Morethan5000oftheImperialistswereleftuponthefield，andnearlyasmanytakenprisoners。Theirwholeartillery，consistingof46field-pieces，thesilverplateandportfolioofthearchduke，withthewholebaggageofthearmy，fellintothehandsofthevictors。
Torstensohn，toogreatlydisabledbyhisvictorytopursuetheenemy，moveduponLeipzig。ThedefeatedarmyretiredintoBohemia，whereitsshatteredregimentsreassembled。TheArchdukeLeopoldcouldnotrecoverfromthevexationcausedbythisdefeat；
andtheregimentofcavalrywhich，byitsprematureflight，hadoccasionedthedisaster，experiencedtheeffectsofhisindignation。
AtRaconitzinBohemia，inpresenceofthewholearmy，hepubliclydeclareditinfamous，depriveditofitshorses，arms，andensigns，ordereditsstandardstobetorn，condemnedtodeathseveraloftheofficers，anddecimatedtheprivates。
ThesurrenderofLeipzig，threeweeksafterthebattle，wasitsbrilliantresult。ThecitywasobligedtoclothetheSwedishtroopsanew，andtopurchaseanexemptionfromplunder，byacontributionof300，000rix-dollars，towhichalltheforeignmerchants，whohadwarehousesinthecity，weretofurnishtheirquota。
Inthemiddleofwinter，TorstensohnadvancedagainstFreyberg，andforseveralweeksdefiedtheinclemencyoftheseason，hopingbyhisperseverancetowearyouttheobstinacyofthebesieged。
Buthefoundthathewasmerelysacrificingthelivesofhissoldiers；
andatlast，theapproachoftheimperialgeneral，Piccolomini，compelledhim，withhisweakenedarmy，toretire。Heconsideredit，however，asequivalenttoavictory，tohavedisturbedthereposeoftheenemyintheirwinterquarters，who，bytheseverityoftheweather，sustainedalossof3000horses。HenowmadeamovementtowardstheOder，asifwiththeviewofreinforcinghimselfwiththegarrisonsofPomeraniaandSilesia；but，withtherapidityoflightning，heagainappearedupontheBohemianfrontier，penetratedthroughthatkingdom，andrelievedOlmutzinMoravia，whichwashardpressedbytheImperialists。
HiscampatDobitschau，twomilesfromOlmutz，commandedthewholeofMoravia，onwhichheleviedheavycontributions，andcarriedhisravagesalmosttothegatesofVienna。InvaindidtheEmperorattempttoarmtheHungariannobilityindefenceofthisprovince；
theyappealedtotheirprivileges，andrefusedtoservebeyondthelimitsoftheirowncountry。Thus，thetimethatshouldhavebeenspentinactiveresistance，waslostinfruitlessnegociation，andtheentireprovincewasabandonedtotheravagesoftheSwedes。
WhileTorstensohn，byhismarchesandhisvictories，astonishedfriendandfoe，thearmiesoftheallieshadnotbeeninactiveinotherpartsoftheempire。ThetroopsofHesse，underCountEberstein，andthoseofWeimar，underMareschaldeGuebriant，hadfallenintotheElectorateofCologne，inordertotakeuptheirwinterquartersthere。
Togetridofthesetroublesomeguests，theElectorcalledtohisassistancetheimperialgeneralHatzfeldt，andassembledhisowntroopsunderGeneralLamboy。ThelatterwasattackedbythealliesinJanuary，1642，andinadecisiveactionnearKempen，defeated，withthelossofabout2000menkilled，andabouttwiceasmanyprisoners。
ThisimportantvictoryopenedtothemthewholeElectorateandneighbouringterritories，sothattheallieswerenotonlyenabledtomaintaintheirwinterquartersthere，butdrewfromthecountrylargesuppliesofmenandhorses。
GuebriantlefttheHessianstodefendtheirconquestsontheLowerRhineagainstHatzfeldt，andadvancedtowardsThuringia，asiftosecondtheoperationsofTorstensohninSaxony。ButinsteadofjoiningtheSwedes，hesoonhurriedbacktotheRhineandtheMaine，fromwhichheseemedtothinkhehadremovedfartherthanwasexpedient。ButbeinganticipatedintheMargraviateofBaden，bytheBavariansunderMercyandJohndeWerth，hewasobligedtowanderaboutforseveralweeks，exposed，withoutshelter，totheinclemencyofthewinter，andgenerallyencampinguponthesnow，tillhefoundamiserablerefugeinBreisgau。Heatlasttookthefield；
and，inthenextsummer，bykeepingtheBavarianarmyemployedinSuabia，preventeditfromrelievingThionville，whichwasbesiegedbyConde。
ButthesuperiorityoftheenemysoondrovehimbacktoAlsace，whereheawaitedareinforcement。
ThedeathofCardinalRichelieutookplaceinNovember，1642，andthesubsequentchangeinthethroneandintheministry，occasionedbythedeathofLouisXIII。，hadforsometimewithdrawntheattentionofFrancefromtheGermanwar，andwasthecauseoftheinactionofitstroopsinthefield。
ButMazarin，theinheritor，notonlyofRichelieu’spower，butalsoofhisprinciplesandhisprojects，followedoutwithrenewedzealtheplansofhispredecessor，thoughtheFrenchsubjectwasdestinedtopaydearlyenoughforthepoliticalgreatnessofhiscountry。
Themainstrengthofitsarmies，whichRichelieuhademployedagainsttheSpaniards，wasbyMazarindirectedagainsttheEmperor；
andtheanxietywithwhichhecarriedonthewarinGermany，provedthesincerityofhisopinion，thattheGermanarmywastherightarmofhisking，andawallofsafetyaroundFrance。
ImmediatelyuponthesurrenderofThionville，hesentaconsiderablereinforcementtoField-MarshalGuebriantinAlsace；
andtoencouragethetroopstobearthefatiguesoftheGermanwar，thecelebratedvictorofRocroi，theDukeofEnghien，afterwardsPrinceofConde，wasplacedattheirhead。
GuebriantnowfelthimselfstrongenoughtoappearagaininGermanywithrepute。HehastenedacrosstheRhinewiththeviewofprocuringbetterwinterquartersinSuabia，andactuallymadehimselfmasterofRothweil，whereaBavarianmagazinefellintohishands。
Buttheplacewastoodearlypurchasedforitsworth，andwasagainlostevenmorespeedilythanithadbeentaken。Guebriantreceivedawoundinthearm，whichthesurgeon’sunskilfulnessrenderedmortal，andtheextentofhislosswasfeltontheverydayofhisdeath。
TheFrencharmy，sensiblyweakenedbyanexpeditionundertakenatsosevereaseasonoftheyear，had，afterthetakingofRothweil，withdrawnintotheneighbourhoodofDuttlingen，whereitlayincompletesecurity，withoutexpectationofahostileattack。
Inthemeantime，theenemycollectedaconsiderableforce，withaviewtopreventtheFrenchfromestablishingthemselvesbeyondtheRhineandsoneartoBavaria，andtoprotectthatquarterfromtheirravages。
TheImperialists，underHatzfeldt，hadformedajunctionwiththeBavariansunderMercy；andtheDukeofLorraine，who，duringthewholecourseofthewar，wasgenerallyfoundeverywhereexceptinhisownduchy，joinedtheirunitedforces。
ItwasresolvedtoforcethequartersoftheFrenchinDuttlingen，andtheneighbouringvillages，bysurprise；afavouritemodeofproceedinginthiswar，andwhich，beingcommonlyaccompaniedbyconfusion，occasionedmorebloodshedthanaregularbattle。Onthepresentoccasion，therewasthemoretojustifyit，astheFrenchsoldiers，unaccustomedtosuchenterprises，conceivedthemselvesprotectedbytheseverityofthewinteragainstanysurprise。JohndeWerth，amasterinthisspeciesofwarfare，whichhehadoftenputinpracticeagainstGustavusHorn，conductedtheenterprise，andsucceeded，contrarytoallexpectation。
