AndnowWilliamthoughtthatthetimehadcomewhenheoughttoexplainhimself。HeaccordinglysentforHalifax，Danby，Shrewsbury，andsomeotherpoliticalleadersofgreatnote，and，withthatairofstoicalapathyunderwhichhehad，fromaboy，beeninthehabitofconcealinghisstrongestemotions，addressedtothemafewdeeplymeditatedandweightywords。
Hehadhitherto，hesaid，remainedsilent；hehadusedneithersolicitationnormenace:hehadnotevensufferedahintofhisopinionsorwishestogetabroad:butacrisishadnowarrivedatwhichitwasnecessaryforhimtodeclarehisintentions。HehadnorightandnowishtodictatetotheConvention。Allthatheclaimedwastheprivilegeofdeclininganyofficewhichhefeltthathecouldnotholdwithhonourtohimselfandwithbenefittothepublic。
AstrongpartywasforaRegency。ItwasfortheHousestodeterminewhethersuchanarrrangementwouldbefortheinterestofthenation。Hehadadecidedopiniononthatpoint；andhethoughtitrighttosaydistinctlythathewouldnotbeRegent。
AnotherpartywasforplacingthePrincessonthethrone，andforgivingtohim，duringherlife，thetitleofKing，andsuchashareintheadministrationasshemightbepleasedtoallowhim。
Hecouldnotstooptosuchapost。HeesteemedthePrincessasmuchasitwaspossibleformantoesteemwoman:butnotevenfromherwouldheacceptasubordinateandaprecariousplaceinthegovernment。Hewassomadethathecouldnotsubmittobetiedtotheapronstringsevenofthebestofwives。HedidnotdesiretotakeanypartinEnglishaffairs；but，ifhedidconsenttotakeapart，therewasonepartonlywhichhecouldusefullyorhonourablytake。IftheEstatesofferedhimthecrownforlife，hewouldacceptit。Ifnot，heshould，withoutrepining，returntohisnativecountry。HeconcludedbysayingthathethoughtitreasonablethattheLadyAnneandherposterityshouldbepreferredinthesuccessiontoanychildrenwhomhemighthavebyanyotherwifethantheLadyMary。662
Themeetingbrokeup；andwhatthePrincehadsaidwasinafewhoursknownalloverLondon。ThathemustbeKingwasnowclear。
TheonlyquestionwaswhetherheshouldholdtheregaldignityaloneorconjointlywiththePrincess。Halifaxandafewotherpoliticians，whosawinastronglightthedangerofdividingthesupremeexecutiveauthority，thoughtitdesirablethat，duringWilliam’slife，MaryshouldbeonlyQueenConsortandasubject。
Butthisarrangement，thoughmuchmightdoubtlessbesaidforitinargument，shockedthegeneralfeelingevenofthoseEnglishmenwhoweremostattachedtothePrince。Hiswifehadgivenanunprecedentedproofofconjugalsubmissionandaffection；andtheveryleastreturnthatcouldbemadetoherwouldbetobestowonherthedignityofQueenRegnant。WilliamHerbert，oneofthemostzealousofthePrince’sadherents，wassomuchexasperatedthathesprangoutofthebedtowhichhewasconfinedbygout，andvehementlydeclaredthatheneverwouldhavedrawnaswordinHisHighness’scauseifhehadforeseenthatsoshamefulanarrangementwouldbemade。NopersontookthematterupsoeagerlyasBurnet。Hisbloodboiledatthewrongdonetohiskindpatroness。HeexpostulatedvehementlywithBentinck，andbeggedtobepermittedtoresignthechaplainship。"WhileIamHisHighness’sservant，"saidthebraveandhonestdivine，"itwouldbeunseemlyinmetoopposeanyplanwhichmayhavehiscountenance。Ithereforedesiretobesetfree，thatImayfightthePrincess’sbattlewitheveryfacultythatGodhasgivenme。"
BentinckprevailedonBurnettodeferanopendeclarationofhostilitiestillWilliam’sresolutionshouldbedistinctlyknown。
Inafewhourstheschemewhichhadexcitedsomuchresentmentwasentirelygivenup；andallthosewhoconsideredJamesasnolongerkingwereagreedastothewayinwhichthethronemustbefilled。WilliamandMarymustbeKingandQueen。Theheadsofbothmustappeartogetheronthecoin:writsmustruninthenamesofboth:bothmustenjoyallthepersonaldignitiesandimmunitiesofroyalty:buttheadministration，whichcouldnotbesafelydivided，mustbelongtoWilliamalone。663
AndnowthetimearrivedforthefreeconferencebetweentheHouses。ThemanagersfortheLords，intheirrobes，tooktheirseatsalongonesideofthetableinthePaintedChamber:butthecrowdofmembersoftheHouseofCommonsontheothersidewassogreatthatthegentlemenwhoweretoarguethequestioninvaintriedtogetthrough。ItwasnotwithoutmuchdifficultyandlongdelaythattheSerjeantatArmswasabletoclearapassage。664
Atlengththediscussionbegan。Afullreportofthespeechesonbothsideshascomedowntous。Therearefewstudentsofhistorywhohavenottakenupthatreportwitheagercuriosityandlaiditdownwithdisappointment。ThequestionbetweentheHouseswasarguedonbothsidesasaquestionoflaw。TheobjectionswhichtheLordsmade，totheresolutionoftheCommonswereverbalandtechnical，andweremetbyverbalandtechnicalanswers。SomersvindicatedtheuseofthewordabdicationbyquotationsfromGrotiusandBrissonius，SpigeliusandBartolus。WhenhewaschallengedtoshowanyauthorityforthepropositionthatEnglandcouldbewithoutasovereign，heproducedtheParliamentrolloftheyear1399，inwhichitwasexpresslysetforththatthekinglyofficewasvacantduringtheintervalbetweentheresignationofRichardtheSecondandtheenthroningofHenrytheFourth。TheLordsrepliedbyproducingtheParliamentrollofthefirstyearofEdwardtheFourth，fromwhichitappearedthattherecordof1399hadbeensolemnlyannulled。TheythereforemaintainedthattheprecedentonwhichSomersreliedwasnolongervalid。TrebythencametoSomers’sassistance，andbroughtforththeParliamentrollofthefirstyearofHenrytheSeventh，whichrepealedtheactofEdwardtheFourth，andconsequentlyrestoredthevalidityoftherecordof1399。Afteracolloquyofseveralhoursthedisputantsseparated。665TheLordsassembledintheirownhouse。Itwaswellunderstoodthattheywereabouttoyield，andthattheconferencehadbeenamereform。ThefriendsofMaryhadfoundthat，bysettingherupasherhusband’srival，theyhaddeeplydispleasedher。SomeofthePeerswhohadformerlyvotedforaRegencyhaddeterminedtoabsentthemselvesortosupporttheresolutionoftheLowerHouse。Theiropinion，theysaid，wasunchanged:butanygovernmentwasbetterthannogovernment，andthecountrycouldnotbearaprolongationofthisagonyofsuspense。EvenNottingham，who，inthePaintedChamber，hadtakentheleadagainsttheCommons，declaredthat，thoughhisownconsciencewouldnotsufferhimtogiveway，hewasgladthattheconsciencesofothermenwerelesssqueamish。SeveralLordswhohadnotyetvotedintheConventionhadbeeninducedtoattend；LordLexington，whohadjusthurriedoverfromtheContinent；theEarlofLincoln，whowashalfmad；theEarlofCarlisle，wholimpedinoncrutches；andtheBishopofDurham，whohadbeeninhidingandhadintendedtoflybeyondsea，buthadreceivedanintimationthat，ifhewouldvoteforthesettlingofthegovernment，hisconductintheEcclesiasticalCommissionshouldnotberememberedagainsthim。Danby，desiroustohealtheschismwhichhehadcaused，exhortedtheHouse，inaspeechdistinguishedbyevenmorethanhisusualability，nottopersevereinacontestwhichmightbefataltothestate。HewasstrenuouslysupportedbyHalifax。Thespiritoftheoppositepartywasquelled。WhenthequestionwasputwhetherKingJameshadabdicatedthegovernmentonlythreelordssaidNotContent。
Onthequestionwhetherthethronewasvacant，adivisionwasdemanded。TheContentsweresixty—two；theNotContentsforty—
seven。Itwasimmediatelyproposedandcarried，withoutadivision，thatthePrinceandPrincessofOrangeshouldbedeclaredKingandQueenofEngland。666
