BeforePayne’sarresttheEstateshadbeenadjournedafteraSessionasimportantasanythathadeverbeenheldinScotland。
Thenationgenerallyacquiescedinthenewecclesiasticalconstitution。Theindifferent，alargeportionofeverysociety，weregladthattheanarchywasover，andconformedtothePresbyterianChurchastheyhadconformedtotheEpiscopalChurch。TothemoderatePresbyteriansthesettlementwhichhadbeenmadewasonthewholesatisfactory。MostofthestrictPresbyteriansbroughtthemselvestoacceptitunderprotest，asalargeinstalmentofwhatwasdue。TheymissedindeedwhattheyconsideredastheperfectbeautyandsymmetryofthatChurchwhichhad，fortyyearsbefore，beenthegloryofScotland。But，thoughthesecondtemplewasnotequaltothefirst，thechosenpeoplemightwellrejoicetothinkthattheywere，afteralongcaptivityinBabylon，sufferedtorebuild，thoughimperfectly，theHouseofGodontheoldfoundations；norcoulditmisbecomethemtofeelforthelatitudinarianWilliamagratefulaffectionsuchastherestoredJewshadfeltfortheheathenCyrus。
Therewerehowevertwopartieswhichregardedthesettlementof1690withimplacabledetestation。ThoseScotchmenwhowereEpiscopaliansonconvictionandwithfervourappeartohavebeenfew；butamongthemweresomepersonssuperior，notperhapsinnaturalparts，butinlearning，intaste，andintheartofcomposition，tothetheologiansofthesectwhichhadnowbecomedominant。ItmightnothavebeensafefortheejectedCuratesandProfessorstogiveventintheirowncountrytotheangerwhichtheyfelt。ButtheEnglishpresswasopentothem；andtheyweresureoftheapprobationofalargepartoftheEnglishpeople。
Duringseveralyearstheycontinuedtotormenttheirenemiesandtoamusethepublicwithasuccessionofingeniousandspiritedpamphlets。Insomeoftheseworksthehardshipssufferedbytherabbledpriestsofthewesternshiresaresetforthwithaskillwhichirresistiblymovespityandindignation。Inothers，thecrueltywithwhichtheCovenantershadbeentreatedduringthereignsofthelasttwokingsoftheHouseofStuartisextenuatedbyeveryartificeofsophistry。ThereismuchjokingonthebadLatinwhichsomePresbyterianteachershadutteredwhileseatedinacademicchairslatelyoccupiedbygreatscholars。Muchwassaidabouttheignorantcontemptwhichthevictoriousbarbariansprofessedforscienceandliterature。Theywereaccusedofanathematizingthemodernsystemsofnaturalphilosophyasdamnableheresies，ofcondemninggeometryasasouldestroyingpursuit，ofdiscouragingeventhestudyofthosetonguesinwhichthesacredbookswerewritten。Learning，itwassaid，wouldsoonbeextinctinScotland。TheUniversities，undertheirnewrulers，werelanguishingandmustsoonperish。Thebooksellershadbeenhalfruined:theyfoundthatthewholeprofitoftheirbusinesswouldnotpaytherentoftheirshops，andwerepreparingtoemigratetosomecountrywhereletterswereheldinesteembythosewhoseofficewastoinstructthepublic。Amongtheministersofreligionnopurchaserofbookswasleft。TheEpiscopaliandivinewasgladtosellforamorselofbreadwhateverpartofhislibraryhadnotbeentorntopiecesorburnedbytheChristmasmobs；andtheonlylibraryofaPresbyteriandivineconsistedofanexplanationoftheApocalypseandacommentaryontheSongofSongs。782Thepulpitoratoryofthetriumphantpartywasaninexhaustiblesubjectofmirth。Onelittlevolume，entitledTheScotchPresbyterianEloquenceDisplayed，hadanimmensesuccessintheSouthamongbothHighChurchmenandscoffers，andisnotyetquiteforgotten。ItwasindeedabookwellfittedtolieonthehalltableofaSquirewhosereligionconsistedinhatingextemporaneousprayerandnasalpsalmody。Onarainyday，whenitwasimpossibletohuntorshoot，neitherthecardtablenorthebackgammonboardwouldhavebeen，intheintervalsoftheflagonandthepasty，soagreeablearesource。Nowhereelse，perhaps，canbefound，insosmallacompass，solargeacollectionofludicrousquotationsandanecdotes。Somegravemen，however，whoborenolovetotheCalvinisticdoctrineordiscipline，shooktheirheadsoverthislivelyjestbook，andhintedtheiropinionthatthewriter，whileholdinguptoderisiontheabsurdrhetoricbywhichcoarsemindedandignorantmentriedtoillustratedarkquestionsoftheologyandtoexcitedevotionalfeelingamongthepopulace，hadsometimesforgottenthereverenceduetosacredthings。TheeffectwhichtractsofthissortproducedonthepublicmindofEnglandcouldnotbefullydiscerned，whileEnglandandScotlandwereindependentofeachother，butmanifesteditself，verysoonaftertheunionofthekingdoms，inawaywhichwestillhavereason，andwhichourposteritywillprobablylonghavereasontolament。
TheextremePresbyterianswereasmuchoutofhumourastheextremePrelatists，andwereaslittleinclinedastheextremePrelatiststotaketheoathofallegiancetoWilliamandMary。
Indeed，thoughtheJacobitenonjurorandtheCameroniannonjurorwerediametricallyopposedtoeachotherinopinion，thoughtheyregardedeachotherwithmortalaversion，thoughneitherofthemwouldhavehadanyscrupleaboutpersecutingtheother，theyhadmuchincommon。Theywereperhapsthetwomostremarkablespecimensthattheworldcouldshowofperverseabsurdity。Eachofthemconsideredhisdarlingformofecclesiasticalpolity，notasameansbutasanend，astheonethingneedful，asthequintessenceoftheChristianreligion。EachofthemchildishlyfanciedthathehadfoundatheoryofcivilgovernmentinhisBible。Neithershrankfromthefrightfulconsequencestowhichhistheoryled。Toallobjectionsbothhadoneanswer，——ThussaiththeLord。BothagreedinboastingthattheargumentswhichtoatheisticalpoliticiansseemedunanswerablepresentednodifficultytotheSaint。Itmightbeperfectlytruethat，byrelaxingtherigourofhisprinciples，hemightsavehiscountryfromslavery，anarchy，universalruin。Buthisbusinesswasnottosavehiscountry，buttosavehissoul。HeobeyedthecommandsofGod，andlefttheeventtoGod。Oneofthetwofanaticalsectsheldthat，totheendoftime，thenationwouldbeboundtoobeytheheiroftheStuarts；theotherheldthat，totheendoftime，thenationwouldbeboundbytheSolemnLeagueandCovenant；andthusbothagreedinregardingthenewSovereignsasusurpers。
ThePresbyteriannonjurorshavescarcelybeenheardofoutofScotland；andperhapsitmaynotnowbegenerallyknown，eveninScotland，howlongtheycontinuedtoformadistinctclass。TheyheldthattheircountrywasunderaprecontracttotheMostHigh，andcouldnever，whiletheworldlasted，enterintoanyengagementinconsistentwiththatprecontract。AnErastian，alatitudinarian，amanwhoknelttoreceivethebreadandwinefromthehandsofbishops，andwhobore，thoughnotverypatiently，tohearanthemschauntedbychoristersinwhitevestments，couldnotbeKingofacovenantedkingdom。Williamhadmoreoverforfeitedallclaimtothecrownbycommittingthatsinforwhich，intheoldtime，adynastypreternaturallyappointedhadbeenpreternaturallydeposed。Hehadconnivedattheescapeofhisfatherinlaw，thatidolater，thatmurderer，thatmanofBelial，whooughttohavebeenhewninpiecesbeforetheLord，likeAgag。Nay，thecrimeofWilliamhadexceededthatofSaul。
SaulhadsparedonlyoneAmalekite，andhadsmittentherest。
WhatAmalekitehadWilliamsmitten？ThepureChurchhadbeentwenty—eightyearsunderpersecution。Herchildrenhadbeenimprisoned，transported，branded，shot，hanged，drowned，tortured。Andyethewhocalledhimselfherdelivererhadnotsufferedhertoseeherdesireuponherenemies。783ThebloodyClaverhousehadbeengraciouslyreceivedatSaintJames’s。ThebloodyMackenziehadfoundasecureandluxuriousretreatamongthemalignantsofOxford。TheyoungerDalrymplewhohadprosecutedtheSaints，theelderDalrymplewhohadsateinjudgmentontheSaints，weregreatandpowerful。ItwassaidbycarelessGallios，thattherewasnochoicebutbetweenWilliamandJames，andthatitwaswisdomtochoosethelessoftwoevils。Suchwasindeedthewisdomofthisworld。Butthewisdomwhichwasfromabovetaughtusthatoftwothings，bothofwhichwereevilinthesightofGod，weshouldchooseneither。AssoonasJameswasrestored，itwouldbeadutytodisownandwithstandhim。Thepresentdutywastodisownandwithstandhissoninlaw。
