Soonafterwhich，painfultorelate，suchtheinexorablepressureoffinance，Bauerandpeoplewereallpaidoff，flunglooseagain:
ruthlesslypaidoffbyanecessitousKing！Therewereabout6，000
ofthosepoorfellows，——specimensofthebastardheroic，underdifficulties，fromeverycountryintheworld；BeckwithandIknownotwhatotherEnglishspecimensofthelawlessheroic；whowereallcashiered，officerandman，ongettingtoBerlin。AsweretheearlierFree—Corps，andindeedthesubsequent，allandsundry，"exceptseven，"whosenameswillnotbeinterestingtoyou。
Paidoff，withorwithoutremorse，suchtheexhaustionoffinance；
Kleist，Icilius，CountHordtandothersvainlyrepugningandremonstrating；theKinghimselfinexorableasArithmetic。
"Canmaintain138，000ofregular，12，000ofothersorts；notamanmore！"ZealousIciliusappliedforsomeconsiderationtohisOfficers:"partialrepaymentofthemoneytheyhavespentfromtheirownpocketinenlistmentoftheirpeoplenowdischarged！"
Notadoit。TheKing’sanswerisinautograph，stillextant；notingoodspelling，butwithsenseclearaslight:"SEINEOFFICIERS
HABENWIEDIERABENGESTOLLENSIEKRIGENNICHTS，YourOfficersstolelikeravens；——theygetNothing。"[Preuss，ii。320。]
Lessing’sfineplayofMINNAVONBARNHELMtestifiestoconsiderablepublicsympathyfortheseimpoverishedEx—Militarypeople。
Pathetictruly，inadegree；butsuchthingswillhappen。
Irregulargentlemen，towhomtheworld’stheiroyster，——saidoysterdoessuddenlysnaptoonthem，byachance。Andtheyhavetotryitontheotherside，andsaylittle！——ButweareforgettingthePeace—Treatyitself，whichstilldemandsafewwords。
Kleist’sraidintotheReichhadafineeffectonthePotentatesthere；andPlotho’sOfferwasgreedilycompliedwith；theKaiser，suchhisgenerosity，giving"freepermission。"WespokeofPrivy—
CouncillorvonFritsch，andhisprivatelittlewordwithFriedrichatMeissen，onNovember25th。TheElectoral—PrinceofSaxony，itseems，wasauthorofthatfinestroke；thehistoryofitthis。
SinceNovember3d，theFrenchandEnglishhavehadtheirpreliminariessigned；andallNationsarelongingforthelike。
"LetushaveaGermanTreatyforgeneralPeace，"saidtheKurprinzofSaxony，thatamiableHeir—Apparentwhomwehaveseensometimes，whoisrathercrookedofback，buthasasprightlyWife。"Byallmeans，"answeredPolishMajesty:"andasIaminthedistance，doyouineverywayfurtherit，mySon！"WhereupondespatchofFritschtoVienna，andthencetoMeissen；with"Yes"tohimfrombothparties。Plenipotentiariesarenamed:"Fritschshallbeours:
theyshallhavemySchlossofHubertsburgforPlaceofCongress，"
saidthePrince。AndonThursday，December30th，1762，theThreeDignitariesmetatHubertsburg，andbeganbusiness。
ThisistheSchlossinTorgauCountrywhichQuintusIcilius’speople，Saldernhavingrefusedthejob，willinglyundertookspoiling；and，asiswellknown，didit，January22d，1761；athingQuintusneverheardtheendof。Whattheamountofprofit，orthedegreeofspoilandmischief，Quintus’speoplemadeofit，Icouldnotlearn；butinferfromthisneweventthatthewreckhadnotbeensoconsiderableasthenoisewas；atanyrate，thattheSchlosshadsoonbeenrestoredtoitspristinestateofbrilliancy。
ThePlenipotentiaries，——forSaxony，Fritsch；forAustria，aVonCollenbach，unknowntous；forPrussia，oneHertzberg，amanexperiencedbeyondhisyears，whoisofgreatnameinPrussianHistorysubsequently，——satheretillFebruary15th，1763，thatisforsixweeksandfivedays。LeavingtheirProtocolstobetterjudges，whoreportthemgood，wewillmuchpreferawordortwofromFriedrichhimself，whilewaitingtheresulttheycometo。
FRIEDRICHTOPRINCEHENRI（homeatBerlin）。
"LEIPZIG，14thJANUARY，1763……AmnotsurprisedyoufindBerlinchangedfortheworse:suchatrainofcalamitiesmust，intheend，makeitselffeltinapoorandnaturallybarrenCountry，wherecontinualindustryisneededtoseconditsfecundityandkeepupproduction。However，IwilldowhatIcantoremedythisdearth（LA
DISETTE），atleastasfarasmysmallmeanspermit……
"NofearofGeldernandWesel；allthathasbeencaredforbyBauerandthenewFree—Corps。BytheendofFebruaryPeacewillbesigned；atthebeginningofAprileverybodywillfindhimselfathome，asin1756。
"TheCirclesaregoingtoseparate:indifferenttome，ornearlyso；butitisgoodtobepluckingouttiresomeburningsticks，stickafterstick。IhopeyouamuseyourselfatBerlin:atLeipzignothingbutballsandredouts；myNephewsdivertingthemselvesamazingly。MadamFriedrich，latelyGarden—maidatSeidlitz[VillageintheNeumark，withthisBeautypluckingweedsinit，——littleprescientofsuchafortune]，nowWifetoanOfficeroftheFreeHussars，istheprincipalheroineoftheseFestivities。"
[Schoning，iii。528。]
LEIPZIG，25thJANUARY，1763。"Thanksforyourcareaboutmyexistence。Iambecomingveryold，dearBrother；inalittlewhileIshallbeuselesstotheworldandaburdentomyself:itisthelotofallcreaturestoweardownwithage，——butoneisnot，forallthat，toabuseone’sprivilegeoffallingintodotage。
"YoustillspeakwithoutfullconfidenceofourNegotiationbusiness[goingonatHubertsburgyonder]。Mostcertainlythechapterofaccidentsisinexhaustible；anditisstillcertaintheremayhappenquantitiesofthingswhichthelimitedmindofmancannotforesee:but，judgingbytheordinarycourse，andsuchdegreesofprobabilityashumancreaturesfoundtheirhopeson，I