Nottinghamthenmovedthatthewordingoftheoathsofallegianceandsupremacyshouldbealteredinsuchawaythattheymightbeconscientiouslytakenbypersonswho，likehimself，disapprovedofwhattheConventionhaddone，andyetfullypurposedtobeloyalanddutifulsubjectsofthenewsovereigns。Tothispropositionnoobjectionwasmade。IndeedtherecanbelittledoubtthattherewasanunderstandingonthesubjectbetweentheWhigleadersandthoseToryLordswhosevoteshadturnedthescaleonthelastdivision。ThenewoathsweresentdowntotheCommons，togetherwiththeresolutionthatthePrinceandPrincessshouldbedeclaredKingandQueen。667
Itwasnowknowntowhomthecrownwouldbegiven。Onwhatconditionsitshouldbegiven，stillremainedtobedecided。TheCommonshadappointedacommitteetoconsiderwhatstepsitmightbeadvisabletotake，inordertosecurelawandlibertyagainsttheaggressionsoffuturesovereigns；andthecommitteehadmadeareport。668Thisreportrecommended，first，thatthosegreatprinciplesoftheconstitutionwhichhadbeenviolatedbythedethronedKingshouldbesolemnlyasserted，and，secondly，thatmanynewlawsshouldbeenacted，forthepurposeofcurbingtheprerogativeandpurifyingtheadministrationofjustice。Mostofthesuggestionsofthecommitteewereexcellent；butitwasutterlyimpossiblethattheHousescould，inamonth，oreveninayear，dealproperlywithmatterssonumerous，sovarious，andsoimportant。Itwasproposed，amongotherthings，thatthemilitiashouldberemodelled，thatthepowerwhichthesovereignpossessedofproroguinganddissolvingParliamentsshouldberestricted；thatthedurationofParliamentsshouldbelimited；
thattheroyalpardonshouldnolongerbepleadabletoaparliamentaryimpeachment；thattolerationshouldbegrantedtoProtestantDissenters；thatthecrimeofhightreasonshouldbemorepreciselydefined；thattrialsforhightreasonshouldbeconductedinamannermorefavourabletoinnocence；thatthejudgesshouldholdtheirplacesforlife；thatthemodeofappointingSheriffsshouldbealtered；thatjuriesshouldbenominatedinsuchawayasmightexcludepartialityandcorruption；thatthepracticeoffilingcriminalinformationsintheKing’sBenchshouldbeabolished；thattheCourtofChanceryshouldbereformed；thatthefeesofpublicfunctionariesshouldberegulated；andthatthelawofQuoWarrantoshouldbeamended。
Itwasevidentthatcautiousanddeliberatelegislationonthesesubjectsmustbetheworkofmorethanonelaborioussession；anditwasequallyevidentthathastyandcrudelegislationonsubjectssogravecouldnotbutproducenewgrievances，worsethanthosewhichitmightremove。Ifthecommitteemeanttogivealistofthereformswhichoughttobeaccomplishedbeforethethronewasfilled，thelistwasabsurdlylong。If，ontheotherhand，thecommitteemeanttogivealistofallthereformswhichthelegislaturewoulddowelltomakeinproperseason，thelistwasstrangelyimperfect。Indeed，assoonasthereporthadbeenread，memberaftermemberrosetosuggestsomeaddition。Itwasmovedandcarriedthatthesellingofofficesshouldbeprohibited，thattheHabeasCorpusActshouldbemademoreefficient，andthatthelawofMandamusshouldberevised。Onegentlemanfellonthechimneymen，anotherontheexcisemen；andtheHouseresolvedthatthemalpracticesofbothchimneymenandexcisemenshouldberestrained。Itisamostremarkablecircumstancethat，whilethewholepolitical，military，judicial，andfiscalsystemofthekingdomwasthuspassedinreview，notasinglerepresentativeofthepeopleproposedtherepealofthestatutewhichsubjectedthepresstoacensorship。Itwasnotyetunderstood，evenbythemostenlightenedmen，thatthelibertyofdiscussionisthechiefsafeguardofallotherliberties。669
TheHousewasgreatlyperplexed。Someoratorsvehementlysaidthattoomuchtimehadalreadybeenlost，andthatthegovernmentoughttobesettledwithoutthedelayofaday。Societywasunquiet:tradewaslanguishing:theEnglishcolonyinIrelandwasinimminentdangerofperishing，aforeignwarwasimpending:
theexiledKingmight，inafewweeks，beatDublinwithaFrencharmy，andfromDublinhemightsooncrosstoChester。Wasitnotinsanity，atsuchacrisis，toleavethethroneunfilled，and，whiletheveryexistenceofParliamentswasinjeopardy，towastetimeindebatingwhetherParliamentsshouldbeproroguedbythesovereignorbythemselves？OntheothersideitwasaskedwhethertheConventioncouldthinkthatithadfulfilleditsmissionbymerelypullingdownoneprinceandputtingupanother。
Surelynoworneverwasthetimetosecurepubliclibertybysuchfencesasmighteffectuallypreventtheencroachmentsofprerogative。670Therewasdoubtlessgreatweightinwhatwasurgedonbothsides。TheablechiefsoftheWhigparty，amongwhomSomerswasfastrisingtoascendency，proposedamiddlecourse。TheHousehad，theysaid，twoobjectsinview，whichoughttobekeptdistinct。Oneobjectwastosecuretheoldpolityoftherealmagainstillegalattacks:theotherwastoimprovethatpolitybylegalreforms。Theformerobjectmightbeattainedbysolemnlyputtingonrecord，intheresolutionwhichcalledthenewsovereignstothethrone，theclaimoftheEnglishnationtoitsancientfranchises，sothattheKingmightholdhiscrown，andthepeopletheirprivileges，byoneandthesametitledeed。Thelatterobjectwouldrequireawholevolumeofelaboratestatutes。Theformerobjectmightbeattainedinaday；thelatter，scarcelyinfiveyears。Astotheformerobject，allpartieswereagreed:astothelatter，therewereinnumerablevarietiesofopinion。NomemberofeitherHousewouldhesitateforamomenttovotethattheKingcouldnotlevytaxeswithouttheconsentofParliament:butitwouldbehardlypossibletoframeanynewlawofprocedureincasesofhightreasonwhichwouldnotgiverisetolongdebate，andbecondemnedbysomepersonsasunjusttotheprisoner，andbyothersasunjusttothecrown。ThebusinessofanextraordinaryconventionoftheEstatesoftheRealmwasnottodotheordinaryworkofParliaments，toregulatethefeesofmastersinChancery，andtoprovideagainsttheexactionsofgaugers，buttoputrightthegreatmachineofgovernment。Whenthishadbeendone，itwouldbetimetoinquirewhatimprovementourinstitutionsneeded:norwouldanythingberiskedbydelay；fornosovereignwhoreignedmerelybythechoiceofthenationcouldlongrefusehisassenttoanyimprovementwhichthenation，speakingthroughitsrepresentatives，demanded。
OnthesegroundstheCommonswiselydeterminedtopostponeallreformstilltheancientconstitutionofthekingdomshouldhavebeenrestoredinallitsparts，andforthwithtofillthethronewithoutimposingonWilliamandMaryanyotherobligationthanthatofgoverningaccordingtotheexistinglawsofEngland。InorderthatthequestionswhichhadbeenindisputebetweentheStuartsandthenationmightneveragainbestirred，itwasdeterminedthattheinstrumentbywhichthePrinceandPrincessofOrangewerecalledtothethrone，andbywhichtheorderofsuccessionwassettled，shouldsetforth，inthemostdistinctandsolemnmanner，thefundamentalprinciplesoftheconstitution。Thisinstrument，knownbythenameoftheDeclarationofRight，waspreparedbyacommittee，ofwhichSomerswaschairman。ThefactthatthelowbornyoungbarristerwasappointedtosohonourableandimportantapostinaParliamentfilledwithableandexperiencedmen，onlytendaysafterhehadspokenintheHouseofCommonsforthefirsttime，sufficientlyprovesthesuperiorityofhisabilities。InafewhourstheDeclarationwasframedandapprovedbytheCommons。TheLordsassentedtoitwithsomeamendmentsofnogreatimportance。671
TheDeclarationbeganbyrecapitulatingthecrimesanderrorswhichhadmadearevolutionnecessary。Jameshadinvadedtheprovinceofthelegislature；hadtreatedmodestpetitioningasacrime；hadoppressedtheChurchbymeansofanillegaltribunal；
had，withouttheconsentofParliament，leviedtaxesandmaintainedastandingarmyintimeofpeace；hadviolatedthefreedomofelection，andpervertedthecourseofjustice。
