudgets，heproceededtocopyoutamassofGreekmanuscriptsattheBritishMuseum。Hetookparticulardelightinpursuinganydifficultinquiryinclassicalantiquity。Oneoftheoddsubjectswithwhichheoccupiedhimselfwasanexaminationintothetruthofreportedcasesoflongevity，which，accordingtohiscustom，hedoubtedordisbelieved。ThissubjectwasuppermostinhismindwhilepursuinghiscanvassofHerefordshirein1852。
　　Onapplyingtoavoteronedayforhissupport，hewasmetbyadecidedrefusal。”Iamsorry，”wasthecandidate’sreply，”thatyoucan’tgivemeyourvote；butperhapsyoucantellmewhetheranybodyinyourparishhasdiedatanextraordinaryage！”
　　ThecontemporariesofSirGeorgeLewisalsofurnishmanystrikinginstancesoftheconsolationsaffordedbyliteraturetostatesmenweariedwiththetoilsofpubliclife。Thoughthedoorofofficemaybeclosed，thatofliteraturestandsalwaysopen，andmenwhoareatdaggers-drawninpolitics，joinhandsoverthepoetryofHomerandHorace。ThelateEarlofDerby，onretiringfrompower，producedhisnobleversionof’TheIliad，’whichwillprobablycontinuetobereadwhenhisspeecheshavebeenforgotten。Mr。
　　Gladstonesimilarlyoccupiedhisleisureinpreparingforthepresshis’StudiesonHomer，’24andineditingatranslationof’Farini’sRomanState；’whileMr。Disraelisignalisedhisretirementfromofficebytheproductionofhis’Lothair。’Amongstatesmenwhohavefiguredasnovelists，besidesMr。Disraeli，areLordRussell，whohasalsocontributedlargelytohistoryandbiography；theMarquisofNormanby，andtheveterannovelist，LordLytton，withwhom，indeed，politicsmaybesaidtohavebeenhisrecreation，andliteraturethechiefemploymentofhislife。
　　Toconclude:afairmeasureofworkisgoodformindaswellasbody。Manisanintelligencesustainedandpreservedbybodilyorgans，andtheiractiveexerciseisnecessarytotheenjoymentofhealth。Itisnotwork，butoverwork，thatishurtful；anditisnothardworkthatisinjurioussomuchasmonotonouswork，faggingwork，hopelesswork。Allhopefulworkishealthful；andtobeusefullyandhopefullyemployedisoneofthegreatsecretsofhappiness。Brain-work，inmoderation，isnomorewearingthananyotherkindofwork。Dulyregulated，itisaspromotiveofhealthasbodilyexercise；and，wheredueattentionispaidtothephysicalsystem，itseemsdifficulttoputmoreuponamanthanhecanbear。Merelytoeatanddrinkandsleepone’swayidlythroughlifeisvastlymoreinjurious。Thewear-and-tearofrustisevenfasterthanthetear-and-wearofwork。
　　Butoverworkisalwaysbadeconomy。Itis，infact，greatwaste，especiallyifconjoinedwithworry。Indeed，worrykillsfarmorethanworkdoes。Itfrets，itexcites，itconsumesthebody——assandandgrit，whichoccasionexcessivefriction，wearoutthewheelsofamachine。Overworkandworryhavebothtobeguardedagainst。Forover-brain-workisstrain-work；anditisexhaustinganddestructiveaccordingasitisinexcessofnature。Andthebrain-workermayexhaustandoverbalancehismindbyexcess，justastheathletemayoverstrainhismusclesandbreakhisbackbyattemptingfeatsbeyondthestrengthofhisphysicalsystem。
　　NOTES
　　1InthethirdchapterofhisNaturalHistory，PlinyrelatesinwhathighhonouragriculturewasheldintheearlierdaysofRome；howthedivisionsoflandweremeasuredbythequantitywhichcouldbeploughedbyayokeofoxeninacertaintimeJUGERUM，inoneday；
　　ACTUS，atonespell；howthegreatestrecompencetoageneralorvaliantcitizenwasaJUGERUM；howtheearliestsurnameswerederivedfromagriculturePilumnus，fromPILUM，thepestleforpoundingcorn；Piso，fromPISO，togrindcoin；Fabius，fromFABA，abean；Lentulus，fromLENS，alentil；Cicero，fromCICER，achickpea；Babulcus，fromBOS，&c。；howthehighestcomplimentwastocallamanagoodagriculturist，oragoodhusbandmanLOCUPLES，rich，LOCIPLENUS，PECUNIA，fromPECUS，&c。；howthepasturingofcattlesecretlybynightuponunripecropswasacapitaloffence，punishablebyhanging；howtheruraltribesheldtheforemostrank，whilethoseofthecityhaddiscreditthrownuponthemasbeinganindolentrace；andhow”GLORIAMDENIQUE
　　IPSAM，AFARRISHONORE，’ADOREAM’APPELLABANT；”ADOREA，orGlory，therewardofvalour，beingderivedfromAdor，orspelt，akindofgrain。
　　2’EssayonGovernment，’in’EncyclopaediaBritannica。’
　　3Burton’s’AnatomyofMelancholy，’Parti。，Mem。2，Sub。6。
　　4Ibid。Endofconcludingchapter。
　　5ItischaracteristicoftheHindoostoregardentireinactionasthemostperfectstate，andtodescribetheSupremeBeingas”TheUnmoveable。”
　　6Lessingwassoimpressedwiththeconvictionthatstagnantsatisfactionwasfataltoman，thathewentsofarastosay:”IftheAll-powerfulBeing，holdinginonehandTruth，andintheotherthesearchforTruth，saidtome，’Choose，’IwouldanswerHim，’OAll-powerful，keepforThyselftheTruth；butleavetomethesearchforit，whichisthebetterforme。’”Ontheotherhand，Bossuetsaid:”Sijeconcevaisunenaturepurementintelligente，ilmesemblequejen’ymettraisqu’entendreetaimerlaverite，etquecelaseullarendraitheureux。”
　　7ThelateSirJohnPatteson，wheninhisseventiethyear，attendedanannualploughing-matchdinneratFeniton，Devon，atwhichhethoughtitworthhiswhiletocombatthenotion，stilltooprevalent，thatbecauseamandoesnotworkmerelywithhisbonesandmuscles，heisthereforenotentitledtotheappellationofaworkingman。”Inrecollectingsimilarmeetingstothepresent，”hesaid，”Iremembermyfriend，JohnPyle，ratherthrowingitinmyteeththatIhadnotworkedfornothing；butItoldhim，’Mr。
　　Pyle，youdonotknowwhatyouaretalkingabout。Weareallworkers。Themanwhoploughsthefieldandwhodigsthehedgeisaworker；butthereareotherworkersinotherstationsoflifeaswell。Formyself，IcansaythatIhavebeenaworkereversinceIhavebeenaboy。’……ThenItoldhimthattheofficeofjudgewasbynomeansasinecure，forthatajudgeworkedashardasanymaninthecountry。Hehastoworkatverydifficultquestionsoflaw，whicharebroughtbeforehimcontinually，givinghimgreatanxiety；andsometimesthelivesofhisfellow-creaturesareplacedinhishands，andaredependentverymuchuponthemannerinwhichheplacesthefactsbeforethejury。Thatisamatterofnolittleanxiety，Icanassureyou。Letanymanthinkashewill，thereisnomanwhohasbeenthroughtheordealforthelengthoftimethatIhave，butmustfeelconsciousoftheimportanceandgravityofthedutywhichiscastuponajudge。”
　　8LordStanley’sAddresstotheStudentsofGlasgowUniversity，onhisinstallationasLordRector，1869。
　　9WritingtoanabbotatNuremberg，whohadsenthimastoreofturning-tools，Luthersaid:”Ihavemadeconsiderableprogressinclockmaking，andIamverymuchdelightedatit，forthesedrunkenSaxonsneedtobeconstantlyremindedofwhattherealtimeis；
　　notthattheythemselvescaremuchaboutit，foraslongastheirglassesarekeptfilled，theytroublethemselvesverylittleastowhetherclocks，orclockmakers，orthetimeitself，goright。”——
　　Michelet’sLUTHERBogueEd。，p。200。
　　10’LifeofPerthes，”ii。20。
　　11Lockhart’s’LifeofScott’8vo。Ed。，p。442。
　　12Southeyexpressestheopinionin’TheDoctor’，thatthecharacterofapersonmaybebetterknownbytheletterswhichotherpersonswritetohimthanbywhathehimselfwrites。
　　13’DissertationontheScienceofMethod。’
　　14Thefollowingpassage，fromarecentarticleinthePALLMALL
