SaiththeLord:"BecausethouhastsetthineheartastheheartofGod；
behold，thereforeIwillbringstrangersuponthee，theterribleofthenations:andtheyshalldrawtheirswordsagainstthebeautyofthywisdom，andtheyshalldefilethybrightness。Theyshallbringtheedowntothepit。""Iwilldestroythee，Ocoveringcherub，fromthemidstofthestonesoffire……Iwillcasttheetotheground，Iwilllaytheebeforekings，thattheymaybeholdthee……Iwillbringtheetoashesupontheearthinthesightofallthemthatbeholdthee……Thoushaltbeaterror，andnevershaltthoubeanymore。"Ezekiel28:6-8，16-19。
"Everybattleofthewarrioriswithconfusednoise，andgarmentsrolledinblood；butthisshallbewithburningandfueloffire。""TheindignationoftheLordisuponallnations，andHisfuryuponalltheirarmies:Hehathutterlydestroyedthem，Hehathdeliveredthemtotheslaughter。""UponthewickedHeshallrainquickburningcoals，fireandbrimstoneandanhorribletempest:thisshallbetheportionoftheircup。"Isaiah9:5；34:2；Psalm11:6，margin。FirecomesdownfromGodoutofheaven。Theearthisbrokenup。Theweaponsconcealedinitsdepthsaredrawnforth。Devouringflamesburstfromeveryyawningchasm。Theveryrocksareonfire。Thedayhascomethatshallburnasanoven。Theelementsmeltwithferventheat，theearthalso，andtheworksthatarethereinareburnedup。Malachi4:1；2Peter3:10。Theearth’ssurfaceseemsonemoltenmass——avast，seething673
lakeoffire。Itisthetimeofthejudgmentandperditionofungodlymen——"thedayoftheLord’svengeance，andtheyearofrecompensesforthecontroversyofZion。"Isaiah34:8。
Thewickedreceivetheirrecompenseintheearth。Proverbs11:31。They"shallbestubble:andthedaythatcomethshallburnthemup，saiththeLordofhosts。"Malachi4:1。Somearedestroyedasinamoment，whileotherssuffermanydays。Allarepunished"accordingtotheirdeeds。"ThesinsoftherighteoushavingbeentransferredtoSatan，heismadetosuffernotonlyforhisownrebellion，butforallthesinswhichhehascausedGod’speopletocommit。Hispunishmentistobefargreaterthanthatofthosewhomhehasdeceived。Afterallhaveperishedwhofellbyhisdeceptions，heisstilltoliveandsufferon。Inthecleansingflamesthewickedareatlastdestroyed，rootandbranch——Satantheroot，hisfollowersthebranches。
Thefullpenaltyofthelawhasbeenvisited；thedemandsofjusticehavebeenmet；andheavenandearth，beholding，declaretherighteousnessofJehovah。
Satan’sworkofruinisforeverended。Forsixthousandyearshehaswroughthiswill，fillingtheearthwithwoeandcausinggriefthroughouttheuniverse。Thewholecreationhasgroanedandtravailedtogetherinpain。NowGod’screaturesareforeverdeliveredfromhispresenceandtemptations。
"Thewholeearthisatrest，andisquiet:they[therighteous]breakforthintosinging。"Isaiah14:7。Andashoutofpraiseandtriumphascendsfromthewholeloyaluniverse。"Thevoiceofagreatmultitude，""asthevoiceofmanywaters，andasthevoiceofmightythunderings，"isheard，saying:
"Alleluia:fortheLordGodomnipotentreigneth。"Revelation19:6。
Whiletheearthwaswrappedinthefireofdestruction，therighteousabodesafelyintheHolyCity。Uponthosethathadpartinthefirstresurrection，theseconddeathhasnopower。WhileGodistothewickedaconsumingfire，HeistoHispeoplebothasunandashield。Revelation20:6；Psalm84:11。
674
"Isawanewheavenandanewearth:forthefirstheavenandthefirstearthwerepassedaway。"Revelation21:1。Thefirethatconsumesthewickedpurifiestheearth。Everytraceofthecurseissweptaway。Noeternallyburninghellwillkeepbeforetheransomedthefearfulconsequencesofsin。
Onereminderaloneremains:OurRedeemerwilleverbearthemarksofHiscrucifixion。UponHiswoundedhead，uponHisside，Hishandsandfeet，aretheonlytracesofthecruelworkthatsinhaswrought。Saystheprophet，beholdingChristinHisglory:"HehadbrightbeamscomingoutofHisside:
andtherewasthehidingofHispower。"Habakkuk3:4，margin。ThatpiercedsidewhenceflowedthecrimsonstreamthatreconciledmantoGod——thereistheSaviour’sglory，there"thehidingofHispower。""Mightytosave，"
throughthesacrificeofredemption，HewasthereforestrongtoexecutejusticeuponthemthatdespisedGod’smercy。AndthetokensofHishumiliationareHishighesthonor；throughtheeternalagesthewoundsofCalvarywillshowforthHispraiseanddeclareHispower。
"OToweroftheflock，thestrongholdofthedaughterofZion，untoTheeshallitcome，eventhefirstdominion。"Micah4:8。ThetimehascometowhichholymenhavelookedwithlongingsincetheflamingswordbarredthefirstpairfromEden，thetimefor"theredemptionofthepurchasedpossession。"Ephesians1:14。Theearthoriginallygiventomanashiskingdom，betrayedbyhimintothehandsofSatan，andsolongheldbythemightyfoe，hasbeenbroughtbackbythegreatplanofredemption。Allthatwaslostbysinhasbeenrestored。"ThussaiththeLord……thatformedtheearthandmadeit；Hehathestablishedit，Hecreateditnotinvain，Heformedittobeinhabited。"Isaiah45:18。God’soriginalpurposeinthecreationoftheearthisfulfilledasitismadetheeternalabodeoftheredeemed。"Therighteousshallinherittheland，anddwellthereinforever。"
Psalm37:29。
Afearofmakingthefutureinheritanceseemtoomaterial675
hasledmanytospiritualizeawaytheverytruthswhichleadustolookuponitasourhome。ChristassuredHisdisciplesthatHewenttopreparemansionsforthemintheFather’shouse。ThosewhoaccepttheteachingsofGod’swordwillnotbewhollyignorantconcerningtheheavenlyabode。Andyet，"eyehathnotseen，norearheard，neitherhaveenteredintotheheartofman，thethingswhichGodhathpreparedforthemthatloveHim。"1
Corinthians2:9。Humanlanguageisinadequatetodescribetherewardoftherighteous。Itwillbeknownonlytothosewhobeholdit。NofinitemindcancomprehendthegloryoftheParadiseofGod。
IntheBibletheinheritanceofthesavediscalled"acountry。"Hebrews11:14-16。TheretheheavenlyShepherdleadsHisflocktofountainsoflivingwaters。Thetreeoflifeyieldsitsfruiteverymonth，andtheleavesofthetreearefortheserviceofthenations。Thereareever-flowingstreams，clearascrystal，andbesidethemwavingtreescasttheirshadowsuponthepathspreparedfortheransomedoftheLord。Therethewide-spreadingplainsswellintohillsofbeauty，andthemountainsofGodreartheirloftysummits。Onthosepeacefulplains，besidethoselivingstreams，God’speople，solongpilgrimsandwanderers，shallfindahome。
"Mypeopleshalldwellinapeaceablehabitation，andinsuredwellings，andinquietrestingplaces。""Violenceshallnomorebeheardinthyland，wastingnordestructionwithinthyborders；butthoushaltcallthywallsSalvation，andthygatesPraise。""Theyshallbuildhouses，andinhabitthem；andtheyshallplantvineyards，andeatthefruitofthem。Theyshallnotbuild，andanotherinhabit；theyshallnotplant，andanothereat:……
Mineelectshalllongenjoytheworkoftheirhands。"Isaiah32:18；60:18；
65:21，22。
There，"thewildernessandthesolitaryplaceshallbegladforthem；andthedesertshallrejoice，andblossomastherose。""Insteadofthethornshallcomeupthefirtree，andinsteadofthebriershallcomeupthemyrtletree。""Thewolfalsoshalldwellwiththelamb，andtheleopardshall676
liedownwiththekid；……andalittlechildshallleadthem。""TheyshallnothurtnordestroyinallMyholymountain，"saiththeLord。Isaiah35:1；55:13；11:6，9。
Paincannotexistintheatmosphereofheaven。Therewillbenomoretears，nofuneraltrains，nobadgesofmourning。"Thereshallbenomoredeath，neithersorrow，norcrying:……fortheformerthingsarepassedaway。"