ProceedingswhichcouldlawfullybequestionedonlyinParliamenthadbeenmadethesubjectsofprosecutionintheKing’sBench。
Partialandcorruptjurieshadbeenreturned:excessivebailhadbeenrequiredfromprisoners，excessivefineshadbeenimposed:
barbarousandunusualpunishmentshadbeeninflicted:theestatesofaccusedpersonshadbeengrantedawaybeforeconviction。He，bywhoseauthoritythesethingshadbeendone，hadabdicatedthegovernment。ThePrinceofOrange，whomGodhadmadethegloriousinstrumentofdeliveringthenationfromsuperstitionandtyranny，hadinvitedtheEstatesoftheRealmtomeetandtotakecounseltogetherforthesecuringofreligion，oflaw，andoffreedom。TheLordsandCommons，havingdeliberated，hadresolvedthattheywouldfirst，aftertheexampleoftheirancestors，asserttheancientrightsandlibertiesofEngland。Thereforeitwasdeclaredthatthedispensingpower，latelyassumedandexercised，hadnolegalexistence；that，withoutgrantofParliament，nomoneycouldbeexactedbythesovereignfromthesubject；that，withoutconsentofParliament，nostandingarmycouldbekeptupintimeofpeace。Therightofsubjectstopetition，therightofelectorstochooserepresentativesfreely，therightofParliamentstofreedomofdebate，therightofthenationtoapureandmercifuladministrationofjusticeaccordingtothespiritofitsownmildlaws，weresolemnlyaffirmed。AllthesethingstheConventionclaimed，inthenameofthewholenation，astheundoubtedinheritanceofEnglishmen。Havingthusvindicatedtheprinciplesoftheconstitution，theLordsandCommons，intheentireconfidencethatthedelivererwouldholdsacredthelawsandlibertieswhichhehadsaved，resolvedthatWilliamandMary，PrinceandPrincessofOrange，shouldbedeclaredKingandQueenofEnglandfortheirjointandseparatelives，andthat，duringtheirjointlives，theadministrationofthegovernmentshouldbeinthePrincealone。AfterthemthecrownwassettledontheposterityofMary，thenonAnneandherposterity，andthenontheposterityofWilliam。
Bythistimethewindhadceasedtoblowfromthewest。TheshipinwhichthePrincessofOrangehadembarkedlayoffMargateontheeleventhofFebruary，and，onthefollowingmorning，anchoredatGreenwich。672Shewasreceivedwithmanysignsofjoyandaffection:butherdemeanourshockedtheTories，andwasnotthoughtfaultlessevenbytheWhigs。Ayoungwoman，placed，byadestinyasmournfulandawfulasthatwhichbroodedoverthefabledhousesofLabdacusandPelops，insuchasituationthatshecouldnot，withoutviolatingherdutytoherGod，herhusband，andhercountry，refusetotakeherseatonthethronefromwhichherfatherhadjustbeenhurled，shouldhavebeensad，oratleastserious。Marywasnotmerelyinhigh，butinextravagant，spirits。SheenteredWhitehall，itwasasserted，withagirlishdelightatbeingmistressofsofineahouse，ranabouttherooms，peepedintotheclosets，andexaminedthequiltofthestatebed，withoutseemingtorememberbywhomthosemagnificentapartmentshadlastbeenoccupied。Burnet，whohad，tillthen，thoughtheranangelinhumanform，couldnot，onthisoccasion，refrainfromblamingher。Hewasthemoreastonishedbecause，whenhetookleaveofherattheHague，shehad，thoughfullyconvincedthatshewasinthepathofduty，beendeeplydejected。Tohim，astoherspiritualguide，sheafterwardsexplainedherconduct。Williamhadwrittentoinformherthatsomeofthosewhohadtriedtoseparateherinterestfromhisstillcontinuedtheirmachinations:theygaveitoutthatshethoughtherselfwronged；and，ifsheworeagloomycountenance，thereportwouldbeconfirmed。Hethereforeintreatedhertomakeherfirstappearancewithanairofcheerfulness。Herheart，shesaid，wasfarindeedfromcheerful；butshehaddoneherbest；
and，asshewasafraidofnotsustainingwellapartwhichwasuncongenialtoherfeelings，shehadoveractedit。Herdeportmentwasthesubjectofreamsofscurrilityinproseandverse:itloweredherintheopinionofsomewhoseesteemshevalued；nordidtheworldknow，tillshewasbeyondthereachofpraiseandcensure，thattheconductwhichhadbroughtonherthereproachoflevityandinsensibilitywasreallyasignalinstanceofthatperfectdisinterestednessandselfdevotionofwhichmanseemstobeincapable，butwhichissometimesfoundinwoman。673
OnthemorningofWednesday，thethirteenthofFebruary，thecourtofWhitehallandalltheneighbouringstreetswerefilledwithgazers。ThemagnificentBanquetingHouse，themasterpieceofInigo，embellishedbymasterpiecesofRubens，hadbeenpreparedforagreatceremony。Thewallswerelinedbytheyeomenoftheguard。Nearthenortherndoor，ontherighthand，alargenumberofPeershadassembled。OntheleftweretheCommonswiththeirSpeaker，attendedbythemace。Thesoutherndooropened:andthePrinceandPrincessofOrange，sidebyside，entered，andtooktheirplaceunderthecanopyofstate。
BothHousesapproachedbowinglow。WilliamandMaryadvancedafewsteps。Halifaxontheright，andPowleontheleft，stoodforth；andHalifaxspoke。TheConvention，hesaid，hadagreedtoaresolutionwhichheprayedTheirHighnessestohear。Theysignifiedtheirassent；andtheclerkoftheHouseofLordsread，inaloudvoice，theDeclarationofRight。Whenhehadconcluded，Halifax，inthenameofalltheEstatesoftheRealm，requestedthePrinceandPrincesstoacceptthecrown。
William，inhisownnameandinthatofhiswife，answeredthatthecrownwas，intheirestimation，themorevaluablebecauseitwaspresentedtothemasatokenoftheconfidenceofthenation。
"Wethankfullyaccept，"hesaid，"whatyouhaveofferedus。"
Then，forhimself，heassuredthemthatthelawsofEngland，whichhehadoncealreadyvindicated，shouldbetherulesofhisconduct，thatitshouldbehisstudytopromotethewelfareofthekingdom，andthat，astothemeansofdoingso，heshouldconstantlyrecurtotheadviceoftheHouses，andshouldbedisposedtotrusttheirjudgmentratherthanhisown。674Thesewordswerereceivedwithashoutofjoywhichwasheardinthestreetsbelow，andwasinstantlyansweredbyhuzzasfrommanythousandsofvoices。TheLordsandCommonsthenreverentlyretiredfromtheBanquetingHouseandwentinprocessiontothegreatgateofWhitehall，wheretheheraldsandpursuivantswerewaitingintheirgorgeoustabards。AllthespaceasfarasCharingCrosswasoneseaofheads。Thekettledrumsstruckup；
thetrumpetspealed:andGarterKingatarms，inaloudvoice，proclaimedthePrinceandPrincessofOrangeKingandQueenofEngland，chargedallEnglishmentopay，fromthatmoment，faithandtrueallegiancetothenewsovereigns，andbesoughtGod，whohadalreadywroughtsosignaladeliveranceforourChurchandnation，toblessWilliamandMarywithalongandhappyreign。675
ThuswasconsummatedtheEnglishRevolution。Whenwecompareitwiththoserevolutionswhichhave，duringthelastsixtyyears，overthrownsomanyancientgovernments，wecannotbutbestruckbyitspeculiarcharacter。Whythatcharacterwassopeculiarissufficientlyobvious，andyetseemsnottohavebeenalwaysunderstoodeitherbyeulogistsorbycensors。
Thecontinentalrevolutionsoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiestookplaceincountrieswherealltraceofthelimitedmonarchyofthemiddleageshadlongbeeneffaced。Therightoftheprincetomakelawsandtolevymoneyhad，duringmanygenerations，beenundisputed。Histhronewasguardedbyagreatregulararmy。Hisadministrationcouldnot，withoutextremeperil，beblamedeveninthemildestterms。Hissubjectsheldtheirpersonallibertybynoothertenurethanhispleasure。Notasingleinstitutionwasleftwhichhad，withinthememoryoftheoldestman，affordedefficientprotectiontothesubjectagainsttheutmostexcessoftyranny。Thosegreatcouncilswhichhadoncecurbedtheregalpowerhadsunkintooblivion。Theircompositionandtheirprivilegeswereknownonlytoantiquaries。Wecannotwonder，therefore，that，whenmenwhohadbeenthusruledsucceededinwrestingsupremepowerfromagovernmentwhichtheyhadlonginsecrethated，theyshouldhavebeenimpatienttodemolishandunabletoconstruct，thattheyshouldhavebeenfascinatedbyeveryspeciousnovelty，thattheyshouldhaveproscribedeverytitle，ceremony，andphraseassociatedwiththeoldsystem，andthat，turningawaywithdisgustfromtheirownnationalprecedentsandtraditions，theyshouldhavesoughtforprinciplesofgovernmentinthewritingsoftheorists，oraped，withignorantandungracefulaffectation，thepatriotsofAthensandRome。Aslittlecanwewonderthattheviolentactionoftherevolutionaryspiritshouldhavebeenfollowedbyreactionequallyviolent，andthatconfusionshouldspeedilyhaveengendereddespotismsternerthanthatfromwhichithadsprung。
Hadwebeeninthesamesituation；hadStraffordsucceededinhisfavouriteschemeofThorough；hadheformedanarmyasnumerousandaswelldisciplinedasthatwhich，afewyearslater，wasformedbyCromwell；hadaseriesofjudicialdecisions，similartothatwhichwaspronouncedbytheExchequerChamberinthecaseofshipmoney，transferredtothecrowntherightoftaxingthepeople；hadtheStarChamberandtheHighCommissioncontinuedtofine，mutilate，andimprisoneverymanwhodaredtoraisehisvoiceagainstthegovernment；hadthepressbeenascompletelyenslavedhereasatViennaoratNaples；hadourKingsgraduallydrawntothemselvesthewholelegislativepower；hadsixgenerationsofEnglishmenpassedawaywithoutasinglesessionofparliament；andhadwethenatlengthrisenupinsomemomentofwildexcitementagainstourmasters，whatanoutbreakwouldthathavebeen！Withwhatacrash，heardandfelttothefarthestendsoftheworld，wouldthewholevastfabricofsocietyhavefallen！
Howmanythousandsofexiles，oncethemostprosperousandthemostrefinedmembersofthisgreatcommunity，wouldhavebeggedtheirbreadincontinentalcities，orhaveshelteredtheirheadsunderhutsofbarkintheunclearedforestsofAmerica！HowoftenshouldwehaveseenthepavementofLondonpiledupinbarricades，thehousesdintedwithbullets，theguttersfoamingwithblood！Howmanytimesshouldwehaverushedwildlyfromextremetoextreme，soughtrefugefromanarchyindespotism，andbeenagaindrivenbydespotismintoanarchy！Howmanyyearsofbloodandconfusionwouldithavecostustolearntheveryrudimentsofpoliticalscience！Howmanychildishtheorieswouldhavedupedus！Howmanyrudeandillpoisedconstitutionsshouldwehavesetup，onlytoseethemtumbledown！Happywouldithavebeenforusifasharpdisciplineofhalfacenturyhadsufficedtoeducateusintoacapacityofenjoyingtruefreedom。
ThesecalamitiesourRevolutionaverted。Itwasarevolutionstrictlydefensive，andhadprescriptionandlegitimacyonitsside。Here，andhereonly，alimitedmonarchyofthethirteenthcenturyhadcomedownunimpairedtotheseventeenthcentury。Ourparliamentaryinstitutionswereinfullvigour。Themainprinciplesofourgovernmentwereexcellent。Theywerenot，indeed，formallyandexactlysetforthinasinglewritteninstrument；buttheyweretobefoundscatteredoverourancientandnoblestatutes；and，whatwasoffargreatermoment，theyhadbeenengravenontheheartsofEnglishmenduringfourhundredyears。That，withouttheconsentoftherepresentativesofthenation，nolegislativeactcouldbepassed，notaximposed，noregularsoldierykeptup，thatnomancouldbeimprisoned，evenforaday，bythearbitrarywillofthesovereign，thatnotoolofpowercouldpleadtheroyalcommandasajustificationforviolatinganyrightofthehumblestsubject，wereheld，bothbyWhigsandTories，tobefundamentallawsoftherealm。Arealmofwhichthesewerethefundamentallawsstoodinnoneedofanewconstitution。
But，thoughanewconstitutionwasnotneeded，itwasplainthatchangeswererequired。ThemisgovernmentoftheStuarts，andthetroubleswhichthatmisgovernmenthadproduced，sufficientlyprovedthattherewassomewhereadefectinourpolity；andthatdefectitwasthedutyoftheConventiontodiscoverandtosupply。
Somequestionsofgreatmomentwerestillopentodispute。Ourconstitutionhadbeguntoexistintimeswhenstatesmenwerenotmuchaccustomedtoframeexactdefinitions。Anomalies，therefore，inconsistentwithitsprinciplesanddangeroustoitsveryexistence，hadsprungupalmostimperceptibly，and，nothaving，duringmanyyears，causedanyseriousinconvenience，hadgraduallyacquiredtheforceofprescription。Theremedyfortheseevilswastoasserttherightsofthepeopleinsuchlanguageasshouldterminateallcontroversy，andtodeclarethatnoprecedentcouldjustifyanyviolationofthoserights。
Whenthishadbeendoneitwouldbeimpossibleforourrulerstomisunderstandthelaw:but，unlesssomethingmoreweredone，itwasbynomeansimprobablethattheymightviolateit。UnhappilytheChurchhadlongtaughtthenationthathereditarymonarchy，aloneamongourinstitutions，wasdivineandinviolable；thattherightoftheHouseofCommonstoashareinthelegislativepowerwasarightmerelyhuman，butthattherightoftheKingtotheobedienceofhispeoplewasfromabove；thattheGreatCharterwasastatutewhichmightberepealedbythosewhohadmadeit，butthattherulewhichcalledtheprincesofthebloodroyaltothethroneinorderofsuccessionwasofcelestialorigin，andthatanyActofParliamentinconsistentwiththatrulewasanullity。Itisevidentthat，inasocietyinwhichsuchsuperstitionsprevail，constitutionalfreedommusteverbeinsecure。ApowerwhichisregardedmerelyastheordinanceofmancannotbeanefficientcheckonapowerwhichisregardedastheordinanceofGod。Itisvaintohopethatlaws，howeverexcellent，willpermanentlyrestrainaKingwho，inhisownopinion，andinthatofagreatpartofhispeople，hasanauthorityinfinitelyhigherinkindthantheauthoritywhichbelongstothoselaws。Todepriveroyaltyofthesemysteriousattributes，andtoestablishtheprinciplethatKingsreignedbyarightinnorespectdifferingfromtherightbywhichfreeholderschoseknightsoftheshire，orfromtherightbywhichjudgesgrantedwritsofHabeasCorpus，wasabsolutelynecessarytothesecurityofourliberties。
ThustheConventionhadtwogreatdutiestoperform。Thefirstwastoclearthefundamentallawsoftherealmfromambiguity。
Thesecondwastoeradicatefromtheminds，bothofthegovernorsandofthegoverned，thefalseandperniciousnotionthattheroyalprerogativewassomethingmoresublimeandholythanthosefundamentallaws。TheformerobjectwasattainedbythesolemnrecitalandclaimwithwhichtheDeclarationofRightcommences；
thelatterbytheresolutionwhichpronouncedthethronevacant，andinvitedWilliamandMarytofillit。
Thechangeseemssmall。Notasingleflowerofthecrownwastouched。Notasinglenewrightwasgiventothepeople。ThewholeEnglishlaw，substantiveandadjective，was，inthejudgmentofallthegreatestlawyers，ofHoltandTreby，ofMaynardandSomers，exactlythesameaftertheRevolutionasbeforeit。Somecontrovertedpointshadbeendecidedaccordingtothesenseofthebestjurists；andtherehadbeenaslightdeviationfromtheordinarycourseofsuccession。Thiswasall；
andthiswasenough。