Nothingmustbesaid，nothingmustbedonethatcouldbeconstruedintoarecognitionoftheauthorityofthemanfromHolland。Thegodlymustpaynodutiestohim，mustholdnoofficesunderhim，mustreceivenowagesfromhim，mustsignnoinstrumentsinwhichhewasstyledKing。AnnesucceededWilliam；
andAnnewasdesignated，bythosewhocalledthemselvestheremnantofthetrueChurch，asthepretendedQueen，thewickedwoman，theJezebel。GeorgetheFirstsucceededAnne；andGeorgetheFirstwasthepretendedKing，theGermanBeast。784GeorgetheSecondsucceededGeorgetheFirst；GeorgetheSecondtoowasapretendedKing，andwasaccusedofhavingoutdonethewickednessofhiswickedpredecessorsbypassingalawindefianceofthatdivinelawwhichordainsthatnowitchshallbesufferedtolive。785GeorgetheThirdsucceededGeorgetheSecond；andstillthesemencontinued，withunabatedstedfastness，thoughinlanguagelessferociousthanbefore，todisclaimallallegiancetoanuncovenantedSovereign。786Solateastheyear1806，theywerestillbearingtheirpublictestimonyagainstthesinofowninghisgovernmentbypayingtaxes，bytakingoutexciselicenses，byjoiningthevolunteers，orbylabouringonpublicworks。787ThenumberofthesezealotswentondiminishingtillatlengththeyweresothinlyscatteredoverScotlandthattheywerenowherenumerousenoughtohaveameetinghouse，andwereknownbythenameoftheNonhearers。They，however，stillassembledandprayedinprivatedwellings，andstillpersistedinconsideringthemselvesasthechosengeneration，theroyalpriesthood，theholynation，thepeculiarpeople，which，amidstthecommondegeneracy，alonepreservedthefaithofabetterage。Itisbynomeansimprobablethatthissuperstition，themostirrationalandthemostunsocialintowhichProtestantChristianityhaseverbeencorruptedbyhumanprejudicesandpassions，maystilllingerinafewobscurefarmhouses。
TheKingwasbuthalfsatisfiedwiththemannerinwhichtheecclesiasticalpolityofScotlandhadbeensettled。HethoughtthattheEpiscopalianshadbeenhardlyused；andheapprehendedthattheymightbestillmorehardlyusedwhenthenewsystemwasfullyorganized。HehadbeenverydesirousthattheActwhichestablishedthePresbyterianChurchshouldbeaccompaniedbyanActallowingpersonswhowerenotmembersofthatChurchtoholdtheirownreligiousassembliesfreely；andhehadparticularlydirectedMelvilletolooktothis。788ButsomepopularpreachersharanguedsovehementlyatEdinburghagainstlibertyofconscience，whichtheycalledthemysteryofiniquity，thatMelvilledidnotventuretoobeyhismaster’sinstructions。A
draughtofaTolerationActwasofferedtotheParliamentbyaprivatemember，butwascoldlyreceivedandsufferedtodrop。789
William，however，wasfullydeterminedtopreventthedominantsectfromindulgingintheluxuryofpersecution；andhetookanearlyopportunityofannouncinghisdetermination。ThefirstGeneralAssemblyofthenewlyestablishedChurchmetsoonafterhisreturnfromIreland。ItwasnecessarythatheshouldappointaCommissionerandsendaletter。SomezealousPresbyterianshopedthatCrawfordwouldbetheCommissioner；andtheministersofEdinburghdrewupapaperinwhichtheyveryintelligiblyhintedthatthiswastheirwish。William，however，selectedLordCarmichael，anoblemandistinguishedbygoodsense，humanityandmoderation。790TheroyallettertotheAssemblywaseminentlywiseinsubstanceandimpressiveinlanguage。"Weexpect，"theKingwrote，"thatyourmanagementshallbesuchthatwemayhavenoreasontorepentofwhatwehavedone。Wenevercouldbeofthemindthatviolencewassuitedtotheadvancingoftruereligion；nordoweintendthatourauthorityshalleverbeatooltotheirregularpassionsofanyparty。Moderationiswhatreligionenjoins，whatneighbouringChurchesexpectfromyou，andwhatwerecommendtoyou。"TheSixtyandtheirassociateswouldprobablyhavebeengladtoreplyinlanguageresemblingthatwhich，assomeofthemcouldwellremember，hadbeenheldbytheclergytoCharlestheSecondduringhisresidenceinScotland。
ButtheyhadjustbeeninformedthattherewasinEnglandastrongfeelinginfavouroftherabbledcurates，andthatitwould，atsuchaconjuncture，bemadnessinthebodywhichrepresentedthePresbyterianChurchtoquarrelwiththeKing。791
TheAssemblythereforereturnedagratefulandrespectfulanswertotheroyalletter，andassuredHisMajestythattheyhadsufferedtoomuchfromoppressionevertobeoppressors。792
MeanwhilethetroopsallovertheContinentweregoingintowinterquarters。Thecampaignhadeverywherebeenindecisive。ThevictorygainedbyLuxemburgatFleurushadproducednoimportanteffect。OntheUpperRhinegreatarmieshadeyedeachother，monthaftermonth，withoutexchangingablow。InCataloniaafewsmallfortshadbeentaken。InthecastofEuropetheTurkshadbeensuccessfulonsomepoints，theChristiansonotherpoints；
andtheterminationofthecontestseemedtobeasremoteasever。Thecoalitionhadinthecourseoftheyearlostonevaluablememberandgainedanother。TheDukeofLorraine，theablestcaptainintheImperialservice，wasnomore。Hehaddied，ashehadlived，anexileandawanderer，andhadbequeathedtohischildrennothingbuthisnameandhisrights。Itwaspopularlysaidthattheconfederacycouldbetterhavesparedthirtythousandsoldiersthansuchageneral。ButscarcelyhadthealliedCourtsgoneintomourningforhimwhentheywereconsoledbylearningthatanotherprince，superiortohiminpower，andnotinferiortohimincapacityorcourage，hadjoinedtheleagueagainstFrance。
ThiswasVictorAmadeusDukeofSavoy。Hewasayoungman；buthewasalreadyversedinthoseartsforwhichthestatesmenofItalyhad，eversincethethirteenthcentury，beencelebrated，thoseartsbywhichCastruccioCastracaniandFrancisSforzarosetogreatness，andwhichMachiavelreducedtoasystem。NosovereigninmodernEuropehas，withsosmallaprincipality，exercisedsogreataninfluenceduringsolongaperiod。Hehadforatimesubmitted，withashowofcheerfulness，butwithsecretreluctanceandresentment，totheFrenchascendency。Whenthewarbrokeout，heprofessedneutrality，butenteredintoprivatenegotiationswiththeHouseofAustria。Hewouldprobablyhavecontinuedtodissembletillhefoundsomeopportunityofstrikinganunexpectedblow，hadnothiscraftyschemesbeendisconcertedbythedecisionandvigourofLewis。AFrencharmycommandedbyCatinat，anofficerofgreatskillandvalour，marchedintoPiedmont。TheDukewasinformedthathisconducthadexcitedsuspicionswhichhecouldremoveonlybyadmittingforeigngarrisonsintoTurinandVercelli。Hefoundthathemustbeeithertheslaveortheopenenemyofhispowerfulandimperiousneighbour。Hischoicewassoonmade；andawarbeganwhich，duringsevenyears，foundemploymentforsomeofthebestgeneralsandbesttroopsofLewis。AnEnvoyExtraordinaryfromSavoywenttotheHague，proceededthencetoLondon，presentedhiscredentialsintheBanquetingHouse，andaddressedtoWilliamaspeechwhichwasspeedilytranslatedintomanylanguagesandreadineverypartofEurope。TheoratorcongratulatedtheKingonthesuccessofthatgreatenterprisewhichhadrestoredEnglandtoherancientplaceamongthenations，andhadbrokenthechainsofEurope。"Thatmymaster，"hesaid，"cannowatlengthventuretoexpressfeelingswhichhavebeenlongconcealedintherecessesofhisheart，ispartofthedebtwhichheowestoYourMajesty。Youhaveinspiredhimwiththehopeoffreedomaftersomanyyearsofbondage。"793
Ithadbeendeterminedthat，duringtheapproachingwinteraCongressofallthepowershostiletoFranceshouldbeheldattheHague。Williamwasimpatienttoproceedthither。ButitwasnecessarythatheshouldfirstholdaSessionofParliament。