believe，beforethemonthofFebruaryentirelyend，ourPeacewillbecompleted。InapermanentArrangement，manythingsneedsettling，whichareeasiertosettlenowthantheyeverwillbeagain。Patience；hastewithoutspeedisathriftlessmethod。"
[Ib。iii。529。]
February5th，thetrioatHubertsburggottheirPreliminariessigned。Onthetenthdaythereafter，theTreatyitselfwassignedandsealed。AllotherTreatiesonthesamesubjecthadbeenguidedtowardsacontemporaryfinis:EnglandandFrance，readysincethe3dofNovemberlast，signedandendedFebruary10th。February11th，theReichsignedandended；February15th，Prussia，Austria，Saxony；andtheTHIRDSILESIANorSEVEN—YEARSWARwascompletelyfinished。[CopyofthetreatyinHelden—Geschichte，vii。624etseq。；inSeyfarth，Beylagen，iii。479—495；inROUSSET，inWENCK，in&c。&c。]
Ithadcost，inlossofhumanlivesfirstofall，nobodycansaywhat:accordingtoFriedrich’scomputation，therehadperishedofactualfighters，onthevariousfields，ofallthenations，853，000；ofwhichabovethefifthpart，or180，000，ishisownshare:and，bymiseryandravage，thegeneralPopulationofPrussiafindsitself500，000fewer；nearlytheninthmanmissing。ThisistheexpenditureofLife。Otheritemsarenotworthenumerating，incomparison；ifstatisticallygiven，youcanfindthemostapprovedguessesatthembythesameHead，whooughttobeanauthority。
[OEuvresdeFrederic，v。230—234；Preuss，iii。349—351。]ItwasaWardistinguishedby——Archenholtzwilltellyou，withmelodiousemphasis，whatadistinguished，greatandthrice—greatestWaritwas。TherehavesincebeenotherfarbiggerWars，——ifsizewereameasureofgreatness；whichitbynomeansis！IbelievetherewasexcellentHeroismshowninthisWar，bypersonsIcouldname；byoneperson，Heroismreallytobecalledsuperior，or，initskind，almostoftherankofsupreme；——andthatinregardtotheMilitaryArtsandVirtues，ithasasyet，forfacultyandforperformance，hadnorival；norislikelysoontohave。ThePrussians，asweoncementioned，stilluseitastheirschool—modelinthoserespects。Andwe——Oreaders，donotatleastyouandIthankGodtohavenowdonewithit！——
OfthePeace—TreatiesatHubertsburg，Parisandotherplaces，itisnotnecessarythatwesayalmostanything。TheyaretobefoundininnumerableBooks，drearytothemind；andofthe158Articlestobecountedthere，notonecouldbeinterestingatpresent。
ThesubstanceofthewholeliesnowinThreePoints，notmentionedorcontemplatedatallinthoseDocuments，thoughrepeatedlyalludedtoandintimatedbyushere。
Theissue，asbetweenAustriaandPrussia，strivestobe，inallpoints，simplyAS—YOU—WERE；and，inalloutwardortangiblepoints，strictlyisso。AftersuchatornadoofstrifeasthecivilizedworldhadnotwitnessedsincetheThirty—YearsWar。
TornadospringingdoubtlessfromtheregionscalledInfernal；
anddarkeningtheupperworldfromsouthtonorth，andfromeasttowestforSevenYearslong；——issuingingeneralAS—YOU—WERE！
Yestruly，thetornadowasInfernal；butHeaventoohadsilentlyitspurposesinit。Noristhemereexpenditureofmen’sdiabolicrages，inmutualclashasofoppositeelectricities，withreductiontoequipoise，andrestorationofzeroandreposeagainaftersevenyears，theoneortheprincipalresultarrivedat。
Inarticulately，littledreamtofatthetimebyanyby—stander，theresults，onsurveyfromthisdistance，arevisibleasThreefold。
Letusnamethemoneothertime:——
1。ThereisnotakingofSilesiafromthisman；noclippingofhimdowntotheorthodoxoldlimits；heandhisCountryhavepalpablyoutgrownthese。AustriagivesuptheProblem:"WehavelostSilesia！"Yes；and，whatyouhardlyyetknow，——andwhat，I
perceive，Friedrichhimselfstilllessknows，——TeutschlandhasfoundPrussia。Prussia，itseems，cannotbeconqueredbythewholeworldtryingtodoit；PrussiahasgonethroughitsFire—Baptism，tothesatisfactionofgodsandmen；andisaNationhenceforth。
InandofpoordislocatedTeutschland，thereisoneoftheGreatPowersoftheWorldhenceforth；anactualNation。AndaNationnotgroundingitselfonextinctTraditions，Wiggeries，Papistries，ImmaculateConceptions；no，butonlivingFacts，——FactsofArithmetic，Geometry，Gravitation，MartinLuther’sReformation，andwhatitreallycanbelievein:——totheinfiniteadvantageofsaidNationandofpoorTeutschlandhenceforth。TobeaNation；andtobelieveasyouareconvinced，insteadofpretendingtobelieveasyouarebribedorbulliedbythedevilsaboutyou；whatanadvantagetopartiesconcerned！IfPrussiafollowitsstar——Asitreallytriestodo，inspiteofstumbling！ForthesakeofGermany，onehopesalwaysPrussiawill；andthatitmaygetthroughitsvariousChild—Diseases，withoutdeath:thoughithashadsadplungesandcrises，——andisperhapsjustnowinoneofitsworstInfluenzas，theParliamentary—EloquenceorBallot—BoxInfluenza！
OneofthemostdangerousDiseasesofNationalAdolescence；
extremelyprevalentovertheworldatthistime，——indeedunavoidable，forreasonsobviousenough。"SICITURADASTRA；"
allNationscertainthatthewaytoHeavenisByvoting，byeloquentlywaggingthetongue"withinthosewalls"！Diseases，realorimaginary，awaitNationslikeindividuals；audarenottoberesisted，butmustbesubmittedto，andgotthroughthebestyoucan。Measlesandmumps；youcannotpreventtheminNationseither。
