VeryearlyinElizabeth'sreignthequestionofprovidingpriestsfortheIrishmissionengagedtheearnestattentionoftheRomanauthorities。GregoryXIII。hadarrangedfortheestablishmentofanIrishcollegeinRome，andhadprovidedthemeansforitssupport，butasanexpeditionwasthenbeingpreparedtoaidJamesFitzmauriceinhisstruggleinIreland，theprojectwaspostponed，andthemoneywasdevotedtothepurposesofthewar。In1625theIrishbishopsaddressedapetitiontotheHolySeeprayingfortheestablishmentofanIrishcollegeinRome。CardinalLudovisi，thenCardinalProtectorofIreland，supportedstronglythispetition。Hesecuredahousefortheaccommodationofafewstudents，andin1628thecollegewasopened。InhiswilltheCardinalprovidedgenerouslyfortheendowmentofthecollege，andhealsoexpressedawishthatitshouldbeentrustedtothecareoftheJesuits。Theyenteredintocontrolin1635，anddirectedtheaffairsofthecollegetillashorttimebeforethesuppressionoftheSociety。[87]
ElizabethandheradviserswerenotslowtoseethedangerofallowingIrishyouthstobeeducatedinRome，France，orintheterritoriesoftheKingofSpain。ForyearstheEnglishgovernmenthadbeenadvisedtotakemeasuresfortheestablishmentofagoodsystemofEnglishschoolsasthebestmeansofconqueringthecountry。ItwassuggestedthatwiththesuppressionofthemonasteriesandthewholesaleconfiscationoftheirpossessionssomethingmightbedonebyHenryVIII。orEdwardVI。forthecauseofeducation。[88]Butthesehopesweredoomedtospeedydisappointment。Therevenuesofthereligioushouses，whichhadprovidedcentresoflearningfortheboysandgirlsofthecountry，foundtheirwayintotheroyaltreasuryorintothepocketsofthedishonestcommissioners，andnoeducationalestablishmentswereerectedintheirplace。TheDeputydid，indeed，informthecanonsofSt。Patrick's，Dublin，thattheirchurchshouldbeconvertedtoabetteruse，namely，auniversity，butthepromisewasmadeonlytoinducethemtosurrenderwithoutastruggle。Thevaluablechurchplate，crosses，etc。，weremelteddownandhandedovertothemint。[89]
AtthebeginningofthereignofElizabethaproposalwasmadetocarryoutthepromiseofHenryVIII。byconvertingSt。Patrick'sintoauniversity。ArchbishopCurwenobjectedstronglytosuchasuggestion，nominallyonthegroundthatauniversitywouldonlyserveasanexcusefortheIrishrebelstosendtheirsonstothecapitaltolearnthesecretsofthePale，butinrealitybecausehefearedthattheprojectwouldinterferewithhisownincome。Atvarioustimesandinvariousformstheplanwasbroughtforwardoncemore。SirJohnPerrottwasanxioustosignalisehistermofofficeasLordDeputybytheestablishmentofauniversityinDublin，butArchbishopLoftus，whoasArchbishopofArmaghhadsupportedtheconversionofSt。
Patrick'sintoauniversity，havingchangedhismindoncehehadsecuredhisowntransferencetoDublin，opposedwarmlytheprojectoftheDeputy。When，however，hehadsucceededinsavingSt。Patrick'sforhisrelativesanddependentshebroughtforwardanotherproposal，namely，thattheCorporationofDublinshouldhandoverthesiteoftheoldmonasteryofAllHallowsfortheestablishmentofauniversity。Thecorporationagreedtothisproposal，andin1592acharterwasgrantedbyElizabeth。Anappealwasthenissuedforsubscriptions，andinashorttimeabout￡2，000wascollected，manyoftheAnglo-IrishCatholicsbeingamongstthesubscribers。In1593
TrinityCollegewasopenedforthereceptionofstudents。ThoughcarehadbeentakenbythearchbishopwhendiscussingthesubjectwiththeCorporationofDublin，mostofthemembersofwhichwerestillCatholic，andbytheDeputywhenappealingforfundsfortheerectionofthebuildings，nottoraisethequestionofreligion，yetTrinityCollegewasintendedfromthebeginningtobeabulwarkofProtestantismaswellasofEnglishpowerinIreland。ElizabethhadalreadydonemuchtoforwardthecauseofthenewreligionbygettingpossessionofthechildrenoftheAnglo-IrishorIrishnoblesandbringingthemtoEnglandtoberearedupasProtestantsandasEnglishmen，[90]anditwashopedthatTrinityCollege，supportedbythediocesanschools，woulddoforthebetterclassofthenationwhatOxfordandCambridgeweredoingfortheunfortunatechildrenofthechiefswhowerekidnappedinthenameofreligionandstatesmanship。
Thenewcollegesetitselftocarryoutexactlythewishesofitsfounders，andinreturnfromitscompliancyitreceivedlargeendowmentsfromtheEnglishcrownmainlybygrantsofconfiscatedterritoriesindifferentpartsofIreland。[91]
Yetinspiteofallthemeasuresthatweretaken，commissions，fines，executions，bestowalofhonoursandappointments，diocesanschools，andkidnappingofchildren，theReformationmadebutlittleprogress。
ThetruthisthatElizabeth'srepresentativesinIrelandhadnotthepowertoenforceherwishesinregardtoreligion，nordidElizabethherselfdesiretostirupageneralinsurrectionbyattemptingtopunishthelaynoblesfortheirflagrantdisregardofherordinances。
Thusin1585WalsinghamsentoverexpressinstructionstotheProtestantArchbishopofArmaghLongthatthegentlemenofthePaleweretobeexcusedfromtakingtheoathofallegiance，[92]andin1591
SirGeorgeCarewinformedLordDeputyFitzwilliamthatthequeenwasdispleasedwithhimbecause"shefearedthathewastooforwardindealingwithmattersofreligion，"andthatheCarewhadattemptedtoexcusetheDeputybypointingoutthatonaccountoftheforbearanceofthegovernment，"theyofthePaleweregrowninsolent。"
AtonetimeElizabethwrotetotheDeputyandcouncilblamingthemforneglectingtopushforwardtheinterestsofthenewreligion1599，whiletheverynextyearsheinstructedLordMountjoynottointerferebyanyseverityorviolenceinmattersofreligion，untilthepowerofEnglandwasestablishedsofirmlythatsuchinterferencecouldbeeffective。Thereasonforthiswaveringattitudeisnotdifficulttounderstand。ElizabethfearedthatageneralattackuponreligionassuchwouldbethebestmeansofinducingalltheCatholicnoblementoforgettheirpersonalrivalriesanduniteinonegreatnationalconfederation。SuchaturnofeventsmighthaveproveddisastroustoEnglishinterestsinIreland，andhencecarewastakentoallowacertainmeasureoftolerationtothenoblemen，andtoexplainawaythepunishmentsinflictedontheclergyashavingbeenimposednotonaccountofreligion，butonaccountoftheirtraitorousdesigns。ThisisbroughtoutveryclearlyinaletterofSirGeorgeCarewtotheprivycouncilin1600。ThecitizensofWaterfordhadbeenreportedfortheircompleteandopendisregardofthenewreligion，andCarewwaschargedwiththeworkofpunishingsuchdisobedience。Hewrotethathewould"handlethematterofreligionasnicelyashecould，"andthathewouldendeavourtoconvicttheleadersofthemovementoftreasonbecause，headded，"ifitdoappearintheleastthatanypartoftheirpunishmentproceedsformatterofreligion，itwillkindleagreatfireinthiskingdom。"[93]
In1576HughBrady，theProtestantBishopofMeath，reportedtotheLordDeputythattheconditionoftheEstablishedChurchwaslamentable，thatthepriests，thoughdeprivedoftheirlivings，continuedtomaintainthemselvesonthevoluntaryofferingsofthepeople，thatthechurcheshadfallenintoastateofdecay，thatnoministerswereathandwhocouldaddressthepeopleintheirownlanguage，andthattoremedythisstateofaffairsEnglishmenshouldbesentoverasbishopstoorganisethenewreligiousbody，andScotchmenshouldberequestedtoactaspreachers。[94]WhensuchastateofaffairsexistedinthePaledistrictsitiseasytoseethatProtestantismhadasyetmadelittleprogressamongtheIrishpeople。
TwoyearslaterLordJusticeDruryandSirEdwardFyton，Treasurer，announcedtotheprivycouncilthatontheirarrivalinKilkennytheProtestantBishopofOssoryreportedtothem"thatnotonlythechiefestmenofthattownasforthemostparttheyarebenttoPoperyrefusedobstinatelytocometothechurch，andthattheycouldbynomeansbebroughttohearthedivineservicetherewiththeirwivesandfamiliesasbyherMajesty'sinjunctionstheyareboundtodo，butthatalmostallthechurchesandchapelsorchancelswithinhisdiocesewereutterlyruinedanddecayed，andthatneithertheparishionersnorothersthatareboundtorepairthemandsetthemupcouldbyanymeansbewonorinducedtodoso。"TheLordJusticeandhiscompanioncalledthechiefmenofKilkennybeforethem，andboundtheminrecognisancesof￡40each"thattheyandtheirwivesshoulddulyeverySundayandholidayfrequentthechurch，andhearthedivineservice。"[95]