Theattackwasmadeonasidewhereitwasleastlookedfor，onaccountofthewoodsandnarrowpasses，andaheavysnowstormwhichfelluponthesameday，the24thNovember，1643，
concealedtheapproachofthevanguardtillithaltedbeforeDuttlingen。
Thewholeoftheartillerywithouttheplace，aswellastheneighbouringCastleofHonberg，weretakenwithoutresistance，Duttlingenitselfwasgraduallysurroundedbytheenemy，andallconnexionwiththeotherquartersintheadjacentvillagessilentlyandsuddenlycutoff。TheFrenchwerevanquishedwithoutfiringacannon。Thecavalryowedtheirescapetotheswiftnessoftheirhorses，andthefewminutesinadvance，whichtheyhadgainedupontheirpursuers。Theinfantrywerecuttopieces，orvoluntarilylaiddowntheirarms。About2，000menwerekilled，and7，000，with25staff-officersand90captains，takenprisoners。
Thiswas，perhaps，theonlybattle，inthewholecourseofthewar，whichproducednearlythesameeffectuponthepartywhichgained，andthatwhichlost；——boththesepartieswereGermans；
theFrenchdisgracedthemselves。Thememoryofthisunfortunateday，whichwasrenewed100yearsafteratRosbach，wasindeederasedbythesubsequentheroismofaTurenneandConde；buttheGermansmaybepardoned，iftheyindemnifiedthemselvesforthemiserieswhichthepolicyofFrancehadheapeduponthem，bytheseseverereflectionsuponherintrepidity。
Meantime，thisdefeatoftheFrenchwascalculatedtoprovehighlydisastroustoSweden，asthewholepoweroftheEmperormightnowactagainstthem，whilethenumberoftheirenemieswasincreasedbyaformidableaccession。
Torstensohnhad，inSeptember，1643，suddenlyleftMoravia，andmovedintoSilesia。Thecauseofthisstepwasasecret，andthefrequentchangeswhichtookplaceinthedirectionofhismarch，contributedtoincreasethisperplexity。FromSilesia，afternumberlesscircuits，headvancedtowardstheElbe，whiletheImperialistsfollowedhimintoLusatia。ThrowingabridgeacrosstheElbeatTorgau，hegaveoutthatheintendedtopenetratethroughMeissenintotheUpperPalatinateinBavaria；
atBarbyhealsomadeamovement，asiftopassthatriver，butcontinuedtomovedowntheElbeasfarasHavelburg，whereheastonishedhistroopsbyinformingthemthathewasleadingthemagainsttheDanesinHolstein。
ThepartialitywhichChristianIV。haddisplayedagainsttheSwedesinhisofficeofmediator，thejealousywhichledhimtodoallinhispowertohindertheprogressoftheirarms，therestraintswhichhelaidupontheirnavigationoftheSound，andtheburdenswhichheimposedupontheircommerce，hadlongrousedtheindignationofSweden；and，atlast，whenthesegrievancesincreaseddaily，haddeterminedtheRegencytomeasuresofretaliation。Dangerousasitseemed，toinvolvethenationinanewwar，when，evenamidstitsconquests，itwasalmostexhaustedbytheold，thedesireofrevenge，andthedeep-rootedhatredwhichsubsistedbetweenDanesandSwedes，prevailedoverallotherconsiderations；
andeventheembarrassmentinwhichhostilitieswithGermanyhadplungedit，onlyservedasanadditionalmotivetotryitsfortuneagainstDenmark。
Matterswere，infact，arrivedatlasttothatextremity，thatthewarwasprosecutedmerelyforthepurposeoffurnishingfoodandemploymenttothetroops；thatgoodwinterquartersformedthechiefsubjectofcontention；andthatsuccess，inthispoint，wasmorevaluedthanadecisivevictory。ButnowtheprovincesofGermanywerealmostallexhaustedandlaidwaste。Theywerewhollydestituteofprovisions，horses，andmen，whichinHolsteinweretobefoundinprofusion。Ifbythismovement，Torstensohnshouldsucceedmerelyinrecruitinghisarmy，providingsubsistenceforhishorsesandsoldiers，andremountinghiscavalry，allthedangeranddifficultywouldbewellrepaid。Besides，itwashighlyimportant，ontheeveofnegotiationsforpeace，todiminishtheinjuriousinfluencewhichDenmarkmightexerciseuponthesedeliberations，todelaythetreatyitself，whichthreatenedtobeprejudicialtotheSwedishinterests，bysowingconfusionamongthepartiesinterested，andwithaviewtotheamountofindemnification，toincreasethenumberofherconquests，inordertobethemoresureofsecuringthosewhichaloneshewasanxioustoretain。Moreover，thepresentstateofDenmarkjustifiedevengreaterhopes，ifonlytheattemptwereexecutedwithrapidityandsilence。ThesecretwasinfactsowellkeptinStockholm，thattheDanishministerhadnottheslightestsuspicionofit；
andneitherFrancenorHollandwereletintothescheme。Actualhostilitiescommencedwiththedeclarationofwar；andTorstensohnwasinHolstein，beforeevenanattackwasexpected。TheSwedishtroops，meetingwithnoresistance，quicklyoverranthisduchy，andmadethemselvesmastersofallitsstrongplaces，exceptRensburgandGluckstadt。
AnotherarmypenetratedintoSchonen，whichmadeaslittleopposition；
andnothingbuttheseverityoftheseasonpreventedtheenemyfrompassingtheLesserBaltic，andcarryingthewarintoFunenandZealand。
TheDanishfleetwasunsuccessfulatFemern；andChristianhimself，whowasonboard，losthisrighteyebyasplinter。CutofffromallcommunicationwiththedistantforceoftheEmperor，hisally，thiskingwasonthepointofseeinghiswholekingdomoverrunbytheSwedes；
andallthingsthreatenedthespeedyfulfilmentoftheoldprophecyofthefamousTychoBrahe，thatintheyear1644，ChristianIV。shouldwanderinthegreatestmiseryfromhisdominions。
ButtheEmperorcouldnotlookonwithindifference，whileDenmarkwassacrificedtoSweden，andthelatterstrengthenedbysogreatanacquisition。
Notwithstandinggreatdifficultieslayinthewayofsolongamarchthroughdesolatedprovinces，hedidnothesitatetodespatchanarmyintoHolsteinunderCountGallas，who，afterPiccolomini’sretirement，hadresumedthesupremecommandofthetroops。Gallasaccordinglyappearedintheduchy，tookKeil，andhoped，byformingajunctionwiththeDanes，tobeabletoshutuptheSwedisharmyinJutland。Meantime，theHessians，andtheSwedishGeneralKoenigsmark，werekeptincheckbyHatzfeldt，andtheArchbishopofBremen，thesonofChristianIV。；andafterwardstheSwedesdrawnintoSaxonybyanattackuponMeissen。ButTorstensohn，withhisaugmentedarmy，penetratedthroughtheunoccupiedpassbetwixtSchleswigandStapelholm，metGallas，anddrovehimalongthewholecourseoftheElbe，asfarasBernburg，wheretheImperialiststookupanentrenchedposition。TorstensohnpassedtheSaal，andbypostinghimselfintherearoftheenemy，cutofftheircommunicationwithSaxonyandBohemia。Scarcityandfaminebegannowtodestroythemingreatnumbers，andforcedthemtoretreattoMagdeburg，where，however，theywerenotmuchbetteroff。Thecavalry，whichendeavouredtoescapeintoSilesia，wasovertakenandroutedbyTorstensohn，nearJuterbock；
therestofthearmy，afteravainattempttofightitswaythroughtheSwedishlines，wasalmostwhollydestroyednearMagdeburg。
Fromthisexpedition，Gallasbroughtbackonlyafewthousandmenofallhisformidableforce，andthereputationofbeingaconsummatemasterintheartofruininganarmy。TheKingofDenmark，afterthisunsuccessfulefforttorelievehim，suedforpeace，whichheobtainedatBremseborintheyear1645，underveryunfavourableconditions。