AsourRevolutionwasavindicationofancientrights，soitwasconductedwithstrictattentiontoancientformalities。Inalmosteverywordandactmaybediscernedaprofoundreverenceforthepast。TheEstatesoftheRealmdeliberatedintheoldhallsandaccordingtotheoldrules。Powlewasconductedtohischairbetweenhismoverandhisseconderwiththeaccustomedforms。TheSerjeantwithhismacebroughtupthemessengersoftheLordstothetableoftheCommons；andthethreeobeisancesweredulymade。Theconferencewasheldwithalltheantiqueceremonial。Ononesideofthetable，inthePaintedChamber，themanagersoftheLordssatecoveredandrobedinermineandgold。ThemanagersoftheCommonsstoodbareheadedontheotherside。Thespeechespresentanalmostludicrouscontrasttotherevolutionaryoratoryofeveryothercountry。BoththeEnglishpartiesagreedintreatingwithsolemnrespecttheancientconstitutionaltraditionsofthestate。Theonlyquestionwas，inwhatsensethosetraditionsweretobeunderstood。Theassertorsoflibertysaidnotawordaboutthenaturalequalityofmenandtheinalienablesovereigntyofthepeople，aboutHarmodiusorTimoleon，BrutustheelderorBrutustheyounger。Whentheyweretoldthat，bytheEnglishlaw，thecrown，atthemomentofademise，mustdescendtothenextheir，theyansweredthat，bytheEnglishlaw，alivingmancouldhavenoheir。Whentheyweretoldthattherewasnoprecedentfordeclaringthethronevacant，theyproducedfromamongtherecordsintheTowerarollofparchment，nearthreehundredyearsold，onwhich，inquaintcharactersandbarbarousLatin，itwasrecordedthattheEstatesoftheRealmhaddeclaredvacantthethroneofaperfidiousandtyrannicalPlantagenet。Whenatlengththedisputehadbeenaccommodated，thenewsovereignswereproclaimedwiththeoldpageantry。Allthefantasticpompofheraldrywasthere，ClarencieuxandNorroy，PortcullisandRougeDragon，thetrumpets，thebanners，thegrotesquecoatsembroideredwithlionsandlilies。ThetitleofKingofFrance，assumedbytheconquerorofCressy，wasnotomittedintheroyalstyle。Tous，whohavelivedintheyear1848，itmayseemalmostanabuseoftermstocallaproceeding，conductedwithsomuchdeliberation，withsomuchsobriety，andwithsuchminuteattentiontoprescriptiveetiquette，bytheterriblenameofRevolution。
Andyetthisrevolution，ofallrevolutionstheleastviolent，hasbeenofallrevolutionsthemostbeneficent。Itfinallydecidedthegreatquestionwhetherthepopularelementwhichhad，eversincetheageofFitzwalterandDeMontfort，beenfoundintheEnglishpolity，shouldbedestroyedbythemonarchicalelement，orshouldbesufferedtodevelopeitselffreely，andtobecomedominant。Thestrifebetweenthetwoprincipleshadbeenlong，fierce，anddoubtful。Ithadlastedthroughfourreigns。Ithadproducedseditions，impeachments，rebellions，battles，sieges，proscriptions，judicialmassacres。Sometimesliberty，sometimesroyalty，hadseemedtobeonthepointofperishing。
DuringmanyyearsonehalfoftheenergyofEnglandhadbeenemployedincounteractingtheotherhalf。TheexecutivepowerandthelegislativepowerhadsoeffectuallyimpededeachotherthatthestatehadbeenofnoaccountinEurope。TheKingatArms，whoproclaimedWilliamandMarybeforeWhitehallGate，didintruthannouncethatthisgreatstrugglewasover；thattherewasentireunionbetweenthethroneandtheParliament；thatEngland，longdependentanddegraded，wasagainapowerofthefirstrank；thattheancientlawsbywhichtheprerogativewasboundedwouldhenceforthbeheldassacredastheprerogativeitself，andwouldbefollowedouttoalltheirconsequences；thattheexecutiveadministrationwouldbeconductedinconformitywiththesenseoftherepresentativesofthenation；andthatnoreform，whichthetwoHousesshould，aftermaturedeliberation，propose，wouldbeobstinatelywithstoodbythesovereign。TheDeclarationofRight，thoughitmadenothinglawwhichhadnotbeenlawbefore，containedthegermofthelawwhichgavereligiousfreedomtotheDissenter，ofthelawwhichsecuredtheindependenceofthejudges，ofthelawwhichlimitedthedurationofParliaments，ofthelawwhichplacedthelibertyofthepressundertheprotectionofjuries，ofthelawwhichprohibitedtheslavetrade，ofthelawwhichabolishedthesacramentaltest，ofthelawwhichrelievedtheRomanCatholicsfromcivildisabilities，ofthelawwhichreformedtherepresentativesystem，ofeverygoodlawwhichhasbeenpassedduringahundredandsixtyyears，ofeverygoodlawwhichmayhereafter，inthecourseofages，befoundnecessarytopromotethepublicweal，andtosatisfythedemandsofpublicopinion。
Thehighesteulogywhichcanbepronouncedontherevolutionof1688isthis，thatitwasourlastrevolution。SeveralgenerationshavenowpassedawaysinceanywiseandpatrioticEnglishmanhasmeditatedresistancetotheestablishedgovernment。Inallhonestandreflectingmindsthereisaconviction，dailystrengthenedbyexperience，thatthemeansofeffectingeveryimprovementwhichtheconstitutionrequiresmaybefoundwithintheconstitutionitself。
Now，ifever，weoughttobeabletoappreciatethewholeimportanceofthestandwhichwasmadebyourforefathersagainsttheHouseofStuart。Allaroundustheworldisconvulsedbytheagoniesofgreatnations。Governmentswhichlatelyseemedlikelytostandduringageshavebeenonasuddenshakenandoverthrown。
TheproudestcapitalsofWesternEuropehavestreamedwithcivilblood。Allevilpassions，thethirstofgainandthethirstofvengeance，theantipathyofclasstoclass，theantipathyofracetorace，havebrokenloosefromthecontrolofdivineandhumanlaws。Fearandanxietyhavecloudedthefacesanddepressedtheheartsofmillions。Tradehasbeensuspended，andindustryparalysed。Therichhavebecomepoor；andthepoorhavebecomepoorer。Doctrineshostiletoallsciences，toallarts，toallindustry，toalldomesticcharities，doctrineswhich，ifcarriedintoeffect，would，inthirtyyears，undoallthatthirtycenturieshavedoneformankind，andwouldmakethefairestprovincesofFranceandGermanyassavageasCongoorPatagonia，havebeenavowedfromthetribuneanddefendedbythesword。
Europehasbeenthreatenedwithsubjugationbybarbarians，comparedwithwhomthebarbarianswhomarchedunderAttilaandAlboinwereenlightenedandhumane。Thetruestfriendsofthepeoplehavewithdeepsorrowownedthatinterestsmorepreciousthananypoliticalprivilegeswereinjeopardy，andthatitmightbenecessarytosacrificeevenlibertyinordertosavecivilisation。Meanwhileinourislandtheregularcourseofgovernmenthasneverbeenforadayinterrupted。Thefewbadmenwholongedforlicenseandplunderhavenothadthecouragetoconfrontforonemomentthestrengthofaloyalnation，ralliedinfirmarrayroundaparentalthrone。And，ifitbeaskedwhathasmadeustodifferfromothers，theansweristhatweneverlostwhatothersarewildlyandblindlyseekingtoregain。Itisbecausewehadapreservingrevolutionintheseventeenthcenturythatwehavenothadadestroyingrevolutioninthenineteenth。
Itisbecausewehadfreedominthemidstofservitudethatwehaveorderinthemidstofanarchy。Fortheauthorityoflaw，forthesecurityofproperty，forthepeaceofourstreets，forthehappinessofourhouses，ourgratitudeisdue，underHimwhoraisesandpullsdownnationsathispleasure，totheLongParliament，totheConvention，andtoWilliamofOrange。
FN1AvauxNeg。，Aug。6/161685；DespatchofCittersandhiscolleagues，enclosingthetreaty，Aug。LewistoBarillon，Aug。
14/24。
FN2Instructionsheaded，"FormysonthePrinceofWales，1692，"
intheStuartPapers。
FN3"TheHabeasCorpus，"saidJohnson，themostbigotedofTories，toBoswell，"isthesingleadvantagewhichourgovernmenthasoverthatofothercountries；"andT。B。MacaulayisthemostbigotedofWhigsinhisowncountry，butlefthiswhiggismathomewhenhewenttoIndia。
FN4SeetheHistoricalRecordsofRegiments，publishedunderthesupervisionoftheAdjutantGeneral。
FN5Barillon，Dec。3/131685。Hehadstudiedthesubjectmuch。
"C’estundetail，"hesays，"dontj’aiconnoissance。"itappearsfromtheTreasuryWarrantBookthatthechargeofthearmyfortheyear1687wasfirstofJanuaryat623，104l。9s。11d。
FN6Burnet，i。447。
FN7Tillotson’sSermon，preachedbeforetheHouseofCommons，Nov。5。1678。
FN8Locke，FirstLetteronToleration。
FN9CouncilBook。TheerasureisdatedOct。21。1685。HalifaxtoChesterfield；Barillon，Oct。19/29。