　　GAZETTE，willcommenditselftogeneralaproval:-”Therecanbenoquestionnowadays，thatapplicationtowork，absorptioninaffairs，contactwithmen，andallthestresswhichbusinessimposesonus，givesanobletrainingtotheintellect，andsplendidopportunityfordisciplineofcharacter。Itisanutterlylowviewofbusinesswhichregardsitasonlyameansofgettingaliving。Aman’sbusinessishispartoftheworld’swork，hisshareofthegreatactivitieswhichrendersocietypossible。Hemaylikeitordislikeit，butitiswork，andassuchrequiresapplication，self-denial，discipline。Itishisdrill，andhecannotbethoroughinhisoccupationwithoutputtinghimselfintoit，checkinghisfancies，restraininghisimpulses，andholdinghimselftotheperpetualroundofsmalldetails——
　　without，infact，submittingtohisdrill。Buttheperpetualcallonaman’sreadiness，sell-control，andvigourwhichbusinessmakes，theconstantappealtotheintellect，thestressuponthewill，thenecessityforrapidandresponsibleexerciseofjudgment——allthesethingsconstituteahighculture，thoughnotthehighest。Itisaculturewhichstrengthensandinvigoratesifitdoesnotrefine，whichgivesforceifnotpolish——theFORTITERIN
　　RE，ifnottheSUAVITERINMODO。Itmakesstrongmenandreadymen，andmenofvastcapacityforaffairs，thoughitdoesnotnecessarilymakerefinedmenorgentlemen。”
　　15Onthefirstpublicationofhis’Despatches，’oneofhisfriendssaidtohim，onreadingtherecordsofhisIndiancampaigns:”Itseemstome，Duke，thatyourchiefbusinessinIndiawastoprocurericeandbullocks。””Andsoitwas，”repliedWellington:”forifIhadriceandbullocks，Ihadmen；andifIhadmen，I
　　knewIcouldbeattheenemy。”
　　16MariaEdgeworth，’MemoirsofR。L。Edgeworth，’ii。94。
　　17AfriendofLordPalmerstonhascommunicatedtousthefollowinganecdote。Askinghimonedaywhenheconsideredamantobeintheprimeoflife，hisimmediatereplywas，”Seventy-nine！””But，”headded，withatwinkleinhiseye，”asIhavejustenteredmyeightiethyear，perhapsIammyselfalittlepastit。”
　　18’ReasonsofChurchGovernment，’BookII。
　　19Coleridge’sadvicetohisyoungfriendswasmuchtothesameeffect。”Withtheexceptionofoneextraordinaryman，”hesays，”Ihaveneverknownanindividual，leastofallanindividualofgenius，healthyorhappywithoutaprofession:i。e。，someregularemploymentwhichdoesnotdependonthewillofthemoment，andwhichcanbecarriedonsofarmechanically，thatanaveragequantumonlyofhealth，spirits，andintellectualexertionarerequisitetoitsfaithfuldischarge。Threehoursofleisure，unalloyedbyanyalienanxiety，andlookedforwardtowithdelightasachangeandrecreation，willsufficetorealiseinliteraturealargerproductofwhatistrulygenial，thanweeksofcompulsion……Iffactsarerequiredtoprovethepossibilityofcombiningweightyperformancesinliteraturewithfullandindependentemployment，theworksofCiceroandXenophon，amongtheancients——ofSirThomasMore，Bacon，Baxter，ortoreferatoncetolaterandcontemporaryinstancesDarwinandRoscoe，areatoncedecisiveofthequestion。”——
　　BIOGRAPHIALITERARIA，Chap。xi。
　　20Mr。Ricardopublishedhiscelebrated’TheoryofRent，’attheurgentrecommendationofJamesMilllikehisson，achiefclerkintheIndiaHouse，authorofthe’HistoryofBritishIndia。’
　　Whenthe’TheoryofRent’waswritten，Ricardowassodissatisfiedwithitthathewishedtoburnit；butMr。Millurgedhimtopublishit，andthebookwasagreatsuccess。
　　21ThelateSirJohnLubbock，hisfather，wasalsoeminentasamathematicianandastronomer。
　　22Thales，onceinveighingindiscourseagainstthepainsandcaremenputthemselvesto，tobecomerich，wasansweredbyoneinthecompanythathedidlikethefox，whofoundfaultwithwhathecouldnotobtain。ThereuponThaleshadamind，forthejest’ssake，toshowthemthecontrary；andhavinguponthisoccasionforoncemadeamusterofallhiswits，whollytoemploythemintheserviceofprofit，hesetatrafficonfoot，whichinoneyearbroughthiminsogreatriches，thatthemostexperiencedinthattradecouldhardlyintheirwholelives，withalltheirindustry，haverakedsomuchtogether——
　　MontaignesESSAYS，BookI。，chap。24。
　　23”Theunderstanding，”saysMr。Bailey，”thatisaccustomedtopursuearegularandconnectedtrainofideas，becomesinsomemeasureincapacitatedforthosequickandversatilemovementswhicharelearntinthecommerceoftheworld，andareindispensabletothosewhoactapartinit。Deepthinkingandpracticaltalentsrequireindeedhabitsofmindsoessentiallydissimilar，thatwhileamanisstrivingaftertheone，hewillbeunavoidablyindangeroflosingtheother。””Thence，”headds，”dowesooftenfindmen，whoare’giantsinthecloset，’provebut’childrenintheworld。’”——’EssaysontheFormationandPublicationofOpinions，’pp。251-3。
　　24Mr。GladstoneisasgreatanenthusiastinliteratureasCanningwas。Itisrelatedofhimthat，whilehewaswaitinginhiscommittee-roomatLiverpoolforthereturnscominginonthedayoftheSouthLancashirepolling，heoccupiedhimselfinproceedingwiththetranslationofaworkwhichhewasthenpreparingforthepress。
　　CHAPTERV——COURAGE。”ItisnotbutthetempestthatdothshowTheseaman’scunning；butthefieldthattriesThecaptain’scourage；andwecometoknowBestwhatmenare，intheirworstjeopardies。”——DANIEL。”Ifthoucanstplananobledeed，Andneverflagtillitsucceed，Thoughinthestrifethyheartshouldbleed，Whateverobstaclescontrol，Thinehourwillcome——goon，truesoul！
　　Thou’ltwintheprize，thou’ltreachthegoal。”——C。MACKAY。”Theheroicexampleofotherdaysisingreatpartthesourceofthecourageofeachgeneration；andmenwalkupcomposedlytothemostperilousenterprises，beckonedonwardsbytheshadesofthebravethatwere。”——HELPS。”Thatwhichweare，weare，Oneequaltemperofheroichearts，Madeweakbytimeandfate，butstronginwillTostrive，toseek，tofind，andnottoyield。”——TENNYSON。
　　THEworldowesmuchtoitsmenandwomenofcourage。Wedonotmeanphysicalcourage，inwhichmanisatleastequalledbythebulldog；noristhebulldogconsideredthewisestofhisspecies。
　　Thecouragethatdisplaysitselfinsilenteffortandendeavour——
　　thatdarestoendureallandsufferallfortruthandduty——ismoretrulyheroicthantheachievementsofphysicalvalour，whicharerewardedbyhonoursandtitles，orbylaurelssometimessteepedinblood。
　　Itismoralcouragethatcharacterisesthehighestorderofmanhoodandwomanhood——thecouragetoseekandtospeakthetruth；thecouragetobejust；thecouragetobehonest；thecouragetoresisttemptation；thecouragetodoone’sduty。Ifmenandwomendonotpossessthisvirtue，theyhavenosecuritywhateverforthepreservationofanyother。
　　Everystepofprogressinthehistoryofourracehasbeenmadeinthefaceofoppositionanddifficulty，andbeenachievedandsecuredbymenofintrepidityandvalour——byleadersinthevanofthought——bygreatdiscoverers，greatpatriots，andgreatworkersinallwalksoflife。Thereisscarcelyagreattruthordoctrinebuthashadtofightitswaytopublicrecognitioninthefaceofdetraction，calumny，andpersecution。”Everywhere，”saysHeine，”thatagreatsoulgivesutterancetoitsthoughts，therealsoisaGolgotha。””ManylovedTruthandlavishedlife’sbestoil，Amidthedustofbookstofindher，Contentatlast，forguerdonoftheirtoil，Withthecastmantleshehadleftbehindher。
　　Manyinsadfaithsoughtforher，Manywithcrossedhandssighedforher，Butthese，ourbrothers，foughtforher，Atlife’sdearperilwroughtforher，Solovedherthattheydiedforher，TastingtherapturedfleetnessOfherdivinecompleteness。”1
　　SocrateswascondemnedtodrinkthehemlockatAthensinhisseventy-secondyear，becausehisloftyteachingrancountertotheprejudicesandparty-spiritofhisage。HewaschargedbyhisaccuserswithcorruptingtheyouthofAthensbyincitingthemtodespisethetutelarydeitiesofthestate。Hehadthemoralcouragetobravenotonlythetyrannyofthejudgeswhocondemnedhim，butofthemobwhocouldnotunderstandhim。Hedieddiscoursingofthedoctrineoftheimmortalityofthesoul；hislastwordstohisjudgesbeing，”Itisnowtimethatwedepart——I