EarlyinOctobertheHousesreassembledatWestminster。Themembershadgenerallycomeupingoodhumour。ThoseTorieswhomitwaspossibletoconciliatehadbeenconciliatedbytheActofGrace，andbythelargesharewhichtheyhadobtainedofthefavoursoftheCrown。ThoseWhigswhowerecapableoflearninghadlearnedmuchfromthelessonwhichWilliamhadgiventhem，andhadceasedtoexpectthathewoulddescendfromtherankofaKingtothatofapartyleader。BothWhigsandTorieshad，withfewexceptions，beenalarmedbytheprospectofaFrenchinvasionandcheeredbythenewsofthevictoryoftheBoyne。TheSovereignwhohadshedhisbloodfortheirnationandtheirreligionstoodatthismomenthigherinpublicestimationthanatanytimesincehisaccession。HisspeechfromthethronecalledforththeloudacclamationsofLordsandCommons。794ThankswereunanimouslyvotedbybothHousestotheKingforhisachievementsinIreland，andtotheQueenfortheprudencewithwhichshehad，duringhisabsence，governedEngland。795ThuscommencedaSessiondistinguishedamongtheSessionsofthatreignbyharmonyandtranquillity。Noreportofthedebateshasbeenpreserved，unlessalongforgottenlampoon，inwhichsomeofthespeechesmadeonthefirstdayareburlesquedindoggrelrhymes，maybecalledareport。796ThetimeoftheCommonsappearstohavebeenchieflyoccupiedindiscussingquestionsarisingoutoftheelectionsoftheprecedingspring。Thesuppliesnecessaryforthewar，thoughlarge，weregrantedwithalacrity。Thenumberofregulartroopsforthenextyearwasfixedatseventythousand，ofwhomtwelvethousandweretobehorseordragoons。Thechargeofthisarmy，thegreatestthatEnglandhadevermaintained，amountedtoabouttwomillionthreehundredthousandpounds；thechargeofthenavytoabouteighteenhundredthousandpounds。Thechargeoftheordnancewasincludedinthesesums，andwasroughlyestimatedatoneeighthofthenavalandonefifthofthemilitaryexpenditure。797ThewholeoftheextraordinaryaidgrantedtotheKingexceededfourmillions。
TheCommonsjustlythoughtthattheextraordinaryliberalitywithwhichtheyhadprovidedforthepublicserviceentitledthemtodemandextraordinarysecuritiesagainstwasteandpeculation。A
billwasbroughtinempoweringnineCommissionerstoexamineandstatethepublicaccounts。Theninewerenamedinthebill，andwereallmembersoftheLowerHouse。TheLordsagreedtothebillwithoutamendments；andtheKinggavehisassent。798
ThedebatesontheWaysandMeansoccupiedaconsiderablepartoftheSession。Itwasresolvedthatsixteenhundredandfiftythousandpoundsshouldberaisedbyadirectmonthlyassessmentonland。Theexcisedutiesonaleandbeerweredoubled；andtheimportdutiesonrawsilk，linen，timber，glass，andsomeotherarticles，wereincreased。799Thusfartherewaslittledifferenceofopinion。Butsoonthesmoothcourseofbusinesswasdisturbedbyapropositionwhichwasmuchmorepopularthanjustorhumane。
Taxesofunprecedentedseverityhadbeenimposed；andyetitmightwellbedoubtedwhetherthesetaxeswouldbesufficient。
Why，itwasasked，shouldnotthecostoftheIrishwarbebornebytheIrishinsurgents？HowthoseinsurgentshadactedintheirmockParliamentalltheworldknew；andnothingcouldbemorereasonablethantometetothemfromtheirownmeasure。TheyoughttobetreatedastheyhadtreatedtheSaxoncolony。EveryacrewhichtheActofSettlementhadleftthemoughttobeseizedbythestateforthepurposeofdefrayingthatexpensewhichtheirturbulenceandperversenesshadmadenecessary。Itisnotstrangethataplanwhichatoncegratifiednationalanimosity，andheldoutthehopeofpecuniaryrelief，shouldhavebeenwelcomedwitheagerdelight。AbillwasbroughtinwhichborebuttoomuchresemblancetosomeofthelawspassedbytheJacobitelegislatorsofDublin。BythisbillitwasprovidedthatthepropertyofeverypersonwhohadbeeninrebellionagainsttheKingandQueensincethedayonwhichtheywereproclaimedshouldbeconfiscated，andthattheproceedsshouldbeappliedtothesupportofthewar。AnexceptionwasmadeinfavourofsuchProtestantsashadmerelysubmittedtosuperiorforce；buttoPapistsnoindulgencewasshown。Theroyalprerogativeofclemencywaslimited。TheKingmightindeed，ifsuchwerehispleasure，sparethelivesofhisvanquishedenemies；buthewasnottobepermittedtosaveanypartoftheirestatesfromthegeneraldoom。HewasnottohaveitinhispowertograntacapitulationwhichshouldsecuretoIrishRomanCatholicstheenjoymentoftheirhereditarylands。Nay，hewasnottobeallowedtokeepfaithwithpersonswhomhehadalreadyreceivedtomercy，whohadkissedhishand，andhadheardfromhislipsthepromiseofprotection。AnattemptwasmadetoinsertaprovisoinfavourofLordDover。Dover，who，withallhisfaults，wasnotwithoutsomeEnglishfeelings，had，bydefendingtheinterestsofhisnativecountryatDublin，madehimselfodioustoboththeIrishandtheFrench。AfterthebattleoftheBoynehissituationwasdeplorable。NeitheratLimericknoratSaintGermainscouldhehopetobewelcomed。Inhisdespair，hethrewhimselfatWilliam’sfeet，promisedtolivepeaceably，andwasgraciouslyassuredthathehadnothingtofear。Thoughtheroyalwordseemedtobepledgedtothisunfortunateman，theCommonsresolved，byahundredandnineteenvotestoahundredandtwelve，thathispropertyshouldnotbeexemptedfromthegeneralconfiscation。
ThebillwentuptothePeers，butthePeerswerenotinclinedtopassitwithoutconsiderableamendments；andsuchamendmentstherewasnottimetomake。Numerousheirsatlaw，reversioners，andcreditorsimploredtheUpperHousetointroducesuchprovisoesasmightsecuretheinnocentagainstalldangerofbeinginvolvedinthepunishmentoftheguilty。Somepetitionersaskedtobeheardbycounsel。TheKinghadmadeallhisarrangementsforavoyagetotheHague；andthedaybeyondwhichhecouldnotpostponehisdeparturedrewnear。Thebillwastherefore，happilyforthehonourofEnglishlegislation，consignedtothatdarkrepositoryinwhichtheabortivestatutesofmanygenerationssleepasleeprarelydisturbedbythehistorianortheantiquary。800
Anotherquestion，whichslightlyandbutslightlydiscomposedthetranquillityofthisshortsession，aroseoutofthedisastrousanddisgracefulbattleofBeachyHead。Torringtonhad，immediatelyafterthatbattle，beensenttotheTower，andhadeversinceremainedthere。Atechnicaldifficultyhadarisenaboutthemodeofbringinghimtotrial。TherewasnoLordHighAdmiral；andwhethertheCommissionersoftheAdmiraltywerecompetenttoexecutemartiallawwasapointwhichtosomejuristsappearednotperfectlyclear。ThemajorityofthejudgesheldthattheCommissionerswerecompetent；but，forthepurposeofremovingalldoubt，abillwasbroughtintotheUpperHouse；
andtothisbillseveralLordsofferedanoppositionwhichseemstohavebeenmostunreasonable。Theproposedlaw，theysaid，wasaretrospectivepenallaw，andthereforeobjectionable。Iftheyusedthisargumentingoodfaith，theywereignorantoftheveryrudimentsofthescienceoflegislation。Tomakealawforpunishingthatwhich，atthetimewhenitwasdone，wasnotpunishable，iscontrarytoallsoundprinciple。Butalawwhichmerelyaltersthecriminalproceduremaywithperfectproprietybemadeapplicabletopastaswellastofutureoffences。Itwouldhavebeenthegrossestinjusticetogivearetrospectiveoperationtothelawwhichmadeslavetradingfelony。ButtherewasnotthesmallestinjusticeinenactingthattheCentralCriminalCourtshouldtryfeloniescommittedlongbeforethatCourtwasinbeing。InTorrington’scasethesubstantivelawcontinuedtobewhatithadalwaysbeen。Thedefinitionofthecrime，theamountofthepenalty，remainedunaltered。Theonlychangewasintheformofprocedure；andthatchangethelegislaturewasperfectlyjustifiedinmakingretrospectively。
Itisindeedhardlypossibletobelievethatsomeofthosewhoopposedthebillweredupedbythefallacyofwhichtheycondescendedtomakeuse。ThefeelingofcastewasstrongamongtheLords。Thatoneofthemselvesshouldbetriedforhislifebyacourtcomposedofplebeiansseemedtothemadegradationoftheirwholeorder。Iftheirnoblebrotherhadoffended，articlesofimpeachmentoughttobeexhibitedagainsthim:WestminsterHalloughttobefittedup:hispeersoughttomeetintheirrobes，andtogiveintheirverdictontheirhonour；aLordHighStewardoughttopronouncethesentenceandtobreakthestaff。
TherewasanendofprivilegeifanEarlwastobedoomedtodeathbytarpaulinsseatedroundatableinthecabinofaship。
ThesefeelingshadsomuchinfluencethatthebillpassedtheUpperHousebyamajorityofonlytwo。801IntheLowerHouse，wherethedignitiesandimmunitiesofthenobilitywereregardedwithnofriendlyfeeling，therewaslittledifferenceofopinion。