Nayfashionseven；fashionofCrinoline，forinstance（howinfinitelymore，thatofBallot—BoxandFourth—Estate！），——areyouabletopreventeventhat？Youhavetobepatientunderit，andkeephoping！
2。InregardtoEngland。HerJENKINS’S—EARCONTROVERSYisatlastsettled。NotonlylibertyoftheSeas，but，ifshewerenotwiser，dominionofthem；guardianshipoflibertyforallotherswhatsoever:DominionoftheSeasforthatwiseobject。AmericaistobeEnglish，notFrench；whataresultisthat，weretherenoother！ReallyaconsiderableFactintheHistoryoftheWorld。
FactprincipallyduetoPitt，asIbelieve，accordingtomybestconjecture，andcomparisonofprobabilitiesandcircumstances。
Forwhich，afterall，isnoteverybodythankful，lessormore？
OmyEnglishbrothers，OmyYankeehalf—brothers，howobliviousareweofthosethathavedoneusbenefit！——
ThesearetheresultsforEngland。Andintherearofthese，hadtheseandtheotherelementsonceripenedforher，thepoorCountryistogetintosuchmerchandisings，colonizings，foreign—settlings，gold—nuggetings，aslaybeyondthedrunkenestdreamsofJenkins（supposingJenkinsaddictedtoliquor）；——and，infact，toenteronauniversaluproarofMachineries，Eldorados，"UnexampledProsperities，"whichmakeagreatnoiseforthemselvesintheverydaysnowcome。Prosperitiesevidentlynotofasublimetype:
which，inthemeanwhile，seemtobecoveringtheatonetimecreditablycleanandcomelyfaceofEnglandwithmud—blotches，soot—blotches，miscellaneoussqualorsandhorrors；tobepreachingintoheramazedheart，whichonceknewbetter，theomnipotenceofSHODDY；fillingherearsandsoulwithshriekeryandmetallicclangor，madnoises，madhurriesmostlyno—whither；——andareawakening，Isuppose，insuchofhersonsasstillgointoreflectionatall，adeeperandmoreominoussetofQuestionsthanhaveeverriseninEngland’sHistorybefore。Asintheforegoingcase，wehavetobepatientandkeephoping。
3。InregardtoFrance。Itappears，nobleoldTeutschland，withsuchpietiesandunconquerablesilentvalors，suchopulenceshumananddivine，amiditswreckofnewandoldconfusions，isnottobecutinFour，andmadetodancetothepipingofVersaillesoranother。Farthecontrary！ToVersaillesitselftherehasgoneforth，Versaillesmayreaditornot，thewritingonthewall:
"Thouartweighedinthebalance，andfoundwanting"（atlasteven"FOUNDwanting"）！France，beaten，stript，humiliated；
sinful，unrepentant，governedbymeresinnersand，atbest，cleverfools（FOUSPLEINSD’ESPRIT），——collapses，likeacreaturewhoselimbsfailit；sinksintobankruptquiescence，intonamelessfermentation，generallyintoDRY—ROT。Rotting，noneguesseswhitherward；——rottingtowardsthatthrice—extraordinarySpontaneous—Combustion，whichblazedoutin1789。Andhaskindled，overthewholeworld，graduallyorbyexplosion，thisunexpectedOutburstofallthechainedDevilries（amongotherchainedthings），thisroaringConflagrationoftheAnarchies；underwhichitisthelotofthesepoorgenerationstolive，——forIknownotwhatlengthofCenturiesyet。"GointoCombustion，myprettychild！"theDestinieshadsaidtothisBELLEFRANCE，whoisalwayssofondofshiningandoutshining:"Self—Combustion；——inthatway，won’tyoushine，asnoneofthemyetcould？"Shine；yes，truly，——tillyouaregottoCAPUTMORTUUM，myprettychild（unlessyougainnewwisdom！）
——Butnottowanderfarther:——
WEDNESDAY，MARCH16th，Friedrich，allSaxonthingsbeingnowsettled，——amongtherest，"eightSaxonSchoolmasters"tobeamodelinPrussia，——quittedLeipzig，withtheSeven—YearsWarsafeinhispocket，asitwere。DrovetoMoritzburg，todinnerwiththeamiableKurprinzandstillmoreamiableWife:"ItwastoyourHighnessthatweowethisTreaty！"Adinnerwhichreadersmayhearofagain。
AtMoritzburg；where，withtheLacys，therewasoncesuchrattlingandbattling。Afterwhich，rapidlyontoSilesia，andaneightdaysofadjustingandinspectingthere。
WEDNESDAY，MARCH30th，FriedricharrivesinFrankfurt—on—Oder，onthewayhomewardfromSilesia:"takesviewoftheFieldofKunersdorf"（reflectionstobefancied）；earlyintheafternoonspeedsforwardagain；atoneofthestages（placecalledTassdorf）
hasaDialogue，whichweshallhearof；andbetween8and9intheevening，notthroughthesolemnreceptionsandcrowdedstreets，drivestotheSchlossofBerlin。"GoesstraighttotheQueen’sApartment，"Queen，PrincessesandCourtallhometriumphantlysometimeago；supstherewiththeQueen’sMajestyandthesebrightcreatures，——beautifulsupper，haditconsistedonlyofcressesandsalt；and，behindit，soundsleeptousunderourownroof—treeoncemore。[Rodenbeck，ii。211，212；Preuss，ii。345，346；&c。&c。]
Nextday，"theKingmadegiftsto，"asitwere，toeverybody；
"totheQueenabout5，000pounds，tothePrincessAmelia1，000
pounds，"andsoon；andsawtrueheartsallmerryroundhim，——
merrier，perhaps，thanhisownwas。
EndofV20
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV21
byThomasCarlyleBOOKXXI。
AFTERNOONANDEVENINGOFFRIEDRICH’SLIFE。
1763—1786。
ChapterI。
PREFATORY。