　　todie，youtolive；butwhichhasthebetterdestinyisunknowntoall，excepttotheGod。”
　　Howmanygreatmenandthinkershavebeenpersecutedinthenameofreligion！BrunowasburntaliveatRome，becauseofhisexposureofthefashionablebutfalsephilosophyofhistime。
　　WhenthejudgesoftheInquisitioncondemnedhim，todie，Brunosaidproudly:”YouaremoreafraidtopronouncemysentencethanI
　　amtoreceiveit。”
　　TohimsucceededGalileo，whosecharacterasamanofscienceisalmosteclipsedbythatofthemartyr。Denouncedbythepriestsfromthepulpit，becauseoftheviewshetaughtastothemotionoftheearth，hewassummonedtoRome，inhisseventiethyear，toanswerforhisheterodoxy。AndhewasimprisonedintheInquisition，ifhewasnotactuallyputtothetorturethere。Hewaspursuedbypersecutionevenwhendead，thePoperefusingatombforhisbody。
　　RogerBacon，theFranciscanmonk，waspersecutedonaccountofhisstudiesinnaturalphilosophy，andhewaschargedwith，dealinginmagic，becauseofhisinvestigationsinchemistry。Hiswritingswerecondemned，andhewasthrownintoprison，wherehelayfortenyears，duringthelivesoffoursuccessivePopes。Itisevenaverredthathediedinprison。
　　Ockham，theearlyEnglishspeculativephilosopher，wasexcommunicatedbythePope，anddiedinexileatMunich，wherehewasprotectedbythefriendshipofthethenEmperorofGermany。
　　TheInquisitionbrandedVesaliusasahereticforrevealingmantoman，asithadbeforebrandedBrunoandGalileoforrevealingtheheavenstoman。Vesaliushadtheboldnesstostudythestructureofthehumanbodybyactualdissection，apracticeuntilthenalmostentirelyforbidden。Helaidthefoundationsofascience，buthepaidforitwithhislife。CondemnedbytheInquisition，hispenaltywascommuted，bytheintercessionoftheSpanishking，intoapilgrimagetotheHolyLand；andwhenonhiswayback，whilestillintheprimeoflife，hediedmiserablyatZante，offeverandwant——amartyrtohisloveofscience。
　　Whenthe’NovumOrganon’appeared，ahue-and-crywasraisedagainstit，becauseofitsallegedtendencytoproduce”dangerousrevolutions，”to”subvertgovernments，”andto”overturntheauthorityofreligion；”2andoneDr。HenryStubbewhosenamewouldotherwisehavebeenforgottenwroteabookagainstthenewphilosophy，denouncingthewholetribeofexperimentalistsas”aBacon-facedgeneration。”EventheestablishmentoftheRoyalSocietywasopposed，onthegroundthat”experimentalphilosophyissubversiveoftheChristianfaith。”
　　WhilethefollowersofCopernicuswerepersecutedasinfidels，Keplerwasbrandedwiththestigmaofheresy，”because，”saidhe，”ItakethatsidewhichseemstometobeconsonantwiththeWordofGod。”EventhepureandsimplemindedNewton，ofwhomBishopBurnetsaidthathehadtheWHITESTSOULheeverknew——whowasaveryinfantinthepurityofhismind——evenNewtonwasaccusedof”dethroningtheDeity”byhissublimediscoveryofthelawofgravitation；andasimilarchargewasmadeagainstFranklinforexplainingthenatureofthethunderbolt。
　　SpinozawasexcommunicatedbytheJews，towhomhebelonged，becauseofhisviewsofphilosophy，whichweresupposedtobeadversetoreligion；andhislifewasafterwardsattemptedbyanassassinforthesamereason。Spinozaremainedcourageousandself-relianttothelast，dyinginobscurityandpoverty。
　　ThephilosophyofDescarteswasdenouncedasleadingtoirreligion；thedoctrinesofLockeweresaidtoproducematerialism；andinourownday，Dr。Buckland，Mr。Sedgwick，andotherleadinggeologists，havebeenaccusedofoverturningrevelationwithregardtotheconstitutionandhistoryoftheearth。Indeed，therehasscarcelybeenadiscoveryinastronomy，innaturalhistory，orinphysicalscience，thathasnotbeenattackedbythebigotedandnarrow-mindedasleadingtoinfidelity。
　　Othergreatdiscoverers，thoughtheymaynothavebeenchargedwithirreligion，havehadnotlessobloquyofaprofessionalandpublicnaturetoencounter。WhenDr。Harveypublishedhistheoryofthecirculationoftheblood，hispracticefelloff，3andthemedicalprofessionstigmatisedhimasafool。”ThefewgoodthingsIhavebeenabletodo，”saidJohnHunter，”havebeenaccomplishedwiththegreatestdifficulty，andencounteredthegreatestopposition。”SirCharlesBell，whileemployedinhisimportantinvestigationsastothenervoussystem，whichissuedinoneofthegreatestofphysiologicaldiscoveries，wrotetoafriend:”IfIwerenotsopoor，andhadnotsomanyvexationstoencounter，howhappywouldIbe！”Buthehimselfobservedthathispracticesensiblyfelloffafterthepublicationofeachsuccessivestageofhisdiscovery。
　　Thus，nearlyeveryenlargementofthedomainofknowledge，whichhasmadeusbetteracquaintedwiththeheavens，withtheearth，andwithourselves，hasbeenestablishedbytheenergy，thedevotion，theself-sacrifice，andthecourageofthegreatspiritsofpasttimes，who，howevermuchtheyhavebeenopposedorreviledbytheircontemporaries，nowrankamongstthosewhomtheenlightenedofthehumanracemostdelighttohonour。
　　Noristheunjustintolerancedisplayedtowardsmenofscienceinthepast，withoutitslessonforthepresent。Itteachesustobeforbearanttowardsthosewhodifferfromus，providedtheyobservepatiently，thinkhonestly，anduttertheirconvictionsfreelyandtruthfully。ItwasaremarkofPlato，that”theworldisGod’sepistletomankind；”andtoreadandstudythatepistle，soastoelicititstruemeaning，canhavenoothereffectonawell-
　　orderedmindthantoleadtoadeeperimpressionofHispower，aclearerperceptionofHiswisdom，andamoregratefulsenseofHisgoodness。
　　Whilesuchhasbeenthecourageofthemartyrsofscience，notlessglorioushasbeenthecourageofthemartyrsoffaith。Thepassiveenduranceofthemanorwomanwho，forconsciencesake，isfoundreadytosufferandtoendureinsolitude，withoutsomuchastheencouragementofevenasinglesympathisingvoice，isanexhibitionofcourageofafarhigherkindthanthatdisplayedintheroarofbattle，whereeventheweakestfeelsencouragedandinspiredbytheenthusiasmofsympathyandthepowerofnumbers。
　　Timewouldfailtotellofthedeathlessnamesofthosewhothroughfaithinprinciples，andinthefaceofdifficulty，danger，andsuffering，”havewroughtrighteousnessandwaxedvaliant”inthemoralwarfareoftheworld，andbeencontenttolaydowntheirlivesratherthanprovefalsetotheirconscientiousconvictionsofthetruth。
　　Menofthisstamp，inspiredbyahighsenseofduty，haveinpasttimesexhibitedcharacterinitsmostheroicaspects，andcontinuetopresenttoussomeofthenoblestspectaclestobeseeninhistory。Evenwomen，fulloftendernessandgentleness，notlessthanmen，haveinthiscausebeenfoundcapableofexhibitingthemostunflinchingcourage。Such，forinstance，asthatofAnneAskew，who，whenrackeduntilherbonesweredislocated，utterednocry，movednomuscle，butlookedhertormentorscalmlyintheface，andrefusedeithertoconfessortorecant；orsuchasthatofLatimerandRidley，who，insteadofbewailingtheirhardfateandbeatingtheirbreasts，wentascheerfullytotheirdeathasabridegroomtothealtar——theonebiddingtheotherto”beofgoodcomfort，”forthat”weshallthisdaylightsuchacandleinEngland，byGod’sgrace，asshallneverbeputout；”orsuch，again，asthatofMaryDyer，theQuakeress，hangedbythePuritansofNewEnglandforpreachingtothepeople，whoascendedthescaffoldwithawillingstep，and，aftercalmlyaddressingthosewhostoodabout，resignedherselfintothehandsofherpersecutors，anddiedinpeaceandjoy。