FN10Barillon，Oct。26/Nov。5。1685；LewistoBarillon，Oct。27
/Nov。6。Nov。6/16。
FN11ThereisaremarkableaccountofthefirstappearanceofthesymptomsofdiscontentamongtheToriesinaletterofHalifaxtoChesterfield，writteninOctober，1685。Burnet，i。
684。
FN12Thecontemporarytractsinvariouslanguagesonthesubjectofthispersecutionareinnumerable。Aneminentlyclear，terse，andspiritedsummarywillbefoundinVoltaire’sSiecledeLouisXIV。
FN13"Misionariosembotados，"saysRonquillo。"Apostoliarmati，"
saysInnocent。Thereis，intheMackintoshCollection，aremarkableletteronthissubjectfromRonquillo，datedMarch26。/April5。1686SeeVenier，RelationediFrancia，1689，quotedbyProfessorRankeinhisRomischePapste，bookviii。
FN14"Midiconochetuttiquestiparlamentariinohannovolutocopia，ilcheassolutamenteavracausatepessimeimpressioni。"——
Adda，Nov。9/13。1685。SeeEvelyn’sDiary，Nov。3。
FN15Lords’Journals，Nov。9。1685。"Vengoassicurato，"saysAdda，"cheS。M。stessaabbiacompostoildiscorso。"——DespatchofNov。16/261685。
FN16Commons’Journals；Bramston’sMemoirs；JamesvonLeeuwentotheStatesGeneral，Nov。10/201685。LeeuwenwassecretaryoftheDutchembassy，andconductedthecorrespondenceintheabsenceofCitters。AstoClarges，seeBurnet，i。98。
FN17Barillon，Nov。16/26。1685。
FN18Dodd’sChurchHistory，Leeuwen，Nov。17/271685；Barillon，Dec。24。1685。BarillonsaysofAdda，"Onl’avoitfaitprevenirquelasureteetl’avantagedesCatholiquesconsistoientdansunereunionentieredesaMajesteBritanniqueetdesonparlement。"
LettersofInnocenttoJames，datedJuly27/Aug。8andSept。23/
Oct。3。1685；DespatchesofAdda，Nov。9/19。andNov。1685。TheveryinterestingcorrespondenceofAdda，copiedfromthePapalarchives，isintheBritishMuseum；AdditionalMSS。No。15395。
FN19Themostremarkabledespatchbearsdatethe9/19thofNovember1685，andwillbefoundintheAppendixtoMr。Fox’sHistory。
FN20Commons’Journals，Nov。12。1685；Leeuwen，Nov。；Barillon，Nov。16/26。；SirJohnBramston’sMemoirs。ThebestreportofthedebatesoftheCommonsinNovember，1685，isoneofwhichthehistoryissomewhatcurious。TherearetwomanuscriptcopiesofitintheBritishMuseum，Harl。7187。；Lans。253。Inthesecopiesthenamesofthespeakersaregivenatlength。TheauthoroftheLifeofJamespublishedin1702transcribedthisreport，butgaveonlytheinitials，ofthespeakers。TheeditorsofChandler’sDebatesandoftheParliamentaryHistoryguessedfromtheseinitialsatthenames，andsometimesguessedwrong。TheyascribetoWaileraveryremarkablespeech，whichwillhereafterbementioned，andwhichwasreallymadebyWindham，memberforSalisbury。ItwaswithsomeconcernthatIfoundmyselfforcedtogiveupthebeliefthatthelastwordsutteredinpublicbyWallerweresohonourabletohim。
FN21Commons’Journals，Nov。13。1685；Bramston’sMemoirs；
Reresby’sMemoirs；Barillon，Nov。16/26。；Leeuwen，Nov。13/23。；
MemoirsofSirStephenFox，1717；TheCaseoftheChurchofEnglandfairlystated；Burnet，i。666。andSpeakerOnslow’snote。
FN22Commons’Journals，Nov。1685；Harl。MS。7187。；Lans。MS。
FN23Theconflictoftestimonyonthissubjectismostextraordinary；and，afterlongconsideration，Imustownthatthebalanceseemstometobeexactlypoised。IntheLifeofJames（1702），themotionisrepresentedasacourtmotion。ThisaccountisconfirmedbyaremarkablepassageintheStuartPapers，whichwascorrectedbythePretenderhimself。（Clarke’sLifeofJamestheSecond，ii。55。）Ontheotherhand，Reresby，whowaspresent，andBarillon，whooughttohavebeenwellinformed，representthemotionasanoppositionmotion。TheHarleianandLansdownemanuscriptsdifferinthesinglewordonwhichthewholedepends。
UnfortunatelyBramstonwasnotattheHousethatday。JamesVanLeeuwenmentionsthemotionandthedivision，butdoesnotaddawordwhichcanthrowthesmallestlightonthestateofparties。
Imustownmyselfunabletodrawwithconfidenceanyinferencefromthenamesofthetellers，SirJosephWilliamsonandSirFrancisRussellforthemajority，andLordAncramandSirHenryGoodrickefortheminority。IshouldhavethoughtLordAncramlikelytogowiththecourt，andSirHenryGoodrickelikelytogowiththeopposition。
FN24Commons’Journals，Nov。16。1685Harl。MS。7187。；Lans。MS。
235。
FN25Commons’Journals，Nov。17，18。1685。
FN26Commons’Journals，Nov。18。1685；Harl。MS。7187。；Lans。
MS。253。；Burnet，i。667。
FN27Lonsdale’sMemoirs。Burnettellsus（i。667。）thatasharpdebateaboutelectionstookplaceintheHouseofCommonsafterCoke’scommittal。Itmustthereforehavebeenonthe19thofNovember；forCokewascommittedlateonthe18th，andtheParliamentwasproroguedonthe20th。Burnet’snarrativeisconfirmedbytheJournals，fromwhichitappearsthatseveralelectionswereunderdiscussiononthe19th。
FN28Burnet，i。560。；FuneralSermonoftheDukeofDevonshire，preachedbyKennet，1708；TravelsofCosmoIII。inEngland。
FN29Bramston’sMemoirs。Burnetisincorrectbothastothetimewhentheremarkwasmadeandastothepersonwhomadeit。InHalifax’sLettertoaDissenterwillbefoundaremarkableallusiontothisdiscussion。
FN30Wood，Ath。Ox。；Gooch’sFuneralSermononBishopCompton。
FN31Teonge’sDiary。
FN32Barillonhasgiventhebestaccountofthisdebate。IwillextracthisreportofMordaunt’sspeech。"MilordMordaunt，quoiquejeune，parlaaveceloquenceetforce。Ilditquelaquestionn’etoitpasreduite，commelaChambredesCommuneslepretendoit，aguerirdesjalousiesetdefiances，quiavoientlieudansleschosesincertaines；maisquecequicepassoitnel’etoitpas，qu’ilyavoitunearmeesurpiedquisubsistoit，etquietoitremplied’officiersCatholiques，quinepouvoitetreconserveequepourlerenversementdesloix，etquelasubsistancedel’armee，quandiln’yaaucuneguerreniaudedansniaudehors，etoitl’etablissementdugouvernementarbitraire，pourlequellesAngloisontuneaversionsibienfondee。"
FN33Hewasveryeasilymovedtotears。"Hecouldnot，"saystheauthorofthePanegyric，"refrainfromweepingonboldaffronts。"
Andagain"Theytalkofhishectoringandproudcarriage；whatcouldbemorehumblethanforamaninhisgreatposttocryandsob？"IntheanswertothePanegyricitissaidthat"hishavingnocommandofhistearsspoiledhimforahypocrite。"
FN34Lords’Journals，Nov。19。1685；Barillon，Nov。23/Dec。3。
DutchDespatch，Nov。20/30。；Luttrell’sDiary，Nov。19。；Burnet，i。665。TheclosingspeedsofHalifaxismentionedbytheNuncioinhisdespatchofNov。16/26。Adda，aboutamonthlater，hearsstrongtestimonytoHalifax’spowers，"Daquestouomochehagrancreditonelparlamento，egrandeeloquenza，nonsipossonoattenderechefierecontradizioni，enelparlitoRegiononvieunuomodacontrapporsi。"Dec。21/31。
FN35Lords’andCommons’Journals，Nov。20。1685。
FN36Lords’Journals，Nov。11。17，18。1685。
FN37Burneti，646。
FN38Bramston’sMemoirs；Luttrell’sDiary。
FN39ThetrialintheCollectionofStateTrials；Bramston’sMemoirsBurnet，1。647。；Lords’Journals，Dec。20。1689。
FN40Lords’Journals，Nov。9，to。16。1685。
FN41SpeechontheCorruptionoftheJudgesinLordDelamere’sworks，1694。
FN42Fuunafunzionepienadigravita，diordine，edigranspeciosita。Adda，Jan。15/25。1686。
FN43TheTrialisintheCollectionofStateTrials。Leeuwen，Jan。15/25。19/29。1686。
FN44LadyRusselltoDr。Fitzwilliam，Jan。15。1686。
FN45LewistoBarillon，Feb。10/201685/6。
FN46Evelyn’sDiary，Oct。2。1685。
FN47Clarke’sLifeofJamestheSecond，ii。9。，Orig。Mem。
FN48Leeuwen，Jan。1/11and12/221686。Herletter，thoughverylongandveryabsurd，wasthoughtworthsendingtotheStatesGeneralasasignofthetimes。
FN49SeehistrialintheCollectionofStateTrials，andhiscuriousmanifesto，printedin1681。
FN50MemoiresdeGrammont；Pepys’sDiary，Aug。19。1662。
BonrepauxtoSeignelay，Feb。1/111686。
FN51BonrepauxtoSeignelay，Feb。1/11。1686。