"Theinhabitantshallnotsay，Iamsick:thepeoplethatdwellthereinshallbeforgiventheiriniquity。"Revelation21:4；Isaiah33:24。
ThereistheNewJerusalem，themetropolisoftheglorifiednewearth，"acrownofgloryinthehandoftheLord，andaroyaldiademinthehandofthyGod。""Herlightwaslikeuntoastonemostprecious，evenlikeajasperstone，clearascrystal。""Thenationsofthemwhicharesavedshallwalkinthelightofit:andthekingsoftheearthdobringtheirgloryandhonorintoit。"SaiththeLord:"IwillrejoiceinJerusalem，andjoyinMypeople。""ThetabernacleofGodiswithmen，andHewilldwellwiththem，andtheyshallbeHispeople，andGodHimselfshallbewiththem，andbetheirGod。"Isaiah62:3；Revelation21:11，24；Isaiah65:19；Revelation21:3。
IntheCityofGod"thereshallbenonight。"Nonewillneedordesirerepose。TherewillbenowearinessindoingthewillofGodandofferingpraisetoHisname。Weshalleverfeelthefreshnessofthemorningandshalleverbefarfromitsclose。"Andtheyneednocandle，neitherlightofthesun；fortheLordGodgiveththemlight。"Revelation22:5。Thelightofthesunwillbesupersededbyaradiancewhichisnotpainfullydazzling，yetwhichimmeasurablysurpassesthebrightnessofournoontide。ThegloryofGodandtheLambfloodstheHolyCitywithunfadinglight。Theredeemedwalkinthesunlessgloryofperpetualday。
"Isawnotempletherein:fortheLordGodAlmightyandtheLambarethetempleofit。"Revelation21:22。ThepeopleofGodareprivilegedtoholdopencommunionwiththeFatherandtheSon。"Nowweseethroughaglass，darkly。"。PG677
677
1Corinthians13:12。WebeholdtheimageofGodreflected，asinamirror，intheworksofnatureandinHisdealingswithmen；butthenweshallseeHimfacetoface，withoutadimmingveilbetween。WeshallstandinHispresenceandbeholdthegloryofHiscountenance。
Theretheredeemedshallknow，evenasalsotheyareknown。ThelovesandsympathieswhichGodHimselfhasplantedinthesoulshalltherefindtruestandsweetestexercise。Thepurecommunionwithholybeings，theharmonioussociallifewiththeblessedangelsandwiththefaithfulonesofallageswhohavewashedtheirrobesandmadethemwhiteinthebloodoftheLamb，thesacredtiesthatbindtogether"thewholefamilyinheavenandearth"
Ephesians3:15——thesehelptoconstitutethehappinessoftheredeemed。
There，immortalmindswillcontemplatewithnever-failingdelightthewondersofcreativepower，themysteriesofredeeminglove。Therewillbenocruel，deceivingfoetotempttoforgetfulnessofGod。Everyfacultywillbedeveloped，everycapacityincreased。Theacquirementofknowledgewillnotwearythemindorexhausttheenergies。Therethegrandestenterprisesmaybecarriedforward，theloftiestaspirationsreached，thehighestambitionsrealized；andstilltherewillarisenewheightstosurmount，newwonderstoadmire，newtruthstocomprehend，freshobjectstocallforththepowersofmindandsoulandbody。
AllthetreasuresoftheuniversewillbeopentothestudyofGod’sredeemed。Unfetteredbymortality，theywingtheirtirelessflighttoworldsafar——worldsthatthrilledwithsorrowatthespectacleofhumanwoeandrangwithsongsofgladnessatthetidingsofaransomedsoul。Withunutterabledelightthechildrenofearthenterintothejoyandthewisdomofunfallenbeings。TheysharethetreasuresofknowledgeandunderstandinggainedthroughagesuponagesincontemplationofGod’shandiwork。Withundimmedvisiontheygazeuponthegloryofcreation——sunsandstarsandsystems，allintheirappointedordercirclingthethrone678
ofDeity。Uponallthings，fromtheleasttothegreatest，theCreator’snameiswritten，andinallaretherichesofHispowerdisplayed。
Andtheyearsofeternity，astheyroll，willbringricherandstillmoregloriousrevelationsofGodandofChrist。Asknowledgeisprogressive，sowilllove，reverence，andhappinessincrease。ThemoremenlearnofGod，thegreaterwillbetheiradmirationofHischaracter。AsJesusopensbeforethemtherichesofredemptionandtheamazingachievementsinthegreatcontroversywithSatan，theheartsoftheransomedthrillwithmoreferventdevotion，andwithmorerapturousjoytheysweeptheharpsofgold；andtenthousandtimestenthousandandthousandsofthousandsofvoicesunitetoswellthemightychorusofpraise。
"Andeverycreaturewhichisinheaven，andontheearth，andundertheearth，andsuchasareinthesea，andallthatareinthem，heardIsaying，Blessing，andhonor，andglory，andpower，beuntoHimthatsittethuponthethrone，anduntotheLambforeverandever。"Revelation5:13。
Thegreatcontroversyisended。Sinandsinnersarenomore。Theentireuniverseisclean。Onepulseofharmonyandgladnessbeatsthroughthevastcreation。FromHimwhocreatedall，flowlifeandlightandgladness，throughouttherealmsofillimitablespace。Fromtheminutestatomtothegreatestworld，allthings，animateandinanimate，intheirunshadowedbeautyandperfectjoy，declarethatGodislove。
679
APPENDIX
GENERALNOTES
REVISIONSADOPTEDBYTHEE。G。WHITETRUSTEESNOVEMBER19，1956，ANDDECEMBER6，1979
PAGE50。TITLES——INAPASSAGEWHICHISINCLUDEDINTHEROMANCATHOLICCANON
LAW，ORCORPUSJURISCANONICI，POPEINNOCENTIIIDECLARESTHATTHEROMAN
PONTIFFIS"THEVICEGERENTUPONEARTH，NOTOFAMEREMAN，BUTOFVERYGOD；"
ANDINAGLOSSONTHEPASSAGEITISEXPLAINEDTHATTHISISBECAUSEHEISTHE
VICEGERENTOFCHRIST，WHOIS"VERYGODANDVERYMAN。"SEEDECRETALESDOMINI
GREGORIIPAPAEIXDECRETALSOFTHELORDPOPEGREGORYIX，LIBER1，DE
TRANSLATIONEEPISCOPORUM，ONTHETRANSFERENCEOFBISHOPS，TITLE7，CH。3；
CORPUSJURISCANONICI2DLEIPZIGED。，1881，COL。99；PARIS，1612，TOM。
2，DECRETALES，COL。205。THEDOCUMENTSWHICHFORMEDTHEDECRETALSWERE
GATHEREDBYGRATIAN，WHOWASTEACHINGATTHEUNIVERSITYOFBOLOGNAABOUTTHE
YEAR1140。HISWORKWASADDEDTOANDRE-EDITEDBYPOPEGREGORYIXINAN
EDITIONISSUEDIN1234。OTHERDOCUMENTSAPPEAREDINSUCCEEDINGYEARSFROM
TIMETOTIMEINCLUDINGTHEEXTRAVAGANTES，ADDEDTOWARDTHECLOSEOFTHE
FIFTEENTHCENTURY，ALLOFTHESE，WITHGRATIAN’SDECRETUM，WEREPUBLISHEDAS
THECORPUSJURISCANONICIIN1582。POPEPIUSXAUTHORIZEDTHECODIFICATION
INCANONLAWIN1904，ANDTHERESULTINGCODEBECAMEEFFECTIVEIN1918。
FORTHETITLE"LORDGODTHEPOPE"SEEAGLOSSONTHEEXTRAVAGANTESOFPOPE
JOHNXXII，TITLE14，CH。4，DECLARAMUS。INANANTWERPEDITIONOFTHE
EXTRAVAGANTES，DATED1584，THEWORDS"DOMINUMDEUMNOSTRUMPAPAM""OURLORD
GODTHEPOPE"OCCURINCOLUMN153。INAPARISEDITION，DATED1612，THEY
OCCURINCOLUMN140。INSEVERALEDITIONSPUBLISHEDSINCE1612THEWORD
"DEUM""GOD"HASBEENOMITTED。
PAGE50。INFALLIBILITY——ONTHEDOCTRINEOFINFALLIBILITYASSETFORTHAT
THEVATICANCOUNCILOF1870-71，SEEPHILIPSCHAFF，THECREEDSOF
CHRISTENDOM，VOL。2，DOGMATICDECREESOFTHEVATICANCOUNCIL，PP。234-271，WHEREBOTHTHELATINANDTHEENGLISHTEXTSAREGIVEN。FORDISCUSSIONSEE，FORTHEROMANCATHOLICVIEW，THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。7，ART。
"INFALLIBILITY，"BYPATRICKJ。TONER，P。790FF。；JAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，THEFAITHOFOURFATHERSBALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCOMPANY，110THED。，1917，CHS。7，11。FORROMANCATHOLICOPPOSITIONTOTHEDOCTRINEOFPAPAL
INFALLIBILITY，SEEJOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGERPSEUDONYM"JANUS"THE
POPEANDTHECOUNCILNEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1869；ANDW。J。
SPARROWSIMPSON，ROMANCATHOLICOPPOSITIONTOPAPALINFALLIBILITYLONDON:
JOHNMURRAY，1909。FORTHENON-ROMANVIEW，SEEGEORGESALMON，INFALLIBILITY