　　NotlesscourageouswasthebehaviourofthegoodSirThomasMore，whomarchedwillinglytothescaffold，anddiedcheerfullythere，ratherthanprovefalsetohisconscience。WhenMorehadmadehisfinaldecisiontostanduponhisprinciples，hefeltasifhehadwonavictory，andsaidtohisson-in-lawRoper:”SonRoper，I
　　thankOurLord，thefieldiswon！”TheDukeofNorfolktoldhimofhisdanger，saying:”Bythemass，MasterMore，itisperilousstrivingwithprinces；theangerofaprincebringsdeath！”。”Isthatall，mylord？”saidMore；”thenthedifferencebetweenyouandmeisthis——thatIshalldieto-day，andyouto-morrow。”
　　Whileithasbeenthelotofmanygreatmen，intimesofdifficultyanddanger，tobecheeredandsupportedbytheirwives，Morehadnosuchconsolation。HishelpmatedidanythingbutconsolehimduringhisimprisonmentintheTower。4Shecouldnotconceivethattherewasanysufficientreasonforhiscontinuingtoliethere，whenbymerelydoingwhattheKingrequiredofhim，hemightatonceenjoyhisliberty，togetherwithhisfinehouseatChelsea，hislibrary，hisorchard，hisgallery，andthesocietyofhiswifeandchildren。”Imarvel，”saidshetohimoneday，”thatyou，whohavebeenalwayhithertotakenforwise，shouldnowsoplaythefoolastoliehereinthisclosefilthyprison，andbecontenttobeshutupamongstmiceandrats，whenyoumightbeabroadatyourliberty，ifyouwouldbutdoasthebishopshavedone？”ButMoresawhisdutyfromadifferentpointofview:itwasnotamerematterofpersonalcomfortwithhim；andtheexpostulationsofhiswifewereofnoavail。Hegentlyputheraside，sayingcheerfully，”Isnotthishouseasnighheavenasmyown？”——towhichshecontemptuouslyrejoined:”Tillyvally——tillyvally！”
　　More’sdaughter，MargaretRoper，onthecontrary，encouragedherfathertostandfirminhisprinciples，anddutifullyconsoledandcheeredhimduringhislongconfinement。Deprivedofpen-and-ink，hewrotehisletterstoherwithapieceofcoal，sayinginoneofthem:”IfIweretodeclareinwritinghowmuchpleasureyourdaughterlylovinglettersgaveme，aPECKOFCOALSwouldnotsufficetomakethepens。”Morewasamartyrtoveracity:hewouldnotswearafalseoath；andheperishedbecausehewassincere。Whenhisheadhadbeenstruckoff，itwasplacedonLondonBridge，inaccordancewiththebarbarouspracticeofthetimes。MargaretRoperhadthecouragetoaskfortheheadtobetakendownandgiventoher，and，carryingheraffectionforherfatherbeyondthegrave，shedesiredthatitmightbeburiedwithherwhenshedied；andlongafter，whenMargaretRoper’stombwasopened，thepreciousrelicwasobservedlyingonthedustofwhathadbeenherbosom。
　　MartinLutherwasnotcalledupontolaydownhislifeforhisfaith；but，fromthedaythathedeclaredhimselfagainstthePope，hedailyrantheriskoflosingit。Atthebeginningofhisgreatstruggle，hestoodalmostentirelyalone。Theoddsagainsthimweretremendous。”Ononeside，”saidhehimself，”arelearning，genius，numbers，grandeur，rank，power，sanctity，miracles；ontheotherWycliffe，LorenzoValla，Augustine，andLuther——apoorcreature，amanofyesterday，standingwellnighalonewithafewfriends。”SummonedbytheEmperortoappearatWorms；toanswerthechargemadeagainsthimofheresy，hedeterminedtoanswerinperson。Thoseabouthimtoldhimthathewouldlosehislifeifhewent，andtheyurgedhimtofly。”No，”saidhe，”Iwillrepairthither，thoughIshouldfindtherethriceasmanydevilsastherearetilesuponthehousetops！”
　　WarnedagainstthebitterenmityofacertainDukeGeorge，hesaid——”Iwillgothere，thoughforninewholedaysrunningitrainedDukeGeorges。”
　　Lutherwasasgoodashisword；andhesetforthuponhisperilousjourney。Whenhecameinsightoftheoldbell-towersofWorms，hestoodupinhischariotandsang，”EINFESTEBURGISTUNSER
　　GOTT。”——the’Marseillaise’oftheReformation——thewordsandmusicofwhichheissaidtohaveimprovisedonlytwodaysbefore。
　　ShortlybeforethemeetingoftheDiet，anoldsoldier，GeorgeFreundesberg，puthishanduponLuther’sshoulder，andsaidtohim:”Goodmonk，goodmonk，takeheedwhatthoudoest；thouartgoingintoaharderfightthananyofushaveeveryetbeenin。
　　ButLuther’sonlyanswertotheveteranwas，thathehad”determinedtostandupontheBibleandhisconscience。”
　　Luther’scourageousdefencebeforetheDietisonrecord，andformsoneofthemostgloriouspagesinhistory。WhenfinallyurgedbytheEmperortoretract，hesaidfirmly:”Sire，unlessI
　　amconvincedofmyerrorbythetestimonyofScripture，orbymanifestevidence，Icannotandwillnotretract，forwemustneveractcontrarytoourconscience。Suchismyprofessionoffaith，andyoumustexpectnoneotherfromme。HIERSTEHEICH:
　　ICHKANNNICHTANDERS:GOTTHELFEMIR！”HerestandI:Icannotdootherwise:Godhelpme！。Hehadtodohisduty——toobeytheordersofaPowerhigherthanthatofkings；andhediditatallhazards。
　　Afterwards，whenhardpressedbyhisenemiesatAugsburg，Luthersaidthat”ifhehadfivehundredheads，hewouldlosethemallratherthanrecanthisarticleconcerningfaith。”Likeallcourageousmen，hisstrengthonlyseemedtogrowinproportiontothedifficultieshehadtoencounterandovercome。”ThereisnomaninGermany，”saidHutten，”whomoreutterlydespisesdeaththandoesLuther。”Andtohismoralcourage，perhapsmorethantothatofanyothersingleman，doweowetheliberationofmodernthought，andthevindicationofthegreatrightsofthehumanunderstanding。
　　Thehonourableandbravemandoesnotfeardeathcomparedwithignominy。ItissaidoftheRoyalistEarlofStraffordthat，ashewalkedtothescaffoldonTowerHill，hisstepandmannerwerethoseofageneralmarchingattheheadofanarmytosecurevictory，ratherthanofacondemnedmantoundergosentenceofdeath。SotheCommonwealth’sman，SirJohnEliot，wentalikebravelytohisdeathonthesamespot，saying:”Tenthousanddeathsratherthandefilemyconscience，thechastityandpurityofwhichIvaluebeyondallthisworld。”Eliot’sgreatesttribulationwasonaccountofhiswife，whomhehadtoleavebehind。WhenhesawherlookingdownuponhimfromtheTowerwindow，hestoodupinthecart，wavedhishat，andcried:”Toheaven，mylove！——toheaven！——andleaveyouinthestorm！”Ashewentonhisway，oneinthecrowdcalledout，”Thatisthemostgloriousseatyoueversaton；”towhichhereplied:”Itisso，indeed！”andrejoicedexceedingly。5
　　Althoughsuccessistheguerdonforwhichallmentoil，theyhaveneverthelessoftentolabouronperseveringly，withoutanyglimmerofsuccessinsight。Theyhavetolive，meanwhile，upontheircourage——sowingtheirseed，itmaybe，inthedark，inthehopethatitwillyettakerootandspringupinachievedresult。Thebestofcauseshavehadtofighttheirwaytotriumphthroughalongsuccessionoffailures，andmanyoftheassailantshavediedinthebreachbeforethefortresshasbeenwon。Theheroismtheyhavedisplayedistobemeasured，notsomuchbytheirimmediatesuccess，asbytheoppositiontheyhaveencountered，andthecouragewithwhichtheyhavemaintainedthestruggle。
　　Thepatriotwhofightsanalways-losingbattle——themartyrwhogoestodeathamidstthetriumphantshoutsofhisenemies——thediscoverer，likeColumbus，whoseheartremainsundauntedthroughthebitteryearsofhis”longwanderingwoe”——areexamplesofthemoralsublimewhichexciteaprofounderinterestintheheartsofmenthaneventhemostcompleteandconspicuoussuccess。Bythesideofsuchinstancesasthese，howsmallbycomparisonseemthegreatestdeedsofvalour，incitingmentorushupondeathanddieamidstthefrenziedexcitementofphysicalwarfare！
　　Butthegreaterpartofthecouragethatisneededintheworldisnotofaheroickind。Couragemaybedisplayedineverydaylifeaswellasinhistoricfieldsofaction。Thereneeds，forexample，thecommoncouragetobehonest——thecouragetoresisttemptation——thecouragetospeakthetruth——thecouragetobewhatwereallyare，andnottopretendtobewhatwearenot——thecouragetolivehonestlywithinourownmeans，andnotdishonestlyuponthemeansofothers。
