Thepicturerepresentsafieldwhichisbeingdeeplytilledbyanimplement，andthewholesomeair，theassociatedideaofhardwork，andthebluish-
　　blackclodsofearthmakeapleasantimpressiononhim。Hethengoesonandseesaworkoneducationlyingopen……andissurprisedthatsomuchattentionisdevotedinittothesexualfeelingsofchildren，whichmakeshimthinkofme。
　　Hereisaprettywater-dreamofafemalepatient，whichwasturnedtospecialaccountinthecourseoftreatment。
　　Atherusualholidayresortonthe……Lake，sheflingsherselfintothedarkwaterataplacewherethepalemoonisreflectedinthewater。
　　Dreamsofthissortareparturitiondreams；theirinterpretationiseffectedbyreversingthefactrecordedinthemanifestdream-content；
　　thus，insteadofflingingoneselfintothewater，readcomingoutofthewater-thatis，beingborn。*TheplacefromwhichoneisbornmayberecognizedifonethinksofthehumoroussenseoftheFrenchlalune。Thepalemoonthusbecomesthewhitebottom，whichthechildsoonguessestobetheplacefromwhichitcame。Nowwhatcanbethemeaningofthepatient’swishingtobebornataholidayresort？Iaskedthedreamerthis，andsherepliedwithouthesitation:"Hasn’tthetreatmentmademeasthoughIwerebornagain？"Thusthedreambecomesaninvitationtocontinuethetreatmentatthissummerresort-thatis，tovisitherthere；perhapsitalsocontainsaverybashfulallusiontothewishtobecomeamotherherself。*2-
　　*Forthemythologicalmeaningofwater-birth，seeRank:DerMythusvonderGeburtdesHelden1909。
　　*2ItwasnotforalongtimethatIlearnedtoappreciatethesignificanceofthephantasiesandunconsciousthoughtsrelatingtolifeinthewomb。Theycontaintheexplanationofthecuriousdread，feltbysomanypeople，ofbeingburiedalive，aswellastheprofoundestunconsciousreasonforthebeliefinalifeafterdeath，whichrepresentsonlytheprojectionintothefutureofthismysteriouslifebeforebirth。Theactofbirth，moreover，isthefirstexperienceattendedbyanxiety，andisthus，thesourceandmodeloftheaffectofanxiety-
　　Anotherdreamofparturition，withitsinterpretation，ItakefromapaperbyE。Jones。"Shestoodattheseashorewatchingasmallboy，whoseemedtobehers，wadingintothewater。Thishedidtillthewatercoveredhimandshecouldonlyseehisheadbobbingupanddownnearthesurface。Thescenethenchangedtothecrowdedtohallofanhotel。Herhusbandlefther，andshe’enteredintoconversationwith’astranger。
　　"Thesecondhalfofthedreamwasdiscoveredintheanalysistorepresentflightfromherhusband，andtheenteringintointimaterelationswithathirdperson，behindwhomwasplainlyindicatedMr。X’sbrother，mentionedinaformerdream。Thefirstpartofthedreamwasafairlyevidentbirth-phantasy。Indreams，asinmythology，thedeliveryofachildfromtheuterinewatersiscommonlyrepresented，bywayofdistortion，astheentryofthechildintowater；amongmanyotherinstances，thebirthsofAdonis，Osiris，Moses，andBacchusarewell-knownillustrationsofthis。
　　Thebobbingupanddownoftheheadinthewateratoncerecalledtothepatientthesensationofquickeningwhichshehadexperiencedinheronlypregnancy。Thinkingoftheboygoingintothewaterinducedareverieinwhichshesawherselftakinghimoutofthewater，carryinghimintothenursery，washinganddressinghim，andinstallinghiminherhousehold。
　　"Thesecondhalfofthedream，therefore，representsthoughtsconcerningtheelopement，whichbelongedtothefirsthalfoftheunderlyinglatentcontent；thefirsthalfofthedreamcorrespondedwiththesecondhalfofthelatentcontent，thebirthphantasy。Besidesthisinversionintheorder，furtherinversionstookplaceineachhalfofthedream。
　　Inthefirsthalfthechildenteredthewater，andthenhisheadbobbed；
　　intheunderlyingdream-thoughtsthequickeningoccurredfirst，andthenthechildleftthewateradoubleinversion。Inthesecondhalfherhusbandlefther；inthedream-thoughtssheleftherhusband。"
　　AnotherparturitiondreamisrelatedbyAbraham-thedreamofayoungwomanexpectingherfirstconfinement:Frontonepointoftheflooroftheroomasubterraneanchannelleadsdirectlyintothewaterpathofparturition-amnioticfluid。Sheliftsupatrapinthefloor，andthereimmediatelyappearsacreaturedressedinbrownishfur，whichalmostresemblesaseal。Thiscreaturechangesintothedreamer’syoungerbrother，towhomherrelationhasalwaysbeenmaterialincharacter。
　　Rankhasshownfromanumberofdreamsthatparturition-dreamsemploythesamesymbolsasmicturition-dreams。Theeroticstimulusexpressesitselfinthesedreamsasinurethralstimulus。Thestratificationofmeaninginthesedreamscorrespondswithachanceinthesignificanceofthesymbolsincechildhood。
　　WemayhereturnbacktotheinterruptedthemeseechapterIII
　　ofthepartplayedbyorganic，sleep-disturbingstimuliindream-formation。
　　Dreamswhichhavecomeintoexistenceundertheseinfluencesnotonlyrevealquitefranklythewish-fulfillingtendency，andthecharacterofconvenience-dreams，buttheyveryoftendisplayaquitetransparentsymbolismaswell，sincewakingnotinfrequentlyfollowsastimuluswhosesatisfactioninsymbolicdisguisehasalreadybeenvainlyattemptedinthedream。Thisistrueofemissiondreamsaswellasthoseevokedbytheneedtourinateordefecate。
　　Thepeculiarcharacterofemissiondreamspermitsusdirectlytounmaskcertainsexualsymbolsalreadyrecognizedastypical，butneverthelessviolentlydisputed，anditalsoconvincesusthatmanyanapparentlyinnocentdream-situationismerelythesymbolicpreludetoacrudelysexualscene。
　　This，however，findsdirectrepresentation，asarule，onlyinthecomparativelyinfrequentemissiondreams，whileitoftenenoughturnsintoananxiety-dream，whichlikewiseleadstowaking。
　　Thesymbolismofdreamsduetourethralstimulusisespeciallyobvious，andhasalwaysbeendivined。HippocrateshadalreadyadvancedthetheorythatadisturbanceofthebladderwasindicatedifonedreamtoffountainsandspringsHavelockEllis。Scherner，whohasstudiedthemanifoldsymbolismoftheurethralstimulus，agreesthat"thepowerfulurethralstimulusalwaysturnsintothestimulationofthesexualsphereanditssymbolicimagery……Thedreamduetourethralstimulusisoftenatthesametimetherepresentativeofthesexualdream。"
　　O。Rank，whoseconclusionsinhispaperonDieSymbolschichtungimWecktraumIhaveherefollowed，arguesveryplausiblythatalargenumberof"dreamsduetourethralstimulus"arereallycausedbysexualstimuli，whichatfirstseektogratifythemselvesbywayofregressiontotheinfantileformofurethralerotism。Thosecasesareespeciallyinstructiveinwhichtheurethralstimulusthusproducedleadstowakingandtheemptyingofthebladder，whereupon，inspiteofthisrelief，thedreamiscontinued，andexpressesitsneedinundisguisedlyeroticimages。*-
　　*"Thesamesymbolicrepresentationswhichintheinfantilesenseconstitutethebasisofthevesicaldreamappearintherecentsenseinpurelysexualsignificance:water=urine=semen=amnioticfluid；ship=topumpshipurinate=seed-capsule；gettingwet=enuresis=coitus=pregnancy；swimming=fullbladder=dwelling-placeoftheunborn；rain=urination=symboloffertilization:travelingjourneying-alighting
　　=gettingoutofbed=havingsexualintercoursehoneymoonjourney；urinating=sexualejaculation"Rank，I，c-
　　Inaquiteanalogousmannerdreamsduetointestinalstimulusdisclosethepertinentsymbolism，andthusconfirmtherelation，whichisalsoamplyverifiedbyethno-psychology，ofgoldandfeces。*"Thus，forexample，awoman，atatimewhensheisunderthecareofaphysicianonaccountofanintestinaldisorder，dreamsofadiggerforhiddentreasurewhoisburyingatreasureinthevicinityofalittlewoodenshedwhichlookslikearuralprivy。Asecondpartofthedreamhasasitscontenthowshewipestheposteriorofherchild，alittlegirl，whohassoiledherself。"-
　　*Freud，"CharacterandAnalErotism，"CollectedPapers，II；Rank，DieSymbolschictung，etc。；Dattner，Intern。Zeitschr。f。Psych。i1913；
　　ReikIntern。Zeitschr。，iii1915-
　　Dreamsofrescueareconnectedwithparturitiondreams。Torescue，especiallytorescuefromthewater，is，whendreamedbyawoman，equivalenttogivingbirth；thissenseis，however，modifiedwhenthedreamerisaman。*-