Waterfordwasequallybad。In1579SirWilliamPelhamreportedthatMarmadukeMiddleton，whohadbeenappointedbishopbyElizabeth，hadmetwithabadreceptioninWaterford，"partlythroughthecontemptuousandobstinatebehaviourofthemayorandhisbrethrenofthatcity，andpartlybytheclergyofthatchurch。"TheDeanofWaterfordhadmadehimselfparticularlydisagreeable，andonaccountofhisbehaviourPelhamrecommendedthatheoughttobedeprivedofhisdignityasanexampletothecitizenswhowere"themostarrogantPapiststhatlivewithinthisstate。"BishopMiddletonwasmostanxioustogethimselfremovedfromWaterford，wherehefearedthathislifewasindanger。HereportedthatWaterfordwasgivenoverto"Rome-runnersandfriars，"thatclergyandpeoplewereunitedtopreventherMajesty'smostgodlyproceedings，that"Romeitselfheldnomoresuperstition"thanthecityoverwhichheruled，andthatmostoftheProtestantincumbentswerelittlebetterthan"wood-kerne。"[96]
EventowardstheendofElizabeth'sreignWaterfordwasstill，asithadbeenwhensheascendedthethrone，stronglyCatholic。TheprivycouncilinEnglandwarnedSirGeorgeCarewthatthough"theevildispositionoftheIrishpeopleinmostplacesofthatkingdom，andespeciallyoftheinhabitantsofWaterford，inmattersofreligion"
wasperfectlywellknown，andthoughgreattolerationhadbeenshownthemlesttheyshouldhaveanexcusetoriseinrebellion，"yetsomethingmustbedonetorepressthepresumptionandinsolencyofthepeople。"ForithadbeenannouncedbytheArchbishopofCashelMagrath"thatinWaterfordtherearecertainbuildings，erectedundercolourandpretenceofalmshousesorhospitals，butthatthesameareinverydeedintendedandpubliclyprofessedtobeusedformonasteriesandsuchlikehousesofreligion，andthatfriarsandpopishpriestsareopenlyreceivedandmaintainedinthem……andexercisetheirserviceoftheMassopenlyandusuallyinmanyplaces，asiftheywereinnoaweorfearofanyexceptiontobetakenthereunto。"Itisnoteworthy，however，asindicatingtheextentofEnglishinfluenceatthattimeinIreland，thatthemembersoftheprivycouncilwarnedthePresidentofMunsterthatthey"donotthinkitconvenientthatanyextraordinarycourseshouldbetakenoranydisturbancemadetoinquireafterortopunishthemfortheirMassesoranyotherpopishsuperstitions，unlesstheyshowtherebyopenlytotheworldaninsolentcontemptforherMajesty'sauthority。"[97]
In1597，whenLordBoroughwassentoverasLordDeputy，Elizabethinstructedhimtodiscreetlyinquireofthestateofreligion，whereofweareinformed，"shewrote，"therehathbeennotoriousnegligence，inthattheordersofreligionareinfewpartsofourrealmthereobserved；andthatwhichistobelamented，eveninourveryEnglishPalemultitudesofparishesaredestituteofincumbentsandteachers，andintheverygreattownsofassembly，numbersnotonlyforbeartocometothechurchordivineservice，but[are]evenwillinglywinkedattouseallmannerofpopishceremonies。"Sheorderedhimtoexamineintothecausesof"thisgeneraldefection，"toseewhathavetheEcclesiasticalCommissionersbeendoingalltheseyears，andtoforwardhisviewsastohow"thisgeneraldefectionmightbereformed，insomeconvenientsort，andnotthuscarelesslysufferedasthoughshehadgrantedtolerationofPopery。"[98]Threeyearslater1600
SirGeorgeCarewfurnishedaverygloomyreportontheprogressofthenewreligion。"IftheSpaniardsdocomehither，"hewrote，"Iknownopartofthekingdomthatwillholdforthequeen，andthecitiesthemselveswillrevoltwiththefirst。Foritisincredibletoseehowournationandreligionismaligned，andtheawfulobediencethatallthekingdomstandsinuntotheRomishpriests，whoseexcommunicationsareofgreaterterroruntothemthananyearthlyhorrorwhatsoever。
Untiloflate，althoughthetownsmenhaveeverbeenobstinatePapists，yet/proforma/themayorsandaldermenwouldgotothechurch。Butnownotsomuchasthemayorswillshowanysuchexternalobedience，andbythatmeansthequeen'sswordisarecusant，whichinmyjudgmentisintolerable。NeverthelessIdonotthinkitgoodtoinsistmuchuponitinthistroublesometime。AsforMassesandsuchslighterrantshere，theyareofnogreatestimation。Iamnotover-curioustounderstandthem，soastheybenotusedcontemptuouslyandpubliclyinderogationofthequeen'slaws。ButthemayorsofthecitiesandcorporatetownstobeletruninsomanifestcontemptsIdonotwish。"[99]
NorisitstrangethatthenewreligionhadmadesuchlittleprogressinIreland。ApartfromthefactthattheIrishpeoplewerethoroughlyCatholicatheart，themeansadoptedtobringabouttheirapostasywasnotofsuchakindastoensuresuccess。TheEnglishsovereigns，theirofficialsinDublin，andasectionoftheAnglo-Irishnoblesaimedatgettingpossessionoftheecclesiasticalpropertyandpatronage，andoncetheyhadattainedtheirobjecttheyhadbutscantregardfortheclaimsofreligion。Englishmenweresentoverasarchbishopsorbishops，whocouldnotpreachinalanguagethatthepeoplecouldunderstand，andwhohadnootherdesirethantoenrichthemselves，theirchildren，andtheirrelatives。ArchbishopBrownehadsetanexampleinthisdirection，whichexamplewasnotlostonhissuccessor，AdamLoftus，whowassogreedyinpetitioningforappointmentsthathischapterwasforcedtodemandfromhimapledgethathewouldlookfornothingmore。ArchbishopLongofArmagh1584-
89wastedthepropertyofthediocesetosuchanextentthathissuccessorhadbarelyanincomeof￡120ayearandnotahousetogivehimshelter。MilerMagrathenrichedhimselfoutofCashel，Emly，WaterfordandLismore，Killala，andAchonry。TwentyoftheparishesofEmlywereheldbyhimself；twenty-sixbyhissons，daughters，andnearrelations；nineteenwereleftvacant；men"fittertokeephogsthantoserveinchurch"wereappointedtosomelivings，and"inthetwodiocesesCashelandEmlytherewasnotonepreacherorgoodministertoteachthesubjectstheirdutiestoGodandHisMajesty。"CraikofKildare，CavenaghofOssory，andAllenofFernswereaccusedofalienatingthediocesanpropertyoftheirrespectiveSees。WiththesingleexceptionofBrady，theProtestantBishopofMeath，againstwhomLoftusdeclaredhecouldbringsuchchargesashewouldbeloathtoutter，hardlyoneofthemenappointedbyElizabethtoIrishbishopricswasworthyofhisposition。Loftuswasanimpecuniouscourtier；Magrathhadnoreligionexcepttomakemoneyandindulgehispassionforstrongdrink；KnighttheScotchman，whowassenttoCasheltowatchhim，wasremovedonaccountofpublicdrunkenness；DevereuxwasappointedtoFerns，although，accordingtoLoftus，hehadbeendeprivedofhisdeanshiponaccountofconfessedimmorality；RichardDixonwasdeprivedofhisSeewithinoneyearafterhisappointmentbythequeenformanifestadultery，andMarmadukeMiddletonofWaterfordhavingbeentranslatedtoSt。David'swasaccusedof"gravemisdemeanours，"themostseriousofwhichwasthepublicationofaforgedwill，andwasdegradedbytheHighCommissionCourt。Withsuchmeninchargeoftheworkof"reforming"theclergyandpeopleofIreland，itisnowonderthattheReformationmadesolittleprogress。[100]