TheTwelveHercules—laborsofthisKinghaveendedhere；whatwasrequiredofhiminWorld—Historyisaccomplished。ThereremaintoFriedrichTwenty—threeYearsmoreofLife，whichtoPrussianHistoryareasfullofimportanceasever；butdonotessentiallyconcernEuropeanHistory，Europehavinggonetheroadwenowseeitin。OnthegrandWorld—TheatrethecurtainhasfallenforaNewAct；Friedrich’spart，likeeverybody’sforthepresent，isplayedout。Infact，thereis，duringtherestofhisReign，nothingofWorld—Historytobedweltonanywhere。America，ithasbeendecided，shallbeEnglish；PrussiabeaNation。TheFrench，asfinisoftheirattempttocutGermanyinFour，findthemselvessunkintotorpor，abeyanceanddry—rot；fermentingtowardstheyknownotwhat。TowardsSpontaneousCombustionintheyear1789，andforlongyearsonwards！
There，readers，thereisthenextmilestoneforyou，intheHistoryofMankind！ThatuniversalBurning—up，asinhell—fire，ofHumanShams。TheoathofTwenty—fiveMillionmen，whichhassincebecomethatofallmenwhatsoever，"Ratherthanlivelongerunderlies，wewilldie！"——thatistheNewActinWorld—History。NewAct，——or，wemaycallitNewPART；DramaofWorld—History，PartThird。IfPartSECONDwas1，800yearsago，thisIreckonwillbePartTHIRD。
Thisisthetrulycelestial—infernalEvent:thestrangestwehaveseenforathousandyears。Celestialinonepart；intheother，infernal。ForitiswithalthebreakingoutofuniversalmankindintoAnarchy，intothefaithandpracticeofNO—Government，——thatistosay（ifyouwillbecandid），intounappeasableRevoltagainstSham—GovernorsandSham—Teachers，——whichIdocharitablydefinetobeaSearch，mostunconscious，yetindeadlyearnest，fortrueGovernorsandTeachers。ThatistheonefactofWorld—Historyworthdwellingonatthisday；andFriedrichcannotbesaidtohavehadmuchhandfartherinthat。
NoristheprogressofaFrenchorEuropeanworld，allsilentlyripeningandrottingtowardssuchissue，athingonewishestodwellon。OnlywhentheSpontaneousCombustionbreaksout；
and，many—colored，withloudnoises，envelopsthewholeworldinanarchicflameforlonghundredsofyears:thenhastheEventcome；
thereisthethingforallmentomark，andtostudyandscrutinizeasthestrangestthingtheyeversaw。Centuriesofityetlyingaheadofus；severalsadCenturies，sordidlytumultuous，andgoodforlittle！SayTwoCenturiesyet，——sayevenTenofsuchaprocess:
beforetheOldiscompletelyburntout，andtheNewinanystateofsightliness？MillenniumofAnarchies；——abridgeit，spendyourheart’s—blooduponabridgingit，yeHeroicWisethataretocome！
ForitistheconsummationofAlltheAnarchiesthatareandwere；
——whichIdotrustalwaysmeansthedeath（temporarydeath）ofthem！DeathoftheAnarchies:oraworldoncemorebuiltwhollyonFactbetterorworse；andthelyingjargoningprofessorofSham—
Fact，whosenameisLegion，whoasyet（oftenestlittleconsciousofhimself）goestumultingandswarmingfromshoretoshore，becomeaspeciesextinct，andwellknowntobegonedowntoTophet！——
TherewerebitsofAnarchiesbefore，littleandgreater:buttillthatofFrancein1789，therewasnonelongmemorable；allwerepygmiesincomparison，andnotworthmentioningseparately。
In1772theAnarchyofPoland，whichhadbeenaconsiderableAnarchyforaboutthreehundredyears，gotitselfextinguished，——
whatwemaycallextinguished；——decisivesurgerybeingthenfirstexerciseduponit:anAnarchyputinthesurewayofextinction。
In1775，again，therebegan，overseas，anotherAnarchymuchmoreconsiderable，——littledreamingthatITcouldbecalledanAnarchy；
onthecontrary，callingitselfLiberty，RightsofMan；andsingingboundlessIo—Paeanstoitself，asiscommoninsuchcases；
anAnarchywhichhasbeenchallengingtheUniversetoshowthelikeeversince。Andwhichhas，atlast，flamedupasanindependentPhenomenon，unexampledinthehideouslySUICIDALway；——anddoesneedmuchtogetburntout，thatmattersmaybeginanewontruerconditions。ButneitherthePARTITIONOFPOLANDnortheAMERICAN
WAROFINDEPENDENCEhavemuchgeneralimportance，or，exceptasprecursorsof1789，areworthdwellingoninHistory。Fromushere，sofarasFriedrichisconcernedwiththem，theymaydeservesometransientmention，moreorless:butWorld—History，eagertobeatthegeneralFuneral—pileandultimateBurning—upofShamsinthispoorWorld，willhavelessandlesstosayofsmalltragediesandpremonitorysymptoms。
CurioushowthebusyandcontinuallywatchfulandspeculatingFriedrich，busiedabouthisdangersfromAustrianencroachments，fromRussian—TurkWars，BavarianSuccessions，andothertroublesandanarchiescloseby，sawnothingtodreadinFrance；nothingtoremarkthere，exceptcarelessly，fromtimetotime，itsbeggarlydecayingcondition，sostrangelysunkinarts，inarms，infinance；
oftenestanobjectofpitytohim，forhestillhasaloveforFrance；——andreadsnottheleastsignofthatimmeasurable，all—
engulfingFRENCHREVOLUTIONwhichwasinthewind！NeitherVoltairenorhehavetheleastanticipationofsuchathing。Voltaireandhesee，totheircontentment，Superstitionvisiblydeclining:
FriedrichratherdisapprovestheheatofVoltaire’sproceduresontheINFAME。"Whybeinsuchheat？Othernonsense，quiteequaltoit，willbealmostsuretofollow。Takecareofyourownskin！"
Voltaireandhearedeeplyalive，especiallyVoltaireis，tothehorrorsandmiserieswhichhaveissuedonmankindfromaFanaticPopishSuperstition，orCreedofIncredibilities，——which（exceptfromthethroatoutwards，fromthebewilderedtongueoutwards）theorthodoxthemselvescannotbelieve，butonlypretendandstruggletobelieve。ThisVoltairecalls"THEINFAMOUS；"andthis——whatnamecananyofusgiveit？Themanwhobelievesinfalsitiesisverymiserable。Themanwhocannotbelievethem，butonlystrugglesandpretendstobelieve；andyet，beingarmedwiththepowerofthesword，industriouslykeepsmenacingandslashingallround，tocompeleveryneighbortodolikehim:whatistobedonewithsuchaman？HumanNaturecallshimaSocialNuisance；needingtobehandcuffed，gaggedandabated。HumanNature，ifitbeinaterrifiedandimperilledstate，withtheswordofthisfellowswashingroundit，callshim"Infamous，"andaMonsterofChaos。