　　*ForsuchadreamseePfister，"EinFallvonpsychoanalytischerSeelensorgeundSeelenheilung，"inEvangelischeFreiheit1909。Concerningthesymbolof"rescuing，"seemypaper，"TheFutureProspectsofPsycho-AnalyticTherapy"p。123above。Also"ContributiontotheTheoryofLove，I:A
　　SpecialTypeofObjectChoiceinMen"inCollectedPapers，iv。AlsoRank，"BeilegezurRettungs-phantasie，"intheZentralblattfurPsychoanalysei1910，p。331；Reik；"ZurRettungssymbolic，"ibid。，p。299-
　　Robbers，burglars，andghosts，ofwhichweareafraidbeforegoingtobed，andwhichsometimesevendisturboursleep，originateinoneandthesamechildishreminiscence。Theyarethenightlyvisitorswhohavewakedthechildinordertosetitonthechamber，sothatitmaynotwetthebed，orhaveliftedthecoverletinordertoseeclearlyhowthechildisholdingitshandswhilesleeping。Ihavebeenabletoinduceanexactrecollectionofthenocturnalvisitorintheanalysisofsomeoftheseanxietydreams。Therobberswerealwaysthefather；theghostsmoreprobablycorrespondtofemalepersonsinwhitenight-gowns。
　　OntoChapter6，SectionF
　　Freud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapSix，SectionsFandGBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsVI。THEDREAM-WORKcontinuedF。Examples-ArithmeticandSpeechinDreamsBeforeIproceedtoassigntoitsproperplacethefourthofthefactorswhichcontroltheformationofdreams，Ishallciteafewexamplesfrommycollectionofdreams，partlyforthepurposeofillustratingtheco-operationofthethreefactorswithwhichwearealreadyacquainted，andpartlyforthepurposeofadducingevidenceforcertainunsupportedassertionswhichhavebeenmade，orofbringingoutwhatnecessarilyfollowsfromthem。
　　Ithas，ofcourse，beendifficultintheforegoingaccountofthedream-worktodemonstratemyconclusionsbymeansofexamples。Examplesinsupportofisolatedstatementsareconvincingonlywhenconsideredinthecontextofaninterpretationofadreamasawhole；whentheyarewrestedfromtheircontext，theylosetheirvalue；ontheotherhand，adream-interpretation，evenwhenitisbynomeansprofound，soonbecomessoextensivethatitobscuresthethreadofthediscussionwhichitisintendedtoillustrate。
　　ThistechnicalconsiderationmustbemyexcuseifInowproceedtomixtogetherallsortsofthingswhichhavenothingincommonexcepttheirreferencetothetextoftheforegoingchapter。
　　Weshallfirstconsiderafewexamplesofverypeculiarorunusualmethodsofrepresentationindreams。Aladydreamedasfollows:Aservant-girlisstandingonaladderasthoughtocleanthewindows，andhaswithherachimpanzeeandagorillacatlatercorrected，angoracat。Shethrowstheanimalsontothedreamer；thechimpanzeenestlesuptoher，andthisisverydisgusting。Thisdreamhasaccomplisheditspurposebyaverysimplemeans，namely，bytakingamerefigureofspeechliterally，andrepresentingitinaccordancewiththeliteralmeaningofitswords。Monkey，likethenamesofanimalsingeneral，isanopprobriousepithet，andthesituationofthedreammeansmerelytohurlinvectives。Thissamecollectionwillsoonfurnishuswithfurtherexamplesoftheemploymentofthissimpleartificeinthedream-work。
　　Anotherdreamproceedsinaverysimilarmanner:Awomanwithachildwhichhasaconspicuouslydeformedcranium；thedreamerhasheardthatthechildacquiredthisdeformityowingtoitspositioninitsmother’swomb。Thedoctorsaysthatthecraniummightbegivenabettershapebymeansofcompression，butthatthiswouldinjurethebrain。Shethinksthatbecauseitisaboyitwon’tsuffersomuchfromdeformity。Thisdreamcontainsaplasticrepresentationoftheabstractconcept:Childishimpressions，withwhichthedreamerhasbecomefamiliarinthecourseofthetreatment。
　　Inthefollowingexamplethedream-workfollowsratheradifferentcourse。ThedreamcontainsarecollectionofanexcursiontotheHilmteich，nearGraz:Thereisaterriblestormoutside；amiserablehotel-thewaterisdrippingfromthewalls，andthebedsaredamp。ThelatterpartofthecontentwaslessdirectlyexpressedthanIgiveit。Thedreamsignifiessuperfluous。Theabstractideaoccurringinthedream-thoughtsisfirstmadeequivocalbyacertainabuseoflanguage；ithasperhapsbeenreplacedbyoverflowing，orbyfluidandsuper-fluid-fluous，andhasthenbeenbroughttorepresentationbyanaccumulationoflikeimpressions。Waterwithin，waterwithout，waterinthebedsintheformofdampness-everythingfluidandsuperfluid。Thatforthepurposesofdream-representationthespellingismuchlessconsideredthanthesoundofwordsoughtnottosurpriseuswhenwerememberthatrhymeexercisesasimilarprivilege。
　　Thefactthatlanguagehasatitsdisposalagreatnumberofwordswhichwereoriginallyusedinapictorialandconcretesense，butareatpresentusedinacolourlessandabstractfashion，has，incertainothercases，madeitveryeasyforthedreamtorepresentitsthoughts。Thedreamhasonlytorestoretothesewordstheirfullsignificance，ortofollowtheirchangeofmeaningalittlewayback。Forexample，amandreamsthathisfriend，whoisstrugglingtogetoutofaverytightplace，callsuponhimforhelp。Theanalysisshowsthatthetightplaceisahole，andthatthedreamersymbolicallyusestheseverywordstohisfriend:"Becareful，oryou’llgetyourselfintoahole。"*Anotherdreamerclimbsamountainfromwhichheobtainsanextraordinarilyextensiveview。Heidentifieshimselfwithhisbrother，whoiseditingareviewdealingwiththeFarEast。
　　*EnglishExample-TR。
　　InadreaminDerGruneHeinrich，aspiritedhorseisplungingaboutinafieldofthefinestoats，everygrainofwhichisreally"asweetalmond，araisinandanewpenny"wrappedinredsilkandtiedwithabitofpig’sbristle。"Thepoetorthedreamerimmediatelyfurnishesthemeaningofthisdream，forthehorsefelthimselfpleasantlytickled，sothatheexclaimed:"Theoatsareprickingme""Ifeelmyoats"。
　　IntheoldNorsesagasaccordingtoHenzenprolificuseismadeindreamsofcolloquialismsandwittyexpressions；onescarcelyfindsadreamwithoutadoublemeaningoraplayuponwords。
　　Itwouldbeaspecialundertakingtocollectsuchmethodsofrepresentationandtoarrangetheminaccordancewiththeprinciplesuponwhichtheyarebased。Someoftherepresentationsarealmostwitty。Theygiveonetheimpressionthatonewouldhaveneverguessedtheirmeaningifthedreamerhimselfhadnotsucceededinexplainingit。
　　1。Amandreamsthatheisaskedforaname，which，however，hecannotrecall。Hehimselfexplainsthatthismeans:"Ishouldn’tdreamofit。"
　　2。Afemalepatientrelatesadreaminwhichallthepersonsconcernedweresingularlylarge。"Thatmeans，"sheadds，"thatitmustdealwithanepisodeofmyearlychildhood，foratthattimeallgrown-uppeoplenaturallyseemedtomeimmenselylarge。"Sheherselfdidnotappearinthedream。
　　Thetranspositionintochildhoodisexpresseddifferentlyinotherdreams-bythetranslationoftimeintospace。Oneseespersonsandscenesasthoughatagreatdistance，attheendofalongroad，orasthoughonewerelookingatthemthroughthewrongendofapairofopera-glasses。
　　3。Amanwhoinwakinglifeshowsaninclinationtoemployabstractandindefiniteexpressions，butwhootherwisehashiswitsabouthim，dreams，inacertainconnection，thathereachesarailwaystationjustasatrainiscomingin。Butthentheplatformmovestowardsthetrain，whichstandsstill；anabsurdinversionoftherealstateofaffairs。Thisdetail，again，isnothingmorethananindicationtotheeffectthatsomethingelseinthedreammustbeinverted。Theanalysisofthesamedreamleadstorecollectionsofpicture-booksinwhichmenwererepresentedstandingontheirheadsandwalkingontheirhands。
　　4。Thesamedreamer，onanotheroccasion，relatesashortdreamwhichalmostrecallsthetechniqueofarebus。Hisunclegiveshimakissinanautomobile。Heimmediatelyaddstheinterpretation，whichwouldneverhaveoccurredtome:itmeansauto-erotism。Inthewakingstatethismighthavebeensaidinjest。
　　5。AtaNewYear’sEvedinnerthehost，thepatriarchofthefamily，usheredintheNewYearwithaspeech。Oneofhissons-in-law，alawyer，wasnotinclinedtotaketheoldmanseriously，especiallywheninthecourseofhisspeechheexpressedhimselfasfollows:"WhenIopentheledgerfortheOldYearandglanceatitspagesIseeeverythingontheassetsideandnothing，thanktheLord，onthesideofliability；allyouchildrenhavebeenagreatasset，noneofyoualiability。"OnhearingthistheyounglawyerthoughtofX，hiswife’sbrother，whowasacheatandaliar，andwhomhehadrecentlyextricatedfromtheentanglementsofthelaw。Thatnight，inadream。hesawtheNewYear’scelebrationoncemore，andheardthespeech，orrathersawit。Insteadofspeaking，theoldmanactuallyopenedtheledger，andonthesidemarkedassetshesawhisnameamongstothers，butontheotherside，markedliability，therewasthenameofhisbrother-in-law，X。However，thewordliabilitywaschangedintoLie-Ability，whichheregardedasX’smaincharacteristic。