Torringtonrequestedtobeheardatthebar，andspokethereatgreatlength，butweaklyandconfusedly。Heboastedofhisservices，ofhissacrifices，andofhiswounds。HeabusedtheDutch，theBoardofAdmiralty，andtheSecretaryofState。Thebill，however，wentthroughallitsstageswithoutadivision。802
EarlyinDecemberTorringtonwassentunderaguarddowntherivertoSheerness。TheretheCourtMartialmetonboardofafrigatenamedtheKent。Theinvestigationlastedthreedays；andduringthosedaysthefermentwasgreatinLondon。Nothingwasheardofontheexchange，inthecoffeehouses，nayevenatthechurchdoors，butTorrington。Partiesranhigh；wagerstoanimmenseamountweredepending；rumourswerehourlyarrivingbylandandwater，andeveryrumourwasexaggeratedanddistortedbytheway。Fromthedayonwhichthenewsoftheignominiousbattlearrived，downtotheveryeveofthetrial，publicopinionhadbeenveryunfavourabletotheprisoner。Hisname，wearetoldbycontemporarypamphleteers，washardlyevermentionedwithoutacurse。But，whenthecrisisofhisfatedrewnigh，therewas，asinourcountrythereoftenis，areaction。Allhismerits，hiscourage，hisgoodnature，hisfirmadherencetotheProtestantreligionintheeviltimes，wereremembered。Itwasimpossibletodenythathewassunkinslothandluxury，thatheneglectedthemostimportantbusinessforhispleasures，andthathecouldnotsayNotoabooncompanionortoamistress；butforthesefaultsexcusesandsoftnameswerefound。Hisfriendsusedwithoutscruplealltheartswhichcouldraiseanationalfeelinginhisfavour；andtheseartswerepowerfullyassistedbytheintelligencethatthehatredwhichwasfelttowardshiminHollandbadventeditselfinindignitiestosomeofhiscountrymen。Thecrywasthatabold，jolly，freehandedEnglishgentleman，ofwhomtheworstthatcouldbesaidwasthathelikedwineandwomen，wastobeshotinordertogratifythespiteoftheDutch。Whatpassedatthetrialtendedtoconfirmthepopulaceinthisnotion。MostofthewitnessesagainsttheprisonerwereDutchofficers。TheDutchrealadmiral，whotookonhimselfthepartofprosecutor，forgothimselfsofarastoaccusethejudgesofpartiality。Whenatlength，ontheeveningofthethirdday，Torringtonwaspronouncednotguilty，manywhohadrecentlyclamouredforhisbloodseemedtobewellpleasedwithhisacquittal。HereturnedtoLondonfree，andwithhisswordbyhisside。AshisyachtwentuptheThames，everyshipwhichhepassedsalutedhim。HetookhisseatintheHouseofLords，andevenventuredtopresenthimselfatcourt。Butmostofthepeerslookedcoldlyonhim；Williamwouldnotseehim，andorderedhimtobedismissedfromtheservice。803
TherewasanothersubjectaboutwhichnovotewaspassedbyeitheroftheHouses，butaboutwhichthereisreasontobelievethatsomeacrimoniousdiscussiontookplaceinboth。TheWhigs，thoughmuchlessviolentthanintheprecedingyear，couldnotpatientlyseeCaermarthenasnearlyprimeministerasanyEnglishsubjectcouldbeunderaprinceofWilliam’scharacter。ThoughnomanhadtakenamoreprominentpartintheRevolutionthantheLordPresident，thoughnomanhadmoretofearfromacounterrevolution，hisoldenemieswouldnotbelievethathehadfromhisheartrenouncedthosearbitrarydoctrinesforwhichhehadoncebeenzealous，orthathecouldbeartrueallegiancetoagovernmentsprungfromresistance。Throughthelastsixmonthsof1690hewasmercilesslylampooned。SometimeshewasKingThomasandsometimesTomtheTyrant。804WilliamwasadjurednottogototheContinentleavinghisworstenemyclosetotheearoftheQueen。Halifax，whohad，intheprecedingyear，beenungenerouslyandungratefullypersecutedbytheWhigs，wasnowmentionedbythemwithrespectandregret；forhewastheenemyoftheirenemy。805Theface，thefigure，thebodilyinfirmitiesofCaermarthen，wereridiculed。806ThosedealingswiththeFrenchCourtinwhich，twelveyearsbefore，hehad，ratherbyhismisfortunethanbyhisfault，beenimplicated，wererepresentedinthemostodiouscolours。Hewasreproachedwithhisimpeachmentandhisimprisonment。Once，itwassaid，hehadescaped；butvengeancemightstillovertakehim，andLondonmightenjoythelongdeferredpleasureofseeingtheoldtraitorflungofftheladderintheblueribandwhichhedisgraced。Allthemembersofhisfamily，wife，son，daughters，wereassailedwithsavageinvectiveandcontemptuoussarcasm。807Allwhoweresupposedtobecloselyconnectedwithhimbypoliticaltiescameinforaportionofthisabuse；andnonehadsolargeaportionasLowther。ThefeelingindicatedbythesesatireswasstrongamongtheWhigsinParliament。Severalofthemdeliberatedonaplanofattack，andwereinhopesthattheyshouldbeabletoraisesuchastormaswouldmakeitimpossibleforhimtoremainattheheadofaffairs。Itshouldseemthat，atthistime，hisinfluenceintheroyalclosetwasnotquitewhatithadbeen。
Godolphin，whomhedidnotlove，andcouldnotcontrol，butwhosefinancialskillhadbeengreatlymissedduringthesummer，wasbroughtbacktotheTreasury，andmadeFirstCommissioner。
Lowther，whowastheLordPresident’sownman，stillsateattheboard，butnolongerpresidedthere。ItistruethattherewasnotthensuchadifferenceastherenowisbetweentheFirstLordandhiscolleagues。Stillthechangewasimportantandsignificant。Marlborough，whomCaermarthendisliked，was，inmilitaryaffairs，notlesstrustedthanGodolphininfinancialaffairs。ThesealswhichShrewsburyhadresignedinthesummerhadeversincebeenlyinginWilliam’ssecretdrawer。TheLordPresidentprobablyexpectedthatheshouldbeconsultedbeforetheyweregivenaway；buthewasdisappointed。SidneywassentforfromIreland；andthesealsweredeliveredtohim。ThefirstintimationwhichtheLordPresidentreceivedofthisimportantappointmentwasnotmadeinamannerlikelytosoothehisfeelings。"DidyoumeetthenewSecretaryofStategoingout？"saidWilliam。
"No，Sir，"answeredtheLordPresident；"ImetnobodybutmyLordSidney。""HeisthenewSecretary，"saidWilliam。"HewilldotillIfindafitman；andhewillbequitewillingtoresignassoonasIfindafitman。AnyotherpersonthatIcouldputinwouldthinkhimselfillusedifIweretoputhimout。"IfWilliamhadsaidallthatwasinhismind，hewouldprobablyhaveaddedthatSidney，thoughnotagreatoratororstatesman，wasoneoftheveryfewEnglishpoliticianswhocouldbeasentirelytrustedasBentinckorZulestein。Caermarthenlistenedwithabittersmile。Itwasnew，heafterwardssaid，toseeanoblemanplacedintheSecretary’soffice，asafootmanwasplacedinaboxatthetheatre，merelyinordertokeepaseattillhisbetterscame。Butthisjestwasacoverforseriousmortificationandalarm。Thesituationoftheprimeministerwasunpleasantandevenperilous；andthedurationofhispowerwouldprobablyhavebeenshort，hadnotfortune，justatthismoment，putitinhispowertoconfoundhisadversariesbyrenderingagreatservicetothestate。808
TheJacobiteshadseemedinAugusttobecompletelycrushed。ThevictoryoftheBoyne，andtheirresistibleexplosionofpatrioticfeelingproducedbytheappearanceofTourville’sfleetonthecoastofDevonshire，hadcowedtheboldestchampionsofhereditaryright。Mostofthechiefplotterspassedsomeweeksinconfinementorinconcealment。But，widelyastheramificationsoftheconspiracyhadextended，onlyonetraitorsufferedthepunishmentofhiscrime。ThiswasamannamedGodfreyCross，whokeptaninnonthebeachnearRye，andwho，whentheFrenchfleetwasonthecoastofSussex，hadgiveninformationtoTourville。
Whenitappearedthatthissolitaryexamplewasthoughtsufficient，whenthedangerofinvasionwasover，whenthepopularenthusiasmexcitedbythatdangerhadsubsided，whenthelenityofthegovernmenthadpermittedsomeconspiratorstoleavetheirprisonsandhadencouragedotherstoventureoutoftheirhidingplaces，thefactionwhichhadbeenprostratedandstunnedbegantogivesignsofreturninganimation。Theoldtraitorsagainmusteredattheoldhaunts，exchangedsignificantlooksandeagerwhispers，anddrewfromtheirpocketslibelsontheCourtofKensington，andlettersinmilkandlemonjuicefromtheCourtofSaintGermains。Preston，Dartmouth，Clarendon，Penn，wereamongthemostbusy。Withthem，wasleaguedthenonjuringBishopofEly，whowasstillpermittedbythegovernmenttoresideinthepalace，nownolongerhisown，andwhohad，butashorttimebefore，calledheaventowitnessthathedetestedthethoughtofinvitingforeignerstoinvadeEngland。Onegoodopportunityhadbeenlost；butanotherwasathand，andmustnotbesufferedtoescape。TheusurperwouldsoonbeagainoutofEngland。Theadministrationwouldsoonbeagainconfidedtoaweakwomanandadividedcouncil。Theyearwhichwasclosinghadcertainlybeenunlucky；butthatwhichwasabouttocommencemightbemoreauspicious。