HeisindeedtheselectMonsterofthatregion；thePatriarchofalltheMonsters，littleashedreamsofbeingsuch。AnAngelofHeaventhepoorcaitiffdreamshimselfrather，andincheerymomentsisconsciousofbeing:——Bedlamholdsinitnomadderarticle。AndIoftenthinkhewillagainneedtobetiedup（feebleashenowisincomparison，disinclinedthoughmenaretomanaclingandtying）；somanyhelplessinfirmsoulsarewanderingabout，notknowingtheirrighthandfromtheirleft，whofallapreytohim。
"L’INFAME"Ialsonamehim，——knowingwellenoughhowlittlehe，inhispoormuddled，druggedandstupefiedmind，isconsciousofdeservingthatname。MoresignalenemytoGod，andfriendoftheOtherParty，walksnottheEarthinourday。
AnarchyintheshapeofreligiousslaverywaswhatVoltaireandFriedrichsawallroundthem。AnarchyintheshapeofRevoltagainstAuthoritieswaswhatFriedrichandVoltairehadneverdreamedofaspossible，andhadnotintheirmindstheleastideaof。Inone，orperhapstwoplacesyoumayfindinVoltaireagrimandrathergladforethought，notgivenoutasprophecy，butfeltasinteriorassuranceinamomentofhope，HowthesePriestlyShamHierarchieswillbepulledtopieces，probablyonthesudden，oncepeopleareawaketothem。Yes，mymuch—sufferingM。deVoltaire，bepulledtopieces；orgoaloft，liketheawakeningofVesuvius，oneday，——Vesuviusawakeningaftertencenturiesofslumber，whenhiscraterisallgrowngrassy，bushy，copiously"tenantedbywolves"I
amtold；which，afterpremonitorygrumblings，heededbynowolforbush，hewillhurlbodilyaloft，tenacresatatime，inaverytremendousmanner！[FirstmodernEruptionofVesuvius，A。D。1631，afterlongintervalofrest。]Athoughtlikethis，aboutthePriestlySham—Hierarchies，IhavefoundsomewhereinVoltaire:
butoftheSocialandCivicSham—Hierarchies（whicharelikewiseaccursed，iftheyknewit，andindeedarejuniorco—partnersofthePriestly；and，inasense，sonsandproductsofthem，andcannotescapebeingpartakersoftheirplagues），thereisnohint，inVoltaire，thoughVoltairestoodatlastonlyfifteenyearsfromtheFact（1778—1793）；norinFriedrich，thoughhelivedalmosttoseetheFactbeginning。
Friedrich’sHistorybeinghenceforththatofaPrussianKing，isinterestingtoPrussiachiefly，andtouslittleotherwisethanastheBiographyofadistinguishedfellow—man，Friedrich’sBiography，hisPhysiognomyashegrowsold，quietlyonhisownharvest—field，amonghisownPeople:thishasstillaninterest，andforanyfeatureofthisweshallbeeagerenough；butthiswithalisthemostofwhatwenowwant。Andnotverymuchevenofthis；
FriedrichtheuniqueKingnothavingasamananysuchdepthandsingularity，tragic，humorous，devotionallypious，orother，astoauthorizemuchpaintinginthataspect。Extremebrevitybeseemsusinthesecircumstances:andindeedthereare，——ashasalreadyhappenedindifferentpartsofthisEnterprise（Natureherself，inhersilentway，beingalwayssomethingofanArtistinsuchthings），——othercircumstances，whichleaveusnochoiceastothatofdetail。Availabledetails，ifwewishedtogivethem，ofFriedrich’slaterLife，arenotforthcoming:massesofinconditemarine—stores，tumbledoutonyou，dryrubbishshotwithuncommondiligenceforahundredyears，till，forRubbish—PelionpiledonRubbish—Ossa，youlosesightofthestarsandazimuths；
wholemountaincontinents，seeminglyallofcindersandsweepings（thoughfragmentsandremnantsdoliehidden，couldyoufindthemagain）:———thesearenotdetailsthatwillbeavailable！
Anecdotesthereareinquantity；butofuncertainquality；
ofdoubtfulauthenticity，aboveall。OnerecollectshardlyanyAnecdotewhateverthatseemscompletelycredible，orrenderstousthePhysiognomyofFriedrichinaconvincingmanner。SoremissacreaturehasthePrussianCliobeen，——employedonallkindsoflooseerrandsovertheEarthandtheAir；andasgoodasaltogethernegligentofthismostpressingerrandinherownHouse。Peacebewithher，poorslut；whyshouldwesayoneotherhardwordontakingleaveofhertoalleternity！——
ThePracticalfactis，whatwehavehenceforthtoproduceismoreofthenatureofalooseAppendixofPapers，thanofafinishedNarrative。LoosePapers，——which，wewillhope，thereadercan，byindustry，bemadetounderstandandtolerate:morewecannotdoforhim。NocontinuousNarrativeishenceforthpossibletous。ForthesakeofFriedrich’sclosingEpoch，wewillvisit，forthelasttime，thatdrearyimbrogliounderwhichthememoryofFriedrich，whichoughttohavebeen，inalltheepochsofit，brightandlegible，liesburied；andwilltrytogather，asheretofore，andputunderlabels。Whatdwellswithoneselfashumanmayhavesomechancetobehumanlyinteresting。Inthewildestchaosofmarine—
storesandeditorialshortcomings（providedonlytheeditorsspeaktruth，asthesepoorfellowsdo）THIScanbedone。Partthelivingfromthedead；pickoutwhathassomemeaning，leavecarefullywhathasnone；youwillinsomesmallmeasurepluckupthememoryofahero，likedrownedhonorbythelocks，andrescueit，intovisibility。