　　*
　　*ReportedbyBrillinhisFundamentalConceptionsofPsychoanalysis。
　　6。Adreamertreatsanotherpersonforabrokenbone。Theanalysisshowsthatthefracturerepresentsabrokenmarriagevow，etc。
　　7。Inthedream-contentthetimeofdayoftenrepresentsacertainperiodofthedreamer’schildhood。Thus，forexample，5:15a。m。meanstoonedreamertheageoffiveyearsandthreemonths；whenhewasthatage，ayoungerbrotherwasborn。
　　8。Anotherrepresentationofageinadream:Awomaniswalkingwithtwolittlegirls；thereisadifferenceoffifteenmonthsintheirages。Thedreamercannotthinkofanyfamilyofheracquaintanceinwhichthisisthecase。Sheherselfinterpretsittomeanthatthetwochildrenrepresentherownperson，andthatthedreamremindsherthatthetwotraumaticeventsofherchildhoodwereseparatedbythisperiodoftime31/2and43/4years。
　　9。Itisnotastonishingthatpersonswhoareundergoingpsycho-
　　analytictreatmentfrequentlydreamofit，andarecompelledtogiveexpressionintheirdreamstoallthethoughtsandexpectationsarousedbyit。Theimagechosenforthetreatmentisasarulethatofajourney，usuallyinamotor-car，thisbeingamodernandcomplicatedvehicle；inthereferencetothespeedofthecarthepatient’sironicalhumourisgivenfreeplay。
　　Iftheunconscious，asanelementofwakingthought，istoberepresentedinthedream，itisreplaced，appropriatelyenough，bysubterraneanlocalities，whichatothertimes，whenthereisnoreferencetoanalytictreatment，haverepresentedthefemalebodyorthewomb。Belowinthedreamveryoftenreferstothegenitals，anditsopposite，above，totheface，mouthorbreast。Bywildbeaststhedream-workusuallysymbolizespassionateimpulses；
　　thoseofthedreamer，andalsothoseofotherpersonsofwhomthedreamerisafraid；orthus，bymeansofaveryslightdisplacement，thepersonswhoexperiencethesepassions。Fromthisitisnotveryfartothetotemisticrepresentationofthedreadedfatherbymeansofviciousanimals，dogs，wildhorses，etc。Onemightsaythatwildbeastsservetorepresentthelibido，fearedbytheego，andcombatedbyrepression。Eventheneurosisitself，thesickperson，isoftenseparatedfromthedreamerandexhibitedinthedreamasanindependentperson。
　　Onemaygosofarastosaythatthedream-workmakesuseofallthemeansaccessibletoitforthevisualrepresentationofthedream-thoughts，whethertheseappearadmissibleorinadmissibletowakingcriticism，andthusexposesitselftothedoubtaswellasthederisionofallthosewhohaveonlyhearsayknowledgeofdream-interpretation，buthaveneverthemselvespractisedit。Stekel’sbook，DieSprachedesTraumes，isespeciallyrichinsuchexamples，butIavoidcitingillustrationsfromthisworkastheauthor’slackofcriticaljudgmentandhisarbitrarytechniquewouldmakeeventheunprejudicedobserverfeeldoubtful。
　　10。FromanessaybyV。Tausk"KleiderundFarbeninDienstederTraumdarstellung，"inInterna。Zeitschr。furPs。A。，ii[1914]:
　　aAdreamsthatheseeshisformergovernesswearingadressofblacklustre，whichfitscloselyoverherbuttocks。Thatmeanshedeclaresthiswomantobelustful。
　　bCinadreamseesagirlontheroadtoXbathedinawhitelightandwearingawhiteblouse。
　　ThedreamerbegananaffairwithaMissWhiteonthisroad。
　　11。InananalysiswhichIcarriedoutintheFrenchlanguageIhadtointerpretadreaminwhichIappearedasanelephant。InaturallyhadtoaskwhyIwasthusrepresented:"Vousmetrompez，"answeredthedreamerTrompe=trunk。
　　Thedream-workoftensucceedsinrepresentingveryrefractorymaterial，suchaspropernames，bymeansoftheforcedexploitationofveryremoterelations。InoneofmydreamsoldBruckehassetmeatask。
　　Imakeapreparation，andpicksomethingoutofitwhichlookslikecrumpledtinfoil。Ishallreturntothisdreamlater。Thecorrespondingassociation，whichisnoteasytofind，isstanniol，andnowIknowthatIhaveinmindthenameoftheauthorStannius，whichappearedonthetitle-pageofatreatiseonthenervoussystemoffishes，whichinmyyouthIregardedwithreverence。Thefirstscientificproblemwhichmyteachersetmedidactuallyrelatetothenervoussystemofafish-theAmmocoetes。Obviously，thisnamecouldnotbeutilizedinthepicture-puzzle。
　　HereImustnotfailtoincludeadreamwithacuriouscontent，whichisworthnotingalsoasthedreamofachild，andwhichisreadilyexplainedbyanalysis:Aladytellsme:"IcanrememberthatwhenIwasachildIrepeatedlydreamedthatGodworeaconicalpaperhatonHishead。
　　Theyoftenusedtomakemewearsuchahatattable，sothatIshouldn’tbeabletolookattheplatesoftheotherchildrenandseehowmuchtheyhadreceivedofanyparticulardish。SinceIhadheardthatGodwasomniscient，thedreamsignifiedthatIkneweverythinginspiteofthehatwhichI
　　wasmadetowear。"
　　Whatthedream-workconsistsin，anditsunceremonioushandlingofitsmaterial，thedream-thoughts，maybeshowninaninstructivemannerbythenumbersandcalculationswhichoccurindreams。Superstition，bytheway，regardsnumbersashavingaspecialsignificanceindreams。I
　　shallthereforegiveafewexamplesofthiskindfrommycollection。
　　1。Fromthedreamofalady，shortlybeforetheendofhertreatment:
　　Shewantstopayforsomethingorother；herdaughtertakes3
　　florins65kreuzerfromherpurse；butthemothersays:"Whatareyoudoing？
　　Itcostsonly21kreuzer。"Thisfragmentofthedreamwasintelligiblewithoutfurtherexplanationowingtomyknowledgeofthedreamer’scircumstances。
　　Theladywasaforeigner，whohadplacedherdaughteratschoolinVienna，andwasabletocontinuemytreatmentaslongasherdaughterremainedinthecity。Inthreeweeksthedaughter’sscholasticyearwouldend，andthetreatmentwouldthenstop。Onthedaybeforethedreamtheprincipaloftheschoolhadaskedherwhethershecouldnotdecidetoleavethechildatschoolforanotheryear。Shehadthenobviouslyreflectedthatinthiscaseshewouldbeabletocontinuethetreatmentforanotheryear。Now，thisiswhatthedreamrefersto，forayearisequalto365days；thethreeweeksremainingbeforetheendofthescholasticyear，andofthetreatment，areequivalentto21daysthoughnottosomanyhoursoftreatment。
　　Thenumerals，whichinthedream-thoughtsrefertoperiodsoftime，aregivenmoneyvaluesinthedream，andsimultaneouslyadeepermeaningfindsexpression-fortimeismoney。365kreuzer，ofcourse，are3florins65
　　kreuzer。Thesmallnessofthesumswhichappearinthedreamisaself-
　　evidentwish-fulfilment；thewishhasreducedboththecostofthetreatmentandtheyear’sschoolfees。
　　2。Inanotherdreamthenumeralsareinvolvedinevenmorecomplexrelations。Ayounglady，whohasbeenmarriedforsomeyears，learnsthatanacquaintanceofhers，ofaboutthesameage，EliseL，hasjustbecomeengaged。Thereuponshedreams:Sheissittinginthetheatrewithherhusbandandonesideofthestallsisquiteempty。HerhusbandtellsherthatEliseLandherfiancehadalsowishedtocometothetheatre，butthattheyonlycouldhaveobtainedpoorseats；threefor1florin50kreuzer，andofcoursetheycouldnottakethose。Shethinkstheydidn’tlosemuch，either。
　　Whatistheoriginofthe1florin50kreuzer？Areallyindifferentincidentofthepreviousday。Thedreamer’ssister-in-lawhadreceived150florinsasapresentfromherhusband，andhastenedtogetridofthembybuyingsomejewellery。Letusnotethat150florinsis100times1florin50kreuzer。Butwhencethe3inconnectionwiththeseatsinthetheatre？
　　Thereisonlyoneassociationforthis，namely，thatthefianceisthreemonthsyoungerthanherself。Whenwehaveascertainedthesignificanceofthefactthatonesideofthestallsisemptywehavethesolutionofthedream。Thisfeatureisanundisguisedallusiontoalittleincidentwhichhadgivenherhusbandagoodexcuseforteasingher。Shehaddecidedtogotothetheatrethatweek；shehadbeencarefultoobtainticketsafewdaysbeforehand，andhadhadtopaytheadvancebooking-fee。Whentheygottothetheatretheyfoundthatonesideofthehousewasalmostempty；sothatshecertainlyneednothavebeeninsuchahurry。