FN52MemoiresdeGrammont；LifeofEdward，EarlofClarendon；
CorrespondenceofHenry，EarlofClarendon，passim，particularlytheletterdatedDec。29。1685；SheridanMS。amongtheStuartPapers；EllisCorrespondence，Jan。12。1686。
FN53Seehislatercorrespondence，passim；St。Evremond，passim；
MadamedeSevigne’sLettersinthebeginningof1689。SeealsotheinstructionstoTallardafterthepeaceofRyswick，intheFrenchArchives。
FN54St。Simon，Memoires，1697，1719；St。Evremond；LaFontaine；
BonrepauxtoSeignelay，Jan。28/Feb。6，Feb。8/18。1686。
FN55Adda，Nov。16/26，Dec。7/17。andDec。21/31。1685。InthesedespatchesAddagivesstrongreasonsforcompromisingmattersbyabolishingthepenallawsandleavingthetest。HecallsthequarrelwiththeParliamenta"grandisgrazia。"HerepeatedlyhintsthattheKingmight，byaconstitutionalpolicy，haveobtainedmuchfortheRomanCatholics，andthattheattempttorelievethemillegallyislikelytobringgreatcalamitiesonthem。
FN56FraPaulo，tib。vii。；Pallavicino，lib。xviii。cap。15。
FN57ThiswasthepracticeofhisdaughterAnne；andMarlboroughsaidthatshehadlearneditfromherfather——VindicationoftheDuchessofMarlborough。
FN58DowntothetimeofthetrialoftheBishops，JameswentontellingAddathatallthecalamitiesofCharlestheFirstwere"perlatroppaindulgenza。"——Despatchof1688。
FN59Barillon，Nov。16/26。1685；LewistoBarillon，Nov。28/Dec。
6。26。Inahighlycuriouspaperwhichwaswrittenin1687，almostcertainlybyBonrepaux，andwhichisnowintheFrencharchives，Sunderlandisdescribedthus—"Lapassionqu’ilapourlejeu，etlespertesconsiderablesquilyfait，incommodentfortsesaffaires。Iln’aimepaslevin；etilhaitlesfemmes。"
FN60ItappearsfromtheCouncilBookthathetookhisplaceaspresidentonthe4thofDecember，1685。
FN61BonrepauxwasnotsoeasilydeceivedasJames。"Ensonparticulieril（Sunderland）n’enprofesseaucune（religion），etenparlefortlibrement。CessortesdediscoursseroientenexecrationenFrance。Iciilssontordinairesparmiuncertainnombredegensdupais。"——BonrepauxtoSeignelay，May25/June4
1687。
FN62Clarke’sLifeofJamestheSecond，ii，74。77。Orig。Mem。；
SheridanMS。；Barillon，March19/291686。
FN63Reresby’sMemoirs；Luttrell’sDiary，Feb。2。1685/6
Barillon，Feb。Jan。25/Feb4。
FN64Dartmouth’snoteonBurnet，i。621。InacontemporarysatireitisremarkedthatGodolphin"Beatstimewithpolitichead，andallapproves，PleasedwiththechargeoftheQueen’smuffandgloves。"
FN65Pepys，Oct。4。1664。
FN66Pepys，July1。1663。
FN67SeeDorset’ssatiricallinesonher。
FN68ThechiefmaterialsforthehistoryofthisintriguearethedespatchesofBarillonandBonrepauxatthebeginningoftheyear1686。SeeBarillon，Jan25。/Feb4。Feb。1/11。Feb。8/18。
Feb。19/29。andBonrepauxunderthefirstfourDates；Evelyn’sDiary，Jan。29。；Reresby’sMemoirs；Burnet，i。682。；SheridanMS。；ChaillotMS。；Adda’sDespatches，Jan22/Feb1。andJan29/Feb81686。Addawriteslikeapious，butweakandignorantman。HeappearstohaveknownnothingofJames’spastlife。
FN69Themeditationhearsdate1685/6。Bonrepaux，inhisdespatchofthesameday，says，"L’intrigueavoiteteconduiteparMilordRochesteretsafemme……LeurprojetetoitdefairegouvernerleRoyd’Angleterreparlanouvellecomtesse。Ilss’etoientassuresd’elle。"WhileBonrepauxwaswritingthus，Rochesterwaswritingasfollows:"OhGod，teachmesotonumbermydaysthatImayapplymyheartuntowisdom。TeachmetonumberthedaysthatIhavespentinvanityandidleness，andteachmetonumberthosethatIhavespentinsinandwickedness。OhGod，teachmetonumberthedaysofmyafflictiontoo，andtogivethanksforallthatiscometomefromthyhand。Teachmelikewisetonumberthedaysofthisworld’sgreatness，ofwhichI
havesogreatashare；andteachmetolookuponthemasvanityandvexationofspirit。"
FN70"JevisMilordRochestercommeilsortoitdeconseilfortchagrin；et，surlafindusouper，illuienechappequelquechose。"Bonrepaux，Feb。18/28。1656。SeealsoBarillon，March1/11，4/14。
FN71BarillonMarch22/April1，April12。221686。
FN72LondonGazette，Feb。11。1685/6；Luttrell’sDiary，Feb。8；
Leeuwen，Feb。9/19。；Clarke’sLifeofJamestheSecond，ii。75。
Orig。Mem。
FN73Leeuwen，Feb23/Mar5。1686。
FN74Barillon，April26/May6。May3/13。i686；Citters，May7/17；Evelyn’sDiary，May5。；Luttrell’sDiaryofthesamedate；
PrivyCouncilBook，May2。
FN75LadyRusselltoDr。Fitzwilliam，Jan。22。1686；Barillon，Feb22/Mar41686。"Ceprincetemoigne，"saysBarillon，"unegrandeaversionpoureux，etauraitbienvoulusedispenserdelacollecte，quiestordonneeenleurfaveur:maisiln’apascruquecelafutpossible。"
FN76Barillon，Feb22/Mar4。1686。
FN77Accountofthecommissioners，datedMarch15。1688。
FN78"LeRoid’Angleterreconnaitbienquelesgensmalintentionnespourluisontlespluspromptsetlesplusdisposesadonnerconsiderablement……SaMajesteBritanniqueconnoitbienqu’ilauroitaproposdenepointordonnerdecollecte，etquelesgensmalintentionnescontrelareligionCatholiqueetcontreluiseserventdecetteoccasionpourtemoignerleurzele。"——Barillon，April19/291686。
FN79Barillon，Feb15/25Feb22/Mar4。April19/29，LewistoBarillonMar5/15。
FN80Barillon，April19/29。1686；LadyRusselltoDr。
Fitzwilliam，April14。"Hesentawaymany，"shesays"withsadhearts。"
FN81LondonGazetteofMay13。1686。
FN82Reresby’sMemoirs；Eachard，iii。797。；Kennet，iii。451。
FN83LondonGazette，April22。and29。i686；Barillon，April19/29。；Evelyn’sDiary，June2。；Luttrell，June8。；Dodd’sChurchHistory。
FN84North’sLifeofGuildford，288。
FN85Reresby’sMemoirs。
FN86SeetheaccountofthecaseintheCollectionofStateTrials；Citters，May4/14。，June22/July21686；Evelyn’sDiary，June27。；Luttrell’sDiary，June25。AstoStreet，seeClarendon’sDiary，Dec。27。1688。
FN87LondonGazette，July19。1686。
FN88SeetheletterspatentinGutch’sCollectancaCuriosa。Thedateisthe3dofMay，1686。Sclater’sConsensusVeterum；Gee’sreply，entitledVeteresVindicati；Dr。AnthonyHorneck’saccountofMr。Sclater’srecantationoftheerrorsofPoperyonthe5thofMay，1689；Dodd’sChurchHistory，partviii。bookii。art。3。
FN89Gutch’sCollectaneaCuriosa；Dodd，viii。ii。3。；Wood，Ath。
Ox。；EllisCorrespondence，Feb。27。1686；Commons’Journals，Oct。
26。1689。
FN90Gutch’sCollectaneaCuriosa；Wood’sAthenaeOxonienses；
DialoguebetweenaChurchmanandaDissenter，1689。
FN91Adda，July9/191686。
FN92Adda，July30/Aug91686。
FN93"Ceprincem’aditqueDieuavoitpermiequetouteslesloixquiontetefaitespouretablirlareligionProtestante，etdetruirelareligionCatholique，serventpresentementdefondementcequ’ilveutfairepourl’etablissementdelavraiereligion，etlemettentendroitd’exercerunpouvoirencoreplusgrandqueceluiqu’ontlesroleCatholiquessurlesaffairesecclesiastiquesdanslesautrespays。"——Barillon，July12/22。
1686。ToAddaHisMajestysaid，afewdayslater，"Chel’autoritaconcessaledalparlamentosopral’Ecclesiasticosenzaalcunlimiteconfinecontrariofosseadessoperservirealvantaggiode’medesimiCattolici。"July23/Aug2。
FN94Thewholequestionislucidlyandunanswerablyarguedinalittlecontemporarytract，entitled"TheKing’sPowerinMattersEcclesiasticalfairlystated。"SeealsoaconcisebutforcibleargumentbyArchbishopSancroft。Doyly’sLifeofSancroft，i。
229。
FN95LetterfromJamestoClarendon，Feb。18。1685/6。
FN96ThebestaccountofthesetransactionsisintheLifeofSharp，byhisson。Citters，June29/July91686。
FN97Barillon，July21/Aug11686。Citters，July16/26；PrivyCouncilBook，July17。；EllisCorrespondence，July17。；Evelyn’sDiary，July14。；Luttrell’sDiary，Aug。5，6。
FN98Thedevicewasaroseandcrown。BeforethedevicewastheinitialletteroftheSovereign’sname；afterittheletterR。