ThatFriedrich，onreachinghome，madehastetogetout，ofthebustleofjoyancesandexclamationsonthestreets；proceededstraighttohismusic—chapelinCharlottenburg，summoningtheArtists，orhavingthemalreadysummoned；andhadthere，allalone，sittinginvisiblewraptinhiscloak，Graun’sorsomebody’sgrandTE—DEUMpealedouttohim，inseasofmelody，——soothingandsalutarytothealteredsoul，revolvingmanythings，——isapopularmyth，ofprettyandappropriatecharacter；butamythonly，withnorealfoundation，thoughithassomelooseandapparent。
[InPREUSS，ii。46，allthedetailsofit。]Nodoubt，FriedrichhadhisownthoughtsonenteringBerlinagain，aftersuchavoyagethroughthedeeps；himself，hisCountrystillhere，thoughsolitaryandinaworldofwildshipwrecks。Hewasnotwithoutpiety；butitdidnottakethedevotionalform，andhishabitshadnothingoftheclerical。
Whatisperfectlyknown，andmuchbetterworthknowing，istheinstantaneouspracticalalacritywithwhichhesetaboutrepairingthatimmensemiscellanyofruin；andthesurprisingsuccesshehadindealingwithit。Hismethods，hisrapidinventionsandprocedures，inthismatter，arestillmemorabletoPrussia；
andperhapsmightwithadvantagebebetterknownthantheyareinsomeotherCountries。Tous，whatisallwecandowiththemhere，theywillindicatethatthisisstilltheoldFriedrich，withhisoldactivitiesandpromptitudes；whichindeedcontinueunabated，livelyinPeaceasinWar，totheendofhislifeandreign。
ThespeedwithwhichPrussiarecoveredwasextraordinary。
Withinlittlemorethanayear（June1st，1764），theCoinwasallinorderagain；in1765，theKinghadrebuilt，nottomentionotherthings，"inSilesia8，000Houses，inPommern6，500。"[Rodenbeck，ii。234，261。]PrussiahasbeenameritoriousNation；and，howevercutandruined，isandwasinahealthystate，capableofrecoveringsoon。Prussiahasdefendeditselfagainstoverwhelmingodds，——bravePrussia；buttherealsoulofitsmeritwasthatofhavingmeritedsuchaKingtocommandit。WithoutthisKing，allitsvalors，disciplines，resourcesofwar，wouldhaveavailedPrussialittle。NowonderPrussiahasstillaloyaltytoitsgreatFriedrich，toitsHohenzollernSovereignsgenerally。WithouttheseHohenzollerns，Prussiahadbeen，whatwelongagosawit，theunluckiestofGermanProvinces；andcouldneverhavehadthepretensiontoexistasaNationatall。WithoutthisparticularHohenzollern，ithadbeentrampledoutagain，afterapparentlysucceeding。TohaveachievedaFriedrichtheSecondforKingoverit，wasPrussia’sgrandmerit。
Anaccidentalmerit，thinksthereader？No，reader，youmaybelieveme，itisbynomeansaltogethersuch。Nay，Iratherthink，couldwelookintotheAccount—BooksoftheRecordingAngelforacourseofcenturies，nopartofitissuch！ThereareNationsinwhichaFriedrichis，orcanbe，possible；andagainthereareNationsinwhichheisnotandcannot。TobepracticallyreverentofHumanWorthtothedueextent，andabhorrentofHumanWantofWorthinthelikeproportion，doyouunderstandthatartatall？Ifear，not，——orthatyouaremuchforgettingitagain！HumanMerit，doyoureallyloveitenough，thinkyou；——humanScoundrelism（broughttothedockforyou，andbrandedasscoundrel），doyouevenabhoritenough？Withoutthatreverenceanditscorrespondingopposite—poleofabhorrence，thereissimplynopossibilityleft。That，myfriend，istheoutcomeandsummaryofallvirtuesinthisworld，foramanorforaNationofmen。ItisthesupremestrengthandgloryofaNation；——withoutwhich，indeed，allotherstrengths，andenormitiesofbullionandarsenalsandwarehouses，arenostrength。
None，Ishouldsay；——andareoftenesteventheREVERSE。
Nationswhohavelostthisquality，orwhoneverhadit，whatFriedrichcantheyhopetobepossibleamongthem？AgeafteragetheygrinddowntheirFriedrichscontentedlyunderthehoofsofcattleontheirhighways；andevenfinditanexcellentpractice，andpridethemselvesonLibertyandEquality。Mostcertainitis，therewillnoFriedrichcometorulethere；byandby，therewillnonebebornthere。SuchNationscannothaveaKingtocommandthem；canonlyhavethisortheotherscandalousswindlingCopperCaptain，constitutionalGiltMountebank，orotherthelikeunsalutaryentitybywayofKing；andthesinsofthefathersarevisiteduponthechildreninafrightfulandtragicalmanner，littlenoticedinthePennyNewspapersandPeriodicalLiteraturesofthisgeneration。Oh，myfriends——！ButthereisplainBusinesswaitingusathand。
ChapterII。
REPAIRINGOFARUINEDPRUSSIA。
ThatofFriedrich’ssittingwraptinacloudofreflectionsOlympian—Abysmal，inthemusic—chapelatCharlottenburg，whilehehadtheAmbrosianSongexecutedforhimthere，asthepreliminarystep，wasaloosemyth；butthefactlyingunderitisabundantlycertain。FewSonsofAdamhadmorereasonforapiouslythankfulfeelingtowardsthePast，apiouslyvalianttowardstheFuture。
Whatkingormanhadseenhimselfdeliveredfromsuchstranglingimbrogliosofdestruction，suchdevouringragesofahostileworld？
Andtheruinworkedbythemlaymonstrousandappallingallround。
FriedrichisnowFifty—onegone；unusuallyoldforhisage；
feelshimselfanoldman，brokenwithyearsandtoils；andherelieshisKingdominhaggardslashedcondition，worntoskinandbone:HowistheKing，resourceless，toremedyit？Thatisnowtheseeminglyimpossibleproblem。"Beginit，——therebyalonewilliteverceasetobeimpossible！"Friedrichbegins，wemaysay，onthefirstmorrowmorning。Laborsathisproblem，ashedidinthemarchtoLeuthen；findsittobecomemorepossible，dayafterday，monthaftermonth，thefartherhestriveswithit。