　　Ishallnowsubstitutethedream-thoughtsforthedream:"Itsurelywasnonsensetomarrysoearly；therewasnoneedformybeinginsuchahurry。FromEliseL’sexampleIseethatIshouldhavegotahusbandjustthesame-andoneahundredtimesbetter-IfIhadonlywaitedantithesistothehasteofhersister-in-law，Icouldhaveboughtthreesuchmenforthemoneythedowry！"-Ourattentionisdrawntothefactthatthenumeralsinthisdreamhavechangedtheirmeaningsandtheirrelationstoamuchgreaterextentthaninthe。onepreviouslyconsidered。Thetransforminganddistortingactivityofthedreamhasinthiscasebeengreater-afactwhichweinterpretasmeaningthatthesedream-thoughtshadtoovercomeanunusualdegreeofendo-psychicresistancebeforetheyattainedtorepresentation。
　　Andwemustnotoverlookthefactthatthedreamcontainsanabsurdelement，namely，thattwopersonsareexpectedtotakethreeseats。ItwillthrowsomelightonthequestionoftheinterpretationofabsurdityindreamsifIremarkthatthisabsurddetailofthedream-contentisintendedtorepresentthemoststronglyemphasizedofthedream-thoughts:"Itwasnonsensetomarrysoearly。"Thefigure3，whichoccursinaquitesubordinaterelationbetweenthetwopersonscomparedthreemonths’differenceintheirages，hasthusbeenadroitlyutilizedtoproducetheideaofnonsenserequiredbythedream。Thereductionoftheactual150florinsto1florin50kreuzercorrespondstothedreamer’sdisparagementofherhusbandinhersuppressedthoughts。
　　3。Anotherexampledisplaysthearithmeticalpowersofdreams，whichhavebroughtthemintosuchdisrepute。Amandreams:HeissittingintheB’shousetheB’sareafamilywithwhichhewasformerlyacquainted，andhesays:"Itwasnonsensethatyoudidn’tgivemeAmyformywife。"
　　Thereupon，heasksthegirl:"Howoldareyou？"Answer:"Iwasbornin1882。""Ah，thenyouare28yearsold。"
　　Sincethedreamwasdreamedintheyear1898，thisisobviouslybadarithmetic，andtheinabilityofthedreamertocalculatemay，ifitcannotbeotherwiseexplained，belikenedtothatofageneralparalytic。
　　Mypatientwasoneofthosemenwhocannothelpthinkingabouteverywomantheysee。Thepatientwhoforsomemonthscamenextafterhiminmyconsulting-roomwasayounglady；hemetthisladyafterhehadconstantlyaskedabouther，andhewasveryanxioustomakeagoodimpressiononher。Thiswastheladywhoseageheestimatedat28。Somuchforexplainingtheresultofhisapparentcalculation。But1882wastheyearinwhichhehadmarried。
　　Hehadbeenunabletorefrainfromenteringintoconversationwiththetwootherwomenwhomhemetatmyhouse-thetwobynomeansyouthfulmaidswhoalternatelyopenedthedoortohim-andashedidnotfindthemveryresponsive，hehadtoldhimselfthattheyprobablyregardedhimaselderlyandserious。
　　Bearinginmindtheseexamples，andothersofasimilarnaturetofollow，wemaysay:Thedream-workdoesnotcalculateatall，whethercorrectlyorincorrectly；itonlystringstogether，intheformofasum，numeralswhichoccurinthedream-thoughts，andwhichmayserveasallusionstomaterialwhichisinsusceptibleofrepresentation。Itthusdealswithfigures，asmaterialforexpressingitsintentions，justasitdealswithallotherconcepts，andwithnamesandspeecheswhichareonlyverbalimages。
　　Forthedream-workcannotcomposeanewspeech。Nomatterhowmanyspeeches；andanswers，whichmayinthemselvesbesensibleorabsurd，mayoccurindreams，analysisshowsusthatthedreamhastakenfromthedream-thoughtsfragmentsofspeecheswhichhavereallybeendeliveredorheard，andhasdealtwiththeminthemostarbitraryfashion。Ithasnotonlytornthemfromtheircontextandmutilatedthem，acceptingonefragmentandrejectinganother，butithasoftenfittedthemtogetherinanovelmanner，sothatthespeechwhichseemscoherentinadreamisdissolvedbyanalysisintothreeorfourcomponents。Inthisnewapplicationofthewordsthedreamhasoftenignoredthemeaningwhichtheyhadinthedream-thoughts，andhasdrawnanentirelynewmeaningfromthem。*Uponcloserinspection，themoredistinctandcompactingredientsofthedream-speechmaybedistinguishedfromothers，whichserveasconnectives，andhaveprobablybeensupplied，justaswesupplyomittedlettersandsyllablesinreading。Thedream-speechthushasthestructureofbreccia，inwhichthelargerpiecesofvariousmaterialareheldtogetherbyasolidifiedcohesivemedium。
　　*AnalysesofothernumericaldreamshavebeengivenbyJung，Marcinowskiandothers。Suchdreamsofteninvolveverycomplicatedarithmeticaloperations，whicharenonethelesssolvedbythedreamerwithastonishingconfidence。
　　Cf。alsoErnestJones，"UberunbewussteZahlenbehandlung，"Zentralb。furPsychoanalyse，4，ii，[1912]，p。241。
　　Neurosisbehavesinthesamefashion。Iknowapatientwho-involuntarilyandunwillingly-hearshallucinatessongsorfragmentsofsongswithoutbeingabletounderstandtheirsignificanceforherpsychiclife。Sheiscertainlynotaparanoiac。Analysisshowsthatbyexercisingacertainlicenseshegavethetextofthesesongsafalseapplication。"Oh，thoublissfulone！Oh，thouhappyone！"ThisisthefirstlineofChristmascarol，butbynotcontinuingittotheword，Christmastide，sheturnsitintoabridalsong，etc。Thesamemechanismofdistortionmayoperate，withouthallucination，merelyinassociation。
　　Strictlyspeaking，ofcourse，thisdescriptioniscorrectonlyforthosedream-speecheswhichhavesomethingofthesensorycharacterofaspeech，andaredescribedasspeeches。Theothers，whichhavenot，asitwere，beenperceivedasheardorspokenwhichhavenoaccompanyingacousticormotoremphasisinthedreamaresimplythoughts，suchasoccurinourwakinglife，andfindtheirwayunchangedintomanyofourdreams。Ourreading，too，seemstoprovideanabundantandnoteasilytraceablesourcefortheindifferentspeech-materialofdreams。Butanythingthatisatallconspicuousasaspeechinadreamcanbereferredtoactualspeecheswhichhavebeenmadeorheardbythedreamer。
　　Wehavealreadyfoundexamplesofthederivationofsuchdream-
　　speechesintheanalysesofdreamswhichhavebeencitedforotherpurposes。
　　Thus，intheinnocentmarket-dreamchapterV。，A。wherethespeech:Thatisnolongertobehadservestoidentifymewiththebutcher，whileafragmentoftheotherspeech:Idon’tknowthat，Idon’ttakethat，preciselyfulfilsthetaskofrenderingthedreaminnocent。Onthepreviousday，thedreamer，replyingtosomeunreasonabledemandonthepartofhercook，hadwavedherasidewiththewords:Idon’tknowthat，behaveyourselfproperly，andsheafterwardstookintothedreamthefirst，indifferent-soundingpartofthespeechinordertoalludetothelatterpart，whichfittedwellintothephantasyunderlyingthedream，butwhichmightalsohavebetrayedit。
　　Hereisoneofmanyexampleswhichallleadtothesameconclusion:
　　Alargecourtyardinwhichdeadbodiesarebeingburned。Thedreamersays，"I’mgoing，Ican’tstandthesightofit。"Notadistinctspeech。
　　Thenhemeetstwobutcherboysandasks，"Well，didittastegood？"Andoneofthemanswers，"No，itwasn’tgood。"Asthoughithadbeenhumanflesh。
　　Theinnocentoccasionofthisdreamisasfollows:Aftertakingsupperwithhiswife，thedreamerpaysavisittohisworthybutbynomeansappetizingneighbour。Thehospitableoldladyisjustsittingdowntoherownsupper，andpresseshimamongmenacomposite，sexuallysignificantwordisusedjocoselyintheplaceofthiswordtotasteit。Hedeclines，sayingthathehasnoappetite。Shereplies:"Goonwithyou，youcanmanageitallright，"orsomethingofthekind。Thedreameristhusforcedtotasteandpraisewhatisofferedhim。"Butthat’sgood！"Whenheisaloneagainwithhiswife，hecomplainsofhisneighbour’simportunity，andofthequalityofthefoodwhichhehastasted。"Ican’tstandthesightofit，"aphrasethatinthedream，too，doesnotemergeasanactualspeech，isathoughtrelatingtothephysicalcharmsoftheladywhoinviteshim，whichmaybetranslatedbythestatementthathehasnodesiretolookather。
　　Theanalysisofanotherdream-whichIwillciteatthisstageforthesakeofaverydistinctspeech，whichconstitutesitsnucleus，butwhichwillbeexplainedonlywhenwecometoevaluatetheaffectsindreams-ismoreinstructive。Idreamveryvividly:IhavegonetoBrucke’slaboratoryatnight，andonhearingagentleknockingatthedoor，IopenittothedeceasedProfessorFleischl，whoentersinthecompanyofseveralstrangers，andaftersayingafewwordssitsdownathistable。Thenfollowsaseconddream:MyfriendFlhascometoVienna，unobtrusively，inJuly；