OFTHECHURCHLONDON:JOHNMURRAY，REV。ED。，1914。
680
THEGREATCONTROVERSY
PAGE52。IMAGEWORSHIP——"THEWORSHIPOFIMAGES……WASONEOFTHOSE
CORRUPTIONSOFCHRISTIANITYWHICHCREPTINTOTHECHURCHSTEALTHILYAND
ALMOSTWITHOUTNOTICEOROBSERVATION。THISCORRUPTIONDIDNOT，LIKEOTHER
HERESIES，DEVELOPITSELFATONCE，FORINTHATCASEITWOULDHAVEMETWITH
DECIDEDCENSUREANDREBUKE:BUT，MAKINGITSCOMMENCEMENTUNDERAFAIR
DISGUISE，SOGRADUALLYWASONEPRACTICEAFTERANOTHERINTRODUCEDIN
CONNECTIONWITHIT，THATTHECHURCHHADBECOMEDEEPLYSTEEPEDINPRACTICAL
IDOLATRY，NOTONLYWITHOUTANYEFFICIENTOPPOSITION，BUTALMOSTWITHOUTANY
DECIDEDREMONSTRANCE；ANDWHENATLENGTHANENDEAVORWASMADETOROOTIT
OUT，THEEVILWASFOUNDTOODEEPLYFIXEDTOADMITOFREMOVAL……ITMUST
BETRACEDTOTHEIDOLATROUSTENDENCYOFTHEHUMANHEART，ANDITSPROPENSITY
TOSERVETHECREATUREMORETHANTHECREATOR……
"IMAGESANDPICTURESWEREFIRSTINTRODUCEDINTOCHURCHES，NOTTOBE
WORSHIPED，BUTEITHERINTHEPLACEOFBOOKSTOGIVEINSTRUCTIONTOTHOSEWHO
COULDNOTREAD，ORTOEXCITEDEVOTIONINTHEMINDSOFOTHERS。HOWFARTHEY
EVERANSWEREDSUCHAPURPOSEISDOUBTFUL；BUT，EVENGRANTINGTHATTHISWAS
THECASEFORATIME，ITSOONCEASEDTOBESO，ANDITWASFOUNDTHATPICTURES
ANDIMAGESBROUGHTINTOCHURCHESDARKENEDRATHERTHANENLIGHTENEDTHEMINDS
OFTHEIGNORANT——DEGRADEDRATHERTHANEXALTEDTHEDEVOTIONOFTHEWORSHIPER。
SOTHAT，HOWEVERTHEYMIGHTHAVEBEENINTENDEDTODIRECTMEN’SMINDSTOGOD，THEYENDEDINTURNINGTHEMFROMHIMTOTHEWORSHIPOFCREATEDTHINGS。"——J。
MENDHAM，THESEVENTHGENERALCOUNCIL，THESECONDOFNICAEA，INTRODUCTION，PAGESIII-VI。
FORARECORDOFTHEPROCEEDINGSANDDECISIONSOFTHESECONDCOUNCILOF
NICAEA，A。D。787，CALLEDTOESTABLISHTHEWORSHIPOFIMAGES，SEEBARONIUS，ECCLESIASTICALANNALS，VOL。9，PP。391-407ANTWERP，1612；J。MENDHAM，THE
SEVENTHGENERALCOUNCIL，THESECONDOFNICAEA；ED。STILLINGFLEET，DEFENSEOF
THEDISCOURSECONCERNINGTHEIDOLATRYPRACTICEDINTHECHURCHOFROME
LONDON，1686；ASELECTLIBRARYOFNICENEANDPOST-NICENEFATHERS，2D
SERIES，VOL。14，PP。521-587NEWYORK，1900；CHARLESJ。HEFELE，AHISTORY
OFTHECOUNCILSOFTHECHURCH，FROMTHEORIGINALDOCUMENTS，B。18，CH。1，SECS。332，333；CH。2，SECS。
345-352T。ANDT。CLARKED。，1896，VOL。5，PP。260-304，342-372。
PAGE53。THESUNDAYLAWOFCONSTANTINE——THELAWISSUEDBYTHEEMPEROR
CONSTANTINEONTHESEVENTHOFMARCH，A。D。321，REGARDINGADAYOFRESTFROM
LABOR，READSTHUS:
"ALLJUDGESANDCITYPEOPLEANDTHECRAFTSMENSHALLRESTUPONTHEVENERABLE
DAYOFTHESUN。COUNTRYPEOPLE，HOWEVER，MAYFREELYATTENDTOTHE
CULTIVATIONOFTHEFIELDS，BECAUSEITFREQUENTLYHAPPENSTHATNOOTHERDAYS
AREBETTERADAPTEDFORPLANTINGTHEGRAININTHEFURROWSORTHEVINESIN
TRENCHES。SOTHATTHEADVANTAGEGIVENBYHEAVENLYPROVIDENCEMAYNOTFORTHE
OCCASIONOFASHORTTIMEPERISH。"——JOSEPHCULLENAYER，ASOURCEBOOKFOR
ANCIENTCHURCHHISTORYNEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1913，DIV。2，PER。1，CH。1，SEC。59，G，PP。284，285。
THELATINORIGINALISINTHECODEXJUSTINIANICODEXOFJUSTINIAN，LIB。3，681
TITLE12，LEX。3。THELAWISGIVENINLATINANDINENGLISHTRANSLATIONIN
PHILIPSCHAFF’SHISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCH，VOL。3，3DPERIOD，CH。7，SEC。75，P。380，FOOTNOTE1；ANDINJAMESA。HESSEY’SBAMPTONLECTURES，SUNDAY，LECTURE3，PAR。1，3DED。，MURRAY’SPRINTINGOF1866，P。58。SEE
DISCUSSIONINSCHAFF，ASABOVEREFERREDTO；INALBERTHENRYNEWMAN，AMANUAL
OFCHURCHHISTORYPHILADELPHIA:THEAMERICANBAPTISTPUBLICATIONSOCIETY，PRINTINGOF1933，REV。ED。，VOL。1，PP。
305-307；ANDINLEROYE。FROOM，THEPROPHETICFAITHOFOURFATHERS
WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1950，VOL。1，PP
376-381。
PAGE54。PROPHETICDATES——ANIMPORTANTPRINCIPLEINPROPHETIC
INTERPRETATIONINCONNECTIONWITHTIMEPROPHECIESISTHEYEAR-DAYPRINCIPLE，UNDERWHICHADAYOFPROPHETICTIMEISCOUNTEDASACALENDARYEAROF
HISTORICTIME。BEFORETHEISRAELITESENTEREDTHELANDOFCANAANTHEYSENT
TWELVESPIESAHEADTOINVESTIGATE。THESPIESWEREGONEFORTYDAYS，ANDUPON
THEIRRETURNTHEHEBREWS，FRIGHTENEDATTHEIRREPORT，REFUSEDTOGOUPAND
OCCUPYTHEPROMISEDLAND。THERESULTWASASENTENCETHELORDPASSEDUPON
THEM:"AFTERTHENUMBEROFTHEDAYSINWHICHYESEARCHEDTHELAND，EVEN
FORTYDAYS，EACHDAYFORAYEAR，SHALLYEBEARYOURINIQUITIES，EVENFORTY
YEARS。"NUMBERS14:34。ASIMILARMETHODOFCOMPUTINGFUTURETIMEIS
INDICATEDTHROUGHTHEPROPHETEZEKIEL。FORTYYEARSOFPUNISHMENTFOR
INIQUITIESAWAITEDTHEKINGDOMOFJUDAH。THELORDSAIDTHROUGHTHEPROPHET:
"LIEAGAINONTHYRIGHTSIDE，ANDTHOUSHALTBEARTHEINIQUITYOFTHEHOUSE
OFJUDAHFORTYDAYS:IHAVEAPPOINTEDTHEEEACHDAYFORAYEAR。"EZEKIEL
4:6。THISYEAR-DAYPRINCIPLEHASANIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONININTERPRETING
THETIMEOFTHEPROPHECYOFTHE"TWOTHOUSANDANDTHREEHUNDREDEVENINGSAND
MORNINGS"DANIEL8:14，R。V。ANDTHE
1260-DAYPERIOD，VARIOUSLYINDICATEDAS"ATIMEANDTIMESANDTHEDIVIDING
OFTIME"DANIEL7:25，THE"FORTYANDTWOMONTHS"REVELATION11:2；13:5，ANDTHE"THOUSANDTWOHUNDREDANDTHREESCOREDAYS"REVELATION11:3；12:6。
PAGE56。FORGEDWRITINGS——AMONGTHEDOCUMENTSTHATATTHEPRESENTTIMEARE
GENERALLYADMITTEDTOBEFORGERIES，THEDONATIONOFCONSTANTINEANDTHE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALSAREOFPRIMARYIMPORTANCE。"THE’DONATIONOF
CONSTANTINE’ISTHENAMETRADITIONALLYAPPLIED，SINCETHELATERMIDDLEAGES，TOADOCUMENTPURPORTINGTOHAVEBEENADDRESSEDBYCONSTANTINETHEGREATTO
POPESYLVESTERI，WHICHISFOUNDFIRSTINAPARISIANMANUSCRIPTCODEXLAT。
2777OFPROBABLYTHEBEGINNINGOFTHENINTHCENTURY。SINCETHEELEVENTH
CENTURYITHASBEENUSEDASAPOWERFULARGUMENTINFAVOROFTHEPAPAL
CLAIMS，ANDCONSEQUENTLYSINCETHETWELFTHITHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFA
VIGOROUSCONTROVERSY。ATTHESAMETIME，BYRENDERINGITPOSSIBLETOREGARD
THEPAPACYASAMIDDLETERMBETWEENTHEORIGINALANDTHEMEDIEVALROMAN
EMPIRE，ANDTHUSTOFORMATHEORETICALBASISOFCONTINUITYFORTHERECEPTION
OFTHEROMANLAWINTHEMIDDLEAGES，ITHASHADNOSMALLINFLUENCEUPON
SECULARHISTORY。"——THENEW
682
SCHAFF-HERZOGENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE，VOL。3，ART。"DONATIONOF
CONSTANTINE，"PP。484，485。
THEHISTORICALTHEORYDEVELOPEDINTHE"DONATION"ISFULLYDISCUSSEDIN
HENRYE。CARDINALMANNING’STHETEMPORALPOWEROFTHEVICAROFJESUSCHRIST，LONDON，1862。THEARGUMENTSOFTHE"DONATION"WEREOFASCHOLASTICTYPE，AND
THEPOSSIBILITYOFAFORGERYWASNOTMENTIONEDUNTILTHERISEOFHISTORICAL
CRITICISMINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY。NICHOLASOFCUSAWASAMONGTHEFIRSTTO
CONCLUDETHATCONSTANTINENEVERMADEANYSUCHDONATION。LORENZAVALLAIN
ITALYGAVEABRILLIANTDEMONSTRATIONOFITSSPURIOUSNESSIN1450。SEE
CHRISTOPHERB。COLEMAN’STREATISEOFLORENZOVALLAONTHEDONATIONOF
CONSTANTINENEWYORK，1927。FORACENTURYLONGER，HOWEVER，THEBELIEFIN
THEAUTHENTICITYOFTHE"DONATION"ANDOFTHEFALSEDECRETALSWASKEPT
ALIVE。FOREXAMPLE，MARTINLUTHERATFIRSTACCEPTEDTHEDECRETALS，BUTHE
SOONSAIDTOECK:"IIMPUGNTHESEDECRETALS；"ANDTOSPALATIN:"HE[THE
POPE]DOESINHISDECRETALSCORRUPTANDCRUCIFYCHRIST，THATIS，THETRUTH。"
ITISDEEMEDESTABLISHEDTHATTHE"DONATION"IS1AFORGERY，2THEWORK
OFONEMANORPERIOD，3THEFORGERHASMADEUSEOFOLDERDOCUMENTS，4
THEFORGERYORIGINATEDAROUND752AND778。ASFORTHECATHOLICS，THEY
ABANDONEDTHEDEFENSEOFTHEAUTHENTICITYOFTHEDOCUMENTWITHBARONIUS，ECCLESIASTICALANNALS，IN1592。CONSULTFORTHEBESTTEXT，K。ZEUMER，INTHE