InDecemberameetingoftheleadingJacobiteswasheld。809Thesenseoftheassembly，whichconsistedexclusivelyofProtestants，wasthatsomethingoughttobeattempted，butthatthedifficultiesweregreat。NoneventuredtorecommendthatJamesshouldcomeoverunaccompaniedbyregulartroops。Yetall，taughtbytheexperienceoftheprecedingsummer，dreadedtheeffectwhichmightbeproducedbythesightofFrenchuniformsandstandardsonEnglishground。Apaperwasdrawnupwhichwould，itwashoped，convincebothJamesandLewisthatarestorationcouldnotbeeffectedwithoutthecordialconcurrenceofthenation。France，——suchwasthesubstanceofthisremarkabledocument，——mightpossiblymaketheislandaheapofruins，butneverasubjectprovince。Itwashardlypossibleforanyperson，whohadnothadanopportunityofobservingthetemperofthepublicmind，toimaginethesavageanddoggeddeterminationwithwhichmenofallclasses，sectsandfactionswerepreparedtoresistanyforeignpotentatewhoshouldattempttoconquerthekingdombyforceofarms。NorcouldEnglandbegovernedasaRomanCatholiccountry。TherewerefivemillionsofProtestantsintherealm:therewerenotahundredthousandPapists:thatsuchaminorityshouldkeepdownsuchamajoritywasphysicallyimpossible；andtophysicalimpossibilityallotherconsiderationsmustgiveway。Jameswouldthereforedowelltotakewithoutdelaysuchmeasuresasmightindicatehisresolutiontoprotecttheestablishedreligion。UnhappilyeveryletterwhicharrivedfromFrancecontainedsomethingtendingtoirritatefeelingswhichitwasmostdesirabletosoothe。StorieswereeverywherecurrentofslightsofferedatSaintGermainstoProtestantswhohadgiventhehighestproofofloyaltybyfollowingintobanishmentamasterzealousforafaithwhichwasnottheirown。TheedictswhichhadbeenissuedagainsttheHuguenotsmightperhapshavebeenjustifiedbytheanarchicalopinionsandpracticesofthosesectaries；butitwastheheightofinjusticeandofinhospitalitytoputthoseedictsinforceagainstmenwhohadbeendrivenfromtheircountrysolelyonaccountoftheirattachmenttoaRomanCatholicKing。SurelysonsoftheAnglicanChurch，whohad，inobediencetoherteaching，sacrificedallthattheymostprizedonearthtotheroyalcause，oughtnottobeanylongerinterdictedfromassemblinginsomemodestedificetocelebrateherritesandtoreceiveherconsolations。AnannouncementthatLewishad，attherequestofJames，permittedtheEnglishexilestoworshipGodaccordingtotheirnationalformswouldbethebestpreludetothegreatattempt。Thatattemptoughttobemadeearlyinthespring。A
FrenchforcemustundoubtedlyaccompanyHisMajesty。Buthemustdeclarethathebroughtthatforceonlyforthedefenceofhispersonandfortheprotectionofhislovingsubjects，andthat，assoonastheforeignoppressorshadbeenexpelled，theforeigndeliverersshouldbedismissed。Hemustalsopromisetogovernaccordingtolaw，andmustreferallthepointswhichhadbeenindisputebetweenhimandhispeopletothedecisionofaParliament。
ItwasdeterminedthatPrestonshouldcarrytoSaintGermainstheresolutionsandsuggestionsoftheconspirators，JohnAshton，apersonwhohadbeenclerkoftheclosettoMaryofModenawhenshewasonthethrone，andwhowasentirelydevotedtotheinterestsoftheexiledfamily，undertooktoprocurethemeansofconveyance，andforthispurposeengagedthecooperationofahotheadedyoungJacobitenamedElliot，whoonlyknewingeneralthataserviceofsomehazardwastoberenderedtothegoodcause。
ItwaseasytofindintheportofLondonavesseltheownerofwhichwasnotscrupulousabouttheuseforwhichitmightbewanted。AshtonandElliotwereintroducedtothemasterofasmacknamedtheJamesandElizabeth。TheJacobiteagentspretendedtobesmugglers，andtalkedofthethousandsofpoundswhichmightbegotbyasingleluckytriptoFranceandbackagain。Abargainwasstruck:asixpencewasbroken；andallthearrangementsweremadeforthevoyage。
Prestonwaschargedbyhisfriendswithapacketcontainingseveralimportantpapers。AmongthesewasalistoftheEnglishfleetfurnishedbyDartmouth，whowasincommunicationwithsomeofhisoldcompanionsinarms，aminuteoftheresolutionswhichhadbeenadoptedatthemeetingoftheconspirators，andtheHeadsofaDeclarationwhichitwasthoughtdesirablethatJamesshouldpublishatthemomentofhislanding。TherewerealsosixorsevenlettersfrompersonsofnoteintheJacobiteparty。Mostoftheseletterswereparables，butparableswhichitwasnotdifficulttounriddle。Oneplotterusedthecantofthelaw。
TherewashopethatMr。Jacksonwouldsoonrecoverhisestate。
Thenewlandlordwasahardman，andhadsetthefreeholdersagainsthim。Alittlematterwouldredeemthewholeproperty。TheopinionsofthebestcounselwereinMr。Jackson’sfavour。AllthatwasnecessarywasthatheshouldhimselfappearinWestminsterHall。ThefinalhearingoughttobebeforethecloseofEasterTerm。OtherwritersaffectedthestyleoftheRoyalExchange。Therewasagreatdemandforacargooftherightsort。
Therewasreasontohopethattheoldfirmwouldsoonformprofitableconnectionswithhouseswithwhichithadhithertohadnodealings。ThiswasevidentlyanallusiontothediscontentedWhigs。But，itwasadded，theshipmentsmustnotbedelayed。
Nothingwassodangerousastooverstaythemarket。IftheexpectedgoodsdidnotarrivebythetenthofMarch，thewholeprofitoftheyearwouldbelost。Astodetails，entirereliancemightbeplacedontheexcellentfactorwhowasgoingover。
Clarendonassumedthecharacterofamatchmaker。Therewasgreathopethatthebusinesswhichhehadbeennegotiatingwouldbebroughttobear，andthatthemarriageportionwouldbewellsecured。"Yourrelations，"hewrote，inallusiontohisrecentconfinement，"havebeenveryhardonmethislastsummer。Yet，assoonasIcouldgosafelyabroad，Ipursuedthebusiness。"
CatharineSedleyentrustedPrestonwithaletterinwhich，withoutallegoryorcircumlocution，shecomplainedthatherloverhadleftheradaughtertosupport，andbeggedveryhardformoney。ButthetwomostimportantdespatcheswerefromBishopTurner。TheyweredirectedtoMr。andMrs。Redding:butthelanguagewassuchasitwouldbethoughtabjectinanygentlemantoholdexcepttoroyalty。TheBishopassuredtheirMajestiesthathewasdevotedtotheircause，thatheearnestlywishedforagreatoccasiontoprovehiszeal，andthathewouldnomoreswervefromhisdutytothemthanrenouncehishopeofheaven。Headded，inphraseologymetaphoricalindeed，butperfectlyintelligible，thathewasthemouthpieceofseveralofthenonjuringprelates，andespeciallyofSancroft。"Sir，Ispeakintheplural，"——thesearethewordsofthelettertoJames，——
"becauseIwritemyelderbrother’ssentimentsaswellasmyown，andtherestofourfamily。"ThelettertoMaryofModenaistothesameeffect。"Isaythisinbehalfofmyelderbrother，andtherestofmynearestrelations，aswellasfrommyself。"810
AlltheletterswithwhichPrestonwaschargedreferredtheCourtofSaintGermainstohimforfullerinformation。HecarriedwithhimminutesinhisownhandwritingofthesubjectsonwhichhewastoconversewithhismasterandwiththeministersofLewis。
Theseminutes，thoughconciseanddesultory，canforthemostpartbeinterpretedwithoutdifficulty。Thevulnerablepointsofthecoastarementioned。Gosportisdefendedonlybypalisades。
ThegarrisonofPortsmouthissmall。TheFrenchfleetoughttobeoutinApril，andtofightbeforetheDutchareintheChannel。
Thereareafewbrokenwordsclearlyimportingthatsomeatleastofthenonjuringbishops，whentheydeclared，beforeGod，thattheyabhorredthethoughtofinvitingtheFrenchover，weredissembling。811