"WhynotleaveittoNature？"thinkmany，withtheDismalScienceattheirelbow。Well；thatwastheeasiestplan，butitwasnotFriedrich’s。Hisremainingmoneys，25millionthalersreadyforaCampaignwhichhasnotcome，hedistributestothemostnecessitous:"allhisartillery—horses"arepartedintoplough—
teams，andgiventothosewhocanotherwisegetnone:thinkwhatafinefigureofryeandbarley，insteadofmerewindlestraws，beggaryanddesolation，wasrealizedbythatactalone。Natureisreadytodomuch；willofherselfcover，withsomeveilofgrassandlichen，thenakednessofruin:buthervictoriousact，whenshecanaccomplishit，isthatofgettingYOUtogowithherhandsomely，andchangedisasteritselfintonewwealth。Intonewwisdomandvalor，whicharewealthinallkinds；Californiamerezerotothem，zero，orevenafrightfulMINUSquantity！
Friedrich’sproceduresinthismatterIbelievetobelittlelessdidacticthanthoseother，whicharesocelebratedinWar:butnoDryasdust，notevenaDryasdustoftheDismalScience，hasgoneintothem，renderedmenfamiliarwiththemintheirdetailsandresults。HisSilesianLand—Bank（joint—stockMoneys，lentonsecurityofLand）wasofitself，hadIroomtoexplainit，animmensefurtherance。[Preuss，iii。75；OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。84。]Friedrich，manytellus，wasasgreatinPeaceasinWar:andtruly，intheeconomicandmaterialprovinces，myownimpression，gatheredpainfullyindarkness，andcontradictionoftheDismal—ScienceDoctors，ismuchtothateffect。Afirst—rateHusbandman（ashisFatherhadbeen）；whonotonlydefendedhisNation，butmadeitrichbeyondwhatseemedpossible；anddiligentlysowedannualsintoit，andperennialswhichflourishaloftatthisday。
Mirabeau’sMonarchiePrussienne，in8thickVolumes8vo，——composed，orhastilycobbledtogether，someTwentyyearsafterthisperiod，——containsthebesttabularviewoneanywheregetsofFriedrich’seconomics，militaryandotherpracticalmethodsandresources:——solidexactTablestheseare，andintelligentintelligibledescriptions，donebyMauvillonFILS，thesamepunctualMajorMauvillonwhousedtoattendusinDukeFerdinand’sWar；——andsofarasMirabeauisconcerned，theWorkconsistsfartherofacertainsmallEssaydoneinbigtype，shovedintothebellyofeachVolume，andeloquentlyrecommending，withrespectfulcensuresandregretsoverFriedrich，theGospelofFreeTrade，deartoPapaMirabeau。TheSonishimselfaconvert；farabovelying，eventopleasePapa:butonecansee，thethoughtofPapagiveshimnewfireofexpression。Theyareeloquent，ruggedlystrongEssays，thoseofMirabeauJunioruponFreeTrade:
——theycontain，incondensedshape，everythingwewereprivilegedtohear，seventyyearslater，fromallorgans，coach—horns，jews—
harpsandscrannel—pipes，PROandCONTRA，onthesamesublimesubject:"Godisgreat，andPlugsonofUndershotishisProphet。
ThussaiththeLord，Buyinthecheapestmarket，sellinthedearest！"Towhichtheafflictedhumanmindlistenswhatitcan；——
andafterseventyyears，mournfullyasksitselfandMirabeau，"M。leComte，wouldtherehavebeeninPrussia，forexample，anyTradeatall，anyNationatall，haditalwaysbeenleft’Free’？
Therewouldhavebeenmeresandandquagmire，andacommunityofwolvesandbisons，M。leComte。HavethegoodnesstoterminatethatLitany，andtakeupanother！"
Wesaid，Friedrichbeganhisproblemonthefirstmorrowmorning；
andthatisliterallytrue，thatorevenMORE。HereishowFriedrichtakeshisstandamidthewreck，speedyenoughtobegin:
thisviewofouroldfriendNusslerandhimisoneofthePieceswecangive，——thankstoHerrBuschingandhisBeitrageforthelasttime！NusslerisnowsomethingofaCountryGentleman，sotospeak；hasapleasantplaceouttoeastofBerlin；
isLANDRATH（CountyChairman）there，"LandrathofNether—BarnimCircle；"whereweheardoftheCossacksspoilinghim:he，aswhonot，hassuffereddreadfullyinthesetumults。HereisBusching’swelcomeAccount。
LANDRATHNUSSLERANDTHEKING（30thMarch—3dApril，1763）。
"MARCH30th，1763，Friedrich，onhisreturntoBerlin，camebytherouteofTassdorf，"——Tassdorf，inNether—BarnimCircle（40oddmilesfromFrankfurt，andabove15fromBerlin）；——"andchangedhorsesthere。Duringthislittlepause，amongacrowdassembledtoseehim，hewasaddressedbyNussler，LandrathoftheCircle，whohadaverypiteousstorytotell。NusslerwishedtheKingjoyofhisnoblevictories，andofthegloriousPeaceatlastachieved:
’MayyourMajestyreigninhealthandhappinessoverusmanyyears，totheblessingofusall！’——andrecommendedtohisgraciouscaretheextremelyruined，and，especiallybytheRussians，uncommonlydevastatedCircle，forwhich，"continuesBusching"thisindustriousLandrathhadnothithertobeenabletoextractanyeffectivehelp。"
GenerallyfortheProvinceswastedbytheRussianstherehadalreadysomepoor300，000thalers（45，000pounds）beenallowedbyahelpfulMajesty，notover—richhimselfatthemoment；andofthis，Nether—Barnimnodoubtgetsitsshare:butwhatisthistosuchruinasthereis？Amerepreliminarydrop，insteadofthebucketandbucketsweneed！——Busching，adull，thoughsolidaccuratekindofman，heavy—footed，andyetalwaysinahurry，alwaysslipshod，hasnothingofdramatichere；farfromit；butthefactsthemselvesfallnaturallyintothatform，——inThreeScenes:——