　　Imeethiminthestreet，inconversationwithmydeceasedfriendP，andIgowiththemsomewhere，andtheysitdownfacingeachotherasthoughatasmalltable，whileIsitfacingthematthenarrowendofthetable。
　　Flspeaksofhissister，andsays:"Inthree-quartersofanhourshewasdead，"andthensomethinglike"Thatisthethreshold。"AsPdoesnotunderstandhim，Flturnstome，andasksmehowmuchIhavetoldPofhisaffairs。
　　Atthis，overcomebystrangeemotions，ItrytotellFlthatPcannotpossiblyknowanything，ofcourse，becauseheisnotalive。Butnoticingthemistakemyself，Isay:"Nonvixit。"ThenIlooksearchinglyatP，andundermygazehebecomespaleandblurred，andhiseyesturnasicklyblue-
　　andatlasthedissolves。Irejoicegreatlyatthis；InowunderstandthatErnstFleischl，too，isonlyanapparition，arevenant，andIfindthatitisquitepossiblethatsuchapersonshouldexistonlysolongasonewisheshimto，andthathecanbemadetodisappearbythewishofanotherperson。
　　Thisveryprettydreamunitessomanyoftheenigmaticalcharacteristicsofthedream-content-thecriticismmadeinthedreamitself，inasmuchasImyselfnoticemymistakeinsayingNonvixitinsteadofNonvivit，theunconstrainedintercoursewithdeceasedpersons，whomthedreamitselfdeclarestobedead，theabsurdityofmyconclusion，andtheintensesatisfactionwhichitgivesme-that"Iwouldgivemylife"toexpoundthecompletesolutionoftheproblem。ButinrealityIamincapableofdoingwhatI
　　dointhedream，i。e。，ofsacrificingsuchintimatefriendstomyambition。
　　AndifIattemptedtodisguisethefacts，thetruemeaningofthedream，withwhichIamperfectlyfamiliar，wouldbespoiled。Imustthereforebecontenttoselectafewoftheelementsofthedreamforinterpretation，somehere，andsomeatalaterstage。
　　ThesceneinwhichIannihilatePwithaglanceformsthecentreofthedream。Hiseyesbecomestrangeandweirdlyblue，andthenhedissolves。
　　Thissceneisanunmistakableimitationofascenethatwasactuallyexperienced。
　　IwasademonstratoratthePhysiologicalInstitute；Iwasondutyinthemorning，andBruckelearnedthatonseveraloccasionsIhadbeenunpunctualinmyattendanceatthestudents’laboratory。Onemorning，therefore，hearrivedatthehourofopening，andwaitedforme。Whathesaidtomewasbriefandtothepoint；butitwasnotwhathesaidthatmattered。Whatoverwhelmedmewastheterriblegazeofhisblueeyes，beforewhichImeltedaway-asPdoesinthedream，forPhasexchangedroleswithme，muchtomyrelief。Anyonewhorememberstheeyesofthegreatmaster，whichwerewonderfullybeautifuleveninhisoldage，andhaseverseenhimangered，willreadilyimaginetheemotionsoftheyoungtransgressoronthatoccasion。
　　ButforalongwhileIwasunabletoaccountfortheNonvixitwithwhichIpasssentenceinthedream。Finally，Irememberedthatthereasonwhythesetwowordsweresodistinctinthedreamwasnotbecausetheywereheardorspoken，butbecausetheywereseen。ThenIknewatoncewheretheycamefrom。OnthepedestalofthestatueoftheEmperorjosephintheViennaHofburgareinscribedthefollowingbeautifulwords:
　　Salutipatriaevixitnondiusedtotus。*
　　*Theinscriptioninfactreads:
　　Salutipublicaevixitnondiusedtotus。
　　[Helivedforthesafetyofthepublic，notforalongtime，butalways。]Themotiveofthemistake:patriae[fatherland]forpublicae，hasprobablybeencorrectlydivinedbyWittels。
　　FromthisinscriptionIhadtakenwhatfittedoneinimicaltrainofthoughtinmydream-thoughts，andwhichwasintendedtomean:"Thatfellowhasnothingtosayinthematter，heisnotreallyalive。"AndInowrecalledthatthedreamwasdreamedafewdaysaftertheunveilingofthememorialtoFleischl，inthecloistersoftheUniversity，uponwhichoccasionI
　　hadoncemoreseenthememorialtoBrucke，andmusthavethoughtwithregretintheunconscioushowmygiftedfriendP，withallhisdevotiontoscience，hadbyhisprematuredeathforfeitedhisjustclaimtoamemorialinthesehalls。SoIsetupthismemorialtohiminthedream；JosefismyfriendP’sbaptismalname。*
　　*Asanexampleofover-determination:Myexcuseforcominglatewasthatafterworkinglateintothenight，inthemorningIhadtomakethelongjourneyfromKaiser-Josef-StrassetoWahringerStrasse。
　　Accordingtotherulesofdream-interpretation，Ishouldstillnotbejustifiedinreplacingnonvivit，whichIneed，bynonvixit，whichisplacedatmydisposalbytherecollectionoftheKaiserJosefmemorial。
　　Someotherelementofthedream-thoughtsmusthavecontributedtomakethispossible。SomethingnowcallsmyattentiontothefactthatinthedreamscenetwotrainsofthoughtrelatingtomyfriendPmeet，onehostile，theotheraffectionate-theformeronthesurface，thelattercoveredup-
　　andbotharegivenrepresentationinthesamewords:nonvixit。AsmyfriendPhasdeservedwellofscience，Ierectamemorialtohim；ashehasbeenguiltyofamaliciouswishexpressedattheendofthedream，Iannihilatehim。Ihavehereconstructedasentencewithaspecialcadence，andindoingsoImusthavebeeninfluencedbysomeexistingmodel。ButwherecanIfindasimilarantithesis，asimilarparallelbetweentwooppositereactionstothesameperson，bothofwhichcanclaimtobewhollyjustified，andwhichneverthelessdonotattempttoaffectoneanother？Onlyinonepassagewhich，however，makesaprofoundimpressionuponthereader-Brutus’sspeechofjustificationinShakespeare’sJuliusCaesar:"AsCaesarlovedme，Iweepforhim；ashewasfortunate，Irejoiceatit；ashewasvaliant。
　　Ihonourhim；butashewasambitious，Islewhim。"Havewenotherethesameverbalstructure，andthesameantithesisofthought，asinthedream-thoughts？
　　SoIamplayingBrutusinmydream。IfonlyIcouldfindinmydream-thoughtsanothercollateralconnectiontoconfirmthis！Ithinkitmightbethefollowing:MyfriendFlcomestoViennainJuly。Thisdetailisnotthecaseinreality。Tomyknowledge，myfriendhasneverbeeninViennainJuly。ButthemonthofJulyisnamedafterJuliusCaesar，andmightthereforeverywellfurnishtherequiredallusiontotheintermediatethought-thatIamplayingthepartofBrutus。*-
　　*Andalso，Caesar=Kaiser。
　　Strangelyenough，IoncedidactuallyplaythepartofBrutus。WhenIwasaboyoffourteen，IpresentedthescenebetweenBrutusandCaesarinSchiller’spoemtoanaudienceofchildren:withtheassistanceofmynephew，whowasayearolderthanI，andwhohadcometousfromEngland-
　　andwasthusarevenant-forinhimIrecognizedtheplaymateofmyearlychildhood。Untiltheendofmythirdyearwehadbeeninseparable；wehadlovedeachotherandfoughteachotherand，asIhavealreadyhinted，thischildishrelationhasdeterminedallmylaterfeelingsinmyintercoursewithpersonsofmyownage。MynephewJohnhassincethenhadmanyincarnations，whichhaverevivifiedfirstoneandthenanotheraspectofacharacterthatisineradicablyfixedinmyunconsciousmemory。Attimeshemusthavetreatedmeverybadly，andImusthaveopposedmytyrantcourageously，forinlateryearsIwasoftentoldofashortspeechinwhichIdefendedmyselfwhenmyfather-hisgrandfather-calledmetoaccount:"WhydidyouhitJohn？""Ihithimbecausehehitme。"Itmustbethischildishscenewhichcausesnonvivittobecomenonvixit，forinthelanguageoflaterchildhoodstrikingisknownaswichsenGerman:wichsen=topolish，towax，i。e。，tothrash；andthedream-workdoesnotdisdaintotakeadvantageofsuchassociations。MyhostilitytowardsmyfriendP，whichhassolittlefoundationinreality-hewasgreatlymysuperior，andmightthereforehavebeenaneweditionofmyoldplaymate-maycertainlybetracedtomycomplicatedrelationswithJohnduringourchildhood。Ishall，asI
　　havesaid，returntothisdreamlateron。
　　G。AbsurdDreams-IntellectualPerformancesinDreamsI。Hitherto，inourinterpretationofdreams，wehavecomeupontheelementofabsurdityinthedream-contentsofrequentlythatwemustnolongerpostponetheinvestigationofitscauseanditsmeaning。Weremember，ofcourse，thattheabsurdityofdreamshasfurnishedtheopponentsofdream-interpretationwiththeirchiefargumentforregardingthedreamasmerelythemeaninglessproductofanattenuatedandfragmentaryactivityofthepsyche。
　　Iwillbeginwithafewexamplesinwhichtheabsurdityofthedream-contentisapparentonly，disappearingwhenthedreamismorethoroughlyexamined。Thesearecertaindreamswhich-accidently，onebeginsbythinking-