Torstensohnrapidlyfolloweduphisvictory；andwhileAxelLilienstern，oneofthegeneralswhocommandedunderhim，overawedSaxony，andKoenigsmarksubduedthewholeofBremen，hehimselfpenetratedintoBohemiawith16，000menand80piecesofartillery，andendeavouredasecondtimetoremovetheseatofwarintothehereditarydominionsofAustria。Ferdinand，uponthisintelligence，hastenedinpersontoPrague，inordertoanimatethecourageofthepeoplebyhispresence；andasaskilfulgeneralwasmuchrequired，andsolittleunanimityprevailedamongthenumerousleaders，hehopedintheimmediateneighbourhoodofthewartobeabletogivemoreenergyandactivity。Inobediencetohisorders，HatzfeldtassembledthewholeAustrianandBavarianforce，andcontrarytohisowninclinationandadvice，formedtheEmperor’slastarmy，andthelastbulwarkofhisstates，inorderofbattle，tomeettheenemy，whowereapproaching，atJankowitz，onthe24thofFebruary，1645。
Ferdinanddependeduponhiscavalry，whichoutnumberedthatoftheenemyby3000，anduponthepromiseoftheVirginMary，whohadappearedtohiminadream，andgivenhimthestrongestassurancesofacompletevictory。
ThesuperiorityoftheImperialistsdidnotintimidateTorstensohn，whowasnotaccustomedtonumberhisantagonists。Ontheveryfirstonset，theleftwing，whichGoetz，thegeneraloftheLeague，hadentangledinadisadvantageouspositionamongmarshesandthickets，wastotallyrouted；
thegeneral，withthegreaterpartofhismen，killed，andalmostthewholeammunitionofthearmytaken。Thisunfortunatecommencementdecidedthefateoftheday。TheSwedes，constantlyadvancing，successivelycarriedallthemostcommandingheights。
Afterabloodyengagementofeighthours，adesperateattackonthepartoftheImperialcavalry，andavigorousresistancebytheSwedishinfantry，thelatterremainedinpossessionofthefield。
2，000Austrianswerekilleduponthespot，andHatzfeldthimself，with3，000men，takenprisoners。Thus，onthesameday，didtheEmperorlosehisbestgeneralandhislastarmy。
ThisdecisivevictoryatJancowitz，atonceexposedalltheAustrianterritorytotheenemy。FerdinandhastilyfledtoVienna，toprovideforitsdefence，andtosavehisfamilyandhistreasures。Inaveryshorttime，thevictoriousSwedespoured，likeaninundation，uponMoraviaandAustria。
AftertheyhadsubduednearlythewholeofMoravia，investedBrunn，andtakenallthestrongholdsasfarastheDanube，andcarriedtheintrenchmentsattheWolf’sBridge，nearVienna，theyatlastappearedinsightofthatcapital，whilethecarewhichtheyhadtakentofortifytheirconquests，showedthattheirvisitwasnotlikelytobeashortone。AfteralonganddestructivecircuitthrougheveryprovinceofGermany，thestreamofwarhadatlastrolledbackwardstoitssource，andtheroaroftheSwedishartillerynowremindedtheterrifiedinhabitantsofthoseballswhich，twenty-sevenyearsbefore，theBohemianrebelshadfiredintoVienna。
Thesametheatreofwarbroughtagainsimilaractorsonthescene。
TorstensohninvitedRagotsky，thesuccessorofBethlenGabor，tohisassistance，astheBohemianrebelshadsolicitedthatofhispredecessor；UpperHungarywasalreadyinundatedbyhistroops，andhisunionwiththeSwedeswasdailyapprehended。TheElectorofSaxony，driventodespairbytheSwedestakinguptheirquarterswithinhisterritories，andabandonedbytheEmperor，who，afterthedefeatatJankowitz，wasunabletodefendhimself，atlengthadoptedthelastandonlyexpedientwhichremained，andconcludedatrucewithSweden，whichwasrenewedfromyeartoyear，tillthegeneralpeace。TheEmperorthuslostafriend，whileanewenemywasappearingathisverygates，hisarmiesdispersed，andhisalliesinotherquartersofGermanydefeated。TheFrencharmyhadeffacedthedisgraceoftheirdefeatatDeutlingenbyabrilliantcampaign，andhadkeptthewholeforceofBavariaemployedupontheRhineandinSuabia。
ReinforcedwithfreshtroopsfromFrance，whichthegreatTurenne，alreadydistinguishedbyhisvictoriesinItaly，broughttotheassistanceoftheDukeofEnghien，theyappearedonthe3rdofAugust，1644，beforeFriburg，whichMercyhadlatelytaken，andnowcovered，withhiswholearmystronglyintrenched。ButagainstthesteadyfirmnessoftheBavarians，alltheimpetuousvalouroftheFrenchwasexertedinvain，andafterafruitlesssacrificeof6，000men，theDukeofEnghienwascompelledtoretreat。Mazarinshedtearsoverthisgreatloss，whichConde，whohadnofeelingforanythingbutglory，disregarded。
"AsinglenightinParis，"saidhe，"givesbirthtomorementhanthisactionhasdestroyed。"TheBavarians，however，weresodisabledbythismurderousbattle，that，farfrombeinginaconditiontorelieveAustriafromthemenaceddangers，theyweretooweakeventodefendthebanksoftheRhine。
Spires，Worms，andManheimcapitulated；thestrongfortressofPhilipsburgwasforcedtosurrenderbyfamine；and，byatimelysubmission，Mentzhastenedtodisarmtheconquerors。
AustriaandMoravia，however，werenowfreedfromTorstensohn，byasimilarmeansofdeliverance，asinthebeginningofthewarhadsavedthemfromtheBohemians。Ragotzky，attheheadof25，000men，hadadvancedintotheneighbourhoodoftheSwedishquartersupontheDanube。
Butthesewildundisciplinedhordes，insteadofsecondingtheoperationsofTorstensohnbyanyvigorousenterprise，onlyravagedthecountry，andincreasedthedistresswhich，evenbeforetheirarrival，hadbeguntobefeltintheSwedishcamp。ToextorttributefromtheEmperor，andmoneyandplunderfromhissubjects，wasthesoleobjectthathadalluredRagotzky，orhispredecessor，BethlenGabor，intothefield；
andbothdepartedassoonastheyhadgainedtheirend。Togetridofhim，Ferdinandgrantedthebarbarianwhateverheasked，and，byasmallsacrifice，freedhisstatesofthisformidableenemy。
Inthemeantime，themainbodyoftheSwedeshadbeengreatlyweakenedbyatediousencampmentbeforeBrunn。Torstensohn，whocommandedinperson，forfourentiremonthsemployedinvainallhisknowledgeofmilitarytactics；
theobstinacyoftheresistancewasequaltothatoftheassault；
whiledespairrousedthecourageofSouches，thecommandant，aSwedishdeserter，whohadnohopeofpardon。Theravagescausedbypestilence，arisingfromfamine，wantofcleanliness，andtheuseofunripefruit，duringtheirtediousandunhealthyencampment，withthesuddenretreatofthePrinceofTransylvania，atlastcompelledtheSwedishleadertoraisethesiege。AsallthepassesupontheDanubewereoccupied，andhisarmygreatlyweakenedbyfamineandsickness，heatlastrelinquishedhisintendedplanofoperationsagainstAustriaandMoravia，andcontentedhimselfwithsecuringakeytotheseprovinces，byleavingbehindhimSwedishgarrisonsintheconqueredfortresses。HethendirectedhismarchintoBohemia，whitherhewasfollowedbytheImperialists，undertheArchdukeLeopold。
Suchofthelostplacesashadnotbeenretakenbythelatter，wererecovered，afterhisdeparture，bytheAustrianGeneralBucheim；sothat，inthecourseofthefollowingyear，theAustrianfrontierwasagainclearedoftheenemy，andViennaescapedwithmerealarm。InBohemiaandSilesiatoo，theSwedesmaintainedthemselvesonlywithaveryvariablefortune；