ThemenintowhosehandsthepropertyandpatronageoftheChurchhadpassedtooknostepstolookaftertherepairofthechurchbuildingsortoprovideclergytopreachthenewreligion。InsomecasestheirneglectwasduetothefactthattheythemselveswereCatholicintheirsympathies，andinothercasesbecausetheydidnotwanttoincuranyexpenses。Asaconsequence，thechurcheswereinruinsandroofless，andnoreligiousserviceofanykindwasprovided。FewEnglishministersofgoodstandingintheirowncountrycaredtocometoIrelandexceptpossiblyinthehopeofsecuringabishopricinthePaledistricts，andasaconsequence，themenwhocamewere"ofsomebadnote，"onaccountofwhichtheywereobligedtoleavetheirowncountry。Hence，inordertoprovideministerstospreadthenewgospelitwasnecessarytoordainthosewhowerewillingtoreceiveordersasameansofmakingtheirliving。Itisnowonder，therefore，thatEdmundSpenserdescribedtheIrishProtestantclergyoftheperiodas"bad，licentious，andmostdisordered。""Whateverdisorders，"hewrites，"youseeintheChurchofEngland，youmayfindinIreland，andmanymore，namely，grosssimony，greedycovetousness，incontinence，carelesssloth，andgenerallyalldisorderedlifeinthecommonclergyman。And，besidesallthese，theyhavetheirparticularenormities；forallIrishministersthatnowenjoychurchlivingsareinamannermerelaymen，savingthattheyhavetakenholyorders，butotherwisetheygoandlivelikelaymen，followallkindsofhusbandry，andotherworldlyaffairsasotherIrishmendo。TheyneitherreadtheScriptures，norpreachtothepeople，noradministerthecommunion。"A
goodaccountofthemotleycrowdwhohadbeenenlistedtocarryouttheworkofreformisgivenbyAndrewTrollope，himselfanEnglishlawyerandaProtestant。AlthoughhereferredparticularlytoMunsterhisaccountmaybetakenassubstantiallycorrectfortherestofIreland。"Intruth，"hewrote，"suchthey[theclergy]areasdeservenotlivingortolive。Fortheywillnotbeaccountedministersbutpriests。Theywillhavenowives。Iftheywouldstaythereitwerewell；buttheywillhaveharlots……Andwithlongexperienceandsomeextraordinarytrailofthosefellows，Icannotfindwhetherthemostofthemlovelewdwomen，cards，dice，ordrinkbest。Andwhentheymustofnecessitygotochurch，theycarrywiththemabookofLatinoftheCommonPrayersetforthandallowedbyherMajesty。Buttheyreadlittleornothingofit，orcanwellreadit，buttheytellthepeopleataleofOurLadyorSt。Patrick，orsomeothersaint，horribletobespokenorheard，andintolerabletobesuffered，anddoalltheymaytoallurethepeoplefromGodandtheirprince，andtheirdueobediencetothemboth，andpersuadethemtothedevilandthePope。"TheLordDeputysentareporttoEnglandin1576"onthelamentablestateoftheChurch"inIreland。"Thereare，"hewrote，"withinthisdiocese[Meath]twohundredandtwenty-fourparishchurches，ofwhichnumberonehundredandfiveareimpropriatedtosundrypossessions；noparsonorvicarresidentuponanyofthem，andaverysimpleorsorrycurateforthemostpartappointedtoservethem；amongwhichnumberofcuratesonlyeighteenwerefoundabletospeakEnglish，therestbeingIrishministers，orratherIrishrogues，havingverylittleLatin，andlesslearningandcivility……Inmanyplacestheverywallsofthechurchesarethrowndown；veryfewchancelscovered；windowsordoorsruinedorspoiled……Ifthisbethestateofthechurchinthebest-peopleddiocese，andbestgovernedcountryofthisyourrealm，asintruthitis，easyisitforyourMajestytoconjectureinwhatcasetherestis，wherelittleornoreformationeitherofreligionormannershathyetbeenplantedandcontinuedamongthem……IfIshouldwriteuntoyourMajestywhatspoilhathbeen，andisofthearchbishoprics，ofwhichtherearefour，andofthebishoprics，whereofthereareabovethirty，partlybytheprelatesthemselves，partlybythepotentates，theirnoisomeneighbours，Ishouldmaketoolongalibelofthismyletter。ButyourMajestymaybelieveit，uponthefaceoftheearthwhereChristisprofessed，thereisnotaChurchinsomiserableacase。"
SpenserdrewasharpcontrastbetweentheCatholicclergyandtheministersofthenewgospel。"Itisgreatwonder，"hewrote，"toseetheoddswhicharebetweenthezealofthePopishpriestsandtheministersofthegospel。FortheysparenottocomeoutofSpain，fromRome，andfromRheims，bylongtoilanddangeroustravellinghither，wheretheyknowperilofdeathawaiteththem，andnorewardorrichesaretobefound，onlytodrawthepeopleuntotheChurchofRome；
whereassomeofouridleministers，havingawayforcreditandestimationtherebyopeneduntothem，andhavingthelivingsofthecountryoffereduntothemwithoutpainsandwithoutperil，willneitherforthesame，noranyloveofGod，norzealofreligion，norforallthegoodtheymaydobywinningsoulstoGod，bedrawnforthfromtheirwarmneststolookoutintoGod'sharvest。"[101]
ButthoughtheattemptstoseduceIrelandfromtheCatholicfaithhadfailedtoproduceanysubstantialresults，yettherecouldbenodenyingthefactthatElizabethhadgonefurthertoreducethecountrytosubjectionthanhadanyofherpredecessors。TheoverthrowoftheGeraldinesandtheiralliesintheSouth，theplantationofEnglishUndertakersinthelandsoftheEarlofDesmond，theseizureofMacMahon'scountry，andtheattemptedplantationofClandeboy，theappointmentsofpresidentsofMunsterandConnaught，thereductionofseveralcountiestoshire-lands，thenominationofsheriffstoenforceEnglishlaw，andtheestablishmentofgarrisonsinseveralpartsofthecountry，madeitcleartoanythoughtfulIrishmanthatunlesssomestepsweretakenatonce，thecompletereductionoftheircountrywasonlyamatterofafewyears。IntheNorthHughO'Neill，sonofMatthewO'Neill，waslookeduponasthemostpowerfulnoblemanoftheprovince。LikehisfatherhehadbeeninhisyouthanEnglishO'Neill，andforthatreasonhewascreatedEarlofTyrone1585，andwasgrantedmostoftheterritoriesofShanetheProud。ButhedistrustedtheEnglish，ashewasdistrustedbythem。ThetreacherousseizureofHughO'Donnell，theplantingofanEnglishgarrisonatPortmorealongtheBlackwater，andthewarlikepreparationsbegunbySirHenryBagenalmadeitevidenttohimthatthegovernmentaimedatthecompleteoverthrowoftheIrishchieftains。
HavingstrengthenedhimselfbyallianceswithHughO'Donnell，Maguire，andtheprincipalnoblesoftheNorth，heroseinarms，seizedthefortressofPortmore，laidsiegetoMonaghan，andinflictedaveryseveredefeatontheEnglishforcesatClontibret1595。Whatevermighthavebeenhisulteriorobject，O'Neillputthequestionofreligionintheforefront。AlreadyithadbeennotedbytheEnglishofficialsthatO'Neill，thoughbroughtupinEngland，wasattachedtothe"RomishChurch。"IntheirnegotiationswiththegovernmentafterthedefeatoftheEnglishforcesatClontibret，bothO'NeillandO'Donnelldemandedthat"allpersonshavefreelibertyofconscience。"
SimilardemandsweremadebytheotherchieftainsofUlster，andlateronbyalltheIrishnoblesinConnaught，Leinster，andMunster。InreplytothesedemandsthecommissionersannouncedthatinthepastthequeenhadtoleratedthepracticeoftheCatholicreligion，and"soinlikelihoodshewillcontinuethesame。"WhenthereportofthesenegotiationsreachedEnglandElizabethwasdispleased。Therequestforlibertyofconsciencewascharacterisedas"disloyal。"O'Neillwastobeinformedthat"thishadbeenalaterdisloyalcompactmadebetwixthimandtheotherrebelswithoutanyreasonablegroundorcausetomovethemthereunto，especiallyconsideringtherehathbeennoproceedingagainstanyofthemtomovesounreasonableanddisloyalarequestastohavelibertytobreaklaws，whichherMajestywillnevergranttoanysubject。"[102]
Thoughthenegotiationswerecontinuedforsometimeneithersidewasanxiousforpeace。ElizabethandherofficialsstrovetosecurethesupportoftheAnglo-IrishofthePaleandofacertainsectionoftheIrishnobles。Unfortunatelyshewasonlytoosuccessful。MostoftheAnglo-Irishnobles，thoughstilldevotedtotheCatholicfaith，preferredtoaccepttolerationatthehandsofElizabethratherthantofightsidebysidewithO'Neillforthecompleterestorationoftheirreligion。[103]O'NeillandO'DonnellturnedtoSpainandRomeforsupport。FromSpaintheyaskedforarms，soldiers，andmoneytoenablethemtocontinuethestruggle。FromthePopetheyaskedalsoformaterialassistance，butinadditiontheydemandedthatheshouldre-publishtheBullofexcommunicationanddepositionissuedagainstElizabethbyGregoryXIII。，thatheshoulddeclaretheirwartobeareligiouswarinwhichallCatholicsshouldtakethesideoftheIrishchiefs，thatheshouldexcommunicatetheCatholicnoblemenwhohadtakenuparmsindefenceofthequeen，thatheshouldgrantthemthefullrightsofpatronageenjoyedinUlsterbytheirpredecessors，andthatheshouldappointnoecclesiasticstovacantSeeswithouttheirapproval。[104]