FESTGABEFURRUDOLFVONGNEISTBERLIN，1888。TRANSLATEDINCOLEMAN’S
TREATISE，REFERREDTOABOVE，ANDINERNESTF。HENDERSON，SELECTHISTORICAL
DOCUMENTSOFTHEMIDDLEAGESNEWYORK，1892，P。
319；BRIEFWECHSELWEIMARED。，PP。141，161。SEEALSOTHENEW
SCHAFF-HERZOGENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE1950，VOL。3，P。
484；F。GREGOROVIUS，ROMEINTHEMIDDLEAGES，VOL。2，P。329；AND
JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGER，FABLESRESPECTINGTHEPOPESOFTHEMIDDLE
AGESLONDON，1871。
THE"FALSEWRITINGS"REFERREDTOINTHETEXTINCLUDEALSOTHE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALS，TOGETHERWITHOTHERFORGERIES。THE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALSARECERTAINFICTITIOUSLETTERSASCRIBEDTOEARLY
POPESFROMCLEMENTA。D。100TOGREGORYTHEGREATA。D。600，INCORPORATED
INANINTHCENTURYCOLLECTIONPURPORTINGTOHAVEBEENMADEBY"ISIDORE
MERCATOR。"THENAME"PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALS"HASBEENINUSESINCETHE
ADVENTOFCRITICISMINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY。
PSEUDO-ISIDORETOOKASTHEBASISOFHISFORGERIESACOLLECTIONOFVALID
CANONSCALLEDTHEHISPANAGALLICAAUGUSTODUNENSIS，THUSLESSENINGTHEDANGER
OFDETECTION，SINCECOLLECTIONSOFCANONSWERECOMMONLYMADEBYADDINGNEW
MATTERTOOLD。THUSHISFORGERIESWERELESSAPPARENTWHENINCORPORATEDWITH
GENUINEMATERIAL。THEFALSITYOFTHEPSEUDO-ISIDORIANFABRICATIONSISNOW
INCONTESTABLYADMITTED，BEINGPROVEDBYINTERNALEVIDENCE，INVESTIGATIONOF
THESOURCES，THEMETHODSUSED，ANDTHEFACTTHATTHISMATERIALWASUNKNOWN
BEFORE852。HISTORIANSAGREETHAT
850OR851ISTHEMOSTPROBABLEDATEFORTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECOLLECTION，SINCETHEDOCUMENTISFIRSTCITEDINTHEADMONITIOOFTHECAPITULARYOF
QUIERCY，IN857。
THEAUTHOROFTHESEFORGERIESISNOTKNOWN。ITISPROBABLETHATTHEY
683
EMANATEDFROMTHEAGGRESSIVENEWCHURCHPARTYWHICHFORMEDINTHENINTH
CENTURYATRHEIMS，FRANCE。ITISAGREEDTHATBISHOPHINCMAROFRHEIMSUSED
THESEDECRETALSINHISDEPOSITIONOFROTHADOFSOISSONS，WHOBROUGHTTHE
DECRETALSTOROMEIN864ANDLAIDTHEMBEFOREPOPENICHOLASI。
AMONGTHOSEWHOCHALLENGEDTHEIRAUTHENTICITYWERENICHOLASOFCUSA
1401-1464，CHARLESDUMOULIN1500-1566，ANDGEORGECASSENDER1513-
1564。THEIRREFUTABLEPROOFOFTHEIRFALSITYWASCONVEYEDBYDAVIDBLONDEL，1628。
ANEARLYEDITIONISGIVENINMIGNEPATROLGIALATINA，CXXX。FORTHEOLDEST
ANDBESTMANUSCRIPT，SEEP。HINSCHIUS，DECRETALESPSEUDO-ISIDORIANIAEAT
CAPITULAANGILRAMNILEIPZIG，1863。CONSULTTHENEWSCHAFF-HERZOG
ENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE1950，VOL。9，PP。343-345。SEEALSOH。
H。MILMAN，LATINCHRISTIANITYVOLS。，VOL。3；JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVON
DOLLINGER，THEPOPEANDTHECOUNCIL1869；ANDKENNETHSCOTTLATOURETTE，A
HISTORYOFTHEEXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY1939，VOL。3；THECATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。5，ART。"FALSEDECRETALS，"ANDFOURNIER，"ETUDESSURELES
FAUSSESDECRETALS，"INREVUED’HISTORIQUEECCLESIASTIQUELOUVAINVOL。7
1906，ANDVOL。81907。
PAGE57。THEDICTATEOFHILDEBRANDGREGORYVII——FORTHEORIGINALLATIN
VERSIONSEEBARONIUS，ANNALESECCLESIASTICI，ANN。1076，VOL。
17，PP。405，406OFTHEPARISPRINTINGOF1869；ANDTHEMONUMENTA
GERMANIAEHISTORICASELECTA，VOL。3，P。17。FORANENGLISHTRANSLATIONSEE
FREDERICA。OGG，SOURCEBOOKOFMEDIEVALHISTORYNEWYORK:AMERICANBOOK
CO。，1907，CH。6，SEC。45，PP。262-264；ANDOLIVERJ。THATCHERANDEDGARH。
MCNEAL，SOURCEBOOKFORMEDIEVALHISTORYNEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1905，SEC。3，ITEM65，PP。136-139。
FORADISCUSSIONOFTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEDICTATE，SEEJAMESBRYCE，THEHOLY
ROMANEMPIRE，REV。ED。，CH。10；ANDJAMESW。THOMPSONANDEDGARN。JOHNSON，ANINTRODUCTIONTOMEDIEVALEUROPE，300-1500，PAGES377-380。
PAGE59。PURGATORY——DR。JOSEPHFAADIBRUNOTHUSDEFINESPURGATORY:
"PURGATORYISASTATEOFSUFFERINGAFTERTHISLIFE，INWHICHTHOSESOULSARE
FORATIMEDETAINED，WHODEPARTTHISLIFEAFTERTHEIRDEADLYSINSHAVEBEEN
REMITTEDASTOTHESTAINANDGUILT，ANDASTOTHEEVERLASTINGPAINTHATWAS
DUETOTHEM；BUTWHOHAVEONACCOUNTOFTHOSESINSSTILLSOMEDEBTOF
TEMPORALPUNISHMENTTOPAY；ASALSOTHOSESOULSWHICHLEAVETHISWORLD
GUILTYONLYOFVENIALSINS。"——CATHOLICBELIEF1884ED。；IMPRIMATUR
ARCHBISHOPOFNEWYORK，PAGE196。
SEEALSOK。R。HAGENBACH，COMPENDIUMOFTHEHISTORYOFDOCTRINEST。ANDT。
CLARKED。VOL。1，PP。234-237，405，408；VOL。2，PP。135-150，308，309；CHARLESELLIOTT，DELINEATIONOFROMANCATHOLICISM，B。2，CH。12；THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。12，ART。"PURGATORY。"
PAGE59。INDULGENCES——FORADETAILEDHISTORYOFTHEDOCTRINEOFINDULGENCES
SEEMANDELLCREIGHTON，AHISTORYOFTHEPAPACYFROMTHEGREAT
684
SCHISMTOTHESACKOFROMELONDON:LONGMANS，GREENANDCO。，1911，VOL。5，PP。56-64，71；W。H。KENT，"INDULGENCES，"THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。7，PP。783-789；H。C。LEA，AHISTORYOFAURICULARCONFESSIONANDINDULGENCESIN
THELATINCHURCHPHILADELPHIA:LEABROTHERSANDCO。，1896；THOMASM。
LINDSAY，AHISTORYOFTHEREFORMATIONNEWYORK；CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1917，VOL。1，PP。
216-227；ALBERTHENRYNEWMAN，AMANUALOFCHURCHHISTORY
PHILADELPHIA:THEAMERICANBAPTISTPUBLICATIONSOCIETY，1953，VOL。2，PP。
53，54，62；LEOPOLDRANKE，HISTORYOFTHEREFORMATIONINGERMANY2D
LONDONED。，1845，TRANSLATEDBYSARAHAUSTIN，VOL。1，PP。331，335-337，343-346；PRESERVEDSMITH，THEAGEOFTHEREFORMATIONNEWYORK:HENRY
HOLTANDCOMPANY，1920，PP。23-25，66。
ONTHEPRACTICALOUTWORKINGSOFTHEDOCTRINEOFINDULGENCESDURINGTHE
PERIODOFTHEREFORMATIONSEEAPAPERBYDR。H。C。LEA，ENTITLED，"INDULGENCESINSPAIN，"PUBLISHEDINPAPERSOFTHEAMERICANSOCIETYOF
CHURCHHISTORY，VOL。1，PP。129-171。OFTHEVALUEOFTHISHISTORICAL
SIDELIGHTDR。LEASAYSINHISOPENINGPARAGRAPH:"UNVEXEDBYTHECONTROVERSY
WHICHRAGEDBETWEENLUTHERANDDR。ECKANDSILVESTERPRIERIAS，SPAIN
CONTINUEDTRANQUILLYTOFOLLOWINTHEOLDANDBEATENPATH，ANDFURNISHESUS
WITHTHEINCONTESTABLEOFFICIALDOCUMENTSWHICHENABLEUSTOEXAMINETHE
MATTERINTHEPURELIGHTOFHISTORY。"
PAGE59。THEMASS——FORTHEDOCTRINEOFTHEMASSASSETFORTHATTHECOUNCIL
OFTRENTSEETHECANONSANDDECREESOFTHECOUNCILOFTRENTINPHILIP
SCHAFF，CREEDSOFCHRISTENDOM，VOL。2，PP。126-139，WHEREBOTHLATINAND
ENGLISHTEXTSAREGIVEN。SEEALSOH。G。SCHROEDER，CANONSANDDECREESOFTHE
COUNCILOFTRENTST。LOUIS，MISSOURI:B。HERDER，1941。
FORADISCUSSIONOFTHEMASSSEETHECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL
5，ART。"EUCHARIST，"BYJOSEPHPOHLE，PAGE572FF。；NIKOLAUSGIHR，HOLY
SACRIFICEOFTHEMASS，DOGMATICALLY，LITURGICALLY，ASCETICALLYEXPLAINED，12THED。ST。LOUIS，MISSOURI:B。HERDER，1937；JOSEFANDREASJUNGMANN，THE
MASSOFTHEROMANRITE，ITSORIGINSANDDEVELOPMENT，TRANSLATEDFROMTHE
GERMANBYFRANCISA。BRUNNERNEWYORK:BENZIGERBROS。，1951。FORTHE
NON-CATHOLICVIEW，SEEJOHNCALVIN，INSTITUTESOFTHECHRISTIANRELIGION，B。
4，CHS。17，18；ANDEDWARDBOUVERIEPUSEY，THEDOCTRINEOFTHEREALPRESENCE
OXFORD，ENGLAND:JOHNH。PARKER，1855。
PAGE65。THESABBATHAMONGTHEWALDENSES——THEREAREWRITERSWHOHAVE
MAINTAINEDTHATTHEWALDENSESMADEAGENERALPRACTICEOFOBSERVINGTHE
SEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。THISCONCEPTAROSEFROMSOURCESWHICHINTHEORIGINAL