theytraversedbothcountries，withoutbeingabletoholdtheirgroundineither。ButifthedesignsofTorstensohnwerenotcrownedwithallthesuccesswhichtheywerepromisedatthecommencement，theywere，nevertheless，productiveofthemostimportantconsequencestotheSwedishparty。Denmarkhadbeencompelledtoapeace，Saxonytoatruce。TheEmperor，inthedeliberationsforapeace，offeredgreaterconcessions；Francebecamemoremanageable；
andSwedenitselfbolderandmoreconfidentinitsbearingtowardsthesetwocrowns。Havingthusnoblyperformedhisduty，theauthoroftheseadvantagesretired，adornedwithlaurels，intothetranquillityofprivatelife，andendeavouredtorestorehisshatteredhealth。
BytheretreatofTorstensohn，theEmperorwasrelievedfromallfearsofanirruptiononthesideofBohemia。ButanewdangersoonthreatenedtheAustrianfrontierfromSuabiaandBavaria。
Turenne，whohadseparatedfromConde，andtakenthedirectionofSuabia，had，intheyear1645，beentotallydefeatedbyMercy，nearMergentheim；
andthevictoriousBavarians，undertheirbraveleader，pouredintoHesse。
ButtheDukeofEnghienhastenedwithconsiderablesuccoursfromAlsace，KoenigsmarkfromMoravia，andtheHessiansfromtheRhine，torecruitthedefeatedarmy，andtheBavarianswereinturncompelledtoretiretotheextremelimitsofSuabia。HeretheypostedthemselvesatthevillageofAllersheim，nearNordlingen，inordertocovertheBavarianfrontier。ButnoobstaclecouldchecktheimpetuosityoftheDukeofEnghien。Inperson，heledonhistroopsagainsttheenemy’sentrenchments，andabattletookplace，whichtheheroicresistanceoftheBavariansrenderedmostobstinateandbloody；tillatlastthedeathofthegreatMercy，theskillofTurenne，andtheironfirmnessoftheHessians，decidedthedayinfavouroftheallies。Buteventhissecondbarbaroussacrificeoflifehadlittleeffecteitheronthecourseofthewar，oronthenegociationsforpeace。TheFrencharmy，exhaustedbythisbloodyengagement，wasstillfartherweakenedbythedepartureoftheHessians，andtheBavariansbeingreinforcedbytheArchdukeLeopold，TurennewasagainobligedhastilytorecrosstheRhine。
TheretreatoftheFrench，enabledtheenemytoturnhiswholeforceupontheSwedesinBohemia。GustavusWrangel，nounworthysuccessorofBannerandTorstensohn，had，in1646，beenappointedCommander-in-chiefoftheSwedisharmy，which，besidesKoenigsmark’sflyingcorpsandthenumerousgarrisonsdisposedthroughouttheempire，amountedtoabout8，000horse，and15，000foot。TheArchduke，afterreinforcinghisarmy，whichalreadyamountedto24，000men，withtwelveBavarianregimentsofcavalry，andeighteenregimentsofinfantry，movedagainstWrangel，inthehopeofbeingabletooverwhelmhimbyhissuperiorforcebeforeKoenigsmarkcouldjoinhim，ortheFrencheffectadiversioninhisfavour。Wrangel，however，didnotawaithim，buthastenedthroughUpperSaxonytotheWeser，wherehetookHoesterandPaderborn。FromthencehemarchedintoHesse，inordertojoinTurenne，andathiscampatWetzlar，wasjoinedbytheflyingcorpsofKoenigsmark。ButTurenne，fetteredbytheinstructionsofMazarin，whohadseenwithjealousythewarlikeprowessandincreasingpoweroftheSwedes，excusedhimselfonthepleaofapressingnecessitytodefendthefrontierofFranceonthesideoftheNetherlands，inconsequenceoftheFlemingshavingfailedtomakethepromiseddiversion。ButasWrangelcontinuedtopresshisjustdemand，andalongeroppositionmighthaveexciteddistrustonthepartoftheSwedes，orinducethemtoconcludeaprivatetreatywithAustria，TurenneatlastobtainedthewishedforpermissiontojointheSwedisharmy。
ThejunctiontookplaceatGiessen，andtheynowfeltthemselvesstrongenoughtomeettheenemy。ThelatterhadfollowedtheSwedesintoHesse，inordertointercepttheircommissariat，andtopreventtheirunionwithTurenne。Inbothdesignstheyhadbeenunsuccessful；
andtheImperialistsnowsawthemselvescutofffromtheMaine，andexposedtogreatscarcityandwantfromthelossoftheirmagazines。
Wrangeltookadvantageoftheirweakness，toexecuteaplanbywhichhehopedtogiveanewturntothewar。He，too，hadadoptedthemaximofhispredecessor，tocarrythewarintotheAustrianStates。
ButdiscouragedbytheillsuccessofTorstensohn’senterprise，hehopedtogainhisendwithmorecertaintybyanotherway。
HedeterminedtofollowthecourseoftheDanube，andtobreakintotheAustrianterritoriesthroughthemidstofBavaria。
AsimilardesignhadbeenformerlyconceivedbyGustavusAdolphus，whichhehadbeenpreventedcarryingintoeffectbytheapproachofWallenstein’sarmy，andthedangerofSaxony。DukeBernardmovinginhisfootsteps，andmorefortunatethanGustavus，hadspreadhisvictoriousbannersbetweentheIserandtheInn；
butthenearapproachoftheenemy，vastlysuperiorinforce，obligedhimtohaltinhisvictoriouscareer，andleadbackhistroops。
Wrangelnowhopedtoaccomplishtheobjectinwhichhispredecessorshadfailed，themoreso，astheImperialandBavarianarmywasfarinhisrearupontheLahn，andcouldonlyreachBavariabyalongmarchthroughFranconiaandtheUpperPalatinate。
HemovedhastilyupontheDanube，defeatedaBavariancorpsnearDonauwerth，andpassedthatriver，aswellastheLech，unopposed。
ButbywastinghistimeintheunsuccessfulsiegeofAugsburg，hegaveopportunitytotheImperialists，notonlytorelievethatcity，butalsotorepulsehimasfarasLauingen。Nosooner，however，hadtheyturnedtowardsSuabia，withaviewtoremovethewarfromBavaria，than，seizingtheopportunity，herepassedtheLech，andguardedthepassageofitagainsttheImperialiststhemselves。
Bavarianowlayopenanddefencelessbeforehim；theFrenchandSwedesquicklyoverranit；andthesoldieryindemnifiedthemselvesforalldangersbyfrightfuloutrages，robberies，andextortions。ThearrivaloftheImperialtroops，whoatlastsucceededinpassingtheLechatThierhaupten，onlyincreasedthemiseryofthiscountry，whichfriendandfoeindiscriminatelyplundered。
Andnow，forthefirsttimeduringthewholecourseofthiswar，thecourageofMaximilian，whichforeight-and-twentyyearshadstoodunshakenamidstfearfuldangers，begantowaver。FerdinandII。，hisschool-companionatIngoldstadt，andthefriendofhisyouth，wasnomore；
andwiththedeathofhisfriendandbenefactor，thestrongtiewasdissolvedwhichhadlinkedtheElectortotheHouseofAustria。Tothefather，habit，inclination，andgratitudehadattachedhim；thesonwasastrangertohisheart，andpoliticalinterestsalonecouldpreservehisfidelitytothelatterprince。
Accordingly，themotiveswhichtheartificesofFrancenowputinoperation，inordertodetachhimfromtheAustrianalliance，andtoinducehimtolaydownhisarms，weredrawnentirelyfrompoliticalconsiderations。
ItwasnotwithoutaselfishobjectthatMazarinhadsofarovercomehisjealousyofthegrowingpoweroftheSwedes，astoallowtheFrenchtoaccompanythemintoBavaria。HisintentionwastoexposeBavariatoallthehorrorsofwar，inthehopethattheperseveringfortitudeofMaximilianmightbesubduedbynecessityanddespair，andtheEmperordeprivedofhisfirstandlastally。Brandenburghad，underitsgreatsovereign，embracedtheneutrality；Saxonyhadbeenforcedtoaccedetoit；thewarwithFrancepreventedtheSpaniardsfromtakinganypartinthatofGermany；thepeacewithSwedenhadremovedDenmarkfromthetheatreofwar；andPolandhadbeendisarmedbyalongtruce。