Roundthesealwasthisinscription，"Sigillumcommissariorumregiaemajestatisadcausasecclesiasticas。"
FN99AppendixtoClarendon’sDiary；Citters，Oct。8/181686；
Barillon，Oct。11/21；Doyly’sLifeofSancroft。
FN100Burnet，i。676。
FN101Burnet，i。675。ii。629。；Sprat’sLetterstoDorset。
FN102Burnet，i。677。；Barillon，Sept。6/16。1686。ThepublicproceedingsareintheCollectionofStateTrials。
FN10327Eliz。c。2。；2Jac。I。c。4；3Jac。I。c。5。
FN104Clarke’sLifeofJamestheSecond，ii。79，80。Orig。Mem，FN105DeAugmentisi。vi。4。
FN106Citters，May14/241686。
FN107Citters。May18/281686。Adda，May19/29
FN108EllisCorrespondence，April27。1686；Barillon，April19/29Citters，April20/30；PrivyCouncilBook，March26；
Luttrell’sDiary；AddaFeb26/Mar8March26/April5，April2/12
April23/May3
FN109Burnet’sTravels。
FN110Barillon，May27/June61686。
FN111Citters，May23/June11686。
FN112EllisCorrespondence，June26。1686；Citters，July2/12
Luttrell’sDiary，July19。
FN113Seethecontemporarypoems，entitledHounslowHeathandCaesar’sGhost；Evelyn’sDiary，June2。1686。AballadinthePepysiancollectioncontainsthefollowinglines"Ilikedtheplacebeyondexpressing，Ine’ersawacampsofine，Notamaidinaplaindressing，Butmighttasteaglassofwine。"
FN114Luttrell’sDiary，June18。1686。
FN115SeethememoirsofJohnson，prefixedtothefolioeditionofhislife，hisJulian，andhisanswerstohisopponents。SeealsoHickes’sJovian。
FN116LifeofJohnson，prefixedtohisworks；SecretHistoryofthehappyRevolution，byHughSpeke；StateTrials；Citters，Nov23/Dec31686。Cittersgivesthebestaccountofthetrial。I
haveseenabroadsidewhichconfirmshisnarrative。
FN117SeetheprefacetoHenryWharton’sPosthumousSermons。
FN118ThisIcanattestfrommyownresearches。ThereisanexcellentcollectionintheBritishMuseum。Birchtellsus，inhisLifeofTillotson，thatArchbishopWakehadnotbeenabletoformevenaperfectcatalogueofallthetractspublishedinthiscontroversy。
FN119CardinalHowardspokestronglytoBurnetatRomeonthissubjectBurnet，i。662。ThereisacuriouspassagetothesameeffectinadespatchofBarillonbutIhavemislaidthereference。
OneoftheRomanCatholicdivineswhoengagedinthiscontroversy，aJesuitnamedAndrewPatton，whomMr。Oliver，inhisbiographyoftheOrder，pronouncestohavebeenamanofdistinguishedability，veryfranklyownshisdeficiencies。"A。P。
havingbeeneighteenyearsoutofhisowncountry，pretendsnotyettoanyperfectionoftheEnglishexpressionororthography。"
Hisorthographyisindeeddeplorable。Inoneofhisletterswrightisputforwrite，woedforwould。HechallengedTenisontodisputewithhiminLatin，thattheymightbeonequalterms。Inacontemporarysatire，entitledTheAdvice，isthefollowingcouplet"SendPultontobelashedatBushy’sschool，Thatheinprintnolongerplaythefool。"
AnotherRomanCatholic，namedWilliamClench，wroteatreatiseonthePope’ssupremacy，anddedicatedittotheQueeninItalian。
Thefollowingspecimenofhisstylemaysuffice。"Odelsagromaritofortunataconsorte！Odolcealleviamentod’affarialti！O
gratoristorodipensierinoiosi，nelcuipettolatteo，lucentespecchiod’illibatamatronalpudicizia，nelcuisenoodorato，comeinportodamor，siritirailGiacomo！Obeataregiacoppia！
Ofeliceinsertotral’invincibilleonielecandideaquile！"
Clench’sEnglishisofapiecewithhisTuscan。Forexample，"Petersignifiesaninexpugnablerock，abletoevacuatealltheplotsofhell’sdivan，andnaufragatealltheluriddesignsofempoisonedheretics。"
AnotherRomanCatholictreatise，entitled"TheChurchofEnglandtrulyrepresented，"beginsbyinformingusthat"theignisfatuusofreformation，whichhadgrowntoacometbymanyactsofspoilandrapine，hadbeenusheredintoEngland，purifiedofthefilthwhichithadcontractedamongthelakesoftheAlps。"
FN120Barillon，July19/291686。
FN121ActParl。Aug。24。1560；Dec。15。1567。
FN122ActParl。May8。1685。
FN123ActParl。Aug。311681。
FN124Burnet，i。584。
FN125Ibid。i。652，653。
FN126Ibid。i。678。
FN127Burnet，i。653。
FN128Fountainhall，Jan。28。1685/6。
FN129Ibid。Jan。111685/6。
FN130Fountainhall，Jan。31。andFeb。1。1685/6。；Burnet，i。
678，；TrialsofDavidMowbrayandAlexanderKeith，intheCollectionofStateTrials；Bonrepaux，Feb。11/21
FN131LewistoBarillon，Feb。18/281686。
FN132Fountainhall，Feb。16。；Wodrow，bookiii。chap。x。sec。3。
"Werequire，"HisMajestygraciouslywrote，"thatyousparenolegaltrialbytortureorotherwise。"
FN133Bonrepaux，Feb。18/281686。
FN134Fountainhall，March11。1686；Adda，March1/11
FN135ThisletterisdatedMarch4。1686。
FN136Barillon，April19/291686；Burnet，i。370。
FN137ThewordsareinaletterofJohnstoneofWaristoun。
FN138SomewordsofBarillondeservetobetranscribed。Theywouldalonesufficetodecideaquestionwhichignoranceandpartyspirithavedonemuchtoperplex。"Cetteliberteaccordeeauxnonconformistesafaiteunegrandedifficulte，etaetedebattuependantplusieursjours。LeRoyd’AngleterreavoitfortenviequelesCatholiqueseussentseulslalibertedel’exercicedeleurreligion。"April19/291686。
FN139Barillon，April19/291686Citters，April18/2820/30May9/19
FN140Fountainhall，May6。1686。
FN141Ibid。June15。1686。
FN142Citters，May11/211686。CittersinformedtheStatesthathehadhisintelligencefromasurehand。Iwilltranscribepartofhisnarrative。ItisanamusingspecimenofthepyebalddialectinwhichtheDutchdiplomatistsofthatagecorresponded。
"Deskonigsmissive，bovenenbehalvendenHoogCommissarisaensprake，aenhetparlementafgesonden，gelyckdataltoosgebruyckelyckis，waerbySyneMajesteytnyingenereversochthieftdemitigatiederrigoureuseoftesanglantewettenvonhetRyckjegenshetPausdom，inhetGeneraleComiteedesArticles（soomenhetdaernaemt）naordregesteltengelesensynde，in’tvoteren，denHertogvanHamiltononderanderenklaeruytseydedathydaertoenietsoudeverstaen，datbyandersgenegenwasdenkoniginallenvoorvalgetrouwtedienenvolgenshetdictamensynerconscientie:’tgeneredengafaendeLordCancelierdeGravePertsteseggendathetwoortconscientienietsenbeduyde，enalleeneenindividuumvagumwas，waeropderChevalierLocqnarddanverdergingh；wilmannietverstaendebetyckenisvanhetwoordtconscientie，soosalikinfortioribusseggendatwymeynenvolgensdefondamentalewettenvanhetryck。"
Thereis，intheHindLetLoose，acuriouspassagetowhichI
shouldhavegivennocredit，butforthisdespatchofCitters。
"Theycannotenduresomuchastohearofthenameofconscience。
OnethatwaswellacquaintwiththeCouncil’shumourinthispointtoldagentlemanthatwasgoingbeforethem，`Ibeseechyou，whateveryoudo，speaknothingofconsciencebeforetheLords，fortheycannotabidetohearthatword。’"
FN143Fountainhall，May17。1686。
FN144Wodrow，III。x。3。
FN145Citters，May28/June7，June1/11June4/141686
FountainhallJune15；
FNLuttrell’sDiary，June2。16
FN146Fountainhall，June211686。
FN147Ibid。September16。1686。
FN148Fountainhall，Sept。16；Wodrow，III。x。3。
FN149TheprovisionsoftheIrishActofSupremacy，2Eliz。
chap。I。，aresubstantiallythesamewiththoseoftheEnglishActofSupremacy，IEliz。chap。I。huttheEnglishactwassoonfoundtohedefectiveandthedefectwassuppliedbyamorestringentact，5Eliz。chap。INosuchsupplementarylawwasmadeinIreland。ThattheconstructionmentionedinthetextwasputontheIrishActofSupremacy，wearetoldbyArchbishopKing:
StateofIreland，chap。ii。sec。9。HecallsthisconstructionJesuiticalbutIcannotseeitinthatlight。
FN150PoliticalAnatomyofIreland。
FN151PoliticalAnatomyofIreland，1672；IrishHudibras，1689；
JohnDunton’sAccountofIreland，1699。
FN152ClarendontoRochester，May4。1686。
FN153BishopMalony’sLettertoBishopTyrrel，March5。1689。