EverythingwasnowreadyforPreston’sdeparture。ButtheowneroftheJamesandElizabethhadconceivedasuspicionthattheexpeditionforwhichhissmackhadbeenhiredwasratherofapoliticalthanofacommercialnature。Itoccurredtohimthatmoremightbemadebyinformingagainsthispassengersthanbyconveyingthemsafely。IntelligenceofwhatwaspassingwasconveyedtotheLordPresident。Nointelligencecouldbemorewelcometohim。Hewasdelightedtofindthatitwasinhispowertogiveasignalproofofhisattachmenttothegovernmentwhichhisenemieshadaccusedhimofbetraying。Hetookhismeasureswithhisusualenergyanddexterity。Hiseldestson，theEarlofDanby，abold，volatile，andsomewhateccentricyoungman，wasfondofthesea，livedmuchamongsailors，andwastheproprietorofasmallyachtofmarvellousspeed。Thisvessel，wellmanned，wasplacedunderthecommandofatrustyofficernamedBillop，andwassentdowntheriver，asifforthepurposeofpressingmariners。
Atdeadofnight，thelastnightoftheyear1690，Preston，AshtonandElliotwentonboardoftheirsmackneartheTower。
Theywereingreatdreadlesttheyshouldbestoppedandsearched，eitherbyafrigatewhichlayoffWoolwich，orbytheguardpostedattheblockhouseofGravesend。But，whentheyhadpassedbothfrigateandblockhousewithoutbeingchallenged，theirspiritsrose:theirappetitebecamekeen；theyunpackedahamperwellstoredwithroastbeef，mincepies，andbottlesofwine，andwerejustsittingdowntotheirChristmascheer，whenthealarmwasgiventhatavesselfromTilburywasflyingthroughthewaterafterthem。Theyhadscarcelytimetohidethemselvesinadarkholeamongthegravelwhichwastheballastoftheirsmack，whenthechasewasover，andBillop，attheheadofanarmedparty，cameonboard。Thehatchesweretakenup:theconspiratorswerearrested；andtheirclotheswerestrictlyexamined。Preston，inhisagitation，haddroppedonthegravelhisofficialsealandthepacketofwhichhewasthebearer。Thesealwasdiscoveredwhereithadfallen。Ashton，awareoftheimportanceofthepapers，snatchedthemupandtriedtoconcealthem；buttheyweresoonfoundinhisbosom。
TheprisonersthentriedtocajoleortocorruptBillop。Theycalledforwine，pledgedhim，praisedhisgentlemanlikedemeanour，andassuredhimthat，ifhewouldaccompanythem，nay，ifhewouldonlyletthatlittlerollofpaperfalloverboardintotheThames，hisfortunewouldbemade。Thetideofaffairs，theysaid，wasontheturn，thingscouldnotgoonforeverastheyhadgoneonoflateanditwasinthecaptain’spowertobeasgreatandasrichashecoulddesire。Billop，thoughcourteous，wasinflexible。Theconspiratorsbecamesensiblethattheirneckswereinimminentdanger。Theemergencybroughtoutstronglythetruecharactersofallthethree，characterswhich，butforsuchanemergency，mighthaveremainedforeverunknown。
Prestonhadalwaysbeenreputedahighspiritedandgallantgentleman；butthenearprospectofadungeonandagallowsaltogetherunmannedhim。Elliotstormedandblasphemed，vowedthat，ifheevergotfree，hewouldberevenged，and，withhorribleimprecations，calledonthethundertostriketheyacht，andonLondonBridgetofallinandcrushher。Ashtonalonebehavedwithmanlyfirmness。
LateintheeveningtheyachtreachedWhitehallStairs；andtheprisoners，stronglyguarded，wereconductedtotheSecretary’soffice。ThepaperswhichhadbeenfoundinAshton’sbosomwereinspectedthatnightbyNottinghamandCaermarthen，andwere，onthefollowingmorning，putbyCaermarthenintothehandsoftheKing。
SoonitwasknownalloverLondonthataplothadbeendetected，thatthemessengerswhomtheadherentsofJameshadsenttosolicitthehelpofaninvadingarmyfromFrancehadbeenarrestedbytheagentsofthevigilantandenergeticLordPresident，andthatdocumentaryevidence，whichmightaffectthelivesofsomegreatmen，wasinthepossessionofthegovernment。TheJacobiteswereterrorstricken；theclamouroftheWhigsagainstCaermarthenwassuddenlyhushed；andtheSessionendedinperfectharmony。OnthefifthofJanuarytheKingthankedtheHousesfortheirsupport，andassuredthemthathewouldnotgrantawayanyforfeitedpropertyinIrelandtilltheyshouldreassemble。Healludedtotheplotwhichhadjustbeendiscovered，andexpressedahopethatthefriendsofEnglandwouldnot，atsuchamoment，belessactiveorlessfirmlyunitedthanherenemies。HethensignifiedhispleasurethattheParliamentshouldadjourn。Onthefollowingdayhesetout，attendedbyasplendidtrainofnobles，fortheCongressattheHague。812
FN1LetterfromLadyCavendishtoSylvia。LadyCavendish，likemostoftheclevergirlsofthatgeneration，hadScudery’sromancesalwaysinherhead。SheisDorinda:hercorrespondent，supposedtobehercousinJaneAllington，isSylvia:WilliamisOrmanzor，andMaryPhenixana。LondonGazette，Feb。141688/9；
NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。Luttrell’sDiary，whichIshallveryoftenquote，isinthelibraryofAllSouls’College。IamgreatlyobligedtotheWardenforthekindnesswithwhichheallowedmeaccesstothisvaluablemanuscript。
FN2SeetheLondonGazettesofFebruaryandMarch1688/9，andNarcissusLuttrell’sDiary，FN3Wagenaar，lxi。HequotestheproceedingsoftheStatesofthe2ndofMarch，1689。LondonGazette，April11，1689；MonthlyMercuryforApril，1689。
FN4"Imaybepositive，"saysawriterwhohadbeeneducatedatWestminsterSchool，"whereIheardonesermonofrepentance，faith，andtherenewingoftheHolyGhost，Iheardthreeoftheother；and’tishardtosaywhetherJesusChristorKingCharlestheFirstwereoftenermentionedandmagnified。"Bisset’sModernFanatick，1710。
FN5ParisGazette，Jan26/Feb51689。OrangeGazette，London，Jan。10。1688/9
FN6Grey’sDebates；Howe’sspeech；Feb。26。1688/9；Boscawen’sspeech，March1；NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary，Feb。23—27。
FN7Grey’sDebates；Feb。26。1688/9
FN8ThisillustrationisrepeatedtosatietyinsermonsandpamphletsofthetimeofWilliamtheThird。ThereisapoorimitationofAbsalomandAhitophelentitledtheMurmurers。
WilliamisMoses；Corah，DathanandAbiram，nonjuringBishops；
Balaam，Ithink，Dryden；andPhinchasShrewsbury，FN9Reresby’sMemoirs。
FN10Here，andinmanyotherplaces，Iabstainfromcitingauthorities，becausemyauthoritiesaretoonumeroustocite。MynotionsofthetemperandrelativepositionofpoliticalandreligiouspartiesinthereignofWilliamtheThird，havebeenderived，notfromanysinglework，butfromthousandsofforgottentracts，sermons，andsatires；infact，fromawholeliteraturewhichismoulderinginoldlibraries。
FN11Thefollowingpassageinatractofthattimeexpressesthegeneralopinion。"Hehasbetterknowledgeofforeignaffairsthanwehave；butinEnglishbusinessitisnodishonourtohimtobetoldhisrelationtous，thenatureofit，andwhatisfitforhimtodo。"——AnHonestCommoner’sSpeech。
FN12LondonGazette，Feb。18。1688/9
FN13LondonGazette，Feb。18。1688/9；SirJ。Reresby’sMemoirs。
FN14LondonGazette，Feb。18。1688/9；Lords’Journals。
FN15Burnet，ii。4。
FN16Thesememoirswillbefoundinamanuscriptvolume，whichispartoftheHarleianCollection，andisnumbered6584。Theyareinfact，thefirstoutlinesofagreatpartofBurnet’sHistoryofHisOwnTimes。Thedatesatwhichthedifferentportionsofthismostcuriousandinterestingbookwerecomposedaremarked。AlmostthewholewaswrittenbeforethedeathofMary。BurnetdidnotbegintopreparehisHistoryofWilliam’sreignforthepresstilltenyearslater。Bythattimehisopinionsbothofmenandofthings，hadundergonegreatchanges。
Thevalueoftheroughdraughtisthereforeverygreat:foritcontainssomefactswhichheafterwardsthoughtitadvisabletosuppress，andsomejudgmentswhichheafterwardssawcausetoalter。ImustownthatIgenerallylikehisfirstthoughtsbest。
WheneverhisHistoryisreprinted，itoughttobecarefullycollatedwiththisvolume。
WhenIrefertotheBurnetMS。Harl。6584，IwishthereadertounderstandthattheMS。containssomethingwhichisnottobefoundintheHistory。
AstoNottingham’sappointment，seeBurnet，ii。8；theLondonGazetteofMarch7。1688/9；andClarendon’sDiaryofFeb。15。
FN17LondonGazette，Feb。18。1688/9
FN18DonPedrodeRonquillomakesthisobjection。
FN19LondonGazette，March111688/9。
FN20Ibid。
FN21Ihavefollowedwhatseemstomethemostprobablestory。
ButithasbeendoubtedwhetherNottinghamwasinvitedtobeChancellor，oronlytobeFirstCommissioneroftheGreatSeal。