IftheycouldsucceedindetachingtheElectorofBavariaalsofromtheAustrianalliance，theEmperorwouldbewithoutafriendinGermanyandlefttothemercyofthealliedpowers。
FerdinandIII。sawhisdanger，andleftnomeansuntriedtoavertit。
ButtheElectorofBavariawasunfortunatelyledtobelievethattheSpaniardsaloneweredisinclinedtopeace，andthatnothing，butSpanishinfluence，hadinducedtheEmperorsolongtoresistacessationofhostilities。MaximiliandetestedtheSpaniards，andcouldneverforgivetheirhavingopposedhisapplicationforthePalatineElectorate。
Coulditthenbesupposedthat，inordertogratifythishatedpower，hewouldseehispeoplesacrificed，hiscountrylaidwaste，andhimselfruined，when，byacessationofhostilities，hecouldatonceemancipatehimselffromallthesedistresses，procureforhispeoplethereposeofwhichtheystoodsomuchinneed，andperhapsacceleratethearrivalofageneralpeace？
Alldoubtsdisappeared；and，convincedofthenecessityofthisstep，hethoughtheshouldsufficientlydischargehisobligationstotheEmperor，ifheinvitedhimalsotoshareinthebenefitofthetruce。
Thedeputiesofthethreecrowns，andofBavaria，metatUlm，toadjusttheconditions。Butitwassoonevident，fromtheinstructionsoftheAustrianambassadorsthatitwasnottheintentionoftheEmperortosecondtheconclusionofatruce，butifpossibletopreventit。
ItwasobviouslynecessarytomakethetermsacceptabletotheSwedes，whohadtheadvantage，andhadmoretohopethantofearfromthecontinuanceofthewar。Theyweretheconquerors；
andyettheEmperorpresumedtodictatetothem。Inthefirsttransportsoftheirindignation，theSwedishambassadorswereonthepointofleavingthecongress，andtheFrenchwereobligedtohaverecoursetothreatsinordertodetainthem。
ThegoodintentionsoftheElectorofBavaria，toincludetheEmperorinthebenefitofthetruce，havingbeenthusrenderedunavailing，hefelthimselfjustifiedinprovidingforhisownsafety。
Howeverhardweretheconditionsonwhichthetrucewastobepurchased，hedidnothesitatetoacceptitonanyterms。HeagreedtotheSwedesextendingtheirquartersinSuabiaandFranconia，andtohisownbeingrestrictedtoBavariaandthePalatinate。
TheconquestswhichhehadmadeinSuabiawerecededtotheallies，who，ontheirpart，restoredtohimwhattheyhadtakenfromBavaria。
CologneandHesseCasselwerealsoincludedinthetruce。
Aftertheconclusionofthistreaty，uponthe14thMarch，1647，theFrenchandSwedesleftBavaria，andinordernottointerferewitheachother，tookupdifferentquarters；theformerinWuertemberg，thelatterinUpperSuabia，intheneighbourhoodoftheLakeofConstance。
Ontheextremenorthofthislake，andonthemostsouthernfrontierofSuabia，theAustriantownofBregentz，byitssteepandnarrowpasses，seemedtodefyattack；andinthispersuasion，thewholepeasantryofthesurroundingvillageshadwiththeirpropertytakenrefugeinthisnaturalfortress。Therichbooty，whichthestoreofprovisionsitcontained，gavereasontoexpect，andtheadvantageofpossessingapassintotheTyrol，SwitzerlandandItaly，inducedtheSwedishgeneraltoventureanattackuponthissupposedimpregnablepostandtown，inwhichhesucceeded。Meantime，Turenne，accordingtoagreement，marchedintoWuertemberg，whereheforcedtheLandgraveofDarmstadtandtheElectorofMentztoimitatetheexampleofBavaria，andtoembracetheneutrality。
Andnow，atlast，Franceseemedtohaveattainedthegreatobjectofitspolicy，thatofdeprivingtheEmperorofthesupportoftheLeague，andofhisProtestantallies，andofdictatingtohim，swordinhand，theconditionsofpeace。Ofallhisonceformidablepower，anarmy，notexceeding12，000，wasallthatremainedtohim；
andthisforcehewasdriventothenecessityofentrustingtothecommandofaCalvinist，theHessiandeserterMelander，asthecasualtiesofwarhadstrippedhimofhisbestgenerals。Butasthiswarhadbeenremarkableforthesuddenchangesoffortuneitdisplayed；
andaseverycalculationofstatepolicyhadbeenfrequentlybaffledbysomeunforeseenevent，inthiscasealsotheissuedisappointedexpectation；
andafterabriefcrisis，thefallenpowerofAustriaroseagaintoaformidablestrength。ThejealousywhichFranceentertainedofSweden，preventeditfrompermittingthetotalruinoftheEmperor，orallowingtheSwedestoobtainsuchapreponderanceinGermany，asmighthavebeendestructivetoFranceherself。Accordingly，theFrenchministerdeclinedtotakeadvantageofthedistressesofAustria；
andthearmyofTurenne，separatingfromthatofWrangel，retiredtothefrontiersoftheNetherlands。Wrangel，indeed，aftermovingfromSuabiaintoFranconia，takingSchweinfurt，andincorporatingtheimperialgarrisonofthatplacewithhisownarmy，attemptedtomakehiswayintoBohemia，andlaidsiegetoEgra，thekeyofthatkingdom。Torelievethisfortress，theEmperorputhislastarmyinmotion，andplacedhimselfatitshead。Butobligedtotakealongcircuit，inordertosparethelandsofVonSchlick，thepresidentofthecouncilofwar，heprotractedhismarch；
andonhisarrival，Egrawasalreadytaken。Botharmieswerenowinsightofeachother；andadecisivebattlewasmomentarilyexpected，asbothweresufferingfromwant，andthetwocampswereonlyseparatedfromeachotherbythespaceoftheentrenchments。ButtheImperialists，althoughsuperiorinnumbers，contentedthemselveswithkeepingclosetotheenemy，andharassingthembyskirmishes，byfatiguingmarchesandfamine，untilthenegociationswhichhadbeenopenedwithBavariawerebroughttoabearing。
TheneutralityofBavaria，wasawoundunderwhichtheImperialcourtwrithedimpatiently；andafterinvainattemptingtopreventit，Austrianowdetermined，ifpossible，toturnittoadvantage。
SeveralofficersoftheBavarianarmyhadbeenoffendedbythisstepoftheirmaster，whichatoncereducedthemtoinaction，andimposedaburdensomerestraintontheirrestlessdisposition。
EventhebraveJohndeWerthwasattheheadofthemalcontents，andencouragedbytheEmperor，heformedaplottoseducethewholearmyfromtheirallegiancetotheElector，andleaditovertotheEmperor。
Ferdinanddidnotblushtopatronizethisactoftreacheryagainsthisfather’smosttrustyally。HeformallyissuedaproclamationtotheBavariantroops，inwhichherecalledthemtohimself，remindedthemthattheywerethetroopsoftheempire，whichtheElectorhadmerelycommandedinnameoftheEmperor。
FortunatelyforMaximilian，hedetectedtheconspiracyintimeenoughtoanticipateandpreventitbythemostrapidandeffectivemeasures。