TheserequestsweresupportedstronglyatRomebyPeterLombard1601，whowasappointedlateronArchbishopofArmagh，andasaresultClementVIII。determinedtosendanunciotoIrelandinthepersonofLudovicoMansoni1601。PhilipIII。ofSpainatlastconsentedtodispatchaforceintoIreland，butinsteadoflandingintheNorthwhereO'NeillandO'Donnellwereall-powerful，theSpanishexhibitionundercommandofDonJuandelAquilaarrivedoffKinsale，andtookpossessionofthetownSept。1601。ForthethreeyearsprecedingthearrivaloftheSpaniardstheNorthernchiefshadbeenwonderfullysuccessful。TheyhaddefeatedMarshalBagenalattheYellowFord1598，hadoverthrowntheforcesofSirConyersCliffordattheCurlieuMountains1599，andhadupsetalltheplansoftheEarlofEssex，whowassentoverspeciallybyElizabethtoreducethemtosubjection。Hardly，however，hadtheSpaniardsoccupiedKinsalewhentheywerebesiegedbythenewDeputy，LordMountjoy，andbyCarew，thePresidentofMunster。AnurgentmessagewasdispatchedbythemrequestingO'NeillandO'Donnelltomarchtotheirassistance，andagainsttheirownbetterjudgmenttheydeterminedtomarchSouthtothereliefoftheirallies。Evenstill，hadtheybeensatisfiedwithhemmingintheEnglishforces，asO'Neilladvised，theymighthavesucceeded，butinsteadofadoptingawaitingpolicy，theydeterminedtomakeanattackinconjunctionwiththeSpanishforce。Asaresulttheysufferedacompletedefeat1602。O'NeillconductedtheremnantofhisarmytowardsUlster；O'DonnellwasdispatchedtoseekforfurtherhelptoSpainfromwhichheneverreturned，andAquilasurrenderedKinsaleandotherfortressesgarrisonedbySpaniards。
CarewlaidwastetheentireprovinceofConnaught，whileMountjoymarchedtoUlstertosubduetheNorthernrebels。ThenewsofthedeathofO'DonnellinSpain，thedesertionofmanyofhiscompanionsinarms，andthetotaldestructionofthecattleandcropsbyMountjoyforcedO'Neilltomakeoverturesforpeace。Anofferoftermswasmadetohim，andgoodcarewastakentoconcealfromhimthedeathofQueenElizabeth。HedecidedtomeetMountjoyandtomakehissubmission1603——
[1]/CalendarofPatentRolls/，i。，304。
[2]Id。，i。，315。
[3]Moran，/HistoryoftheArchbishopsofDublin/，52-54。Brady，/EpiscopalSuccession/，ii。，133sqq。
[4]/CalendarofPatentRolls/，i。，327-335。
[5]Lynch-Kelly，/CambrensisEversus/，ii。，780sqq。
[6]/CalendarofCarewPapers/，i。，252-53。
[7]Id。，258。
[8]/CalendarofPatentRolls/，i。，169-70。
[9]/IrishStatutes/，vol。i。，239-74。
[10]/Lib。Munerum/，i。，38。
[11]Cox，/Hib。Anglicana/，308-9。
[12]Bridgett，/BlundersandForgeries/，217-21。
[13]/CalendarofDocuments，Ireland/，i。，140。
[14]/CalendarofDocuments，Ireland/，i。，151-52。
[15]/CalendarofCarewPapers/，i。，279-80。
[16]Shirley，op。cit。，90-1。
[17]Bagwell，/IrelandundertheTudors/，ii。，354。
[18]Bridgett，/BlundersandForgeries/，229-36。
[19]Shirley，op。cit。，91。
[20]Cox，/Hib。Angl。/，313。
[21]Thereturnisprintedin/TractsRelatingtoIreland/，ii。，134-38。
[22]/StatePapers/，iii。，306-7。
[23]Id。，305。
[24]LittonFalkiner，/EssaysRelatingtoIreland/，236。
[25]Kelly，/DissertationsonIrishChurchHistory/，363。
[26]/Lib。Mun。/，ii。，pt。6，10。
[27]Brady，/IrishReformation/，32，33。
[28]/IrishStatutes/，i。，275-320。
[29]Cf。Lynch-Kelly，/CambrensisEversus/，ii。，19-23。Rothe，/Analecta/ed。Moran，1884，235-7。
[30]/CalendarofPatentRolls/，i。，303-4。
[31]Shirley，op。cit。，140，234，265。
[32]Brady，/TheIrishReformation/，169-73。
[33]/FiantsofElizabeth/，no。199。
[34]Mason，/HistoryofSt。Patrick's/，162。
[35]Moran's，/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，83。
[36]Shirley，op。cit。，220。
[37]/FiantsofElizabeth/，no。666。
[38]Shirley，op。cit。，101。
[39]Id。，207。
[40]Cf。LetterofJ。A。FroudeinBrady's/IrishReformation/，173-80。
[41]/FiantsofElizabeth/，nos。198，221，223，363。
[42]Shirley，op。cit。，94。
[43]Id。，125。
[44]Shirley，op。cit。，162。
[45]Id。，201，226。
[46]Id。，249-250。
[47]Cf。Shirley，op。cit。，98-9，120，184，214，239，242，272，278，295。
[48]Shirley，op。cit。，130，135，180，189，271，313sqq。
[49]Ware's/Works/，vol。i。，p。391。
[50]Shirley，op。cit。，96，104，106，122。
[51]Id。，271。
[52]Id。，95。
[53]/CalendarofStatePapers/Ireland，i。，171。
[54]Shirley，op。cit。，117sqq。
[55]Shirley，op。cit。，139。
[56]Id。，233sqq。
[57]Shirley，op。cit。，160-3，135-6，220，279，95。
[58]Shirley，op。cit。，195-96。
[59]Cf。Hogan/HiberniaIgnatiana/，10-24。Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，77-83。/Cal。StatePapers/Ireland，i。，255，472，524。
[60]/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，32-8。
[61]Cf。Theiner，/ActagenuinaS。Concil。Trid。/，4vols。，1875。
Bellesheim，op。cit。，ii。，142-44。
[62]Renehan，/Archbishops/，435sqq。Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，441sqq。
[63]/Cal。ofCarewPapers/，i。，297，301sqq。
[64]Id。，292，297，310sqq。/Cal。ofStatePapers/Ireland，188。
[65]/Cal。ofStatePapers/，i。，179。
[66]Id。，233。
[67]Renehan-MacCarthy，op。cit。，i。，241sqq。
[68]/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，59-62。
[69]/CalendarofCarewPapers/，i。，397-400。
[70]Gillow，/Bib。Dict。Eng。Catholics/，v。，476。
[71]/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，94。
[72]/Hooker'sDiary/printedinLittonFalkiner's/EssaysRelatingtoIreland/，237sqq。。
[73]Id。，235-6。
[74]Cf。/IrishStatutes/，i。，312sqq。/CalendarofCarewPapers/，ii。，334sqq。
[75]Cf。/CalendarofCarewPapers/，i。，347。Shirley，op。cit。，206-7。Brady，/Ep。Succession/，ii。，43。Ware's/Works/，i。，511。
[76]Cf。/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，38，sqq。Shirley，op。cit。，164，171，176，287，306，324。/TheAnalectsofDavidRothe/ed。Moran，1884，xlvi。
[77]O'Sullevan，/CompendiumHist。Cath。Iber。/ed。byKelly，1850，108-111。
[78]Renehan's/Archbishops/，241sqq。Brady，op。cit。，ii。，5sqq。
/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，83。
[79]Cf。Brady，op。cit。，Rothe's/Analecta/utsupra，381sqq。
/Spicil。Ossor。/，i。，82sqq。；iii。，35sqq。/Ir。Ecc。Record/，i。，ii。
[80]Cf。Rothe's/Analecta/Introduction，xiii。sqq。
[81]Brady，op。cit。，221-3。
[82]/AnnalsF。M。/，ann。1601。
[83]/Cal。CarewPapers/，ii。，137。
[84]Id。，iii。，494。
[85]Cf。/I。E。Record/，1884。Bagwell，op。cit。，iii。，462-69。
/Archiv。Hib。/，i。，277-311。
[86]O'Doherty，/StudentsoftheIrishCollege，Salamanca，1595-1700/，/Archiv。Hib。/，ii。，iii。。
[87]OntheIrishCollegesontheContinent，cf。Boyle，/TheIrishCollegeinParis1578-1901/。Murphy，/CollegeoftheIrishFranciscans，atLouvain/，/JournalR。S。A。，I。/，1898。Proost，/LesréfugiésanglaisetirlandaisenBelgique/，etc。/MessagerdesScienceshistoriques/，1865，Daumet，/Noticessurlesétablissementsreligieuxanglais，écossaisetIrlandais/，etc。，1912。/IrishEccl。Record/，vii。，viii。，ix。，x。Hogan，/IrishWorthiesoftheSixteenthCentury/，1886。/CatholicEncyclopedia/
art。IrishCollege，Rome——Mgr。O'Riordan。
[88]/StatePapers/Ireland，iii。，30。
[89]Shirley，op。cit。，13，31。
[90]Green，/TheMakingofIrelandanditsUndoing/，401-439。
[91]Stubbs，/TheHistoryoftheUniversityofDublin/，1889。Heron，/TheConstitutionalHistoryoftheUniversityofDublin/，1847。
/TrinityCollegeCalendar/，1833。
[92]/Cal。StatePapers/Ireland，ii。，588。
[93]/Cal。CarewPapers/，iii。，58，316，356，469。
[94]/Cal。StatePapers/，ii。，92-93。
[95]/CarewPapers/，ii。，144。
[96]/Cal。StatePapers/，ii。，229，235，245。
[97]/CarewPapers/，iii。，457-8。
[98]/CarewPapers/，iii。，213。
[99]Id。，387-8。
[100]Cf。Shirley，op。cit。，95，271。Ware，/Works/，i。underthediocesesmentioned。Bagwell，op。cit。，iii。，459sqq。Moran，/ArchbishopsofDublin/，163sqq。
[101]Cf。Spenser，op。cit。ed。Morley，1890，123-28，202sqq。/Cal。
StatePapers/Ireland，iii。，424，427，428。Bagwell，op。cit。，iii。，459sqq。
[102]/Cal。CarewPapers/，iii。，105，133，151-3。
[103]O'Sullevan，op。cit。，140sqq。
[104]Cf。Hagan，/SomePapersRelatingtotheNineYears'War//Arch。
Hib。/，ii。，274sqq。。
CHAPTERX
THECHURCHINIRELANDDURINGTHEREIGNOFTHESTUARTS
1604-1689
Seebibliography，chap。vii-ix。/CalendarofStatePapers，Ireland/JamesI。，5vols。，1872-80。IdemCharlesI。，5vols。