CompareBurnetii。3。，andBoyer’sHistoryofWilliam，1702。
NarcissusLuttrellrepeatedly，andevenaslateasthecloseof1692，speaksofNottinghamaslikelytobeChancellor。
FN22RogerNorthrelatesanamusingstoryaboutShaftesbury’sembarrassments。
FN23LondonGazetteMarch4。1688/9
FN24Burnetii。5。
FN25TheProtestantMasktakenofffromtheJesuitedEnglishman，1692。
FN26TheseappointmentswerenotannouncedintheGazettetillthe6thofMay；butsomeofthemweremadeearlier。
FN27Kennet’sFuneralSermononthefirstDukeofDevonshire，andMemoirsoftheFamilyofCavendish，1708。
FN28Seeapoementitled，AVotiveTablettotheKingandQueen。
FN29SeePrior’sDedicationofhisPoemstoDorset’ssonandsuccessor，andDryden’sEssayonSatireprefixedtotheTranslationsfromJuvenal。ThereisabittersneeronDryden’seffeminatequerulousnessinCollier’sShortViewoftheStage。InBlackmore’sPrinceArthur，apoemwhich，worthlessasitis，containssomecuriousallusionstocontemporarymenandevents，arethefollowinglines"Thepoets’nationdidobsequiouswaitForthekinddoledividedathisgate。
Laurusamongthemeagrecrowdappeared，Anold，revolted，unbelievingbard，Whothronged，andshoved，andpressed，andwouldbeheard。
Sakil’shighroof，theMuses’palace，rungWithendlesscries，andendlesssonshesung。
ToblessgoodSakilLauruswouldbefirst；
ButSakil’sprinceandSakil’sGodhecurst。
Sakilwithoutdistinctionthrewhisbread，Despisedtheflatterer，butthepoetfed。"
IneednotsaythatSakilisSackville，orthatLaurusisatranslationofthefamousnicknameBayes。
FN30ScarcelyanymanofthatageismorefrequentlymentionedinpamphletsandsatiresthanHowe。InthefamouspetitionofLegion，heisdesignatedas"thatimpudentscandalofParliaments。"Mackay’saccountofhimiscurious。Inapoemwrittenin1690，whichIhaveneverseenexceptinmanuscript，arethefollowinglines"FirstforJackHowewithhisterribletalent，Happythefemalethatscopeshislampoon；
Againsttheladiesexcessivelyvaliant，ButveryrespectfultoaDragoon。"
FN31Sprat’sTrueAccount；North’sExamen；LettertoChiefJusticeHolt，1694；LettertoSecretaryTrenchard，1694。
FN32VanCitters，Feb19/March11688/9
FN33Stat。IW。&M。sess。i。c。I。SeetheJournalsofthetwoHouses，andGrey’sDebates。TheargumentinfavourofthebilliswellstatedintheParisGazettesofMarch5。and12。1689。
FN34BothVanCittersandRonquillomentiontheanxietywhichwasfeltinLondontilltheresultwasknown。
FN35Lords’Journals，March1688/9
FN36SeethelettersofRochesterandofLadyRanelaghtoBurnetonthisoccasion。
FN37JournalsoftheCommons，March2。1688/9Ronquillowroteasfollows:"EsdegranconsideracionqueSeimorhayatomadoeljuramento；porqueeselarrengadoryeldirectorprincipal，enlacasadelosComunes，delosAnglicanos。"March8/181688/9
FN38Grey’sDebates，Feb。25，26，and27。1688/9
FN39Commons’Journals，andGrey’sDebates，March1。1688/9
FN40IW。&M。sess。Ic。10；Burnet，ii。13。
FN41Commons’Journals，March15。1688/9Solateas1713，Arbuthnot，inthefifthpartofJohnBull，alludedtothistransactionwithmuchpleasantry。"AstoyourVenireFacias，"
saysJohntoNickFrog，"Ihavepaidyouforonealready。"
FN42Wagenaar，lxi。
FN43Commons’Journals，March15。1688/9。
FN44Reresby’sMemoirs。
FN45Commons’Journals，andGrey’sDebates，March15。1688/9；
LondonGazette，March18。
FN46Astothestateofthisregioninthelatterpartoftheseventeenthandtheearlierpartoftheeighteenthcentury，seePepys’sDiary，Sept。18。1663，andtheTourthroughthewholeIslandofGreatBritain，1724。
FN47LondonGazette，March25。1689；VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，March22/April1LettersofNottinghamintheStatePaperOffice，datedJuly23andAugust9。1689；HistoricalRecordoftheFirstRegimentofFoot，printedbyauthority。SeealsoacuriousdigressionintheCompleatHistoryoftheLifeandMilitaryActionsofRichard，EarlofTyrconnel，1689。
FN48Stat。IW。&M。sess。I。c。5。；Commons’Journals，March28。
1689。
FN49Stat。IW。&M。sess。I。c。2。
FN50Ronquillo，March8/18。16S9。
FN51SeetheaccountgiveninSpence’sAnecdotesoftheOriginofDryden’sMedal。
FN52Guardian，No。67。
FN53ThereisabundantproofthatWilliam，thoughaveryaffectionate，wasnotalwaysapolitehusband。ButnocreditisduetothestorycontainedintheletterwhichDalrymplewasfoolishenoughtopublishasNottingham’sin1773，andwiseenoughtoomitintheeditionof1790。Howanypersonwhoknewanythingofthehistoryofthosetimescouldbesostrangelydeceived，itisnoteasytounderstandparticularlyasthehandwritingbearsnoresemblancetoNottingham’s，withwhichDalrymplewasfamiliar。Theletterisevidentlyacommonnewsletter，writtenbyascribbler，whohadneverseentheKingandQueenexceptatsomepublicplace，andwhoseanecdotesoftheirprivateliferestedonnobetterauthoritythancoffeehousegossip。
FN54Ronquillo；Burnet，ii。2。；DuchessofMarlborough’sVindication。InapastoraldialoguebetweenPhilanderandPalaemon，publishedin1691，thedislikewithwhichwomenoffashionregardedWilliamismentioned。Philandersays"Butmanmethinkshisreasonshouldrecall，Norletfrailwomanworkhissecondfall。"
FN55Tutchin’sObservatorofNovember16。1706。
FN56Prior，whowastreatedbyWilliamwithmuchkindness，andwhowasverygratefulforit，informsusthattheKingdidnotunderstandpoeticaleulogy。Thepassageisinahighlycuriousmanuscript，thepropertyofLordLansdowne。
FN57MemoiresoriginauxsurleregneetlacourdeFredericI，RoidePrusse，ecritsparChristopheComtedeDohna。Berlin，1833。ItisstrangethatthisinterestingvolumeshouldbealmostunknowninEngland。TheonlycopythatIhaveeverseenofitwaskindlygiventomebySirRobertAdair。"LeRoi，"Dohnasays，"avoituneautrequalitetresestimable，quiestcelleden’aimerpointqu’onrenditdemauvaisofficesapersonnepardesrailleries。"TheMarquisdeLaForktriedtoentertainHisMajestyattheexpenseofanEnglishnobleman。"Ceprince，"saysDohna"pritsonairsevere，et，leregardantsansmotdire，luifitrentrerlesparolesdansleventre。LeMarquism’enfitsesplaintesquelquesheuresapres。’J’aimalprismabisque，’dit—
il；’j’aicrufairel’agreablesurlechapitredeMilord……maisj’aitrouvaaquiparler，etj’aiattrapeunregardduroiquim’afaitpasserl’enviedetire。’"DohnasupposedthatWilliammightbelesssensitiveaboutthecharacterofaFrenchman，andtriedtheexperiment。But，sayshe，"j’eusapertpreslememesortqueM。delaForet。"
FN58ComparetheaccountofMarybytheWhigBurnetwiththementionofherbytheToryEvelyninhisDiary，March8。1694/5，andwithwhatissaidofherbytheNonjurorwhowrotetheLettertoArchbishopTennisononherdeathin1695。TheimpressionwhichthebluntnessandreserveofWilliamandthegraceandgentlenessofMaryhadmadeonthepopulacemaybetracedintheremainsofthestreetpoetryofthattime。Thefollowingconjugaldialoguemaystillbeseenontheoriginalbroadside。
"ThenbespokeMary，ourmostroyalQueen，’MygraciouskingWilliam，whereareyougoing？’
Heansweredherquickly，’IcounthimnomanThattellethhissecretuntoawoman。’
TheQueenwithamodestbehaviourreplied，’IwishthatkindProvidencemaybethyguide，Tokeeptheefromdanger，mysovereignLord，Hewhichwillthegreatestofcomfortafford。’"
TheselinesareinanexcellentcollectionformedbyMr。RichardHeber，andnowthepropertyofMr。Broderip，bywhomitwaskindlylenttome；inoneofthemostsavageJacobitepasquinadesof1689，Williamisdescribedas"Achurletohiswife，whichshemakesbutajest。"
FN59Burnet，ii。2。；Burnet，MS。Harl。6484。ButRonquillo’saccountismuchmorecircumstantial。"Nadasehavistomasdesfigurado；y，quantasvecesheestadoconel，lehevistotosertantoqueselesaltabanlaslagrimas，yseponiamoxadoyarrancando；yconfiesanlosmedicosqueesunaasmaincurable，"
Mar。8/181689。AvauxwrotetothesameeffectfromIreland。"Lasantedel’usurpateurestfortmauvaise。L’onnecroitpasqu’ilviveunan。"April8/18。
FN60"HastadecirlosmismosHollandesesquelodesconozcan，"
saysRonquillo。"Ilestabsolumentmalproprepourlerolequ’ilaajoueral’heurequ’ilest，"saysAvaux。"Slothfulandsickly，"saysEvelyn。March29。1689。
FN61SeeHarris’sdescriptionofLoo，1699。