　　areconcernedwiththedreamer’sdeadfather。
　　1。Hereisthedreamofapatientwhohadlosthisfathersixyearsbeforethedateofthedream:
　　Hisfatherhadbeeninvolvedinaterribleaccident。Hewastravellingbythenightexpresswhenthetrainwasderailed，theseatsweretelescoped，andhisheadwascrushedfromsidetoside。Thedreamerseeshimlyingonhisbed；fromhislefteyebrowawoundrunsverticallyupwards。Thedreamerissurprisedthathisfathershouldhavemetwithanaccidentsinceheisdeadalready，asthedreameraddsinrelatinghisdream。Hisfather’seyesaresoclear。
　　Accordingtotheprevailingstandardsofdream-criticism，thisdream-contentwouldbeexplainedasfollows:Atfirst，whilethedreamerispicturinghisfather’saccident，hehasforgottenthathisfatherhasalreadybeenmanyyearsinhisgrave；inthecourseofthedreamthismemoryawakens，sothatheissurprisedathisowndreamevenwhileheisdreamingit。Analysis，however，tellsusthatitisquitesuperfluoustoseekforsuchexplanations。Thedreamerhadcommissionedasculptortomakeabustofhisfather，andhehadinspectedthebusttwodaysbeforethedream。
　　ItisthiswhichseemstohimtohavecometogrieftheGermanwordmeansgonewrongormetwithanaccident。Thesculptorhasneverseenhisfather，andhashadtoworkfromphotographs。Ontheverydaybeforethedreamthesonhadsentanoldfamilyservanttothestudioinordertoseewhetherhe，too，wouldpassthesomejudgmentuponthemarblebust-namely，thatitwastoonarrowbetweenthetemples。Andnowfollowsthememory-materialwhichhascontributedtotheformationofthedream:Thedreamer’sfatherhadahabit，wheneverhewasharassedbybusinesscaresordomesticdifficulties，ofpressinghistemplesbetweenhishands，asthoughhisheadwasgrowingtoolargeandbewastryingtocompressit。Whenthedreamerwasfouryearsold，hewaspresentwhenapistolwasaccidentallydischarged，andhisfather’seyeswereblackenedhiseyesaresoclear。Whenhisfatherwasthoughtfulordepressed，hehadadeepfurrowinhisforeheadjustwherethedreamshowshiswound。Thefactthatinthedreamthiswrinkleisreplacedbyawoundpointstothesecondoccasionforthedream。Thedreamerhadtakenaphotographofhislittledaughter；theplatehadfallenfromhishand，andwhenhepickeditupitrevealedacrackwhichranlikeaverticalfurrowacrossthechild’sforehead，extendingasfarastheeyebrow。Hecouldnothelpfeelingasuperstitiousforeboding，foronthedaybeforehismother’sdeaththenegativeofherportraithadbeencracked。
　　Thus，theabsurdityofthisdreamissimplytheresultofacarelessnessofverbalexpression，whichdoesnotdistinguishbetweenthebustorthephotographandtheoriginal。Weareallaccustomedtomakingremarkslike:
　　"Don’tyouthinkit’sexactlyyourfather？"Theappearanceofabsurdityinthisdreammight，ofcourse，havebeeneasilyavoided。Ifitwerepermissibletoformanopiniononthestrengthofasinglecase，onemightbetemptedtosaythatthissemblanceofabsurdityisadmittedorevendesired。II。HereisanotherexampleofthesamekindfrommyowndreamsIlostmyfatherintheyear1896:
　　Afterhisdeath，myfatherhasplayedapartinthepoliticallifeoftheMagyars，andhasunitedthemintoapoliticalwhole；andhereIsee，indistinctly，alittlepicture:anumberofmen，asthoughintheReichstag；amanisstandingononeortwochairs；thereareothersroundabouthim。IrememberthatonhisdeathbedhelookedsolikeGaribaldi，andIamgladthatthispromisehasreallycometrue。
　　Certainlythisisabsurdenough。ItwasdreamedatthetimewhentheHungarianswereinastateofanarchy，owingtoParliamentaryobstruction，andwerepassingthroughthecrisisfromwhichKolomanSzellsubsequentlydeliveredthem。Thetrivialcircumstancethatthescenesbeheldindreamsconsistofsuchlittlepicturesisnotwithoutsignificancefortheelucidationofthiselement。Thecustomaryvisualdream-representationsofourthoughtspresentimagesthatimpressusasbeinglife-size；mydream-picture，however，isthereproductionofawood-cutinsertedinthetextofanillustratedhistoryofAustria，representingMariaTheresaintheReichstagofPressburg-
　　thefamoussceneofMoriamurproregenostro。*LikeMariaTheresa，myfather，inmydream，issurroundedbythemultitude；butheisstandingononeortwochairsStuhlen，andisthus，likeaStuhlrichterpresidingjudge。Hehasunitedthem；heretheintermediaryisthephrase:"Weshallneednojudge。"Thoseofuswhostoodaboutmyfather’sdeath-beddidactuallynoticethathelookedverylikeGaribaldi。Hehadapost-mortemriseoftemperature；hischeeksshoneredderandredder……involuntarilywecontinue:"Andbehindhim，inunsubstantialradiance，laythatwhichsubduesusall-thecommonfate。"
　　*[Wedieforourking。]IhaveforgotteninwhatauthorIfoundareferencetoadreamwhichwasoverrunwithunusuallysmallfigures，thesourceofwhichprovedtobeoneoftheengravingsofJacquesCallot，whichthedreamerhadexaminedduringtheday。Theseengravingscontainanenormousnumberofverysmallfigures；awholeseriesofthemdealswiththehorrorsoftheThirtyYearsWar。
　　Thisupliftingofourthoughtspreparesusforthefactthatweshallhavetodealwiththiscommonfate。Thepost-mortemriseintemperaturecorrespondstothewordsafterhisdeathinthedream-content。Themostagonizingofhisafflictionshadbeenacompleteparalysisoftheintestinesobstructionduringthelastfewweeksofhislife。Allsortsofdisrespectfulthoughtsassociatethemselveswiththis。Oneofmycontemporaries，wholosthisfatherwhilestillattheGymnasium-uponwhichoccasionIwasprofoundlymoved，andtenderedhimmyfriendship-oncetoldme，derisively，ofthedistressofarelativewhosefatherhaddiedinthestreet，andhadbeenbroughthome，whenitappeared，uponundressingthecorpse，thatatthemomentofdeath，orpost-mortem，anevacuationofthebowelsStuhlentleerung
　　hadtakenplace。Thedaughterwasdeeplydistressedbythiscircumstance，becausethisuglydetailwouldinevitablyspoilhermemoryofherfather。
　　Wehavenowpenetratedtothewishthatisembodiedinthisdream。Tostandafterone’sdeathbeforeone’schildrengreatandundefiled:whowouldnotwishthat？Whatnowhasbecomeoftheabsurdityofthisdream？Theappearanceofabsurditywasdueonlytothefactthataperfectlypermissiblefigureofspeech，inwhichweareaccustomedtoignoreanyabsurditythatmayexistasbetweenitscomponents，hasbeenfaithfullyrepresentedinthedream。Hereagainwecanhardlydenythattheappearanceofabsurdityisdesiredandhasbeenpurposelyproduced。
　　Thefrequencywithwhichdeadpersonsappearinourdreamsaslivingandactiveandassociatingwithushasevokedundueastonishment，andsomecuriousexplanations，whichaffordconspicuousproofofourmisunderstandingofdreams。Andyettheexplanationofthesedreamsiscloseathand。Howoftenithappensthatwesaytoourselves:"Ifmyfatherwerestillalive，whatwouldhesaytothis？"Thedreamcanexpressthisifinnootherwaythanbyhispresenceinadefinitesituation。Thus，forinstance，ayoungmanwhosegrandfatherhaslefthimagreatinheritancedreamsthattheoldmanisalive，andcallshisgrandsontoaccount，reproachinghimforhislavishexpenditure。Whatweregardasanobjectiontothedreamonaccountofourbetterknowledgethatthemanisalreadydead，isinrealitytheconsolingthoughtthatthedeadmandoesnotneedtolearnthetruth，orsatisfactionoverthefactthathecannolongerhaveasayinthematter。
　　Anotherformofabsurdityfoundindreamsofdeceasedrelativesdoesnotexpressscornandderision；itservestoexpresstheextremestrepudiation，therepresentationofasuppressedthoughtwhichonewouldliketobelievetheverylastthingonewouldthinkof。Dreamsofthiskindappeartobecapableofsolutiononlyifwerememberthatadreammakesnodistinctionbetweendesireandreality。Forexample，amanwhonursedhisfatherduringhislastillness，andwhofelthisdeathverykeenly，dreamedsometimeafterwardsthefollowingsenselessdream:Hisfatherwasagainliving，andconversingwithhimasusual，butandthiswastheremarkablethinghehadneverthelessdied，thoughhedidnotknowit。Thisdreamisintelligibleif，afterhehadneverthelessdied，weinsertinconsequenceofthedreamer’swish，andifafterbuthedidnotknowit，weaddthatthedreamerhadentertainedthiswish。Whilenursinghim，thesonhadoftenwishedthathisfatherwasdead；thatis，hehadhadthereallycompassionatethoughtthatitwouldbeagoodthingifdeathwouldatlastputanendtohissufferings。Whilehewasmourninghisfather’sdeath，eventhiscompassionatewishbecameanunconsciousreproach，asthoughithadreallycontributedtoshortenthesickman’slife。Bytheawakeningoftheearliestinfantilefeelingsagainsthisfather，itbecamepossibletoexpressthisreproachasadream；anditwaspreciselybecauseoftheextremeantithesisbetweenthedream-instigatorandtheday-thoughtsthatthisdreamhadtoassumesoabsurdaform。*