/CalendaroftheClarendonPapers/，2vols。，1869-72。Carte，/HistoryoftheLifeofJames，DukeofOrmonde/1610-88，3
vols。，1736。French，/HistoricalWorks/，2vols。，1846。/ReportontheFranciscanMSS。/，i。，1906。Russell-Prendergast，/ReportontheCartePapersintheBodleianLibrary/，1871。Gilbert，/ContemporaryHistoryofAffairsinIreland/1641-52，1879-80。
Bagwell，/IrelandundertheStuarts/，2vols。，1909。Prendergast，/CromwellianSettlementofIreland/，2ed。，1875。Lecky，/HistoryofIrelandintheEighteenthCentury/，newimp。，1913。Coffey，/O'NeillandOrmond/，1914。Dunlop，/IrelandundertheCommonwealth/，2vols。，1913。Murray，/RevolutionaryIrelandanditsSettlement/，2vols。，1911。Boulger，/TheBattleoftheBoyne/，1911。Burke，/TheIrishPriestsinthePenalTimes/1660-
1760，1914。
ThenewsofthedeathofQueenElizabethandoftheaccessionofJamesI。cameasawelcomerelieftothegreatbodyoftheCatholicsofIreland。AsthesonofMaryQueenofScots，andinasense，thedescendantoftheIrishKingsofScotland[1]hewasregardedwithfavourbothwithinandwithoutthePale。WhileKingofScotlandhehadbeenincommunicationwiththePope，withtheCatholicsovereignsoftheContinent，andwithO'Neill，andevenafterhehadbeenproclaimedinLondonhepromisedsomeoftheleadingCatholiclordsthattheymightexpectatleasttoleration。Without，however，waitingforanysuchpromisestheCatholicsintheleadingcitiesoftheEastandSouthmadeopenprofessionoftheirreligion。InKilkenny，Thomastown，Waterford，Wexford，Cashel，Cork，Limerick，etc。，theytookpossessionofthechurches，abolishedtheProtestantservicewhereverithadbeenintroduced，andrestoredtheMass。JamesWhite，Vicar-generalofWaterford，madehimselfespeciallyconspicuousastheleaderinthismovementinthesouth-easternportionofIreland。[2]
LordMountjoywasinadifficultposition。Hewasuncertainastothereligiouspolicyoftheking，butintheendhedeterminedtosuppresstheCatholicmovementbyforce。HemarchedSouthtoKilkennyandthencetoWaterford，wherehehadaninterviewwithDr。White。
EverywherethechurcheswererestoredtotheProtestants，thoughitwashintedthattheMassmightstillbecelebratedprivatelyasinthedaysofElizabeth。InCorktheconditionofaffairswasmuchmoreserious，anditwasnecessarytobringupthegunsfromHaulbowlinebeforethemayorandcitizenscouldbeinducedtosubmit。ReportscameinfromallsidesthatthecountrywasswarmingwithJesuitsandseminarypriests，thattheywerestirringupthepeopletojoinhandswiththeKingofSpain，andtothrowofftheirallegiancetoJamesI。
Theserumourswerewithoutfoundation，asisshownbythefactthatmostofthetownsandcitiesinLeinsterandMunsterwhichwerenotedasspeciallyCatholic，hadnotstirredafingertohelpO'NeillinhiswaragainstElizabeth。ButtheywereputincirculationtoprejudicethemindofKingJamesagainsthisIrishCatholicsubjects，andtoweanhimawayfromthepolicyoftolerationwhichhewassaidtofavour。Loftus，ArchbishopofDublin，andJones，BishopofMeath，hastenedtowarnthekingagainstapolicyoftoleration。TheythrewthewholeblameofthelatewarontheJesuitsandseminarypriests，andcastdoubtsupontheloyaltyoftheCatholicnoblemenofthePale。
TheycalleduponhisMajestytomakeitclear"eveninthemorningofhisreign，"thathewasready"tomaintainthetrueworshipandreligionofJesusChrist，"toletthepeopleunderstandthat"hewillneverpermitandsufferthatwhichinhisgodlyzealhesomuchabhors，todevisesomemeansofpreventingtheplotsandaimsofJesuitsandseminarypriests，who"comedailyfrombeyondtheseas，teachingopenlythatakingwantingthePope'sconfirmationisnotalawfulking，"tosendoversome"learnedanddiscreetpreachers"totheprincipalcitiesandtowns，andtocompelthepeople"bysomemoderateco-actionstocometochurchtoheartheirsermonsandexhortations。"[3]
AsameansofspreadingthenewgospelamongsttheIrishpeopleitwasrecommendedthat"alearnedministrybeplanted，andthattheabusesoftheclergybereformed；"thatallbishops，Jesuits，seminarypriests，andfriarsshouldbebanishedfromthekingdom，thatnolawyersbeadmittedtothebarortotheprivycouncilunlesstheyattendedtheProtestantservice，andthatallsheriffs，mayors，justicesofthepeace，recorders，judges，andofficialsbeforcedtotaketheoathofsupremacy。LoftusandJonesinsisted，furthermore，thatCatholicparentsshouldbeforbiddentosendtheirchildrentoDouayandRheims，andshouldbecompelledtosendthemtotheProtestantdiocesanschools。TheyreportedthatalthoughtheBishopofMeathhadopenedaschoolinTrimatgreatexpensetohimself，onlysixscholarsattended，andthatwhentheteachersbegantouseprayersintheschoolandtoshowthemselvesdesirousofbringingtheirpupilstochurch，thepupilsdeparted，andtheteachers，thoughgraduatesoftheUniversity，wereleftwithoutanyworktodo。[4]
AsJamesshowedgreatreluctancetotakeanyactivemeasuresagainsttheCatholics，Brouncker，thePresidentofMunster，Lyons，ProtestantBishopofCork，andtheothermembersoftheCouncilofMunsterissuedaproclamation14Aug。1604ordering"allJesuits，seminaries，andmassingpriestsofwhatsortsoeverasareremainingwithinoneofthecorporatetownsoftheprovince"toleavebeforethelastdayofSeptember，andnottoreturnforsevenyears。AnypersonsreceivingorrelievinganysuchcriminalswerethreatenedwithimprisonmentduringhisMajesty'spleasureandwithafineof￡40foreverysuchoffence，and"whosoevershouldbringtotheLordPresidentandCouncilthebodiesofanyJesuits，seminaries，ormassingpriests"werepromisedarewardof￡40foreveryJesuit，￡63s。4d。foreveryseminarypriest，and￡5foreverymassingpriest。Fearing，however，thathisactionmightbedispleasingtotheking，BrounckertookcaretowritetoCecilthatthecitiesoftheSouthwerecrowdedwithseminarypriestswhosaidMasspubliclyinthebesthouses"eveninthehearingofallmen，"andthathehaddelayedtakingactiontilltheybegantodeclareboldlythathisMajestywaspleased"totoleratetheiridolatry。"[5]
SirJohnDavies，anativeofWiltshire，whowasmadeSolicitor-GeneralforIrelandonaccountofhispoeticaltalent，wasnotopposedtothepolicyofrepression，butatthesametimeheheldfirmlythatuntiltheProtestantChurchinIrelandwasitselfreformedtherecouldbenohopeofconvertingtheIrishpeople。WritingtoCecilFeb。1604"heisinformed，"hesays，"thatthechurchmenforthemostpartthroughoutthekingdomaremereidolsandciphers，andsuchascannotread，iftheyshouldstandinneedofthebenefitoftheirclergy；andyetthemostofthosewhereofmanybeservingmenandsomehorseboys，arenotwithouttwoorthreebeneficesapiece，fortheCourtofFacultiesdothqualifyallmannerofpersons，anddispensewithallmannerofnon-residencesandpluralities……Thechurchesareruinedandfallentothegroundinallpartsofthekingdom。Thereisnodivineservice，nochristeningofchildren，noreceivingofthesacraments，noChristianmeetingorassembly，no，notonceinayear；
inaword，nomoredemonstrationofreligionthanamongTartarsorcannibals。"InhisopiniontherewasnouseinaskingthebishopsofthePaletoholdaninquiryintotheabuses，fortheythemselveswereprivytothem。"Butifthebusinessistobereallyperformed，letvisitorsbesentoutofEngland，suchasneverheardacowspeakandunderstandnotthatlanguage，thattheymayexaminetheabusesoftheCourtofFaculties，ofthesimoniacalcontracts，ofthedilapidationsanddishersionofthechurches；thattheymayfindthetruevalueofthebenefices，andwhotakestheprofitsandtowhoseuses；todeprivetheseservingmenandunletteredkernthatarenowincumbents，andtoplacesomeofthepoorscholarsoftheCollegewhoarelearnedandzealousProtestants；tobringothersoutofthatpartofScotlandthatbordersontheNorthofIreland，whocanpreachtheIrishtongue，andtotransplantothersoutofEnglandandtoplacethemwithintheEnglishPale。"[6]