　　Agreatdealoftheunhappiness，andmuchofthevice，oftheworldisowingtoweaknessandindecisionofpurpose——inotherwords，tolackofcourage。Menmayknowwhatisright，andyetfailtoexercisethecouragetodoit；theymayunderstandthedutytheyhavetodo，butwillnotsummonuptherequisiteresolutiontoperformit。Theweakandundisciplinedmanisatthemercyofeverytemptation；hecannotsay”No，”butfallsbeforeit。Andifhiscompanionshipbebad，hewillbealltheeasierledawaybybadexampleintowrongdoing。
　　Nothingcanbemorecertainthanthatthecharactercanonlybesustainedandstrengthenedbyitsownenergeticaction。Thewill，whichisthecentralforceofcharacter，mustbetrainedtohabitsofdecision——otherwiseitwillneitherbeabletoresistevilnortofollowgood。Decisiongivesthepowerofstandingfirmly，whentoyield，howeverslightly，mightbeonlythefirststepinadownhillcoursetoruin。
　　Callinguponothersforhelpinformingadecisionisworsethanuseless。Amanmustsotrainhishabitsastorelyuponhisownpowersanddependuponhisowncourageinmomentsofemergency。
　　PlutarchtellsofaKingofMacedonwho，inthemidstofanaction，withdrewintotheadjoiningtownunderpretenceofsacrificingtoHercules；whilsthisopponentEmilius，atthesametimethatheimploredtheDivineaid，soughtforvictoryswordinhand，andwonthebattle。Andsoiteverisintheactionsofdailylife。
　　Manyarethevaliantpurposesformed，thatendmerelyinwords；
　　deedsintended，thatareneverdone；designsprojected，thatareneverbegun；andallforwantofalittlecourageousdecision。
　　Betterfarthesilenttonguebuttheeloquentdeed。Forinlifeandinbusiness，despatchisbetterthandiscourse；andtheshortestanswerofallis，DOING。”Inmattersofgreatconcern，andwhichmustbedone，”saysTillotson，”thereisnosurerargumentofaweakmindthanirresolution——tobeundeterminedwhenthecaseissoplainandthenecessitysourgent。Tobealwaysintendingtoliveanewlife，butnevertofindtimetosetaboutit，——thisisasifamanshouldputoffeatinganddrinkingandsleepingfromonedaytoanother，untilheisstarvedanddestroyed。”
　　Thereneedsalsotheexerciseofnosmalldegreeofmoralcouragetoresistthecorruptinginfluencesofwhatiscalled”Society。”
　　Although”Mrs。Grundy”maybeaveryvulgarandcommonplacepersonage，herinfluenceisneverthelessprodigious。Mostmen，butespeciallywomen，arethemoralslavesoftheclassorcastetowhichtheybelong。Thereisasortofunconsciousconspiracyexistingamongstthemagainsteachother’sindividuality。Eachcircleandsection，eachrankandclass，hasitsrespectivecustomsandobservances，towhichconformityisrequiredattheriskofbeingtabooed。Someareimmuredwithinabastileoffashion，othersofcustom，othersofopinion；andfewtherearewhohavethecouragetothinkoutsidetheirsect，toactoutsidetheirparty，andtostepoutintothefreeairofindividualthoughtandaction。Wedress，andeat，andfollowfashion，thoughitmaybeattheriskofdebt，ruin，andmisery；livingnotsomuchaccordingtoourmeans，asaccordingtothesuperstitiousobservancesofourclass。ThoughwemayspeakcontemptuouslyoftheIndianswhoflattentheirheads，andoftheChinesewhocramptheirtoes，wehaveonlytolookatthedeformitiesoffashionamongstourselves，toseethatthereignof”Mrs。Grundy”isuniversal。
　　Butmoralcowardiceisexhibitedquiteasmuchinpublicasinprivatelife。Snobbismisnotconfinedtothetoadyingoftherich，butisquiteasoftendisplayedinthetoadyingofthepoor。
　　Formerly，sycophancyshoweditselfinnotdaringtospeakthetruthtothoseinhighplaces；butinthesedaysitrathershowsitselfinnotdaringtospeakthetruthtothoseinlowplaces。
　　Nowthat”themasses”6exercisepoliticalpower，thereisagrowingtendencytofawnuponthem，toflatterthem，andtospeaknothingbutsmoothwordstothem。Theyarecreditedwithvirtueswhichtheythemselvesknowtheydonotpossess。Thepublicenunciationofwholesomebecausedisagreeabletruthsisavoided；
　　and，towintheirfavour，sympathyisoftenpretendedforviews，thecarryingoutofwhichinpracticeisknowntobehopeless。
　　Itisnotthemanofthenoblestcharacter——thehighest-culturedandbest-conditionedman——whosefavourisnowsought，somuchasthatofthelowestman，theleast-culturedandworst-conditionedman，becausehisvoteisusuallythatofthemajority。Evenmenofrank，wealth，andeducation，areseenprostratingthemselvesbeforetheignorant，whosevotesarethustobegot。Theyarereadytobeunprincipledandunjustratherthanunpopular。Itissomucheasierforsomementostoop，tobow，andtoflatter，thantobemanly，resolute，andmagnanimous；andtoyieldtoprejudicesthanruncountertothem。Itrequiresstrengthandcouragetoswimagainstthestream，whileanydeadfishcanfloatwithit。
　　Thisservilepanderingtopopularityhasbeenrapidlyontheincreaseoflateyears，anditstendencyhasbeentoloweranddegradethecharacterofpublicmen。Conscienceshavebecomemoreelastic。Thereisnowoneopinionforthechamber，andanotherfortheplatform。Prejudicesarepanderedtoinpublic，whichinprivatearedespised。Pretendedconversions——whichinvariablyjumpwithpartyinterestsaremoresudden；andevenhypocrisynowappearstobescarcelythoughtdiscreditable。
　　Thesamemoralcowardiceextendsdownwardsaswellasupwards。
　　Theactionandreactionareequal。Hypocrisyandtimeservingaboveareaccompaniedbyhypocrisyandtimeservingbelow。Wheremenofhighstandinghavenotthecourageoftheiropinions，whatistobeexpectedfrommenoflowstanding？Theywillonlyfollowsuchexamplesasaresetbeforethem。Theytoowillskulk，anddodge，andprevaricate——bereadytospeakonewayandactanother——justliketheirbetters。Givethembutasealedbox，orsomehole-and-cornertohidetheiractin，andtheywillthenenjoytheir”liberty！”
　　Popularity，aswoninthesedays，isbynomeansapresumptioninaman’sfavour，butisquiteasoftenapresumptionagainsthim。”Noman，”saystheRussianproverb，”canrisetohonourwhoiscursedwithastiffbackbone。”Butthebackboneofthepopularity-hunterisofgristle；andhehasnodifficultyinstoopingandbendinghimselfinanydirectiontocatchthebreathofpopularapplause。
　　Wherepopularityiswonbyfawninguponthepeople，bywithholdingthetruthfromthem，bywritingandspeakingdowntothelowesttastes，andstillworsebyappealstoclass-hatred，7suchapopularitymustbesimplycontemptibleinthesightofallhonestmen。JeremyBentham，speakingofawell-knownpubliccharacter，said:”Hiscreedofpoliticsresultslessfromloveofthemanythanfromhatredofthefew；itistoomuchundertheinfluenceofselfishanddissocialaffection。”Tohowmanymeninourowndaymightnotthesamedescriptionapply？
　　Menofsterlingcharacterhavethecouragetospeakthetruth，evenwhenitisunpopular。ItwassaidofColonelHutchinsonbyhiswife，thatheneversoughtafterpopularapplause，orpridedhimselfonit:”Hemoredelightedtodowellthantobepraised，andneversetvulgarcommendationsatsucharateastoactcontrarytohisownconscienceorreasonfortheobtainingthem；
　　norwouldheforbearagoodactionwhichhewasboundto，thoughalltheworlddislikedit；forheeverlookedonthingsastheywereinthemselves，notthroughthedimspectaclesofvulgarestimation。”8”Popularity，inthelowestandmostcommonsense，”saidSirJohnPakington，onarecentoccasion，9”isnotworththehaving。Doyourdutytothebestofyourpower，wintheapprobationofyourownconscience，andpopularity，initsbestandhighestsense，issuretofollow。”