FN62EverypersonwhoiswellacquaintedwithPopeandAddisonwillremembertheirsarcasmsonthistaste。LadyMaryWortleyMontaguetooktheotherside。"OldChina，"shesays，"isbelownobody’staste，sinceithasbeentheDukeofArgyle’s，whoseunderstandinghasneverbeendoubtedeitherbyhisfriendsorenemies。"
FN63AstotheworksatHamptonCourt，seeEvelyn’sDiary，July16。1689；theTourthroughGreatBritain，1724；theBritishApelles；HoraceWalpoleonModernGardening；Burnet，ii。2，3。
FNWhenEvelynwasatHamptonCourt，in1662，thecartoonswerenottobeseen。TheTriumphsofAndreaMantegnawerethensupposedtobethefinestpicturesinthepalace。
FN64Burnet，ii。2。；Reresby’sMemoirs。Ronquillowroterepeatedlytothesameeffect。Forexample，"BienquisieraqueelReyfuesemascomunicable，yseacomodaseunpocomasalhumorsociabledelosIngleses，yqueestubieraenLondres:peroesciertoquesusachaquesnoselopermiten。"July8/181689。
Avaux，aboutthesametime，wrotethustoCroissyfromIreland:
"LePrinced’OrangeesttoujoursaHamptonCourt，etjamaisalaville:etlepeupleestfortmalsatisfaitdecettemanierebizarreetretiree。"
FN65SeveralofhisletterstoHeinsiusaredatedfromHollandHouse。
FN66NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary；Evelyn’sDiary，Feb。25
1689/1690
FN67DeFoemakesthisexcuseforWilliam"WeblametheKingthathereliestoomuchOnstrangers，Germans，Huguenots，andDutch，AndseldomdoeshisgreataffairsofstateToEnglishcounsellorscommunicate。
Thefactmightverywellbeansweredthus，Hehastoooftenbeenbetrayedbyus。
HemusthavebeenamadmantorelyOnEnglishgentlemen’sfidelity。
Theforeignershavefaithfullyobeyedhim，AndnonebutEnglishmenhavee’erbetrayedhim。"
TheTrueBornEnglishman，Partii。
FN68RonquillohadthegoodsenseandjusticetomakeallowanceswhichtheEnglishdidnotmake。Afterdescribing，inadespatchdatedMarch1/11。1689，thelamentablestateofthemilitaryandnavalestablishments，hesays，"DeestonotieneculpaelPrincipedeOranges；porquepensarquesehandepodervolverendosmesestresReynosdeabaxoarribaesunaextravagancia。"LordPresidentStair，inaletterwrittenfromLondonaboutamonthlater，saysthatthedelaysoftheEnglishadministrationhadloweredtheKing’sreputation，"thoughwithouthisfault。"
FN69Burnet，ii。4。；Reresby。
FN70Reresby’sMemoirs；BurnetMS。Hart。6584。
FN71Burnet，ii。3，4。15。
FN72ibid。ii。5。
FN73"Howdoeshedotodistributehishours，SometotheCourt，andsometotheCity，SometotheState，andsometoLove’spowers，Sometobevain，andsometobewitty？"
TheModernLampooners，apoemof1690
FN74Burnetii。4
FN75RonquillocallstheWhigfunctionaries"Gentequenotienenpracticaniexperiencia。"Headds，"Ydeestoprocedeelpasarseunmesyunotro，sinexecutarsenada。"June24。1689。InoneoftheinnumerableDialogueswhichappearedatthattime，theToryinterlocutorputsthequestion，"Doyouthinkthegovernmentwouldbebetterservedbystrangerstobusiness？"TheWhiganswers，"Betterignorantfriendsthanunderstandingenemies。"
FN76NegotiationsdeM。LeComted’Avaux，4Mars1683；Torcy’sMemoirs。
FN77TheoriginalcorrespondenceofWilliamandHeinsiusisinDutch。AFrenchtranslationofallWilliam’sletters，andanEnglishtranslationofafewofHeinsius’sLetters，areamongtheMackintoshMSS。TheBaronSirtemadeGrovestins，whohashadaccesstotheoriginals，frequentlyquotespassagesinhis"HistoiredesluttesetrivalitesentrelespuissancesmaritimesetlaFrance。"Thereisverylittledifferenceinsubstance，thoughmuchinphraseology，betweenhisversionandthatwhichI
haveused。
FN78Thoughtheseveryconvenientnamesarenot，asfarasI
know，tobefoundinanybookprintedduringtheearlieryearsofWilliam’sreign，Ishallusethemwithoutscruple，asothershavedone，inwritingaboutthetransactionsofthoseyears。
FN79Burnet，ii。8。；Birch’sLifeofTillotson；LifeofKettlewell，partiii。section62。
FN80Swift，writingunderthenameofGregoryMisosarum，mostmalignantlyanddishonestlyrepresentsBurnetasgrudgingthisgranttotheChurch。SwiftcannothavebeenignorantthattheChurchwasindebtedforthegrantchieflytoBurnet’sperseveringexertions。
FN81SeetheLifeofBurnetattheendofthesecondvolumeofhishistory，hismanuscriptmemoirs，Harl。6584，hismemorialstouchingtheFirstFruitsandTenths，andSomers’slettertohimonthatsubject。SeealsowhatDr。King，Jacobiteashewas，hadthejusticetosayinhisAnecdotes。AmosthonourabletestimonytoBurnet’svirtues，givenbyanotherJacobitewhohadattackedhimfiercely，andwhomhehadtreatedgenerously，thelearnedanduprightThomasBaker，willbefoundintheGentleman’sMagazineforAugustandSeptember，1791。
FN82OldmixonwouldhaveusbelievethatNottinghamwasnot，atthistime，unwillingtogiveuptheTestAct。ButOldmixon’sassertion，unsupportedbyevidence，isofnoweightwhatever；andalltheevidencewhichheproducesmakesagainsthisassertion。
FN83Burnet，ii。6。；VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，March1/111689；KingWilliam’sToleration，beinganexplanationofthatlibertyofconsciencewhichmaybeexpectedfromHisMajesty’sDeclaration，withaBillforComprehensionandIndulgence，drawnupinordertoanActofParliament，licensedMarch25。1689。
FN84Commons’Journals，May17。1689。
FN85SenseofthesubscribedarticlesbytheMinistersofLondon，1690；Calamy’sHistoricalAdditionstoBaxter’sLife。
FN86ThebillwillbefoundamongtheArchivesoftheHouseofLords。Itisstrangethatthisvastcollectionofimportantdocumentsshouldhavebeenaltogetherneglected，evenbyourmostexactanddiligenthistorians。Itwasopenedtomebyoneofthemostvaluedofmyfriends，Mr。JohnLefevre；andmyresearchesweregreatlyassistedbythekindnessofMr。Thoms。
FN87AmongtheTannerMSS。intheBodleianLibraryisaverycuriousletterfromComptontoSancroft，abouttheTolerationBillandtheComprehensionBill，"These，"saysCompton，"aretwogreatworksinwhichthebeingofourChurchisconcerned:andI
hopeyouwillsendtotheHouseforcopies。For，thoughweareunderaconquest，Godhasgivenusfavourintheeyesofourrulers；andtheymaykeepourChurchifwewill。"Sancroftseemstohavereturnednoanswer。
FN88ThedistasteoftheHighChurchmanfortheArticlesisthesubjectofacuriouspamphletpublishedin1689，andentitledaDialoguebetweenTimothyandTitus。
FN89TomBrownsays，inhisscurrilousway，ofthePresbyteriandivinesofthattime，thattheirpreaching"bringsinmoney，andmoneybuysland；andlandisanamusementtheyalldesire，inspiteoftheirhypocriticalcant。Ifitwerenotforthequarterlycontributions，therewouldbenolongerschismorseparation。"Heaskshowitcanbeimaginedthat，while"theyaremaintainedlikegentlemenbythebreachtheywilleverpreachuphealingdoctrines？"——Brown’sAmusements，SeriousandComical。
SomecuriousinstancesoftheinfluenceexercisedbythechiefdissentingministersmaybefoundinHawkins’sLifeofJohnson。
IntheJournaloftheretiredcitizen（Spectator，317。）Addisonhasindulgedinsomeexquisitepleasantryonthissubject。TheMr。Nisbywhoseopinionsaboutthepeace，theGrandVizier，andlacedcoffee，arequotedwithsomuchrespect，andwhoissowellregaledwithmarrowbones，oxcheek，andabottleofBrooksandHellier，wasJohnNesbit，ahighlypopularpreacher，whoaboutthetimeoftheRevolution，becamepastorofadissentingcongregationinflareCourtAldersgateStreet。InWilson’sHistoryandAntiquitiesofDissentingChurchesandMeetingHousesinLondon，Westminster，andSouthwark，willbefoundseveralinstancesofnonconformistpreacherswho，aboutthistime，madehandsomefortunes，generally，itshouldseem，bymarriage。
FN90See，amongmanyothertracts，Dodwell’sCautionaryDiscourse，hisVindicationoftheDeprivedBishops，hisDefenceoftheVindication，andhisParaenesis；andBisby’sUnityofPriesthood，printedin1692。SeealsoHody’stractsontheotherside，theBaroccianMS。，andSolomonandAbiathar，aDialoguebetweenEucheresandDyscheres。
FN91Burnet，ii。135。Ofallattemptstodistinguishbetweenthedeprivationsof1559andthedeprivationsof1689，themostabsurdwasmadebyDodwell。SeehisDoctrineoftheChurchofEnglandconcerningtheindependencyoftheClergyonthelayPower，1697。