Atlast，yieldingtotheadvicesthatpouredinonhimfromallsides，JamesI。determinedtobanishtheJesuitsandseminarypriestsinthehopethatwhentheywereremovedthepeoplemightbeinducedtosubmit，andtoinsistoncompliancewiththetermsoftheActofUniformity。Heissuedaproclamation4July1605denyingtherumourthatheintended"togivelibertyofconscienceortolerationofreligion"tohisIrishsubjects，anddenouncingsuchareportasalibelonhimself，"asifheweremoreremissorlesscarefulinthegovernmentoftheChurchofIrelandthanofthoseotherchurcheswhereofhehassupremecharge。"Hecommanded"allJesuits，seminarypriests，orotherpriestswhatsoever，madeandordainedbyanyauthorityderivedorpretendedtobederivedfromtheSeeofRome，"todepartfromthekingdombeforetheendofDecember。AllpriestswhorefusedtoobeyorwhoventuredtocomeintoIrelandafterthatdate，andallwhoreceivedorassistedsuchpersonsweretobearrestedandpunishedaccordingtothelawsandstatutesofthatrealm，andallthepeoplewereexhorted"tocometotheirseveralparishchurchesorchapels，toheardivineserviceeverySundayandholiday"underthreatofbeingpunishedfordisobedience。[7]
Theroyalproclamationproducedlittleornoeffect。TheJesuitsandseminarypriestsremainedandevenincreasedinnumbersbynewarrivalsfromtheContinentalcollegesandfromEnglandwherethelawwasmorestrictlyenforced。Norcouldtheleadingcitizens，themayorsandthealdermenoftheprincipalcities，beforcedtocometochurch，becausetheypreferredtopaythefineoftwelvepenceprescribedintheActofUniformityforeachoffence。Thegovernmentofficialsdetermined，therefore，tohaverecoursetomoresevereiflesslegalremedies。TheyselectedacertainnumberofwealthycitizensofDublin，addressedtoeachofthemanindividualmandateintheking'snameorderingthemtogotochurchonacertainspecifiedSunday，andtreateddisobediencetosuchanorderasanoffencepunishablebycommonlaw。Sixofthealdermenwerecondemnedtopayafineof￡100，andthreecitizens￡50，onehalfofthefinetobedevotedtothe"reparingofdecayedchurchesorchapels，orothercharitableuse，"
theotherhalftogototheroyaltreasury。Inadditiontothis，theywerecondemnedtoimprisonmentatthewilloftheLordDeputy，anddeclaredincapableofholdinganyofficeinthecityofDublin，orinanyotherpartofthekingdom22Nov。1605。AfewdayslaterotheraldermenandcitizensofDublinwerebroughtbeforetheIrishStarChamber，andhavingbeeninterrogated"whytheydidnotrepairtotheirparishchurches，"theyreplied"thattheirconsciencesledthemtothecontrary。"Theywerepunishedinasimilarmanner。Thus，twomethodswereadoptedforenforcingobediencetotheActofUniformity，onetheinflictiononthepoorofthefineoftwelvepenceprescribedforeachoffencebythelawof1560，theother，thepromulgationofindividualmandates，disobediencetowhichwastobepunishedbytheCourtofStarChamber。ThenoblemenofthePale，alarmedbysuchhigh-
handedaction，presentedapetitionagainstthemeasurestakenforthesuppressionoftheirreligion，prayingthatthetolerationextendedtothemhithertoshouldbecontinued。InreplytotheirpetitiontheViscountGormanston，SirJamesDillon，SirPatrickBarnewall，andotherswerecommittedasprisonerstotheCastle，andothersofthepetitionerswereconfinedtotheirhousesinthecountry，andboundtoappearbeforetheStarChamberattheopeningofthenexttermDec。
1605。SirPatrickBarnewall，"thefirstgentleman'ssonofqualitythatwaseverputoutofIrelandtobebroughtupinlearningbeyondtheseas"wastheablestoftheCatholicPalesmen，andwassentintoEnglandattherequestoftheEnglishauthorities。
TheappealoftheseCatholiclords，backed[8]asitwasbythedangerofanewandmoregeneralrebellion，wasnotwithoutitseffectsinEngland。InJanuary1607theprivycouncilinEnglandwrotetoSirArthurChichester，LordDeputy，thatalthough"thereformationofthepeopleofIreland，extremelyaddictedtoPopishsuperstitionbytheinstigationoftheseminarypriestsandJesuits，isgreatlytobewishedandbyallmeansendeavoured，still，atemperatecourseoughttobepreserved。"Thereshouldbenoquestionofgrantingtoleration，butatthesametimethereshouldbeno"startlingofthemultitudebyanygeneralorrigorouscompulsion。"Theprincipalmeninthecitieswhoshowthemselvestobethegreatestoffendersshouldbepunished；
thepriestsandfriarsshouldbebanished，butno"curiousorparticularsearch"shouldbemadeforthem；ViscountGormanstonandhiscompanionsshouldbereleasedunderrecognisances，exceptSirPatrickBarnewallwhowastobesentintoEngland；theDublinaldermenshouldbetreatedinasimilarmannerbutshouldbeobligedtopaythefines，andtheProtestantclergyshouldbeexhortedtotakespecialpainstoplantthenewreligion"wherethepeoplehavebeenleastcivil。"[9]
ButChichester，Davies，Brouncker，andtheircompanionshadnointentionoflisteningtothecounselsofmoderation。TheycontinuedtoindictthepoorerclassesaccordingtotheclausesoftheActofUniformityandtocitethewealthiercitizensbeforetheStarChamberfordisobediencetotheroyalmandates。[10]InWaterfordSirJohnDaviesreported"weproceededagainsttheprincipalaldermenbywayofcensureatthecounciltableoftheprovincefortheirseveralcontemptsagainsttheking'sproclamationsandthespecialcommandmentsoftheLordPresidentunderthecouncilsealofMunster。
AgainstthemultitudeweproceededbywayofindictmentupontheStatuteof2Elizabeth，whichgivethonlytwelvepenceforabsencefromchurcheverySundayandholiday。Thefinesimposedatthetablewerenotheavy，beinguponsome￡50apiece，uponothers￡40，sothatthetotalsumcamebutto￡400；butthereweresomanyofthecommonersindictedthatthepenaltygivenbythestatutetwelvepencecameto￡240orthereabouts。"[11]PunishmentsofasimilarkindwereinflictedinNewRoss，Wexford，Clonmel，Cashel，Youghal，Limerick，Cork，andinallthesmallertownsthroughoutMunster。InCorkthemayorwasfined￡100，andinLimerickmorethantwohundredoftheburgesseswereindicted，thefinespaidbythesebeinggivenfortherepairofthecathedral。[12]StepswerealsotakeninConnaughttoenforceattendanceattheProtestantservice。FiveoftheprincipalcitizensofGalwayweresummonedbeforethecourtandfinedinsumsvaryingfrom￡40to￡20，andpunishmentsofalesserkindwereinflictedinotherportionsoftheprovince。InDrogheda"thegreatestnumberofthehouseholderstogetherwiththeirwives，children，andservants，"weresummonedandfinedfornon-attendanceatchurch。InMeath，Westmeath，Longford，King'sCounty，andQueen'sCountythegovernmentofficialswereparticularlybusy。
Butthoughhereandthereafewoftheprominentcitizensandofthepoorerclassesweredrivenintopublicconformitybyfearofpunishment，theworkofwinningoverthepeopletoProtestantismmadelittleprogress。InCasheltheCommissionersreported1606thattheyfoundonlyoneinhabitantwhocametochurch，andeven"theArchbishop'sMagrathownsonsandsons-in-lawdwellingthere"werenotedasobstinaterecusants。"[13]Brouncker，PresidentofMunster，wasparticularlysevereinhisrepressivemeasures，somuchsothatonhisdeath1606hissuccessorswereabletoannounce"thatalmostallthemenofthetownsareeitherprisonersoruponbondsandothercontempts，"buttheyaddedthefurtherinformationthatmanyofthosewhohadbeenconformableinhistimehadagainrelapsed。TheProtestantBishopofCorkcomplained1607thatinCork，Kinsale，Youghal，andinallthecountryoverwhichhehadchargenomarriages，christenings，etc。，weredoneexceptbyPopishpriestsforsevenyears，thatthecountrywasover-runbyfriarsandpriestswhoarecalledFathers，thateverygentlemanandlordofthecountryhadhischaplains，that"massingisineveryplace，idolatryispubliclymaintained，God'swordandhistruthistroddendownunderfoot，despised，railedat，andcontemnedofall，theministersnotesteemed——nonotwiththemthatshouldreverenceandcountenancethem。""Theprofessorsofthegospel，"headded，"maylearnoftheseidolatorstoregardtheirpastors。"[14]SirJohnDavieswithhisusualkeeninsightplacedtheblameforthecomparativefailureoftheProtestantclergy。