　　WhenRichardLovellEdgeworth，towardsthecloseofhislife，becameverypopularinhisneighbourhood，hesaidonedaytohisdaughter:”Maria，Iamgrowingdreadfullypopular；Ishallbegoodfornothingsoon；amancannotbegoodforanythingwhoisverypopular。”ProbablyhehadinhismindatthetimetheGospelcurseofthepopularman，”Woeuntoyou，whenallmenshallspeakwellofyou！forsodidtheirfatherstothefalseprophets。”
　　Intellectualintrepidityisoneofthevitalconditionsofindependenceandself-relianceofcharacter。Amanmusthavethecouragetobehimself，andnottheshadowortheechoofanother。
　　Hemustexercisehisownpowers，thinkhisownthoughts，andspeakhisownsentiments。Hemustelaboratehisownopinions，andformhisownconvictions。Ithasbeensaidthathewhodarenotformanopinion，mustbeacoward；hewhowillnot，mustbeanidler；
　　hewhocannot，mustbeafool。
　　Butitispreciselyinthiselementofintrepiditythatsomanypersonsofpromisefallshort，anddisappointtheexpectationsoftheirfriends。Theymarchuptothesceneofaction，butateverysteptheircourageoozesout。Theywanttherequisitedecision，courage，andperseverance。Theycalculatetherisks，andweighthechances，untiltheopportunityforeffectiveefforthaspassed，itmaybenevertoreturn。
　　Menareboundtospeakthetruthintheloveofit。”Ihadrathersuffer，”saidJohnPym，theCommonwealthman，”forspeakingthetruth，thanthatthetruthshouldsufferforwantofmyspeaking。”
　　Whenaman’sconvictionsarehonestlyformed，afterfairandfullconsideration，heisjustifiedinstrivingbyallfairmeanstobringthemintoaction。Therearecertainstatesofsocietyandconditionsofaffairsinwhichamanisboundtospeakout，andbeantagonistic——whenconformityisnotonlyaweakness，butasin。
　　Greatevilsareinsomecasesonlytobemetbyresistance；theycannotbeweptdown，butmustbebattleddown。
　　Thehonestmanisnaturallyantagonistictofraud，thetruthfulmantolying，thejustice-lovingmantooppression，thepuremindedmantoviceandiniquity。Theyhavetodobattlewiththeseconditions，andifpossibleovercomethem。Suchmenhaveinallagesrepresentedthemoralforceoftheworld。Inspiredbybenevolenceandsustainedbycourage，theyhavebeenthemainstaysofallsocialrenovationandprogress。Butfortheircontinuousantagonismtoevilconditions，theworldwereforthemostpartgivenovertothedominionofselfishnessandvice。Allthegreatreformersandmartyrswereantagonisticmen——enemiestofalsehoodandevildoing。TheApostlesthemselveswereanorganisedbandofsocialantagonists，whocontendedwithpride，selfishness，superstition，andirreligion。AndinourowntimethelivesofsuchmenasClarksonandGranvilleSharpe，FatherMathewandRichardCobden，inspiredbysinglenessofpurpose，haveshownwhathighmindedsocialantagonismcaneffect。
　　Itisthestrongandcourageousmenwholeadandguideandruletheworld。Theweakandtimidleavenotracebehindthem；whilstthelifeofasingleuprightandenergeticmanislikeatrackoflight。Hisexampleisrememberedandappealedto；andhisthoughts，hisspirit，andhiscouragecontinuetobetheinspirationofsucceedinggenerations。
　　Itisenergy——thecentralelementofwhichiswill——thatproducesthemiraclesofenthusiasminallages。Everywhereitisthemainspringofwhatiscalledforceofcharacter，andthesustainingpowerofallgreataction。Inarighteouscausethedeterminedmanstandsuponhiscourageasuponagraniteblock；
　　and，likeDavid，hewillgoforthtomeetGoliath，stronginheartthoughanhostbeencampedagainsthim。
　　Menoftenconquerdifficultiesbecausetheyfeeltheycan。Theirconfidenceinthemselvesinspirestheconfidenceofothers。WhenCaesarwasatsea，andastormbegantorage，thecaptainoftheshipwhichcarriedhimbecameunmannedbyfear。”Whatartthouafraidof？”criedthegreatcaptain；”thyvesselcarriesCaesar！”
　　Thecourageofthebravemaniscontagious，andcarriesothersalongwithit。Hisstrongernatureawesweakernaturesintosilence，orinspiresthemwithhisownwillandpurpose。
　　Thepersistentmanwillnotbebaffledorrepulsedbyopposition。
　　Diogenes，desirousofbecomingthediscipleofAntisthenes，wentandofferedhimselftothecynic。Hewasrefused。Diogenesstillpersisting，thecynicraisedhisknottystaff，andthreatenedtostrikehimifhedidnotdepart。”Strike！”saidDiogenes；”youwillnotfindastickhardenoughtoconquermyperseverance。”
　　Antisthenes，overcome，hadnotanotherwordtosay，butforthwithacceptedhimashispupil。
　　Energyoftemperament，withamoderatedegreeofwisdom，willcarryamanfurtherthananyamountofintellectwithoutit。
　　Energymakesthemanofpracticalability。ItgiveshimVIS，force，MOMENTUM。Itistheactivemotivepowerofcharacter；
　　andifcombinedwithsagacityandself-possession，willenableamantoemployhispowerstothebestadvantageinalltheaffairsoflife。
　　Henceitisthat，inspiredbyenergyofpurpose，menofcomparativelymediocrepowershaveoftenbeenenabledtoaccomplishsuchextraordinaryresults。Forthemenwhohavemostpowerfullyinfluencedtheworldhavenotbeensomuchmenofgeniusasmenofstrongconvictionsandenduringcapacityforwork，impelledbyirresistibleenergyandinvincibledetermination:suchmen，forexample，aswereMahomet，Luther，Knox，Calvin，Loyola，andWesley。
　　Courage，combinedwithenergyandperseverance，willovercomedifficultiesapparentlyinsurmountable。Itgivesforceandimpulsetoeffort，anddoesnotpermitittoretreat。TyndallsaidofFaraday，that”inhiswarmmomentsheformedaresolution，andinhiscooloneshemadethatresolutiongood。”Perseverance，workingintherightdirection，growswithtime，andwhensteadilypractised，evenbythemosthumble，willrarelyfailofitsreward。Trustinginthehelpofothersisofcomparativelylittleuse。WhenoneofMichaelAngelo’sprincipalpatronsdied，hesaid:”Ibegintounderstandthatthepromisesoftheworldareforthemostpartvainphantoms，andthattoconfideinone’sself，andbecomesomethingofworthandvalue，isthebestandsafestcourse。”
　　Courageisbynomeansincompatiblewithtenderness。Onthecontrary，gentlenessandtendernesshavebeenfoundtocharacterisethemen，notlessthanthewomen，whohavedonethemostcourageousdeeds。SirCharlesNapiergaveupsporting，becausehecouldnotbeartohurtdumbcreatures。Thesamegentlenessandtendernesscharacterisedhisbrother，SirWilliam，thehistorianofthePeninsularWar。10SuchalsowasthecharacterofSirJamesOutram，pronouncedbySirCharlesNapiertobe”theBayardofIndia，SANSPEURETSANSREPROCHE”——oneofthebravestandyetgentlestofmen；respectfulandreverenttowomen，tendertochildren，helpfuloftheweak，sterntothecorrupt，butkindlyassummertothehonestanddeserving。Moreover，hewashimselfashonestasday，andaspureasvirtue。Ofhimitmightbesaidwithtruth，whatFulkeGrevillesaidofSidney:”Hewasatruemodelofworth——amanfitforconquest，reformation，plantation，orwhatactionsoeveristhegreatestandhardestamongmen；hischiefendswithalbeingaboveallthingsthegoodofhisfellows，andtheserviceofhissovereignandcountry。”
　　WhenEdwardtheBlackPrincewontheBattleofPoictiers，inwhichhetookprisonertheFrenchkingandhisson，heentertainedthemintheeveningatabanquet，whenheinsistedonwaitinguponandservingthemattable。Thegallantprince’sknightlycourtesyanddemeanourwontheheartsofhiscaptivesascompletelyashisvalourhadwontheirpersons；for，notwithstandinghisyouth，Edwardwasatrueknight，thefirstandbravestofhistime——anoblepatternandexampleofchivalry；histwomottoes，’Hochmuth’
　　and’Ichdien’highspiritandreverentservicenotinaptlyexpressinghisprominentandpervadingqualities。