ThisdisgracefulconductoftheEmperormighthavejustifiedareprisal，butMaximilianwastoooldastatesmantolistentothevoiceofpassion，wherepolicyaloneoughttobeheard。Hehadnotderivedfromthetrucetheadvantagesheexpected。Farfromtendingtoaccelerateageneralpeace，ithadaperniciousinfluenceuponthenegociationsatMunsterandOsnaburg，andhadmadethealliesbolderintheirdemands。TheFrenchandSwedeshadindeedremovedfromBavaria；but，bythelossofhisquartersintheSuabiancircle，hefoundhimselfcompelledeithertoexhausthisownterritoriesbythesubsistenceofhistroops，oratoncetodisbandthem，andtothrowasidetheshieldandspear，attheverymomentwhentheswordaloneseemedtobethearbiterofright。
Beforeembracingeitherofthesecertainevils，hedeterminedtotryathirdstep，theunfavourableissueofwhichwasatleastnotsocertain，viz。，torenouncethetruceandresumethewar。
Thisresolution，andtheassistancewhichheimmediatelydespatchedtotheEmperorinBohemia，threatenedmateriallytoinjuretheSwedes，andWrangelwascompelledinhastetoevacuatethatkingdom。
HeretiredthroughThuringiaintoWestphaliaandLunenburg，inthehopeofformingajunctionwiththeFrencharmyunderTurenne，whiletheImperialandBavarianarmyfollowedhimtotheWeser，underMelanderandGronsfeld。Hisruinwasinevitable，iftheenemyshouldovertakehimbeforehisjunctionwithTurenne；
butthesameconsiderationwhichhadjustsavedtheEmperor，nowprovedthesalvationoftheSwedes。Evenamidstallthefuryoftheconquest，coldcalculationsofprudenceguidedthecourseofthewar，andthevigilanceofthedifferentcourtsincreased，astheprospectofpeaceapproached。
TheElectorofBavariacouldnotallowtheEmperortoobtainsodecisiveapreponderanceas，bythesuddenalterationofaffairs，mightdelaythechancesofageneralpeace。Everychangeoffortunewasimportantnow，whenapacificationwassoardentlydesiredbyall，andwhenthedisturbanceofthebalanceofpoweramongthecontractingpartiesmightatonceannihilatetheworkofyears，destroythefruitoflongandtediousnegociations，andindefinitelyprotractthereposeofEurope。
IfFrancesoughttorestraintheSwedishcrownwithinduebounds，andmeasuredoutherassistanceaccordingtohersuccessesanddefeats，theElectorofBavariasilentlyundertookthesametaskwiththeEmperorhisally，anddetermined，byprudentlydealingouthisaid，toholdthefateofAustriainhisownhands。AndnowthatthepoweroftheEmperorthreatenedoncemoretoattainadangeroussuperiority，MaximilianatonceceasedtopursuetheSwedes。HewasalsoafraidofreprisalsfromFrance，whohadthreatenedtodirectTurenne’swholeforceagainsthimifheallowedhistroopstocrosstheWeser。
Melander，preventedbytheBavariansfromfurtherpursuingWrangel，crossedbyJenaandErfurtintoHesse，andnowappearedasadangerousenemyinthecountrywhichhehadformerlydefended。
Ifitwasthedesireofrevengeuponhisformersovereign，whichledhimtochooseHesseforthesceneofhisravage，hecertainlyhadhisfullgratification。Underthisscourge，themiseriesofthatunfortunatestatereachedtheirheight。
Buthehadsoonreasontoregretthat，inthechoiceofhisquarters，hehadlistenedtothedictatesofrevengeratherthanofprudence。
Inthisexhaustedcountry，hisarmywasoppressedbywant，whileWrangelwasrecruitinghisstrength，andremountinghiscavalryinLunenburg。
TooweaktomaintainhiswretchedquartersagainsttheSwedishgeneral，whenheopenedthecampaigninthewinterof1648，andmarchedagainstHesse，hewasobligedtoretirewithdisgrace，andtakerefugeonthebanksoftheDanube。
FrancehadoncemoredisappointedtheexpectationsofSweden；
andthearmyofTurenne，disregardingtheremonstrancesofWrangel，hadremainedupontheRhine。TheSwedishleaderrevengedhimself，bydrawingintohisservicethecavalryofWeimar，whichhadabandonedthestandardofFrance，though，bythisstep，hefartherincreasedthejealousyofthatpower。TurennereceivedpermissiontojointheSwedes；
andthelastcampaignofthiseventfulwarwasnowopenedbytheunitedarmies。DrivingMelanderbeforethemalongtheDanube，theythrewsuppliesintoEgra，whichwasbesiegedbytheImperialists，anddefeatedtheImperialandBavarianarmiesontheDanube，whichventuredtoopposethematSusmarshausen，whereMelanderwasmortallywounded。
Afterthisoverthrow，theBavariangeneral，Gronsfeld，placedhimselfonthefarthersideoftheLech，inordertoguardBavariafromtheenemy。
ButGronsfeldwasnotmorefortunatethanTilly，who，inthissameposition，hadsacrificedhislifeforBavaria。WrangelandTurennechosethesamespotforpassingtheriver，whichwassogloriouslymarkedbythevictoryofGustavusAdolphus，andaccomplisheditbythesamemeans，too，whichhadfavouredtheirpredecessor。Bavariawasnowasecondtimeoverrun，andthebreachofthetrucepunishedbytheseveresttreatmentofitsinhabitants。MaximiliansoughtshelterinSalzburgh，whiletheSwedescrossedtheIser，andforcedtheirwayasfarastheInn。
Aviolentandcontinuedrain，whichinafewdaysswelledthisinconsiderablestreamintoabroadriver，savedAustriaoncemorefromthethreateneddanger。TheenemytentimesattemptedtoformabridgeofboatsovertheInn，andasoftenitwasdestroyedbythecurrent。
Never，duringthewholecourseofthewar，hadtheImperialistsbeeninsogreatconsternationasatpresent，whentheenemywereinthecentreofBavaria，andwhentheyhadnolongerageneralleftwhocouldbematchedagainstaTurenne，aWrangel，andaKoenigsmark。
AtlastthebravePiccolominiarrivedfromtheNetherlands，toassumethecommandofthefeeblewreckoftheImperialists。
BytheirownravagesinBohemia，theallieshadrenderedtheirsubsistenceinthatcountryimpracticable，andwereatlastdrivenbyscarcitytoretreatintotheUpperPalatinate，wherethenewsofthepeaceputaperiodtotheiractivity。
Koenigsmark，withhisflyingcorps，advancedtowardsBohemia，whereErnestOdowalsky，adisbandedcaptain，who，afterbeingdisabledintheimperialservice，hadbeendismissedwithoutapension，laidbeforehimaplanforsurprisingthelessersideofthecityofPrague。
Koenigsmarksuccessfullyaccomplishedtheboldenterprise，andacquiredthereputationofclosingthethirtyyears’warbythelastbrilliantachievement。Thisdecisivestroke，whichvanquishedtheEmperor’sirresolution，costtheSwedesonlythelossofasingleman。
Buttheoldtown，thelargerhalfofPrague，whichisdividedintotwopartsbytheMoldau，byitsvigorousresistanceweariedouttheeffortsofthePalatine，CharlesGustavus，thesuccessorofChristinaonthethrone，whohadarrivedfromSwedenwithfreshtroops，andhadassembledthewholeSwedishforceinBohemiaandSilesiabeforeitswalls。
Theapproachofwinteratlastdrovethebesiegersintotheirquarters，andinthemeantime，theintelligencearrivedthatapeacehadbeensignedatMunster，onthe24thOctober。
Thecolossallabourofconcludingthissolemn，andevermemorableandsacredtreaty，whichisknownbythenameofthepeaceofWestphalia；
theendlessobstacleswhichweretobesurmounted；thecontendinginterestswhichitwasnecessarytoreconcile；theconcatenationofcircumstanceswhichmusthaveco-operatedtobringtoafavourableterminationthistedious，butpreciousandpermanentworkofpolicy；thedifficultieswhichbesettheveryopeningofthenegociations，andmaintainingthem，whenopened，duringtheever-fluctuatingvicissitudesofthewar；
finally，arrangingtheconditionsofpeace，andstillmore，thecarryingthemintoeffect；whatweretheconditionsofthispeace；