"Ifourbishops，andothersthathavecareofsouls，"hewrote1606，"werebuthalfasdiligentintheirseveralchargesasthesemen[theJesuitsandseminarypriests]areintheplaceswheretheyhaunt，thepeoplewouldnotreceiveandnourishthemasnowtheydo。Butitistheextremenegligenceandremissnessofourclergyherewhichwasfirstthecauseofthegeneraldesertionandapostasy，andisnowagaintheimpedimentofreformation。"[15]TheCatholicshadprotestedcontinuallyagainsttheproceedingsunderroyalmandatesasillegal，andtheirprotestswerebroughtbeforetheEnglishprivycouncilbySirPatrickBarnewall，whohadbeensentovertoLondonasaprisoner。
ThejudgesinEnglandcondemnedtheproceedingsinIrelandasunwarrantableandwithoutprecedent。BarnewallwasallowedtoreturntoIrelandin1607，andthenewmethodofbeggaringorProtestantisingthewealthierclassofIrishCatholicswasdroppedforthetime。
Thekinghadbeenadvised，too，toenforcetheoathofsupremacyincaseofallofficialsofthecrown。ThoughinthebeginningofthereignofElizabethsomethinghadbeendoneinthatdirection，yet，inlatertimes，owingtothedangerousconditionofthecountryCatholicofficialswerenotcalledupontorenouncethePope。Asaresult，whenJamesascendedthethronemanyofthejudgeswereCatholic，aswere，also，thegreatbodyofthelawyers。InresponsetotheadvicefromIrelandthatjudgeswhorefusedtoattendchurchandtotaketheoathshouldbedismissed，andthat"recusant"lawyersshouldbedebarredfrompractisinginthecourts，JamesinstructedthecounciltoinduceJohnEverard，aJusticeoftheCommonPleas，toresignorconform。Themayorsandaldermenofthecities，too，hadnevertakentheoathofsupremacy。In1607theLordDeputyandcouncilofIrelandinformedtheprivycouncilinEnglandthat，"mostofthemayorsandprincipalofficersofcitiesandcorporatetowns，andjusticesofthepeaceofthiscountrybirthrefusetotaketheoathofsupremacy，asisrequisitebythestatute，andforaninstance，thepartythatshouldthisyearhavebeenMayorofDublin，avoidedittohisverygreatcharges，onlybecausehewouldnottaketheoath。"Thecontentionapparentlywasthatthemayorsnotbeingcrownofficialswerenotboundtotaketheoath，butthelawyersdecidedagainstsuchaview，andstepsweretakentoimprisonthosemayorswhorefused，andtodestroythechartsofrecusantcorporations。Stillinspiteoftheattemptedbanishmentoftheclergy，theenforcementofattendanceatchurchbyfines，andthepunishmentinflictedontheofficialswhorefusedtotaketheoath，theDeputyandcouncilwereforcedtoadmitthattheyhadmadenoprogress。"Thepeople，"theywrote1607，"inmanyplacesresorttoMassnowingreatermultitudes，bothintownandcountry，thanformanyyearspast；andifitchancethatanypriestknowntobefactiousandworkingbeapprehended，bothmenandwomenwillnotsticktorescuetheparty。Innolessmultitudesdothesepriestsholdgeneralcouncilsandconventiclestogethermanytimesabouttheiraffairs；and，tobeshort，theyhavesofarwithdrawnthepeoplefromallreverenceandfearofthelawsandloyaltytowardshisMajesty，andbroughttheirbusinessalreadytothispass，thatsuchasareconformedandgotochurchareeverywherederided，scorned，andoppressedbythemultitude，totheirgreatdiscouragement，andtothescandalofallgoodmen。"[16]
AlthoughthepersecutionofJamesI。wasviolenttheCatholicswerewellpreparedtomeetthestorm。TheJesuitshadsentsomeoftheirbestmentoIreland，includingHenryFitzsimon，whowasthrownintoprison，andafteralongdetentionsentintoexile，ChristopherHolywood，JamesArcher，AndrewMorony，BarnabasKearney，etc。，and，althoughtherewerecomplaintsthattheircollegeinSalamancashowedunduefavourtotheAnglo-Irish，thiscollegeaswellastheothercollegesabroadcontinuedtopourpriestsintoIrelandbothableandwillingtosustaintheCatholicreligion。TheDominicansandFranciscansreceivedgreathelpfromtheircollegesontheContinentsothattheirnumbersincreasedrapidly，andtheywereabletodevotemoreattentiontoinstructingthepeople。AsinEngland，theyounggenerationofpriestsbothsecularandregular，sentoutfromthecollegesinFrance，Spain，andtheNetherlandsweremuchmoreactiveandmoredeterminedtoholdtheirownthanthosewhohadprecededthem。TheywereinclosetouchwithRomewheretheiragentskeptthePapalCourtinformedofwhatwasgoingoninIreland。ClementVIII。
hastenedtosendhiscongratulationstoJamesI。onhisaccessiontothethrone，andtopleadwithhimfortolerationforhisCatholicsubjects。JamesWhite，Vicar-generalofWaterford，wrote1605toinformCardinalBaroniusofthemeasuresthathadbeentakentosuppresstheCatholicreligionandtoofferhisgoodwishestoPaulV。
ThelatterforwardedaverytouchingletterinwhichheexpressedhissympathywiththeIrishChurch，commendedthefidelityoftheIrishpeople，andexhortedthemtostandfirminthefaceofpersecution。[17]TheonlyweakpointthatmightbenotedatthisperiodwasthealmostcompletedestructionoftheIrishhierarchy。
O'DevanyofDownandConnor，BradytheFranciscanBishopofKilmore，andO'BoyleofRaphoeweretheonlybishopsremainingintheprovinceofUlstersincethemurderofRedmondO'GallagherofDerry。PeterLombardhadbeenappointedArchbishopofArmagh1601，buthenevervisitedhisdiocese。IntheprovinceofLeinsterMatthewdeOviedo，aSpanishFranciscan，hadbeenappointedtoDublin1600，andhadcometoKinsalewiththeforcesofSpain。HereturnedtopleadforanewexpeditiontoIreland。AnotherSpanishFranciscan，FrancisdeRibera，hadbeenappointedtoLeighlin1587，buthediedin1604withouthavingdoneanyworkinhisdiocese。TherestoftheSeesinLeinsterwerevacant。InMunster，DavidO'KearneywasnamedArchbishopofCashel1603，andsoonshowedhimselftobeamanofgreatactivityandfearlessness。DermodMcCraghofCorkhadbeenforyearstheonlybishopintheprovince，andhadexercisedthefunctionsofhisofficenotmerelyintheSouth，butthroughouttheprovinceofLeinster。IntheprovinceofTuamalltheSeeswerevacant。Wherevertherewasnobishopinresidencecarewastakentoappointvicars。InDublinBernardMoriartywhoactedasvicarwasarrestedintheFranciscanconventatMultifernanin1601，anddiedinprisonfromthewoundshereceivedfromthesoldiers。RobertLalorwhoactedinthesamecapacitywasarrested，tried，andbanishedin1606。[18]
AlthoughtheEarlofTyronehadbeenrestoredtohisestatesandhadbeenreceivedgraciouslybytheking1603，hewasbothdistrustedandfearedbythegovernment。SirArthurChichester，whohadcometoactasLordMountjoy'sdeputyin1605，andwhowasappointedLordLieutenantonthedeathofthelatter1607，wasdeterminedtogetpossessionofUlstereitherbydrivingO'Neillintorebellionorbybringingagainsthimsomechargeofconspiracy。NewandinsultingdemandsweremadeuponO'Neill；theProtestantArchbishopofArmaghandtheProtestantBishopofDerryandRaphoeclaimedlargeportionsofhisterritoriesasbelongingtotheirchurches，andsomeoftheminorchieftainswereurgedontoappealagainsthimtotheEnglishauthorities。Havinglearnedin1607thathestoodindangerofarrest，heandRoryO'DonnelldeterminedtoleaveIreland。InSeptember1607
theysailedfromRathmullen，andonthe4thOctobertheylandedinFrance。AftermanywanderingstheymadetheirwaytoRome，wheretheyreceivedagenerouswelcomefromPaulV。O'Donnelldiedin1608，andO'Neill，whohadcherishedtillthelastahopeofreturningtoIreland，diedin1616。[19]BothchieftainswerelaidtorestintheChurchofSt。PietrodiMontorio。AlthoughtheflightoftheEarlscausedagreatsensationbothinEnglandandIreland，andalthoughJamesI。wassaidtohavebeenpainedbytheirdepartureandeventohavethoughtforatimeofgrantingreligioustoleration，Chichesterandhiscompanionsweredelightedattheresultoftheirwork。TheflightofTyroneandTyrconnell，theattemptedrebellionofSirCahirO'Doherty，andthetrumped-upchargesbroughtagainstsomeoftheothernoblemenintheNorthopeneduptheprospectofanewandgreaterplantationthanhadeverbeenattemptedbefore。Tyrone，Fermanagh，Donegal，Derry，Armagh，andCavanwereconfiscatedtothecrownatonestroke，andpreparationsweremadetocarryouttheplantationinascientificmanner。Thegreaterportionoftheterritorywasdividedintolotsoftwothousand，onethousandfivehundred，andonethousandacres。TheUndertakerswhoweretogetthelargestgrantsweretobeEnglishorScotchProtestantsandweretohavenonebutEnglishorScotchProtestanttenants，thosewhoweretogettheonethousandfivehundredacresweretobeProtestantsthemselvesandweretohavenonebutProtestanttenants，whiletheportionsofonethousandacreseachmightbeparcelledoutamongstEnglish，Scotch，orIrish，andfromtheseCatholicswerenotexcluded。