LATINDESCRIBETHEWALDENSESASKEEPINGTHEDIESDOMINICALIS，ORLORD’SDAY
SUNDAY，BUTINWHICHTHROUGHAPRACTICEWHICHDATESFROMTHEREFORMATION，THEWORDFOR"SUNDAY"HASBEENTRANSLATED"SABBATH。"
BUTTHEREISHISTORICALEVIDENCEOFSOMEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAY
SABBATHAMONGTHEWALDENSES。AREPORTOFANINQUISITIONBEFOREWHOMWERE
BROUGHTSOMEWALDENSESOFMORAVIAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY
DECLARESTHATAMONGTHEWALDENSES"NOTAFEWINDEEDCELEBRATETHE
685
SABBATHWITHTHEJEWS。"——JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGER，BEITRAGEZUR
SEKTENGESCHICHTEDESMITTELALTERSREPORTSONTHEHISTORYOFTHESECTSOF
THEMIDDLEAGES，MUNICH，1890，2DPT。，P。661。THERECANBENOQUESTION
THATTHISSOURCEINDICATESTHEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。
PAGE65。WALDENSIANVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLE——ONRECENTDISCOVERIESOF
WALDENSIANMANUSCRIPTSSEEM。ESPOSITO，"SURQUELQUESMANUSCRITSDE
L’ANCIENNELITTERATUREDESVAUDOISDUPIEMONT，"INREVUED’HISTORIQUE
ECCLESIASTIQUELOUVAIN，1951，P。130FF。；F。JOSTES，"DIE
WALDENSERBIBELN，"INHISTORISCHESJAHRBUCH，1894；D。LORTSCH，HISTOIREDELA
BIBLEENFRANCEPARIS，1910，CH。10。
ACLASSICWRITTENBYONEOFTHEWALDENSIAN"BARBS"ISJEANLEGER，HISTOIRE
GENERALEDESEGLISESEVANGELIQUESDESVALLEESDEPIEMONTLEYDEN，1669，WHICHWASWRITTENATTHETIMEOFTHEGREATPERSECUTIONSANDCONTAINS
FIRSTHANDINFORMATIONWITHDRAWINGS。
FORTHELITERATUREOFWALDENSIANTEXTSSEEA。DESTEFANO，CIVILTAMEDIOEVALE
1944；ANDRIFORMATORIEDERETICINELMEDIOEVEPALERMO，1938；J。D。
BOUNOUS，THEWALDENSIANPATOISOFPRAMOLNASHVILLE，1936；ANDA。DONDAINE，ARCHIVUMFRATRUMPRAEDICATORUM1946。
FORTHEHISTORYOFTHEWALDENSESSOMEOFTHEMORERECENT，RELIABLEWORKS
ARE:E。COMBA，HISTORYOFTHEWALDENSESINITALYSEELATERITALIANEDITION
PUBLISHEDINTORREPELLICE，1934；E。GEBHART，MYSTICSANDHERETICSBOSTON，1927；G。GONNET，ILVALDISMOMEDIOEVALE，PROLEGOMENITORREPELLICE，1935；
ANDJALLA，HISTOIREDESVAUDOISETLEURSCOLONIESTORREPELLICE，1935。
PAGE77。EDICTAGAINSTTHEWALDENSES——ACONSIDERABLEPORTIONOFTHETEXTOF
THEPAPALBULLISSUEDBYINNOCENTVIIIIN1487AGAINSTTHEWALDENSESTHE
ORIGINALOFWHICHISINTHELIBRARYOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGEIS
GIVEN，INANENGLISHTRANSLATION，INJOHNDOWLING’SHISTORYOFROMANISM
1871ED。，B。6，CH。5，SEC。62。
PAGE85。WYCLIFFE——THEHISTORIANDISCOVERSTHATTHENAMEOFWYCLIFFE，HAS
MANYDIFFERENTFORMSOFSPELLING。FORAFULLDISCUSSIONOFTHESESEEJ。
DAHMUS，THEPROSECUTIONOFJOHNWYCLYFNEWHAVEN:YALEUNIVERSITYPRESS，1952，P。7。
PAGE86。INFALLIBILITY。
FORTHEORIGINALTEXTOFTHEPAPALBULLSISSUEDAGAINSTWYCLIFFEWITH
ENGLISHTRANSLATIONSEEJ。DAHMUS，THEPROSECUTIONOFJOHNWYCLYFNEW
HAVEN:YALEUNIVERSITYPRESS，1952，PP。35-49；ALSOJOHNFOXE，ACTSAND
MONUMENTSOFTHECHURCHLONDON:PRATTTOWNSEND，1870，VOL。
3，PP。4-13。
FORASUMMARYOFTHESEBULLSSENTTOTHEARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY，TOKING
EDWARD，ANDTOTHECHANCELLOROFTHEUNIVERSITYOFOXFORD，SEEMERLE
D’AUBIGNE，THEHISTORYOFTHEREFORMATIONINTHESIXTEENTHCENTURYLONDON:
BLACKIEANDSON，1885，VOL。4，DIV。7，P。93；AUGUSTNEANDER，GENERAL
686
HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCHBOSTON:CROCKERANDBRESTER，1862，VOL。5，PP。146，147；GEORGESARGEANT，HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCHDALLAS:
FREDERICKPUBLISHINGHOUSE，1948，P。323；GOTTHARDV。LECHLER，JOHN
WYCLIFFEANDHISENGLISHPRECURSORSLONDON:THERELIGIOUSTRACTSOCIETY，1878，PP。162-164；PHILIPSCHAFF，HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCHNEW
YORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1915，VOL。5，PT。2，P。317。
PAGE104。COUNCILOFCONSTANCE——APRIMARYSOURCEONTHECOUNCILOF
CONSTANCEISRICHENDALULRICH，DASCONCILIUMSOZUCONSTANZGEHALTENIST
WORDENAUGSBURG，1483，INCUN。。ANINTERESTING，RECENTSTUDYOFTHISTEXT，BASEDONTHE"AULENDORFCODEX，"ISINTHESPENCERCOLLECTIONOFTHENEWYORK
PUBLICLIBRARY，PUBLISHEDBYKARLKUP，ULRICHVONRICHENTAL’SCHRONICLEOF
THECOUNCILOFCONSTANCENEWYORK，1936。SEEALSOH。FINKEED。，ACTA
CONCILIICONSTANCIENSIS1896，VOL。1；HEFELE，CONCILIENGESCHICHTE9
VOLS。，VOLS。6，7；L。MIRBT，QUELLENZURGESCHICHTEDESPAPSTTUMS1934；
MILMAN，LATINCHRISTIANITY，VOL。
7，PP。426-524；PASTOR，THEHISTORYOFTHEPOPES34VOLS。，VOL。1，P。197FF。
MORERECENTPUBLICATIONSONTHECOUNCILAREK。ZAHRINGER，DASKARDINAL
KOLLEGIUMAUFDEMKONSTANZERKONZILMUNSTER，1935；TH。F。GROGAU，THE
CONCILIARTHEORYASITMANIFESTEDITSELFATTHECOUNCILOFCONSTANCE
WASHINGTON，1949；FREDA。KREMPLE，CULTURALASPECTSOFTHECOUNCILOF
CONSTANCEANDBASELANNARBOR，1955；JOHNPATRICKMCGOWAN，D’AILLYANDTHE
COUNCILOFCONSTANCEWASHINGTON:CATHOLICUNIVERSITY，1936。
FORJOHNHUSSSEEJOHNHUS，LETTERS，1904；E。J。KITTS，POPEJOHNXXIIIAND
MASTERJOHNHUSLONDON，1910；D。S。SCHAFF，JOHNHUS1915；SCHWARZE，JOHNHUS1915；ANDMATTHEWSPINKA，JOHNHUSANDTHECZECHREFORM1941。
PAGE234。JESUITISM——FORASTATEMENTCONCERNINGTHEORIGIN，THEPRINCIPLES，ANDTHEPURPOSESOFTHE"SOCIETYOFJESUS，"ASOUTLINEDBYMEMBERSOFTHIS
ORDER，SEEAWORKENTITLEDCONCERNINGJESUITS，EDITEDBYTHEREV。JOHN
GERARD，S。J。，ANDPUBLISHEDINLONDON，1902，BYTHECATHOLICTRUTHSOCIETY。
INTHISWORKITISSAID，"THEMAINSPRINGOFTHEWHOLEORGANIZATIONOFTHE
SOCIETYISASPIRITOFENTIREOBEDIENCE:’LETEACHONE，’WRITESST。
IGNATIUS，’PERSUADEHIMSELFTHATTHOSEWHOLIVEUNDEROBEDIENCEOUGHTTO
ALLOWTHEMSELVESTOBEMOVEDANDDIRECTEDBYDIVINEPROVIDENCETHROUGHTHEIR
SUPERIORS，JUSTASTHOUGHTHEYWEREADEADBODY，WHICHALLOWSITSELFTOBE
CARRIEDANYWHEREANDTOBETREATEDINANYMANNERWHATEVER，ORASANOLD
MAN’SSTAFF，WHICHSERVESHIMWHOHOLDSITINHISHANDINWHATSOEVERWAYHE
WILL。’
"THISABSOLUTESUBMISSIONISENNOBLEDBYITSMOTIVE，ANDSHOULDBE，CONTINUESTHE……FOUNDER，’PROMPT，JOYOUSANDPERSEVERING；……THE
OBEDIENTRELIGIOUSACCOMPLISHESJOYFULLYTHATWHICHHISSUPERIORSHAVE
CONFIDEDTOHIMFORTHEGENERALGOOD，ASSUREDTHATTHEREBYHECORRESPONDS
TRULYWITHTHEDIVINEWILL。’"——THECOMTESSER。DECOURSON，INCONCERNING
JESUITS，PAGE6。
687
SEEALSOL。E。DUPIN，ACOMPENDIOUSHISTORYOFTHECHURCH，CENT。
16，CH。33LONDON，1713，VOL。4，PP。132-135；MOSHEIM，ECCLESIASTICAL
HISTORY，CENT。16，SEC。3，PT。1，CH。1，PAR。10INCLUDINGNOTES；THE
ENCYCLOPEDIABRITANNICA9THED。，ART。"JESUITS；"C。PAROISSEN，THE
PRINCIPLESOFTHEJESUITS，DEVELOPEDINACOLLECTIONOFEXTRACTSFROMTHEIR
OWNAUTHORSLONDON，1860——ANEARLIEREDITIONAPPEAREDIN1839；W。C。
CARTWRIGHT，THEJESUITS，THEIRCONSTITUTIONANDTEACHINGLONDON，1876；E。
L。TAUNTON，THEHISTORYOFTHEJESUITSINENGLAND，1580-1773LONDON，1901。
SEEALSOH。BOEHMER，THEJESUITSTRANSLATIONFROMTHEGERMAN，PHILADELPHIA，CASTLEPRESS1928；E。GOETHEIN，IGNATIUSLOYOLAANDTHEGEGEN-REFORMATION
HALLE，1895；T。CAMPBELL，THEJESUITS，1534
1921NEWYORK，1922；E。L。TAUNTON，THEHISTORYOFTHEJESUITSIN
ENGLAND，1580-1773LONDON，1901。
PAGE235。THEINQUISITION——FORTHEROMANCATHOLICVIEWSEETHECATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。8，ART。"INQUISITION"BYJOSEPHBLOTZER，P。
26FF。:ANDE。VACANDARD，THEINQUISITION:ACRITICALANDHISTORICAL
STUDYOFTHECOERCIVEPOWEROFTHECHURCHNEWYORK:LONGMANS，GREENAND
COMPANY，1908。
FORANANGLO-CATHOLICVIEWSEEHOFFMANNICKERSON，THEINQUISITION:A