whateachcontendingpowergainedorlost，bythetoilsandsufferingsofathirtyyears’war；whatmodificationitwroughtuponthegeneralsystemofEuropeanpolicy；——thesearematterswhichmustberelinquishedtoanotherpen。ThehistoryofthepeaceofWestphaliaconstitutesawhole，asimportantasthehistoryofthewaritself。Amereabridgmentofit，wouldreducetoamereskeletononeofthemostinterestingandcharacteristicmonumentsofhumanpolicyandpassions，anddepriveitofeveryfeaturecalculatedtofixtheattentionofthepublic，forwhichIwrite，andofwhichInowrespectfullytakemyleave。
EndIndex。
Aix-la-Chapelle，placedundertheBan。
Arnheim，Field-Marshal:communicateswithWallenstein；
marchesintoSaxonterritory；offersalliancetoWallenstein。
Augsburg，Dietof。
Augsburg，Peaceof。
AulicCouncil。
Austria，Houseof:religiousandpoliticalposition；powerunderCharlesV。
Avaux，D’，Count。[SeeletterD。]
Baden，Margraveof，joinsFrederickV。
Bamberg，Bishopof。
Banner，Swedishgeneral:atLeipzig；entersMagdeburg；joinsOxenstiern；
relievesDomitz；attacksImperialistsatWittstock；returnsintoPomerania；
opensthecampaignin1638；retreatsthroughEgra，anddies。
Bavaria，Dukeof:makescausewiththeEmperor；attendstheDietatRatisbon。
Bavaria，Electorof:hedemandsWallenstein’sdismissal。[SeeMaximilian。]
Bavaria，invasionof，bytheSwedes。
BethlenGabor，Prince:menacesHungary；invadesHungary；marchestoVienna；
crownedKingofHungary；makespeacewiththeEmperor；
breakstrucewiththeEmperor。
Bohemia:conditionof，andhistory；invasionof；peaceproclaimed。
BohemianBrethren，edictagainst。
BohemianCompact。
BohemianDiet:1609；1619。
BohemianInsurrection。
BohemianLetterofMajesty。
BohemianReformersattheDiet，1609。
Brahe，Count，Swedishgeneral。
Brandenburg:atrocitiesin；GeorgeWilliamElectorof。
Bremen，Bishopof:assemblestroopsforGustavus。
Breze，Marquisof。
Brunn，siegeof。
Brunswick，Ulric，Dukeof:forbidsSwedestorecruit；
threatenedbyOxenstiern。
Bucquoi:defeatsMansfeld；deathof。
Buttler，Colonel。
CalvinistsinthePalatinateandEmpire。
CatholicLeague:formationof；imparttheirsecretstotheEmperor。
CharlesV。，Emperor。
CharlesLouis，CountPalatine。
Charnasse，agentofRichelieu。
ChristianIV。ofDenmark:appointedgeneralissimo。
Christian，DukeofBrunswick:servesinHolland；defeatedbyTilly；deathof。
ChristianWilliam，AdministratorofBrandenburg:
entersMagdeburgindisguise。
Conde，Princede。
ContiTorquati，Imperialist。
Darmstadt:William，Landgraveof；George，Landgraveof。
D’AvauxnegotiatestreatybetweenSwedenandPoland。
"DefendersofLiberty"，the。
Denmark，Kingof，suesforpeace1645。
Dettingen，Battleof。
Devereux，Captain。
Donauwerth:bannedbytheAulicCouncil；Swedishofficersat。
"EdictofRestitution"signed1629。
Egra，Castleof，greatbanquetheldat。
Enghien，Dukeof，heroicconductof。
England，politicalpositionof。
EvangelicalUnion:declarationinfavourof，byMatthias；
movesinsupportofBohemianProtestants。
Falkenberg，Dietrich，senttoMagdeburg。
FerdinandI。，Emperor:characterof；positionafterAugsburg。
FerdinandII。:hisPopishannouncement；asArchdukeofGratz；
asArchdukeofStyria，becomesEmperor；ProtestantisminStyria；
besiegedinVienna；chosenEmperor1619；rewardsMaximilianwithBohemia；
confiscatesestatesofFrederick；investsMaximilianwithPalatinate；
attendsDietofRatisbon；atMantua；characterof，byhisconfessor；
negotiationswithSweden；selectsWallensteinasgeneral；givesorderstospareSaxony；stateofhisdominionsafterthefallofPrague；
receivesnewsofLutzen；deprivesWallensteinofcommand；
issuesordersforhisseizure；ordersmassesforWallenstein；death。
FerdinandIII。:KingofHungaryandBohemia；appointedgeneralissimo；
electedKingoftheRomans；becomesEmperor；defeatatJancowitz；
conspiresagainstBavaria。
Feria，Dukeof，Spanishgeneral。
Feuquieres，FrenchAmbassadoratDresden。
France:politicalpositionafterHenryIV。；ambassadorsatRatisbon；
interestsandclaimsof；triumphofherpolicy；declarationofwaragainsttheEmperor；retreatofthearmyunderTurennefromBavaria。
Frankfort-on-the-Oder:sackedbytheSwedes；Dietof。
FrederickV。，ElectorPalatineandKingofBohemia:
alienateshisBohemiansubjects；defeatedatPrague；joinsMansfeld；
deprivedofthePalatinate；atMunichwithGustavus；
meetsGustavusafterLeipzig；death。
Friburg，Battleof。
Friedland，Dukeof。[SeeWallenstein。]
Gabor，Bethlen。[SeeletterB。]
Gallas，Imperialistgeneral:madegeneralissimo；Commander-in-chief；
incommandunderKingofHungary；overrunsRibses；defeatedbyTorstensohn。
Gebhard，ElectorofCologne。
Germanpeople，principlesandreligiouszealof。
Germany:itsconditionafterAugsburg；attheaccessionofRodolph；
afterWallenstein’sdeath。
"God’sfriend，priests’foe"，mottoofDukeofBrunswick。
"Godwithus"，war-cryoftheSwedes。
Gordon，Colonel。
Gratz，Archdukeof。[SeeFerdinandII。]
Guebriant，Field-Marshal。
GustavusAdolphus，ofSweden:ascendsthethrone；earlylife，incidentof；
positionof；resources；concludesatreatywithFrance；withMagdeburg；
complaintsagainst；appearsbeforeBerlin；treatywithHesseCassel；
withSaxony；meetingatForgue；BattleofLeipzig；marchestotheRhine；
seatsthePalatineinMunich；retrospectofhiscareerfromHalletoLutzenallofBookIII。；stormsMarienburg；takespossessionofFrankfort；
besiegesMentz；carriesOppenheimbystorm；exposedtothemaliceoftheJesuits；entersNuremberg；besiegesIngoldstadt，narrowescape；
entersMunich；receivescongratulationsfromWallenstein；
hastenstotheUpperPalatinate；seizesNuremberg；
attacksWallenstein’scamp；marchestoNeustadt；entersNaumberg；
deathof，attheBattleofLutzen；hisbodydiscovered；
reviewofhispolicy。
GustavusVasa。
Henderson，Colonel，Scotchofficer，commandsreserveatLeipzig。
HenryIV。ofFrance，"HenryofArragon"，projectsandviewsof。
Hepburn，Colonel，Scotchofficer，anecdoteof。
Hesse，Landgraveof:replytoTilly’sdemands；concludesatreatywithGustavus；doesimportantserviceforGustavus。
Holland，politicalpositionof。
Holk，General，deathof。
Horn，Gustavus:drivesImperialistsfromAlsace；conductatLeipzig；
lefttosubdueFranconia；successesinFranconia；servicesatLutzen；
marchestotheSwedishfrontier。
Hungary，itsrelationstoAustria。
Hussites，accountofthe。
Illo，Count:confederateofWallenstein；actsasWallenstein’sagent；
deathof。
Imperialists:delegatesof，atPrague；armyreducedtodistress；
overrunBavaria。
Interim，the，systemoftheology。
JamesI。，KingofEngland，assiststheElector。
Jancowitz，Battleof。
Jesuits，the:banishmentof；theyworkagainstGustavus；
theiroppressionoftheProtestants；inVienna，mentionof；
referenceto，inWallenstein’scareer。
"JesusMaria"，war-cryoftheImperialists。
Joseph，Father，agentofRichelieu。
Juliers，Duchyof:disputessuccessionto；"singularturninthedisruption"。
Kinsky，Count。
Kinsky，Countess。
Klostergrab。