　　*Cf。"FormulationsregardingtheTwoPrinciplesinMentalFunctioning，"
　　CollectedPapers，IV。
　　Asageneralthing，thedreamsofadeceasedpersonofwhomthedreamerhasbeenfondconfronttheinterpreterwithdifficultproblems，thesolutionofwhichisnotalwayssatisfying。Thereasonforthismaybesoughtintheespeciallypronouncedambivalenceoffeelingwhichcontrolstherelationofthedreamertothedeadperson。Insuchdreamsitisquiteusualforthedeceasedpersontobetreatedatfirstasliving；thenitsuddenlyappearsthatheisdead；andinthecontinuationofthedreamheisoncemoreliving。Thishasaconfusingeffect。Iatlastdivinedthatthisalternationofdeathandlifeisintendedtorepresenttheindifferenceofthedreamer"Itisallonetomewhetherheisaliveordead"。Thisindifference，ofcourse，isnotreal，butwished；itspurposeistohelpthedreamertodenyhisveryintenseandoftencontradictoryemotionalattitudes，andsoitbecomesthedream-representationofhisambivalence。Forotherdreamsinwhichonemeetswithdeceasedpersonsthefollowingrulewilloftenbeaguide:Ifinthedreamthedreamerisnotremindedthatthedeadpersonisdead，hesetshimselfonaparwiththedead；hedreamsofhisowndeath。
　　Thesuddenrealizationorastonishmentinthedream"buthehaslongbeendead！"isaprotestagainstthisidentification，andrejectsthemeaningthatthedreamerisdead。ButIwilladmitthatIfeelthatdream-interpretationisfarfromhavingelicitedallthesecretsofdreamshavingthiscontent。III。IntheexamplewhichIshallnowcite，Icandetectthedream-workintheactofpurposelymanufacturinganabsurdityforwhichthereisnooccasionwhateverinthedream-material。ItistakenfromthedreamwhichIhadasaresultofmeetingCountThunjustbeforegoingawayonaholiday。
　　Iamdrivinginacab，andItellthedrivertodrivetoarailwaystation。
　　"Ofcourse，Ican’tdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself，"Isay，afterthedriverhadreproachedme，asthoughIhadwornhimout；atthesametime，itseemsasthoughIhadalreadymadewithhimajourneythatoneusuallymakesbytrain。Ofthisconfusedandsenselessstoryanalysisgivesthefollowingexplanation:DuringthedayIhadhiredacabtotakemetoaremotestreetinDornbach。Thedriver，however，didnotknowtheway，andsimplykeptondriving，inthemannerofsuchworthypeople，untilIbecameawareofthefactandshowedhimtheway，indulginginafewderisiveremarks。FromthisdriveratrainofthoughtledtothearistocraticpersonagewhomIwastomeetlateron。Forthepresent，Iwillonlyremarkthatonethingthatstrikesusmiddle-classplebeiansaboutthearistocracyisthattheyliketoputthemselvesinthedriver’sseat。DoesnotCountThunguidetheAustriancarofState？Thenextsentenceinthedream，however，referstomybrother，whomIthusalsoidentifywiththecab-driver。I
　　hadrefusedtogotoItalywithhimthisyearOfcourse，Ican’tdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself，andthisrefusalwasasortofpunishmentforhisaccustomedcomplaintthatIusuallywearhimoutonthistourthisfindsitswayintothedreamunchangedbyrushinghimtooquicklyfromplacetoplace，andmakinghimseetoomanybeautifulthingsinasingleday。Thateveningmybrotherhadaccompaniedmetotherailwaystation，butshortlybeforethecarriagehadreachedtheWesternstationoftheMetropolitanRailwayhehadjumpedoutinordertotakethetraintoPurkersdorf。
　　Isuggestedtohimthathemightremainwithmealittlelonger，ashedidnottraveltoPurkersdorfbytheMetropolitanbutbytheWesternRailway。
　　Thisiswhy，inmydream，Imadeinthecabajourneywhichoneusuallymakesbytrain。Inreality，however，itwastheotherwayabout:whatI
　　toldmybrotherwas:"ThedistancewhichyoutravelontheMetropolitanRailwayyoucouldtravelinmycompanyontheWesternRailway"ThewholeconfusionofthedreamisthereforeduetothefactthatinmydreamI
　　replace"MetropolitanRailway"bycab，which，tobesure，doesgoodserviceinbringingthedriverandmybrotherintoconjunction。Ithenelicitfromthedreamsomenonsensewhichishardlydisentangledbyelucidation，andwhichalmostconstitutesacontradictionofmyearlierspeechofcourse，Icannotdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself。ButasIhavenoexcusewhateverforconfrontingtheMetropolitanRailwaywiththecab，Imustintentionallyhavegiventhewholeenigmaticalstorythispeculiarforminmydream。
　　Butwithwhatintention？Weshallnowlearnwhattheabsurdityinthedreamsignifies，andthemotiveswhichadmitteditorcreatedit。
　　Inthiscasethesolutionofthemysteryisasfollows:InthedreamI
　　needanabsurdity，andsomethingincomprehensible，inconnectionwithdrivingFahren=riding，drivingbecauseinthedream-thoughtsIhaveacertainopinionthatdemandsrepresentation。Oneevening，atthehouseofthewittyandhospitableladywhoappears，inanothersceneofthesamedream，asthehousekeeper，IheardtworiddleswhichIcouldnotsolve:Astheywereknowntotheothermembersoftheparty，Ipresentedasomewhatludicrousfigureinmyunsuccessfulattemptstofindthesolutions。TheyweretwopunsturningonthewordsNachkommentoobeyorders-offspringandVorfahrentodrive-forefathers，ancestry。Theyran，Ibelieve，asfollows:
　　ThecoachmandoesitAtthemaster’sbehests；
　　Everyonehasit；
　　Inthegraveitrests。
　　Vorfahren
　　Aconfusingdetailwasthatthefirsthalvesofthetworiddleswereidentical:
　　ThecoachmandoesitAtthemaster’sbehests；
　　Noteveryonehasit，Inthecradleitrests。
　　Nachkommen
　　WhenIsawCountThundriveupvorfahreninstate，andfellintotheFigaro-likemood，inwhichonefindsthatthesolemeritofsucharistocraticgentlemenisthattheyhavetakenthetroubletobeborntobecomeNachkommen，thesetworiddlesbecameintermediarythoughtsforthedream-work。Asaristocratsmayreadilybereplacedbycoachmen，andsinceitwasoncethecustomtocallacoachmanHerrSchwagerbrother-in-law，theworkofcondensationcouldinvolvemybrotherinthesamerepresentation。Butthedream-thoughtatworkinthebackgroundisasfollows:Itisnonsensetobeproudofone’sancestorsVorfahren。IwouldratherbeanancestorVorfahrmyself。
　　Onaccountofthisopinion，itisnonsense，wehavethenonsenseinthedream。Andnowthelastriddleinthisobscurepassageofthedreamissolved-namelythatIhavedrivenbeforevorhergefahren，vorgefaltren
　　withthisdriver。
　　Thus，adreamismadeabsurdifthereoccursinthedream-thoughts，asoneoftheelementsofthecontents，theopinion:"Thatisnonsense"；
　　and，ingeneral，ifcriticismandderisionarethemotivesofoneofthedreamer’sunconscioustrainsofthought。Hence，absurdityisoneofthemeansbywhichthedream-workrepresentscontradiction；anothermeansistheinversionofmaterialrelationbetweenthedream-thoughtsandthedream-content；anotheristheemploymentofthefeelingofmotorinhibition。
　　Buttheabsurdityofadreamisnottobetranslatedbyasimpleno；itisintendedtoreproducethetendencyofthedream-thoughtstoexpresslaughterorderisionsimultaneouslywiththecontradiction。Onlywiththisintentiondoesthedream-workproduceanythingridiculous。Hereagainittransformsapartofthelatentcontentintoamanifestform。*
　　*Herethedream-workparodiesthethoughtwhichitqualifiesasridiculous，inthatitcreatessomethingridiculousinrelationtoit。HeinedoesthesamethingwhenhewishestoderidethebadrhymesoftheKingofBavaria。
　　Hedoesitbyusingevenworserhymes:
　　HerrLudwigisteingrosserPoetUndsingter，sosturztApolloVorihmaufdieKnieundbittetundfleht，Haltein，ichwerdesonsttoll，oh！
　　Asamatteroffact，wehavealreadycitedaconvincingexampleofthissignificanceofanabsurddream。Thedreaminterpretedwithoutanalysis