POLITICALANDMILITARYSTUDYOFITSESTABLISHMENT。FORTHENON-CATHOLICVIEW
SEEPHILIPVANLIMBORCH，HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITION；HENRYCHARLESLEA，A
HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITIONOFTHEMIDDLEAGES，3VOLS。；AHISTORYOFTHE
INQUISITIONOFSPAIN，4VOLS。，ANDTHEINQUISITIONINTHESPANISH
DEPENDENCIES；ANDH。S。TURBERVILLE，MEDIEVALHERESYANDTHEINQUISITION
LONDON:C。LOCKWOODANDSON，1920——AMEDIATINGVIEW。
PAGE265。CAUSESOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION——ONTHEFAR-REACHINGCONSEQUENCES
OFTHEREJECTIONOFTHEBIBLEANDOFBIBLERELIGION，BYTHEPEOPLEOF
FRANCE，SEEH。VONSYBEL，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，B。5，CH。1，PARS。3-7；HENRYTHOMASBUCKLE，HISTORYOFCIVILIZATIONINENGLAND，CHS。8，12，14NEWYORK，1895，VOL。1，PP。364-366，369-371，437，540，541，550；BLACKWOOD’SMAGAZINE，VOL。34，NO。215
NOVEMBER，1833，P。739；J。G。LORIMER，ANHISTORICALSKETCHOFTHE
PROTESTANTCHURCHINFRANCE，CH。8，PARS。6，7。
PAGE267。EFFORTSTOSUPPRESSANDDESTROYTHEBIBLE——THECOUNCILOF
TOULOUSE，WHICHMETABOUTTHETIMEOFTHECRUSADEAGAINSTTHEALBIGENSES，RULED:"WEPROHIBITLAYMENPOSSESSINGCOPIESOFTHEOLDANDNEWTESTAMENT……WEFORBIDTHEMMOSTSEVERELYTOHAVETHEABOVEBOOKSINTHEPOPULAR
VERNACULAR。""THELORDSOFTHEDISTRICTSSHALLCAREFULLYSEEKOUTTHE
HERETICSINDWELLINGS，HOVELS，ANDFORESTS，ANDEVENTHEIRUNDERGROUND
RETREATSSHALLBEENTIRELYWIPEDOUT。"——COUNCIL。TOLOSANUM，POPEGREGORYIX，ANNO。CHR。1229。CANONS14AND2。THISCOUNCILSATATTHETIMEOFTHE
CRUSADEAGAINSTTHEALBIGENSES。
"THISPEST[THEBIBLE]HADTAKENSUCHANEXTENSIONTHATSOMEPEOPLEHAD
688
APPOINTEDPRIESTSOFTHEIROWN，ANDEVENSOMEEVANGELISTSWHODISTORTEDAND
DESTROYEDTHETRUTHOFTHEGOSPELANDMADENEWGOSPELSFORTHEIROWNPURPOSE……THEYKNOWTHATTHEPREACHINGANDEXPLANATIONOFTHEBIBLEIS
ABSOLUTELYFORBIDDENTOTHELAYMEMBERS。"——ACTSOFINQUISITION，PHILIPVAN
LIMBORCH，HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITION，CHAPTER8。
THECOUNCILOFTARRAGONA，1234，RULEDTHAT:"NOONEMAYPOSSESSTHEBOOKSOF
THEOLDANDNEWTESTAMENTSINTHEROMANCELANGUAGE，ANDIFANYONEPOSSESSES
THEMHEMUSTTURNTHEMOVERTOTHELOCALBISHOPWITHINEIGHTDAYSAFTER
PROMULGATIONOFTHISDECREE，SOTHATTHEYMAYBEBURNEDLEST，BEHEACLERIC
ORALAYMAN，HEBESUSPECTEDUNTILHEISCLEAREDOFALLSUSPICION。"——D。
LORTSCH，HISTOIREDELABIBLEENFRANCE，1910，P。14。
ATTHECOUNCILOFCONSTANCE，IN1415，WYCLIFFEWASPOSTHUMOUSLYCONDEMNEDBY
ARUNDEL，THEARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY，AS"THATPESTILENTWRETCHOFDAMNABLE
HERESYWHOINVENTEDANEWTRANSLATIONOFTHESCRIPTURESINHISMOTHER
TONGUE。"
THEOPPOSITIONTOTHEBIBLEBYTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHHASCONTINUED
THROUGHTHECENTURIESANDWASINCREASEDPARTICULARLYATTHETIMEOFTHE
FOUNDINGOFBIBLESOCIETIES。ONDECEMBER8，1866，POPEPIUSIX，INHIS
ENCYCLICALQUANTACURA，ISSUEDASYLLABUSOFEIGHTYERRORSUNDERTEN
DIFFERENTHEADINGS。UNDERHEADINGIVWEFINDLISTED:"SOCIALISM，COMMUNISM，CLANDESTINESOCIETIES，BIBLESOCIETIES……PESTSOFTHISSORTMUSTBE
DESTROYEDBYALLPOSSIBLEMEANS。"
PAGE276。THEREIGNOFTERROR——FORARELIABLE，BRIEFINTRODUCTIONINTOTHE
HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONSEEL。GERSHOY，THEFRENCHREVOLUTION
1932；G。LEFEBVRE，THECOMINGOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONPRINCETON，1947；
ANDH。VONSYBEL，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION1869，4VOLS。
THEMONITEUROFFICIELWASTHEGOVERNMENTPAPERATTHETIMEOFTHEREVOLUTION
ANDISAPRIMARYSOURCE，CONTAININGAFACTUALACCOUNTOFACTIONSTAKENBY
THEASSEMBLIES，FULLTEXTSOFTHEDOCUMENTS，ETC。ITHASBEENREPRINTED。SEE
ALSOA。AULARD，CHRISTIANITYANDTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONLONDON，1927，IN
WHICHTHEACCOUNTISCARRIEDTHROUGH
1802——ANEXCELLENTSTUDY；W。H。JERVIS，THEGALLICANCHURCHANDTHE
REVOLUTIONLONDON，1882，ACAREFULWORKBYANANGLICAN，BUTSHOWS
PREFERENCEFORCATHOLICISM。
ONTHERELATIONOFCHURCHANDSTATEINFRANCEDURINGTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION
SEEHENRYH。WALSH，THECONCORDATEOF1801:ASTUDYOFNATIONALISMIN
RELATIONTOCHURCHANDSTATENEWYORK，1933；CHARLESLEDRE，L’ENGLISEDE
FRANCESOULSLAREVOLUTIONPARIS，1949。
SOMECONTEMPORARYSTUDIESONTHERELIGIOUSSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEREVOLUTION
AREG。CHAISDESOURCESOL，LELIVREDESMANIFESTESAVIGNON，1800，INWHICH
THEAUTHORENDEAVOREDTOASCERTAINTHECAUSESOFTHEUPHEAVAL，ANDITS
RELIGIOUSSIGNIFICANCE，ETC。；JAMESBICHENO，THESIGNSOFTHETIMESLONDON，1794；JAMESWINTHROP，ASYSTEMATICARRANGEMENTOFSEVERALSCRIPTURE
PROPHECIESRELATINGTOANTICHRIST；WITHTHEIRAPPLICATIONTOTHECOURSEOF
HISTORY
689
BOSTON，1795；ANDLATHROP，THEPROPHECYOFDANIELRELATINGTOTHETIMEOF
THEENDSPRINGFIELD，MASSACHUSETTS，1811。
FORTHECHURCHDURINGTHEREVOLUTIONSEEW。M。SLOAN，THEFRENCHREVOLUTION
ANDRELIGIOUSREFORM1901；P。F。LAGORCE，HISTOIRERELIGIEUSEDELA
REVOLUTIONPARIS，1909。
ONRELATIONSWITHTHEPAPACYSEEG。BOURGIN，LAFRANCEETROMEDE
1788-1797PARIS，1808，BASEDONSECRETFILESINTHEVATICAN；A。
LATREILLE，L’EGLISECATHOLIQUEETLAREVOLUTIONPARIS，1950，ESPECIALLY
INTERESTINGONPIUSVIANDTHERELIGIOUSCRISIS，1775-1799。
FORPROTESTANTSDURINGTHEREVOLUTION，SEEPRESSENSEED。，THEREIGNOF
TERRORCINCINNATI，1869。
PAGE280。THEMASSESANDTHEPRIVILEGEDCLASSES——ONSOCIALCONDITIONS
PREVAILINGINFRANCEPRIORTOTHEPERIODOFTHEREVOLUTION，SEEH。VON
HOLST，LOWELLLECTURESONTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，LECTURE1；ALSOTAINE，ANCIENREGIME，ANDA。YOUNG，TRAVELSINFRANCE。
PAGE283。RETRIBUTION——FORFURTHERDETAILSCONCERNINGTHERETRIBUTIVE
CHARACTEROFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONSEETHOS。H。GILL，THEPAPALDRAMA，B。
10；EDMONDDEPRESSENSE，THECHURCHANDTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，B。3，CH。1。
PAGE284。THEATROCITIESOFTHEREIGNOFTERROR——SEEM。A。THIERS，HISTORY
OFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，VOL。3，PP。42-44，62-74，106NEWYORK，1890，TRANSLATEDBYF。SHOBERL；F。A。MIGNET，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，CH。9，PAR。1BOHN，1894；A。ALISON，HISTORYOFEUROPE，1789-1815，VOL。1，CH。14NEWYORK，1872，VOL。1，PP。293-312。
PAGE287。THECIRCULATIONOFTHESCRIPTURES——IN1804，ACCORDINGTOMR。
WILLIAMCANTONOFTHEBRITISHANDFOREIGNBIBLESOCIETY，"ALLTHEBIBLES
EXTANTINTHEWORLD，INMANUSCRIPTORINPRINT，COUNTINGEVERYVERSIONIN
EVERYLAND，WERECOMPUTEDATNOTMANYMORETHANFOURMILLIONS……THE
VARIOUSLANGUAGESINWHICHTHOSEFOURMILLIONSWEREWRITTEN，INCLUDINGSUCH
BYGONESPEECHASTHEMOESO-GOTHICOFULFILASANDTHEANGLO-SAXONOFBEDE，ARESETDOWNASNUMBERINGABOUTFIFTY。"——WHATISTHEBIBLESOCIETY？REV。
ED。，1904，P。23。
THEAMERICANBIBLESOCIETYREPORTEDADISTRIBUTIONFROM1816THROUGH
1955OF481，149，365BIBLES，TESTAMENTS，ANDPORTIONSOFTESTAMENTS。TOTHIS
MAYBEADDEDOVER600，000，000BIBLESORSCRIPTUREPORTIONSDISTRIBUTEDBY
THEBRITISHANDFOREIGNBIBLESOCIETY。DURINGTHEYEAR1955ALONETHE
AMERICANBIBLESOCIETYDISTRIBUTEDAGRANDTOTALOF23，819，733BIBLES，TESTAMENTS，ANDPORTIONSOFTESTAMENTSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD。
THESCRIPTURES，INWHOLEORINPART，HAVEBEENPRINTED，ASOFDECEMBER，1955，IN1，092LANGUAGES；ANDNEWLANGUAGESARECONSTANTLYBEINGADDED。