　　Itisthecourageousmanwhocanbestaffordtobegenerous；orrather，itishisnaturetobeso。WhenFairfax，attheBattleofNaseby，seizedthecoloursfromanensignwhomhehadstruckdowninthefight，hehandedthemtoacommonsoldiertotakecareof。
　　Thesoldier，unabletoresistthetemptation，boastedtohiscomradesthathehadhimselfseizedthecolours，andtheboastwasrepeatedtoFairfax。”Lethimretainthehonour，”saidthecommander；”Ihaveenoughbeside。”
　　SowhenDouglas，attheBattleofBannockburn，sawRandolph，hisrival，outnumberedandapparentlyoverpoweredbytheenemy，hepreparedtohastentohisassistance；but，seeingthatRandolphwasalreadydrivingthemback，hecriedout，”Holdandhalt！Wearecometoolatetoaidthem；letusnotlessenthevictorytheyhavewonbyaffectingtoclaimashareinit。”
　　Quiteaschivalrous，thoughinaverydifferentfieldofaction，wastheconductofLaplacetotheyoungphilosopherBiot，whenthelatterhadreadtotheFrenchAcademyhispaper，”SURLES
　　EQUATIONSAUXDIFFERENCEMELEES。”TheassembledSAVANS，atitsclose，felicitatedthereaderofthepaperonhisoriginality。
　　Mongewasdelightedathissuccess。Laplacealsopraisedhimfortheclearnessofhisdemonstrations，andinvitedBiottoaccompanyhimhome。Arrivedthere，Laplacetookfromaclosetinhisstudyapaper，yellowwithage，andhandedittotheyoungphilosopher。
　　ToBiot’ssurprise，hefoundthatitcontainedthesolutions，allworkedout，forwhichhehadjustgainedsomuchapplause。Withraremagnanimity，LaplacewithheldallknowledgeofthecircumstancefromBiotuntilthelatterhadinitiatedhisreputationbeforetheAcademy；moreover，heenjoinedhimtosilence；andtheincidentwouldhaveremainedasecrethadnotBiothimselfpublishedit，somefiftyyearsafterwards。
　　AnincidentisrelatedofaFrenchartisan，exhibitingthesamecharacteristicofself-sacrificeinanotherform。InfrontofaloftyhouseincourseoferectionatPariswastheusualscaffold，loadedwithmenandmaterials。Thescaffold，beingtooweak，suddenlybrokedown，andthemenuponitwereprecipitatedtotheground——allexcepttwo，ayoungmanandamiddle-agedone，whohungontoanarrowledge，whichtrembledundertheirweight，andwasevidentlyonthepointofgivingway。”Pierre，”criedtheelderofthetwo，”letgo；Iamthefatherofafamily。””C’EST
　　JUSTE！”saidPierre；and，instantlylettinggohishold，hefellandwaskilledonthespot。Thefatherofthefamilywassaved。
　　Thebravemanismagnanimousaswellasgentle。Hedoesnottakeevenanenemyatadisadvantage，norstrikeamanwhenheisdownandunabletodefendhimself。Eveninthemidstofdeadlystrifesuchinstancesofgenerosityhavenotbeenuncommon。Thus，attheBattleofDettingen，duringtheheatoftheaction，asquadronofFrenchcavalrychargedanEnglishregiment；butwhentheyoungFrenchofficerwholedthem，andwasabouttoattacktheEnglishleader，observedthathehadonlyonearm，withwhichheheldhisbridle，theFrenchmansalutedhimcourteouslywithhissword，andpassedon。11
　　ItisrelatedofCharlesV。，thatafterthesiegeandcaptureofWittenburgbytheImperialistarmy，themonarchwenttoseethetombofLuther。Whilereadingtheinscriptiononit，oneoftheservilecourtierswhoaccompaniedhimproposedtoopenthegrave，andgivetheashesofthe”heretic”tothewinds。Themonarch’scheekflushedwithhonestindignation:”Iwarnotwiththedead，”
　　saidhe；”letthisplaceberespected。”
　　Theportraitwhichthegreatheathen，Aristotle，drewoftheMagnanimousMan，inotherwordstheTrueGentleman，morethantwothousandyearsago，isasfaithfulnowasitwasthen。”Themagnanimousman，”hesaid，”willbehavewithmoderationunderbothgoodfortuneandbad。Hewillknowhowtobeexaltedandhowtobeabased。Hewillneitherbedelightedwithsuccessnorgrievedbyfailure。Hewillneithershundangernorseekit，fortherearefewthingswhichhecaresfor。Heisreticent，andsomewhatslowofspeech，butspeakshismindopenlyandboldlywhenoccasioncallsforit。Heisapttoadmire，fornothingisgreattohim。Heoverlooksinjuries。Heisnotgiventotalkabouthimselforaboutothers；forhedoesnotcarethathehimselfshouldbepraised，orthatotherpeopleshouldbeblamed。Hedoesnotcryoutabouttrifles，andcraveshelpfromnone。”
　　Ontheotherhand，meanmenadmiremeanly。Theyhaveneithermodesty，generosity，normagnanimity。Theyarereadytotakeadvantageoftheweaknessordefencelessnessofothers，especiallywheretheyhavethemselvessucceeded，byunscrupulousmethods，inclimbingtopositionsofauthority。Snobsinhighplacesarealwaysmuchlesstolerablethansnobsoflowdegree，becausetheyhavemorefrequentopportunitiesofmakingtheirwantofmanlinessfelt。Theyassumegreaterairs，andarepretentiousinallthattheydo；andthehighertheirelevation，themoreconspicuousistheincongruityoftheirposition。”Thehigherthemonkeyclimbs，”saystheproverb，”themoreheshowshistail。”
　　Muchdependsonthewayinwhichathingisdone。Anactwhichmightbetakenasakindnessifdoneinagenerousspirit，whendoneinagrudgingspirit，maybefeltasstingy，ifnotharshandevencruel。WhenBenJonsonlaysickandinpoverty，thekingsenthimapaltrymessage，accompaniedbyagratuity。Thesturdyplainspokenpoet’sreplywas:”IsupposehesendsmethisbecauseIliveinanalley；tellhimhissoullivesinanalley。”
　　Fromwhatwehavesaid，itwillbeobviousthattobeofanenduringandcourageousspirit，isofgreatimportanceintheformationofcharacter。Itisasourcenotonlyofusefulnessinlife，butofhappiness。Ontheotherhand，tobeofatimidand，stillmore，ofacowardlynatureisoneofthegreatestmisfortunes。A。wisemanwasaccustomedtosaythatoneoftheprincipalobjectsheaimedatintheeducationofhissonsanddaughterswastotraintheminthehabitoffearingnothingsomuchasfear。Andthehabitofavoidingfearis，doubtless，capableofbeingtrainedlikeanyotherhabit，suchasthehabitofattention，ofdiligence，ofstudy，orofcheerfulness。
　　Muchofthefearthatexistsistheoffspringofimagination，whichcreatestheimagesofevilswhichMAYhappen，butperhapsrarelydo；andthusmanypersonswhoarecapableofsummoningupcouragetograpplewithandovercomerealdangers，areparalysedorthrownintoconsternationbythosewhichareimaginary。Hence，unlesstheimaginationbeheldunderstrictdiscipline，wearepronetomeetevilsmorethanhalfway——tosufferthembyforestalment，andtoassumetheburdenswhichweourselvescreate。
　　Educationincourageisnotusuallyincludedamongstthebranchesoffemaletraining，andyetitisreallyofgreaterimportancethaneithermusic，French，ortheuseoftheglobes。ContrarytotheviewofSirRichardSteele，thatwomenshouldbecharacterisedbya”tenderfear，”and”aninferioritywhichmakesherlovely，”
　　wewouldhavewomeneducatedinresolutionandcourage，asameansofrenderingthemmorehelpful，moreself-reliant，andvastlymoreusefulandhappy。
　　Thereis，indeed，nothingattractiveintimidity，nothingloveableinfear。Allweakness，whetherofmindorbody，isequivalenttodeformity，andthereverseofinteresting。Courageisgracefulanddignified，whilstfear，inanyform，ismeanandrepulsive。
　　Yettheutmosttendernessandgentlenessareconsistentwithcourage。AryScheffer，theartist，oncewrotetohisdaughter:-”Deardaughter，strivetobeofgoodcourage，tobegentle-
　　hearted；thesearethetruequalitiesforwoman。’Troubles’
　　everybodymustexpect。Thereisbutonewayoflookingatfate——
　　whateverthatbe，whetherblessingsorafflictions——tobehavewithdignityunderboth。Wemustnotloseheart，oritwillbetheworsebothforourselvesandforthosewhomwelove。
　　Tostruggle，andagainandagaintorenewtheconflict——THISislife’sinheritance。”12