ThousandsofacreswereappropriatedforthesupportoftheProtestantreligion，forthemaintenanceofProtestantschools，andfortheupkeepofTrinityCollege。AsmallportionwaskeptforafewoftheoldCatholicproprietors，andtheremainderofthepopulationwereorderedtoleavethesedistrictsbeforethe1stMay1609。Manyofthemremained，however，preferringtotakesmalltractsofthemountainandboglandfromthenewproprietorsthantotrustthemselvesamongstrangers；butagreatnumberoftheable-bodiedamongstthemwerecaughtandshippedtoserveassoldiersinthearmyofSweden。[20]
ForsometimeaftertheflightoftheEarlsthereseemstohavebeenaslightlullinthepersecution，thekingandhisadvisersfearingperhapsthattheiractionwasonlyapreludetoamoregeneralrebellioninthecourseofwhichO'NeillmightreturnattheheadofaSpanishforce。ButonceitwasclearthatnodangerwastobeapprehendedtheIrishofficialsbegantourgeoncemorerecoursetoextrememeasures。FineswereleviedonCatholictowns，someofwhich，however，wereremittedbytheking。ItwasrepresentedtoSalisbury1609thattheCatholicshadgrownmuchmoreboldeveninDublin，thatinthecountrytheydrewthousandsto"theiridolatroussacrifices，andthattheJesuitsstiruptheforcesofdisloyalty。"
Thewriterofthisletterrecommendedthatthefineoftwelvepenceshouldbeexactedoffthepooreverytimetheyabsentedthemselvesfromreligiousservices，thatsomuchshouldbeleviedofftherichaswouldsufficetorepairallthechurchesandbuildfreeschoolsineverycounty，andhehimselfundertooktopay￡4，000ayearfortherighttocollectthefinesofthe"Recusants"inMunster，Leinster，andConnaught，providedonlythathecouldcountonthesupportoftheecclesiasticalandcivilauthorities。[21]InthefollowingyearChichesterinformedtheauthoritiesinEnglandthat"themayorsofcitiesandtownsforthemostpartrefusedtotaketheoathofsupremacy，asdidalsothesheriffs，bailiffs，etc。，"andheinquiredinwhatmannerheshouldacttowardsthem。ToputanendtothisstateofaffairsAndrewKnoxwassentovertoIrelandasBishopofRaphoe，andwascommissionedtotakemeasurestostiruptheProtestantbishopsandtosuppressPopery。Onhisarrivalhefoundthathehadaheavytaskbeforehim。InalettertotheArchbishopofCanterbury1611hewrotethattherewereonlyfourmenintheministry"whohaveknowledgeorcaretopropagatetheEvangell。""Thedefection，"hewrote，"issogreatofthosewhosometimeprofessedthetruth，thatwherehundredscametoseveralchurchesbefore，thereresortnowscarcesix；thegatheringandflockingingreatnumbersofJesuits，seminarypriests，friars，andgiddingPapistsofallsortsaresofrequentfromRomeandallpartsbeyondtheseas，thatitseemstohimthegreatestladingtheshipsbringtothiscountryareburdensofthem，theirbooks，clothes，crosses，andceremonies；nativesandothersincorporatetownspubliclyprofessthemselvestheirmaintainers。ThereisnodiocesebutithasabishopappointedandconsecratedbythePope，norprovincethatwantsanarchbishop，norparishwithoutapriest，allactuallyservingtheirtimeandthePope'sdirectionandplenteouslymaintainedbythepeople，sothatthefewministersthatare，andbishopsthatprofesstodoanygood，profitnomorethanLotdidinSodom。AndsureitmaybeexpectedthatifGod，theking，andhisGracepreventnotthisunnaturalgrowthofsuperstition，thefaceofthekingdomwillbeshortlycladwiththisdarkness。"[22]
Helostnotimeinsummoningameetingofthebishops1611，mostofwhom，accordingtohim，werenotveryreliable。TheArchbishopofDublinJoneswas"burdenedwiththecaresofstate；"theArchbishopofArmaghwas"somewhatoldandunable；"theArchbishopofCashelMagrathwas"oldandunable，whosewifeandchildrenwouldnotaccompanyhimtothechurch；"theArchbishopofTuamwas"wellwilledandbestlearned，butwantedmaintainersandhelpers，"andtheBishopsofWaterfordandLimerickweredescribedas"havingnocredit。"Inaccordancewiththeinstructionsthathadbeenforwardedtothembytheking，theyagreedthattheywouldtakecommonactionfor"thesuppressionofpapistryandtheplantationofreligion；"thattheywouldobservethelawofresidenceintheirseveraldioceses；thattheywouldmakevisitationseveryyearoftheirparishes，andinquireintotheconditionofthechurchesandthebehaviouroftheirministers；thatbyauthorityofhisMajesty'scommissiontheywould"carefullytendertheoathofallegiancetoeverynobleman，knight，justiceofthepeace，andotherofficersofcorporatetowns，"andmakeareturntotheLordDeputyofthosewhotooktheoathaswellasofthosewhorefusedit；thattheywouldadmitnocleric"toanyspiritualpromotion"whowouldnotwillinglytaketheoathofsupremacy，andthattheywouldinquireineverydeanery"whatpersonsreceiveorharbourtraffickingpriests，Jesuits，seminariesandmassingpriests，andfriars，andwillpresenttheirnamestogetherwiththenamesofthesaidpriestsandJesuitstotheLordDeputy。"[23]
Aroyalproclamationwasissued1661orderingallJesuitsandprieststodepartfromthekingdomimmediately；thelaitywerecommandedtoattendtheProtestantserviceunderthreatofseverepenalties，studentsinforeigncollegeswereorderedtoreturnatonce，andCatholicschoolmasterswereforbiddentoteachwithinthekingdom。Backedbyallthepowersofthecrown，Knoxandhisfellowbishopssetupaterribleinquisitionineverypartofthecountry，andsparednopainstohounddowntheclergyandthosewhoentertainedthem，todrivethepoorerclassesbybruteforceintothechurch，toharassthebetterclassesbythreatsandexaminations，andtowipeouteveryvestigeoftheCatholicreligion。CorneliusO'Devany，aFranciscan，whohadbeenappointedBishopofDownandConnor1582，wasarrestedtogetherwithapriestwhoaccompaniedhim，wastriedinDublin，andwashanged，drawn，andquartered1612。[24]AlmostatthesametimetheProtestantBishopofDownandConnorwasaccusedof"incontinence，theturningawayofhiswife，andtakingthewifeofhisman-servantinherroom，subornationofwitnesses，"andalienationofthediocesanproperty。Hefledfromhisdiocese，wasarrested，degraded，anddiedinprison。TheArchbishopofGlasgowandBishopKnoxofRaphoe，himselfaScotchman，hastenedtoLondontosecuretheappointmentofoneoftheircountrymenashissuccessor；butChichesterwrotethatthoughhewouldnotsaythatScotchmenwerenotgoodmen，hecouldaverthattheywere"hot-spiritedandverygriping"
and"suchaswerenotfitfortheseparts。"[25]SeveralattemptsweremadetoarrestDr。EugeneMatthewsorMacMahon，whohadbeentransferred1611bythePopefromCloghertotheArchbishopricofDublin。Hewasdetestedespeciallybythegovernment，becauseitwasthoughtthatheowedhispromotiontotheinfluenceofO'Neill，whowasalsosuspectedofhavinghadavoiceintheappointmentofthelearnedFranciscan，FlorenceConrytoTuam1609。[26]DuringthecourseoftheseyearsjurorswerethreatenedbythecrownlawyerswiththeStarChamberunlesstheyfoundaverdictofguilty，andweresenttoprisonfornotreturningaproperverdictagainstthoseaccusedbytheProtestantministersofnotattendingchurch；wardsofcourtthoughCatholicwerecommittedtotheguardianshipofProtestants，andineverygrantaspecialclausewasinserted"thatthewardshallbebroughtupatthecollegenearDublinTrinityCollegeinEnglishhabitandreligion；"theIrishwereexcludedfromalloffices；menofnopropertywereappointedassheriffs；andthefinesfornon-
attendanceatchurchwereleviedstrictly。Insteadofbeingappliedtothereliefofthepoortheyfoundtheirway，accordingtotheCatholicLordsofthePale，intothepocketsoftheministers。InreplytothislastchargeChichesterassertedthattheywerenotgiventothepoor，becauseallthepoorwererecusants，buttheywereemployed"intherebuildingofchurches，bridges，andlikecharitablepurposes。"[27]
YetKnoxdidnotsucceedinuprootingtheCatholicfaithinIreland。
Accordingtoareportfurnished1613totheHolySeebyMgr。