690
PAGE288。FOREIGNMISSIONS——THEMISSIONARYACTIVITYOFTHEEARLYCHRISTIAN
CHURCHHASNOTBEENDUPLICATEDUNTILMODERNTIMES。ITHADVIRTUALLYDIEDOUT
BYTHEYEAR1000，ANDWASSUCCEEDEDBYTHEMILITARYCAMPAIGNSOFTHE
CRUSADES。THEREFORMATIONERASAWLITTLEFOREIGNMISSIONWORK，EXCEPTONTHE
PARTOFTHEEARLYJESUITS。THEPIETISTICREVIVALPRODUCEDSOMEMISSIONARIES。
THEWORKOFTHEMORAVIANCHURCHINTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYWASREMARKABLE，ANDTHEREWERESOMEMISSIONARYSOCIETIESFORMEDBYTHEBRITISHFORWORKIN
COLONIZEDNORTHAMERICA。BUTTHEGREATRESURGENCEOFFOREIGNMISSIONARY
ACTIVITYBEGINSAROUNDTHEYEAR1800，AT"THETIMEOFTHEEND。"DANIEL12:4。
IN1792WASFORMEDTHEBAPTISTMISSIONARYSOCIETY，WHICHSENTCAREYTO
INDIA。IN1795THELONDONMISSIONARYSOCIETYWASORGANIZED，ANDANOTHER
SOCIETYIN1799WHICHIN1812BECAMETHECHURCHMISSIONARYSOCIETY。SHORTLY
AFTERWARDTHEWESLEYANMISSIONARYSOCIETYWASFOUNDED。INTHEUNITEDSTATES
THEAMERICANBOARDOFCOMMISSIONERSFORFOREIGNMISSIONSWASFORMEDIN1812，ANDADONIRAMJUDSONWASSENTOUTTHATYEARTOCALCUTTA。HEESTABLISHED
HIMSELFINBURMATHENEXTYEAR。IN1814THEAMERICANBAPTISTMISSIONARY
UNIONWASFORMED。THEPRESBYTERIANBOARDOFFOREIGNMISSIONSWASFORMEDIN
1837。
"INA。D。1800，……THEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFCHRISTIANSWERETHE
DESCENDANTSOFTHOSEWHOHADBEENWONBEFOREA。D。1500……NOW，INTHE
NINETEENTHCENTURY，CAMEAFURTHEREXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY。NOTSOMANY
CONTINENTSORMAJORCOUNTRIESWEREENTEREDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEASINTHE
PRECEDINGTHREECENTURIES。THATWOULDHAVEBEENIMPOSSIBLE，FORONALLTHE
LARGERLANDMASSESOFTHEEARTHEXCEPTAUSTRALIAANDAMONGALLTHEMORE
NUMEROUSPEOPLESANDINALLTHEAREASOFHIGHCIVILIZATIONCHRISTIANITYHAD
BEENINTRODUCEDBEFOREA。D。1800。WHATNOWOCCURREDWASTHEACQUISITIONOF
FRESHFOOTHOLDSINREGIONSANDAMONGPEOPLESALREADYTOUCHED，ANEXPANSION
OFUNPRECEDENTEDEXTENTFROMBOTHTHENEWERBASESANDTHEOLDERONES，AND
THEENTRANCEOFCHRISTIANITYINTOTHELARGEMAJORITYOFSUCHCOUNTRIES，ISLANDS，PEOPLES，ANDTRIBESASHADPREVIOUSLYNOTBEENTOUCHED……
"THENINETEENTHCENTURYSPREADOFCHRISTIANITYWASDUEPRIMARILYTOANEW
BURSTOFRELIGIOUSLIFEEMANATINGFROMTHECHRISTIANIMPULSE……NEVERIN
ANYCORRESPONDINGLENGTHOFTIMEHADTHECHRISTIANIMPULSEGIVENRISETOSO
MANYNEWMOVEMENTS。NEVERHADITHADQUITESOGREATANEFFECTUPONWESTERN
EUROPEANPEOPLES。ITWASFROMTHISABOUNDINGVIGORTHATTHEREISSUEDTHE
MISSIONARYENTERPRISEWHICHDURINGTHENINETEENTHCENTURYSOAUGMENTEDTHE
NUMERICALSTRENGTHANDTHEINFLUENCEOFCHRISTIANITY。"——KENNETHSCOTT
LATOURETTE，AHISTORYOFTHEEXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY，VOL。IV，THEGREAT
CENTURYA。D。1800-A。D。1914NEWYORK:HARPER&BROTHERS，1941，PP。2-4。
PAGES327，329。PROPHETICDATES——ACCORDINGTOJEWISHRECKONINGTHEFIFTH
MONTHABOFTHESEVENTHYEAROFARTAXERXES’REIGNWASFROMJULY23TO
AUGUST21，457B。C。AFTEREZRA’SARRIVALINJERUSALEMINTHEAUTUMNOFTHE
YEAR，THEDECREEOFTHEKINGWENTINTOEFFECT。FORTHECERTAINTYOFTHEDATE
457B。C。BEINGTHESEVENTHYEAROFARTAXERXES，SEES。H。HORNANDL。H。
WOOD，THE
691
CHRONOLOGYOFEZRA7WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1953；E。G。KRAELING，THEBROOKLYNMUSEUMARAMAICPAPYRINEWHAVENOR
LONDON，1953，PP。191-193；THESEVENTH-DAYADVENTISTBIBLECOMMENTARY
WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1954，VOL。3，PP。
97-110。
PAGE335。FALLOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE——THEIMPACTOFMOSLEMTURKEYUPON
EUROPEAFTERTHEFALLOFCONSTANTINOPLEIN1453WASASSEVEREASHADBEEN
THECATASTROPHICCONQUESTSOFTHEMOSLEMSARACENS，DURINGTHECENTURYANDA
HALFAFTERTHEDEATHOFMOHAMMED，UPONTHEEASTERNROMANEMPIRE。THROUGHOUT
THEREFORMATIONERA，TURKEYWASACONTINUALTHREATATTHEEASTERNGATESOF
EUROPEANCHRISTENDOM；THEWRITINGSOFTHEREFORMERSAREFULLOFCONDEMNATION
OFTHEOTTOMANPOWER。CHRISTIANWRITERSSINCEHAVEBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHE
ROLEOFTURKEYINFUTUREWORLDEVENTS，ANDCOMMENTATORSONPROPHECYHAVE
SEENTURKISHPOWERANDITSDECLINEFORECASTINSCRIPTURE。
FORTHELATTERCHAPTER，UNDERTHE"HOUR，DAY，MONTH，YEAR"PROPHECY，ASPART
OFTHESIXTHTRUMPET，JOSIAHLITCHWORKEDOUTANAPPLICATIONOFTHETIME
PROPHECY，TERMINATINGTURKISHINDEPENDENCEINAUGUST，1840。LITCH’SVIEWCAN
BEFOUNDINFULLINHISTHEPROBABILITYOFTHESECONDCOMINGOFCHRISTABOUT
A。D。1843PUBLISHEDINJUNE，1838；ANADDRESSTOTHECLERGYPUBLISHEDIN
THESPRINGOF1840；ASECONDEDITION，WITHHISTORICALDATAINSUPPORTOFTHE
ACCURACYOFFORMERCALCULATIONSOFTHEPROPHETICPERIODEXTENDINGTOTHE
FALLOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE，WASPUBLISHEDIN1841；ANDANARTICLEINSIGNS
OFTHETIMESANDEXPOSITOROFPROPHECY，AUG。1，1840。SEEALSOARTICLEIN
SIGNSOFTHETIMESANDEXPOSITOROFPROPHECY，FEB。1，1841；ANDJ。N。
LOUGHBOROUGH，THEGREATADVENTMOVEMENT1905ED。，PP。129-132。THEBOOKBY
URIAHSMITH，THOUGHTSONDANIELANDTHEREVELATION，REV。ED。OF1944，DISCUSSESTHEPROPHETICTIMINGOFTHISPROPHECYONPAGES506-517。
FORTHEEARLIERHISTORYOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIREANDTHEDECLINEOFTHETURKISH
POWER，SEEALSOWILLIAMMILLER，THEOTTOMANEMPIREANDITSSUCCESSORS，1801-1927CAMBRIDGE，ENGLAND:UNIVERSITYPRESS，1936；GEORGEG。S。L。
EVERSLEY，THETURKISHEMPIREFROM1288TO1914LONDON:T。FISHERUNWIN，LTD。，2DED。，1923；JOSEPHVONHAMMER-PURGSTALL，GESCHICHTEDES
OSMANNISCHENREICHESPESTH:C。A。HARTLEBEN，2DED。，1834-36，4VOLS。；
HERBERTA。GIBBONS，FOUNDATIONOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE，1300-1403OXFORD:
UNIVERSITYPRESS，1916；ARNOLDJ。TOYNBEEANDKENNETHB。KIRKWOOD，TURKEY
LONDON，1926。
PAGE340。WITHHOLDINGTHEBIBLEFROMTHEPEOPLE——THEREADERWILLRECOGNIZE
THATTHETEXTOFTHISVOLUMEWASWRITTENPRIORTOVATICANCOUNCILII，WITH
ITSSOMEWHATALTEREDPOLICIESINREGARDTOTHEREADINGOFTHESCRIPTURES。
THROUGHTHECENTURIES，THEATTITUDEOFTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHTOWARD
CIRCULATIONOFTHEHOLYSCRIPTURESINVERNACULARVERSIONSAMONGTHELAITY
SHOWSUPASNEGATIVE。SEEFOREXAMPLEG。P。FISHER，THEREFORMATION，CH。15，692
PAR。161873ED。，PP。530-532；J。CARDINALGIBBONS，THEFAITHOFOUR
FATHERS，CH。849THED。，1897，PP。98-117；JOHNDOWLING，HISTORYOF
ROMANISM，B。7，CH。2，SEC。14；ANDB。9，CH。3，SECS。24-271871ED。，PP。
491-496，621-625；L。F。BUNGENER，HISTORYOFTHECOUNCILOFTRENT，PP。
101-1102DEDINBURGHED。，1853，TRANSLATEDBYD。D。SCOTT；G。H。PUTNAM，BOOKSANDTHEIRMAKERSDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES，VOL。1，PT。2，CH。2，PARS。
49，54-56。SEEALSOINDEXOFPROHIBITEDBOOKSVATICANPOLYGLOTPRESS，1930，PP。IX，X；TIMOTHYHURLEY，ACOMMENTARYONTHEPRESENTINDEX
LEGISLATIONNEWYORK:BENZIGERBROTHERS，1908，P。
71；TRANSLATIONOFTHEGREATENCYCLICALLETTERSOFLEOXIIINEW
YORK:BENZIGERBROTHERS，1903，P。413。
BUTINRECENTYEARSADRAMATICANDPOSITIVECHANGEHASOCCURREDINTHIS
RESPECT。ONTHEONEHAND，THECHURCHHASAPPROVEDSEVERALVERSIONSPREPARED
ONTHEBASISOFTHEORIGINALLANGUAGES；ONTHEOTHER，ITHASPROMOTEDTHE
STUDYOFTHEHOLYSCRIPTURESBYMEANSOFFREEDISTRIBUTIONANDBIBLE
INSTITUTES。THECHURCH，HOWEVER，CONTINUESTORESERVEFORHERSELFTHE
EXCLUSIVERIGHTTOINTERPRETTHEBIBLEINTHELIGHTOFHEROWNTRADITION，THUSJUSTIFYINGTHOSEDOCTRINESTHATDONOTHARMONIZEWITHBIBLICAL