　　Insicknessandsorrow，nonearebraverandlesscomplainingsufferersthanwomen。Theircourage，wheretheirheartsareconcerned，isindeedproverbial:”Oh！femmesc’estatortqu’onvousnommestimides，Alavoixdevoscoeursvousetesintrepides。”
　　Experiencehasprovedthatwomencanbeasenduringasmen，undertheheaviesttrialsandcalamities；buttoolittlepainsaretakentoteachthemtoendurepettyterrorsandfrivolousvexationswithfortitude。Suchlittlemiseries，ifpettedandindulged，quicklyrunintosicklysensibility，andbecomethebaneoftheirlife，keepingthemselvesandthoseabouttheminastateofchronicdiscomfort。
　　Thebestcorrectiveofthisconditionofmindiswholesomemoralandmentaldiscipline。Mentalstrengthisasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofwoman’scharacterasofman’s。Itgiveshercapacitytodealwiththeaffairsoflife，andpresenceofmind，whichenablehertoactwithvigourandeffectinmomentsofemergency。Character，inawoman，asinaman，willalwaysbefoundthebestsafeguardofvirtue，thebestnurseofreligion，thebestcorrectiveofTime。Personalbeautysoonpasses；butbeautyofmindandcharacterincreasesinattractivenesstheolderitgrows。
　　BenJonsongivesastrikingportraitureofanoblewomanintheselines:-”Imeantsheshouldbecourteous，facile，sweet，Freefromthatsolemnviceofgreatness，pride；
　　Imeanteachsoftedvirtuethereshouldmeet，Fitinthatsofterbosomtoabide。
　　Onlyalearnedandamanlysoul，Ipurposedher，thatshouldwithevenpowers，Therock，thespindle，andtheshearscontrolOfdestiny，andspinherownfreehours。’
　　Thecourageofwomanisnotthelesstruebecauseitisforthemostpartpassive。Itisnotencouragedbythecheersoftheworld，foritismostlyexhibitedintherecessesofprivatelife。
　　Yettherearecasesofheroicpatienceandenduranceonthepartofwomenwhichoccasionallycometothelightofday。OneofthemostcelebratedinstancesinhistoryisthatofGertrudeVonderWart。Herhusband，falselyaccusedofbeinganaccompliceinthemurderoftheEmperorAlbert，wascondemnedtothemostfrightfulofallpunishments——tobebrokenaliveonthewheel。Withmostprofoundconvictionofherhusband’sinnocencethefaithfulwomanstoodbyhissidetothelast，watchingoverhimduringtwodaysandnights，bravingtheempress’sangerandtheinclemencyoftheweather，inthehopeofcontributingtosoothehisdyingagonies。13
　　Butwomenhavenotonlydistinguishedthemselvesfortheirpassivecourage:impelledbyaffection，orthesenseofduty，theyhaveoccasionallybecomeheroic。Whenthebandofconspirators，whosoughtthelifeofJamesII。ofScotland，burstintohislodgingsatPerth，thekingcalledtotheladies，whowereinthechamberoutsidehisroom，tokeepthedooraswellastheycould，andgivehimtimetoescape。Theconspiratorshadpreviouslydestroyedthelocksofthedoors，sothatthekeyscouldnotbeturned；andwhentheyreachedtheladies’apartment，itwasfoundthatthebaralsohadbeenremoved。But，onhearingthemapproach，thebraveCatherineDouglas，withthehereditarycourageofherfamily，boldlythrustherarmacrossthedoorinsteadofthebar；andhelditthereuntil，herarmbeingbroken，theconspiratorsburstintotheroomwithdrawnswordsanddaggers，overthrowingtheladies，who，thoughunarmed，stillendeavouredtoresistthem。
　　ThedefenceofLathomHousebyCharlottedelaTremouille，theworthydescendantofWilliamofNassauandAdmiralColigny，wasanotherstrikinginstanceofheroicbraveryonthepartofanoblewoman。WhensummonedbytheParliamentaryforcestosurrender，shedeclaredthatshehadbeenentrustedbyherhusbandwiththedefenceofthehouse，andthatshecouldnotgiveitupwithoutherdearlord’sorders，buttrustedinGodforprotectionanddeliverance。Inherarrangementsforthedefence，sheisdescribedashaving”leftnothingwithhereyetobeexcusedafterwardsbyfortuneornegligence，andaddedtoherformerpatienceamostresolvedfortitude。”Thebraveladyheldherhouseandhomegoodagainsttheenemyforawholeyear——duringthreemonthsofwhichtheplacewasstrictlybesiegedandbombarded——untilatlengththesiegewasraised，afteramostgallantdefence，bytheadvanceoftheRoyalistarmy。
　　NorcanweforgetthecourageofLadyFranklin，whoperseveredtothelast，whenthehopesofallothershaddiedout，inprosecutingthesearchaftertheFranklinExpedition。OntheoccasionoftheRoyalGeographicalSocietydeterminingtoawardtheFounder’sMedaltoLadyFranklin，SirRoderickMurchisonobserved，thatinthecourseofalongfriendshipwithher，hehadabundantopportunitiesofobservingandtestingthesterlingqualitiesofawomanwhohadprovedherselfworthyoftheadmirationofmankind。”Nothingdauntedbyfailureafterfailure，throughtwelvelongyearsofhopedeferred，shehadpersevered，withasinglenessofpurposeandasinceredevotionwhichweretrulyunparalleled。AndnowthatheronelastexpeditionoftheFOX，underthegallantM’Clintock，hadrealisedthetwogreatfacts——thatherhusbandhadtraversedwideseasunknowntoformernavigators，anddiedindiscoveringanorth-westpassage——then，surely，theadjudicationofthemedalwouldbehailedbythenationasoneofthemanyrecompencestowhichthewidowoftheillustriousFranklinwassoeminentlyentitled。”
　　Butthatdevotiontodutywhichmarkstheheroiccharacterhasmoreoftenbeenexhibitedbywomenindeedsofcharityandmercy。
　　Thegreaterpartoftheseareneverknown，fortheyaredoneinprivate，outofthepublicsight，andforthemereloveofdoinggood。Wherefamehascometothem，becauseofthesuccesswhichhasattendedtheirlaboursinamoregeneralsphere，ithascomeunsoughtandunexpected，andisoftenfeltasaburden。WhohasnotheardofMrs。FryandMissCarpenterasprisonvisitorsandreformers；ofMrs。ChisholmandMissRyeaspromotersofemigration；andofMissNightingaleandMissGarrettasapostlesofhospitalnursing？
　　Thatthesewomenshouldhaveemergedfromthesphereofprivateanddomesticlifetobecomeleadersinphilanthropy，indicatesnosmall，degreeofmoralcourageontheirpart；fortowomen，aboveallothers，quietandeaseandretirementaremostnaturalandwelcome。Veryfewwomenstepbeyondtheboundariesofhomeinsearchofalargerfieldofusefulness。Butwhentheyhavedesiredone，theyhavehadnodifficultyinfindingit。Thewaysinwhichmenandwomencanhelptheirneighboursareinnumerable。
　　Itneedsbutthewillingheartandreadyhand。Mostofthephilanthropicworkerswehavenamed，however，havescarcelybeeninfluencedbychoice。Thedutylayintheirway——itseemedtobethenearesttothem——andtheysetaboutdoingitwithoutdesireforfame，oranyotherrewardbuttheapprovaloftheirownconscience。
　　Amongprison-visitors，thenameofSarahMartinismuchlessknownthanthatofMrs。Fry，althoughsheprecededherinthework。Howshewasledtoundertakeit，furnishesatthesametimeanillustrationofwomanlytrueheartednessandearnestwomanlycourage。
　　SarahMartinwasthedaughterofpoorparents，andwasleftanorphanatanearlyage。Shewasbroughtupbyhergrandmother，atCaistor，nearYarmouth，andearnedherlivingbygoingouttofamiliesasassistant-dressmaker，atashillingaday。In1819，awomanwastriedandsentencedtoimprisonmentinYarmouthGaol，forcruellybeatingandillusingherchild，andhercrimebecamethetalkofthetown。Theyoungdressmakerwasmuchimpressedbythereportofthetrial，andthedesireenteredhermindofvisitingthewomaningaol，andtryingtoreclaimher。Shehadoftenbefore，onpassingthewallsoftheboroughgaol，feltimpelledtoseekadmission，withtheobjectofvisitingtheinmates，readingtheScripturestothem，andendeavouringtoleadthembacktothesocietywhoselawstheyhadviolated。
　　Atlengthshecouldnotresistherimpulsetovisitthemother。