Koenigsmark，Swedishgeneral。
Ladislaus，sonofSegismundofPoland。
Lauenburg，Dukeof。
Lavelette，Cardinal。
Leipzig:generalconventionof，1631；Battleof。
Leslie，anofficerofWallenstein。
LetterofMajesty:issueof；explanationof；tornbyFerdinand。
Lorraine，Charles，Dukeof，defeatedbyGustavus。
Lubeck，Peaceof。
Lutherans，the:theirpositionstated；theiroppressionoftheCalvinists。
Lutter，battleat。
Lutzen:mentionof；Battleof；deathofGustavus。
Magdeburg:besiegedbyTilly；assaulted；takenbytheSwedes。
Mansfeld，CountErnst:defeatedatBudweiss；ravagesthePalatinates；
enterstheDutchservice；defeatedatDessau。
Mansfeld，Wolf，Countvon，leavesMagdeburgtotheSwedes。
Matthias，EmperorandArchduke:chosenasAustrianleader；
headsarevoltagainsttheEmperor；acknowledgedKingofBohemia；
ascendsthethrone；deathof。
MaximilianII。，EmperorandKingofHungary，governmentandpositionof。
Maximilian，DukeofBavaria:HeadofCatholicLeague；marchesintoBohemia；
characterandpositionof；makessecrettreatywithFrance；perfidyof；
anxiousforpeace；tacticsforsupremacy；takesshelterinSalzburg。
Mazarin，Cardinal:andtheBattleofFriburg；hisdiplomatictacticsinthewar。
Melander，aCalvinist:commandstheImperialforces；
mortallywoundedatEgra。
Mentz，besiegedandtaken。
MoravianBrethren，doctrinesof。
MunichsurrenderstoGustavus。
MutinyamongstSwedishofficersnearDonauwerth。
Neumann，Captain。
Nevers，Dukeof。
Nordlingen，Battleof。
Nuremberg:battleground；exertionsofthemagistrates。
Odowalsky，disbandedofficer。
Oppenheimcarriedbystorm。
Oxenstiern，ChancellorofSweden:receivesMentzLibrary；
position；assemblesEstatesatHeilbronn；suspectsWallenstein；
alliancewithWallenstein；solicitsFrenchassistance；appliestoFrance。
Palatinate，the，religioushistoryof。
Palatine，Elector，positionandcharacterof。
Pappenheim，Imperialistgeneral:assaultsMagdeburg；recallsTilly；
attacksSwedishvanguard；atLeipzig；marchestoCologne；atLutzen；
deathof。
Peacenegotiationsandconclusion，1647。
PeacenegotiationsofPrague:termsof；resultsoftoFranceandSweden。
PhilipII。，ofSpain，characterandpoliticalviewsof。
Piccolomini:Wallenstein’sreferenceto；becomesconfidantofWallenstein；
giveswarningofWallensteintotheCourt；incommandatSaalfield；
inpursuitofBanner；defeatedbyTorstensohn；commandsImperialists。
Prague:meetingofthe"Defenders"；insurrectionat；Battleof，andsavagetreatmentofthevanquished；enteredbytheSaxonArmy；
thetakingof。[SeealsoBohemianDiet。]
ProtestantUnion:designandaimof；divisionsandchanges；pointsofunion；
formationofEvangelicalUnion；demandsonaccessionofMatthias；
alliancewithHungary；preachersbanished；dissolved；suppressionof；
oppressionsinGermany；reprisalsinPrague。
Ragotsky，Prince:successortoBethlenGabor；inAustriaandMoravia，ravagesthecountry。
Ratisbon:Dietheldat，1630；resultsofDiet，takenbyDukeBernard；
besiegedbyKingofHungary；Dietheldat，1641。
Rednitz，desperatefightat。
Reformation:historyofthemostofBookI。；influencethroughoutEurope；
progressinHungary；outbreaksatStrasburg。
ReservatumEcclesiasticum，explanationof。
Richelieu，MinisterofFrance:negotiateswithSweden；
effectsatruce；treatywithSweden；laboursinfavourofGustavus；
assistsGermanProtestants；termswithDukeBernard；fallofBreysach；
deathof。
Rodolph，ArchdukeandEmperor:ascendsImperialthroneasRodolphII。；
hispoliticalposition；abdicatesinfavourofhisbrother；deathof。
Rostock，takenbyImperialists。
Saxe-Lauenberg，FrancisAlbert，Dukeof。
Saxe-Weimar，Bernard，Dukeof:succeedsGustavusatLutzen；
remainsonthefield；capturesLeipzig；takesRatisbon；removalof；
escapescapture；visitsFrance；defeatstheImperialists；
layssiegetoBreysach；deathof。
Saxony，Electorof，JohnGeorge:refusesTilly’sdemands；
alliancewithGustavus；atLeipzig；meditatesaseparationfromSweden；
leavestheSwedes；treatswiththeEmperor；recallshisofficersfromBanner’sarmy；treatywithSweden。
Schafgotsch，Imperialistgeneral。
Seni，Wallenstein’sastrologer。
"SnowKing"，nicknameforGustavus。
Spain:influenceinGermany；policyof，underCharlesV。
Spanishprisoners。
Stralsund，siegeof。
Strasbourg，religiousdivisions。
Styria，Archdukeof。[SeeFerdinandII。]
Suys，Imperialistgeneral。
Sweden:politicalandreligiousconditionof；historicalsummaryofPolishconnection；originofherinterventionintheThirtyYears’War；
trucewithPoland；alliancewithFrance1631；conditionafterdeathofGustavus。
Swedes:offerbattletoWallenstein；overrunBavaria；
successesthroughoutGermany；captureBregentz；advancetoNordlingen。
Terzky，Count。
Terzky，Countess。
Thurn，Count，"Defender":seizesKrummau；invadesMoravia；
encampsbeforeVienna；takesflighttoHolland；returnstoPrague；
conveysWallenstein’smessagetoGustavus。
Thurn，Count，Swedishgeneral:atSteinau；surrendertoWallenstein；
demandedbytheJesuits。
Tilly，Count:commandsthe"armyofexecution"；defeatstheDanisharmyatLutter；appointedgeneralissimo；characterandappearance；
returnstoMagdeburg；takesMagdeburg；encampedontheElbe；
demandsassistancefromSaxony；ravagesSaxony；atLeipzig；
fliestoLowerSaxony；defeatsCharles，DukeofLorraine；
punishestheBishopofBamberg；awaitsGustavusatRain；death。
Torgua:Dietof；councilat。
Torstensohn，Bernard，Swedishgeneral:entersSilesia；defeatsPiccolomini；
overrunsHolstein；entersBohemia；routstheAustriansatJancowitz；
retiresfromcommand。
Turenne，Frenchgeneral:atFriburg；recrossestheRhine；
joinstheSwedesatGiessen；retirestotheNetherlands。
Turks:thehostileinroadsof；referenceto。
Trent，Councilof。
Union，theProtestant，firstsuccessandfailures。
UrbanVIII。，Pope。
Wallenstein，Count:invadesHolstein；createdDukeofFriedland；
besiegesStralsund；makesatreatywiththeDanes；hisexactions；
appearsatRatisbonDiet；hisdismissal；modeoflife；
replytotheKingofDenmark；pressedbytheEmperortotakecommand；
quitsPrague；hispositionandpersonalfeelings；makesuseofArnheim；
advisestheSaxons；assumescommand；avengeshimselfonMaximilian；
meetstheElectoratEgra，Wallenstein’striumph；reviewatNeumark；
besiegesNuremberg；marchestoZirndorf；takeswinterquartersinSaxony；
joinsPappenheim；beliefinastrology；atLutzen；advisesanamnesty；
duplicitywithElectorofBavaria；offerstermstotheSwedes；
suspicionsaroused；secretnegotiationswithFrance；
defeatsSwedesontheOder；releasesCountThurn；stormsGoerlitz；
marchestotheUpperPalatinate；deprivedofcommand；
callsameetingofgeneralsatPilsen；hisduplicity；
callsforabsentgenerals；secretordersforhisapprehensionissued；
publiclydenounced；retirestoEgra；assassination。
Weimar。[SeeSaxe-Weimar。]
Werth，Johnde，Imperialistgeneral:headsBavarianmalcontents。
Westphalia，TreatyofTreatyofPeace。
Wimpfen。
Wrangel，Gustavus，Swedishgeneral:marchestotheDanube；ravagesBavaria；
marchestoBohemia；drivenfromBohemia。
End