TEACHINGS。
PAGE373。ASCENSIONROBES——THESTORYTHATTHEADVENTISTSMADEROBESWITH
WHICHTOASCEND"TOMEETTHELORDINTHEAIR，"WASINVENTEDBYTHOSEWHO
WISHEDTOREPROACHTHEADVENTPREACHING。ITWASCIRCULATEDSOINDUSTRIOUSLY
THATMANYBELIEVEDIT，BUTCAREFULINQUIRYPROVEDITSFALSITY。FORMANY
YEARSASUBSTANTIALREWARDWASOFFEREDFORPROOFTHATONESUCHINSTANCEEVER
OCCURRED，BUTNOPROOFHASBEENPRODUCED。NONEWHOLOVEDTHEAPPEARINGOF
THESAVIOURWERESOIGNORANTOFTHETEACHINGSOFTHESCRIPTURESASTO
SUPPOSETHATROBESWHICHTHEYCOULDMAKEWOULDBENECESSARYFORTHAT
OCCASION。THEONLYROBEWHICHTHESAINTSWILLNEEDTOMEETTHELORDISTHE
RIGHTEOUSNESSOFCHRIST。SEEISAIAH61:10；REVELATION19:8。
FORATHOROUGHREFUTATIONOFTHELEGENDOFASCENSIONROBES，SEEFRANCISD。
NICHOL，MIDNIGHTCRYWASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1944，CHS。25-27，ANDAPPENDICESH-J。SEEALSOLEROYEDWINFROOM，PROPHETIC
FAITHOFOURFATHERSWASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1954，VOL。4，PP。822-826。
PAGE374。THECHRONOLOGYOFPROPHECY——DR。GEORGEBUSH，PROFESSOROFHEBREW
ANDORIENTALLITERATUREINTHENEWYORKCITYUNIVERSITY，INALETTER
ADDRESSEDTOWILLIAMMILLERANDPUBLISHEDINTHEADVENTHERALDANDSIGNSOF
THETIMESREPORTER，BOSTON，MARCH6AND13，1844，MADESOMEIMPORTANT
ADMISSIONSRELATIVETOHISCALCULATIONOFTHEPROPHETICTIMES。DR。BUSH
WROTE:
"NEITHERISITTOBEOBJECTED，ASICONCEIVE，TOYOURSELFORYOURFRIENDS，THATYOUHAVEDEVOTEDMUCHTIMEANDATTENTIONTOTHESTUDYOFTHECHRONOLOGY
OFPROPHECY，ANDHAVELABOREDMUCHTODETERMINETHECOMMENCINGANDCLOSING
DATESOFITSGREATPERIODS。IFTHESEPERIODSAREACTUALLYGIVENBYTHEHOLY
GHOSTINTHEPROPHETICBOOKS，ITWASDOUBTLESSWITHTHEDESIGNTHATTHEY
693
MEDE，SIRISAACNEWTON，BISHOPNEWTON，KIRBY，SCOTT，KEITH，ANDAHOSTOF
OTHERSWHOHAVELONGSINCECOMETOSUBSTANTIALLYYOURCONCLUSIONSONTHIS
HEAD。THEYALLAGREETHATTHELEADINGPERIODSMENTIONEDBYDANIELANDJOHN，DOACTUALLYEXPIREABOUTTHISAGEOFTHEWORLD，ANDITWOULDBEASTRANGE
LOGICTHATWOULDCONVICTYOUOFHERESYFORHOLDINGINEFFECTTHESAMEVIEWS
WHICHSTANDFORTHSOPROMINENTINTHENOTICESOFTHESEEMINENTDIVINES。"
"YOURRESULTSINTHISFIELDOFINQUIRYDONOTSTRIKEMESOFAROUTOFTHE
WAYASTOAFFECTANYOFTHEGREATINTERESTSOFTRUTHORDUTY。""YOURERROR，ASIAPPREHEND，LIESINANOTHERDIRECTIONTHANYOURCHRONOLOGY。""YOUHAVE
ENTIRELYMISTAKENTHENATUREOFTHEEVENTSWHICHARETOOCCURWHENTHOSE
PERIODSHAVEEXPIRED。THISISTHEHEADANDFRONTOFYOUREXPOSITORY
OFFENDING。"SEEALSOLEROYEDWINFROOM，PROPHETICFAITHOFOURFATHERS
WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1950，VOL。1，CHS。
1，2。
PAGE435。ATHREEFOLDMESSAGE——REVELATION14:6，7FORETELLSTHE
PROCLAMATIONOFTHEFIRSTANGEL’SMESSAGE。THENTHEPROPHETCONTINUES:
"THEREFOLLOWEDANOTHERANGEL，SAYING，BABYLONISFALLEN，ISFALLEN……
ANDTHETHIRDANGELFOLLOWEDTHEM。"THEWORDHERERENDERED"FOLLOWED"MEANS
"TOGOALONGWITH，""TOFOLLOWONE，""GOWITHHIM。"SEEHENRYGEORGELIDDELL
ANDROBERTSCOTT，GREEKENGLISHLEXICONOXFORD:CLARENDONPRESS，1940，VOL。1，P。52。ITALSOMEANS"TOACCOMPANY。"SEEGEORGEABBOTT-SMITH，A
MANUALGREEKLEXICONOFTHENEWTESTAMENTEDINBURGH:T。ANDT。CLARK，1950，PAGE17。ITISTHESAMEWORDTHATISUSEDINMARK5:24，"JESUSWENT
WITHHIM；ANDMUCHPEOPLEFOLLOWEDHIM，ANDTHRONGEDHIM。"ITISALSOUSED
OFTHEREDEEMEDONEHUNDREDANDFORTY-FOURTHOUSAND，REVELATION14:4，WHERE
ITISSAID，"THESEARETHEYWHICHFOLLOWTHELAMBWHITHERSOEVERHEGOETH。"
INBOTHTHESEPLACESITISEVIDENTTHATTHEIDEAINTENDEDTOBECONVEYEDIS
THATOF"GOINGTOGETHER，""INCOMPANYWITH。"SOIN1CORINTHIANS10:4，WHERE
WEREADOFTHECHILDRENOFISRAELTHAT"THEYDRANKOFTHATSPIRITUALROCK
THATFOLLOWEDTHEM，"THEWORD"FOLLOWED"ISTRANSLATEDFROMTHESAMEGREEK
WORD，ANDTHEMARGINHASIT，"WENTWITHTHEM。"FROMTHISWELEARNTHATTHE
IDEAINREVELATION14:8，9ISNOTSIMPLYTHATTHESECONDANDTHIRDANGELS
FOLLOWEDTHEFIRSTINPOINTOFTIME，BUTTHATTHEYWENTWITHHIM。THETHREE
MESSAGESAREBUTONETHREEFOLDMESSAGE。THEYARETHREEONLYINTHEORDEROF
THEIRRISE。BUTHAVINGRISEN，THEYGOONTOGETHERANDAREINSEPARABLE。
PAGE447。SUPREMACYOFTHEBISHOPSOFROME——FORTHELEADINGCIRCUMSTANCES
INTHEASSUMPTIONOFSUPREMACYBYTHEBISHOPSOFROME，SEEROBERTFRANCIS
CARDINALBELLARMINE，POWEROFTHEPOPESINTEMPORALAFFAIRSTHEREISAN
ENGLISHTRANSLATIONINTHELIBRARYOFCONGRESS，WASHINGTON，D。C。；HENRY
EDWARDCARDINALMANNING，THETEMPORALPOWEROFTHEVICAROFJESUSCHRIST
LONDON:BURNSANDLAMBERT，2DED。，1862；ANDJAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，FAITH
OFOURFATHERSBALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCO。，110THED。，1917，CHS。5，9，10，12。FORPROTESTANTAUTHORSSEETREVORGERVASEJALLAND，THECHURCHANDTHE
PAPACYLONDON:SOCIETYFORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1944，ABAMP
694
LONDON:BURNSANDLAMBERT，2DED。，1862；ANDJAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，FAITH
OFOURFATHERSBALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCO。，110THED。，1917，CHS。5，9，10，12。FORPROTESTANTAUTHORSSEETREVORGERVASEJALLAND，THECHURCHANDTHE
PAPACYLONDON:SOCIETYFORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1944，ABAMPTON
LECTURE；ANDRICHARDFREDERICKLITTLEDALE，PETRINECLAIMSLONDON:SOCIETY
FORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1899。FORSOURCESOFTHEEARLYCENTURIES
OFTHEPETRINETHEORY，SEEJAMEST。SHOTWELLANDLOUISEROPESLOOMIS，THE
SEEOFPETERNEWYORK:COLUMBIAUNIVERSITYPRESS，1927。FORTHEFALSE
"DONATIONOFCONSTANTINE"SEECHRISTOPHERB。COLEMAN，THETREATISEOF
LORENZOVALLAONTHEDONATIONOFCONSTANTINENEWYORK，1914，WHICHGIVES
THEFULLLATINTEXTANDTRANSLATION，ANDACOMPLETECRITICISMOFTHE
DOCUMENTANDITSTHESIS。
PAGE565。WITHHOLDINGTHEBIBLEFROMTHEPEOPLE——SEENOTEFORPAGE340。
PAGE578。THEETHIOPIANCHURCHANDTHESABBATH——UNTILRATHERRECENTYEARS
THECOPTICCHURCHOFETHIOPIAOBSERVEDTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。THE
ETHIOPIANSALSOKEPTSUNDAY，THEFIRSTDAYOFTHEWEEK，THROUGHOUTTHEIR
HISTORYASACHRISTIANPEOPLE。THESEDAYSWEREMARKEDBYSPECIALSERVICESIN
THECHURCHES。THEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATHHAS，HOWEVER，VIRTUALLYCEASEDINMODERNETHIOPIA。FOREYEWITNESSACCOUNTSOFRELIGIOUS
DAYSINETHIOPIA，SEEPEROGOMESDETEIXEIRA，THEDISCOVERYOFABYSSINIABY
THEPORTUGUESEIN1520TRANSLATEDINENGLISHINLONDON:BRITISHMUSEUM，1938，P。79；FATHERFRANCISCOALVEREZ，NARRATIVEOFTHEPORTUGUESEEMBASSY
TOABYSSINIADURINGTHEYEARS1520-1527，INTHERECORDSOFTHEHAKLUYT
SOCIETYLONDON，1881，VOL。64，PP。22-49；MICHAELRUSSELL，NUBIAAND
ABYSSINIAQUOTINGFATHERLOBO，CATHOLICMISSIONARYINETHIOPIAIN1622
NEWYORK:HARPER&BROTHERS，1837，PP。
226-229；S。GIACOMOBARATTI，LATETRAVELSINTOTHEREMOTECOUNTRIESOF
ABYSSINIALONDON:BENJAMINBILLINGSLEY，1670，PP。134-137；JOBLUDOLPHUS，ANEWHISTORYFORETHIOPIALONDON:S。SMITH，1682，PP。
234-357；SAMUELGOBAT，JOURNALOFTHREEYEARS’RESIDENCEINABYSSINIA
NEWYORK:ED。OF1850，PP。55-58，83-98。FOROTHERWORKSTOUCHINGUPONTHE
QUESTION，SEEPETERHEYLYN，HISTORYOFTHESABBATH，2DED。，1636，VOL。2，PP。198-200；ARTHURP。STANLEY，LECTURESONTHEHISTORYOFTHEEASTERN
CHURCHNEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1882，LECTURE1，PAR。1；C。F。
REY，ROMANCEOFTHEPORTUGUESEINABYSSINIALONDON:F。H。ANDG。WITHERLEY，1929，PP。59，253-297。
TheEnd