　　oftheWagnerianperformancewhichlasteduntil7。45a。m。，andinwhichtheorchestraisconductedfromatower，etc。seethischapter，D。，isobviouslysaving:Itisacrazyworldandaninsanesociety。Hewhodeservesathingdoesn’tgetit，andhewhodoesn’tcareforitdoesgetit。Inthiswaythedreamercomparesherfatewiththatofhercousin。Thefactthatdreamsofadeadfatherwerethefirsttofurnishuswithexamplesofabsurdityindreamsisbynomeansaccidental。Theconditionsforthecreationofabsurddreamsareheregroupedtogetherinatypicalfashion。
　　Theauthoritypropertothefatherhasatanearlyageevokedthecriticismofthechild，andthestrictdemandswhichhehasmadehavecausedthechild，inself-defence，topayparticularlycloseattentiontoeveryweaknessofhisfather’s；butthepietywithwhichthefather’spersonalityissurroundedinourthoughts，especiallyafterhisdeath，intensifiesthecensorshipwhichpreventstheexpressionofthiscriticismfrombecomingconscious。IV。Hereisanotherabsurddreamofadeceasedfather:
　　Ireceiveacommunicationfromthetowncouncilofmynativecityconcerningthecostofaccommodationinthehospitalintheyear1851。
　　ThiswasnecessitatedbyaseizurefromwhichIwassuffering。Imakefunofthematterfor，inthefirstplace，Iwasnotyetbornin1851，andinthesecondplace，myfather，towhomthecommunicationmightrefer，isalreadydead。Igotohimintheadjoiningroom，whereheislyinginbed，andtellhimaboutit。Tomysurpriseheremembersthatintheyear1851hewasoncedrinkandhadtobelockeduporconfined。ItwaswhenhewasworkingforthefirmofT。"Thenyou，too，usedtodrink？"Iask。
　　"Youmarriedsoonafter？"IreckonthatIwasbornin1856，whichseemstometobeimmediatelyafterwards。
　　Inthelightoftheforegoingexposition，weshalltranslatetheinsistencewithwhichthisdreamexhibitsitsabsurditiesasasuresignofaparticularlyembitteredandpassionatepolemicinthedream-thoughts。
　　Allthegreater，then，isourastonishmentwhenweperceivethatinthisdreamthepolemiciswagedopenly，andthatmyfatherisdenotedasthepersonwhoismadealaughing-stock。Suchfranknessseemstocontradictourassumptionofacensorshipcontrollingthedream-work。Theexplanationisthatherethefatherisonlyaninterposedfigure，whilethequarrelisreallywithanotherperson，whoappearsinthedreamonlyinasingleallusion。Whereasadreamusuallytreatsofrevoltagainstotherpersons，behindwhomthefatherisconcealed，hereitistheotherwayabout:thefatherservesasthemanofstrawtorepresentanother，andhencethedreamdarestoconcernitselfopenlywithapersonwhoisusuallyhallowed，becausethereispresentthecertainknowledgethatheisnotinrealityintended。
　　Welearnofthisconditionofaffairsbyconsideringtheoccasionofthedream。ItwasdreamedafterIhadheardthatanoldercolleague，whosejudgmentwasconsideredinfallible，hadexpresseddisapprovalandastonishmentonhearingthatoneofmypatientshadalreadybeenundergoingpsychoanalytictreatmentatmyhandsforfiveyears。Theintroductorysentencesofthedreamalludeinatransparentlydisguisedmannertothefactthatthiscolleaguehadforatimetakenoverthedutieswhichmyfathercouldnolongerperformstatementofexpenses，accommodationinthehospital；
　　andwhenourfriendlyrelationsbegantoalterfortheworseIwasthrownintothesameemotionalconflictasthatwhicharisesinthecaseofamisunderstandingbetweenfatherandsonbyreasonofthepartplayedbythefather，andhisearlierfunctions。Thedream-thoughtsnowbitterlyresentthereproachthatIamnotmakingbetterprogress，whichextendsitselffromthetreatmentofthispatienttootherthings。Doesmycolleagueknowanyonewhocangetonanyfaster？Doeshenotknowthatconditionsofthissortareusuallyincurableandlastforlife？Whatarefourorfiveyearsincomparisontoawholelifetime，especiallywhenlifehasbeenmadesomucheasierforthepatientduringthetreatment？
　　Theimpressionofabsurdityinthisdreamisbroughtaboutlargelybythefactthatsentencesfromdifferentdivisionsofthedream-thoughtsarestrungtogetherwithoutanyreconcilingtransition。Thus，thesentence，Igotohimittheadjoiningroom，etc。，leavesthesubjectfromwhichtheprecedingsentencesaretaken，andfaithfullyreproducesthecircumstancesunderwhichItoldmyfatherthatIwasengagedtobemarried。Thusthedreamistryingtoremindmeofthenobledisinterestednesswhichtheoldmanshowedatthattime，andtocontrastthiswiththeconductofanothernewly-introducedperson。Inowperceivethatthedreamisallowedtomakefunofmyfatherbecauseinthedream-thoughts，inthefullrecognitionofhismerits，heisheldupasanexampletoothers。Itisinthenatureofeverycensorshipthatoneispermittedtotelluntruthsaboutforbiddenthingsratherthanthetruth。Thenextsentence，totheeffectthatmyfatherremembersthathewasoncedrink，andwaslockedupinconsequence，containsnothingthatreallyrelatestomyfatheranymore。ThepersonwhoisscreenedbyhimishereanolessimportantpersonagethanthegreatMeynert，inwhosefootstepsIfollowedwithsuchveneration，andwhoseattitudetowardsme，afterashortperiodoffavouritism，changedintooneofundisguisedhostility。Thedreamrecallstomehisownstatementthatinhisyouthhehadatonetimeformedthehabitofintoxicatinghimselfwithchloroform，withtheresultthathehadtoenterasanatorium；andalsomysecondexperiencewithhim，shortlybeforehisdeath。Ihadanembitteredliterarycontroversywithhiminreferencetomasculinehysteria，theexistenceofwhichhedenied，andwhenIvisitedhimduringhislastillness，andaskedhimhowhefelt，hedescribedhisconditionatsomelength，andconcludedwiththewords:"Youknow，Ihavealwaysbeenoneoftheprettiestcasesofmasculinehysteria。"Thus，tomysatisfaction，andtomyastonishment，headmittedwhathesolongandsostubbornlydenied。
　　ButthefactthatinthissceneofmydreamIcanusemyfathertoscreenMeynertisexplainednotbyanydiscoveredanalogybetweenthetwopersons，butbythefactthatitisthebriefyetperfectlyadequaterepresentationofaconditionalsentenceinthedream-thoughtswhich，iffullyexpanded，wouldreadasfollows:"Ofcourse，ifIbelongedtothesecondgeneration，ifIwerethesonofaprofessororaprivycouncillor，Ishouldhaveprogressedmorerapidly。"InmydreamImakemyfatheraprofessorandaprivycouncillor。
　　Themostobviousandmostannoyingabsurdityofthedreamliesinthetreatmentofthedate1851，whichseemstometobeindistinguishablefrom1856，asthoughadifferenceoffiveyearsmeantnothingwhatever。Butitisjustthisoneofthedream-thoughtsthatrequiresexpression。Fourorfiveyears-thatispreciselythelengthoftimeduringwhichIenjoyedthesupportofthecolleaguementionedattheoutset；butitisalsothedurationoftimeIkeptmyfiancewaitingbeforeImarriedher；andbyacoincidencethatiseagerlyexploitedbythedream-thoughts，itisalsothetimeI
　　havekeptmyoldestpatientwaitingforacompletecure。"Whatarefiveyears？"askthedream-thoughts。"Thatisnotimeatalltome，thatisn’tworthconsideration。Ihavetimeenoughaheadofme，andjustaswhatyouwouldn’tbelievecametrueatlast，soIshallaccomplishthisalso。"Moreover，thenumber51，whenconsideredapartfromthenumberofthecentury，isdeterminedinyetanothermannerandinanoppositesense；forwhichreasonitoccursseveraltimesoverinthedream。Itistheageatwhichmanseemsparticularlyexposedtodanger；theageatwhichIhaveseencolleaguesdiesuddenly，amongthemonewhohadbeenappointedafewdaysearliertoaprofessorshipforwhichhehadlongbeenwaiting。V。Anotherabsurddreamwhichplayswithfigures:
　　Anacquaintanceofmine，HerrM，hasbeenattackedinanessaybynolessapersonthanGoetheand，asweallthink，withunjustifiablevehemence。HerrMis，ofcourse，crushedbythisattack。Hecomplainsofitbitterlyatadinner-party；buthisvenerationforGoethehasnotsufferedasaresultofthispersonalexperience。Itrytoelucidatethetemporalrelationsalittle，astheyseemimprobabletome。Goethediedin1832；
　　sincehisattackuponMmust，ofcourse，havetakenplaceearlier，Mwasatthetimequiteayoungman。Itseemsplausibletomethathewas18
　　yearsold。ButIdonotknowexactlywhatthedateofthepresentyearis，andsothewholecalculationlapsesintoobscurity。Theattack，bytheway，iscontainedinGoethe’swell-knownessayon"Nature。"
　　Weshallsoonfindthemeansofjustifyingthenonsenseofthisdream。HerrM，withwhomIbecameacquaintedatadinner-party，hadrecentlyaskedmetoexaminehisbrother，whoshowedsignsofgeneralparalysis。