I。TASSDORF（stilltwohoursfromBerlin），KING，NUSSLERANDA
CROWDOFPEOPLE，NusslerALONEDARINGTOSPEAK。
KING（fromhisCarriage，ostlersmakingdespatch）。"WhatisyourCirclemostshortof？"
LANDRATHNUSSLER。"Ofhorsesforploughingtheseedfieldsofryetosowthem，andofbreadtillthecropscome。"
KING。"Ryeforbread，andtosowwith，Iwillgive；withhorsesI
cannotassist。"
NUSSLER。"OnrepresentationofPrivy—CouncillorvanBrenkenhof[theMinisterconcernedwithsuchthings]，yourMajestyhasbeenpleasedtogivetheNeumarkandPommernanallowanceofArtilleryandCommissariatHorses:butpoorNether—Barnim，nobodywillspeakforit；andunlessyourMajesty’sgraciousselfpleasetotakepityonit，Nether—Barnimislost！"（Agreatmanythingsmorehesaid，inpresenceofalargecrowdofmenwhohadgatheredroundtheKing’sCarriageasthehorseswerebeingchanged；andspokewithsuchforceandfranknessthattheKingwassurprised，andasked:）——
KING。"Whoareyou？"（hasforgottenthelong—serviceableman！）
NUSSLER。"IamtheNusslerwhowasluckyenoughtomanagetheFixingoftheSilesianBoundariesforyourMajesty！"
KING。"JA，JA，nowIknowyouagain！BringmealltheLandrathsoftheKurmark[MarkofBrandenburgProper，ELECTORALMark]inabody；
Iwillspeakwiththem。"
NUSSLER。"AllofthembuttwoareinBerlinalready。"
KING。"SendoffestafettesforthosetwotocomeatoncetoBerlin；
andonThursday，"dayafterto—morrow，"comeyourself，withalltheothers，totheSchlosstome:Iwillthenhavesomecloserconversation，andsaywhatIcanandwilldoforhelpingofthecountry，"（King’sCarriagerollsaway，withlowbowsandblessingsfromNusslerandeverybody）。
II。THURSDAY，APRIL1st，NUSSLERANDASSEMBLEDLANDRATHSATTHE
SCHLOSSOFBERLIN。Tothem，enterKING……
NUSSLER（whomtheyhaveappointedspokesman）……"YourMajestyhasgivenusPeace；youwillalsogiveusWell—beingintheLandagain:
weleaveittoHighest—the—Same’sgraciousjudgment[nolimittoHighest—the—Same’sPOWER，itwouldseem]whatyouwillvouchsafetousasindemnificationfortheRussianplunderings。"
KING。"Beyouquiet；letmespeak。Haveyougotapencil（HATER
CRAYON）？Yes！Wellthen，write，andtheseGentlemenshalldictatetoyou:——
"’Howmuchryeforbread；Howmuchforseed；HowmanyHorses，Oxen，Cows，theirCirclesdoinanentirelypressingwayrequire？’
"Considerallthattothebottom；andcometomeagainthedayafterto—morrow。Butseethatyoufixeverythingwiththeutmostexactitude，forIcannotgivemuch。"（EXITKing。）
NUSSLER（totheLandraths）。"MEINEHERREN，havethegoodnesstoaccompanymetoourLandschaftHouse[wehaveakindofCountyHall，itseems]；therewewillconsidereverything。"
AndNussler，guidingthedeliberations，whicharegladtofollowhimoneverypoint，andwritingasPRO—TEMPORESecretary，hasallthingsbroughttoluminousProtocolinthecourseofthisdayandnext。
III。SATURDAY，APRIL3d，INTHESCHLOSSAGAIN:NUSSLERAND
LANDRATHS。Tothem，theKING。
Nussler。"WedelivertoyourMajestythewrittenSpecificationyouweregraciouslypleasedtocommandofus。ItcontainsonlytheindispensablestthingsthattheCirclesareinneedof。
Moreover，itregardsonlytheSTANDE[richerNobility]，whopaycontribution；theGentry[ADEL]，andotherpoorpeople，whohavebeenutterlyplunderedoutbytheRussians，arenotincludedinit:——theGentrytoohavesufferedverymuchbytheWarandthePlundering。"
KING。"WhatEDELLEUTEthataremembersofSTANDEhaveyou[ER]gotinyourCircle？"
NUSSLER（namesthem；and，asfinisofthelist，adds）:……
"Imyself，too，yourMajesty，Ihavesufferedmorethananybody:
Iabsolutelycouldnotfurnishthose4，000bushelsofmealorderedofmebytheRussians；uponwhichthey——"
KING。"Icannotgivetoall:butifyouhavepoorNoblesinyourCircle，whocaninnowayhelpthemselves，Iwillgivethemsomething。"
NUSSLER（hasnotanyinNether—Barnimwhoarealtogetherinthatextremepredicament；butknowsseveralinLebusCircle，namesthemtotheKing；——andturningtotheLandrathofLebus，andtoanotherwhoismute）:"Herr，youcannamesomemoreinLebus；andyou，inTeltowCircle，HerrLandrath，sincehisMajestypermits。"……Inaword，theKinghavinginformedhimselfanddeclaredhisintention，NusslerleadstheLandrathstotheiroldCountyHall，andbringstoProtocolwhathadtakenplace。
Nextday，theKammerPresident（ExchequerPresident），VanderGroben，hadNussler，withotherLandraths，todinner。
Duringdinner，therecamefromHeadSecretaryEichel（Majesty’sunweariedClerkofthePELLS，Sheepskins，orPAPERS）anearnestrequesttoVonderGrobenforhelp，——Eichelnotbeingabletoremember，withtherequisiteprecision，everythinghisMajestyhadbidhimputdownonthismatter。"Youwillgo，HerrvonNussler；
besokind，won’tyou？"AndNusslerwent，andfullyilluminatedEichel……
TothepoorestoftheNobility，Buschingtellsus，whatisotherwisewellknown，theKinggaveconsiderablesums:tooneCircle12，000pounds，toanother9，000pounds，6，000pounds，andsoon。Byhelpofwhichbounties，andofNusslerlaboringincessantlywithallhisstrength，Nieder—BarnimCirclegotonitsfeetagain，nosubjecthavingbeenentirelyruined，butallprovingabletorecover。[Busching，Beitrage（oNussler），i。401—405。]
ThisBuschingFragmentisnotinthestyleoftheElderDramatists，orfortheBanksideTheatre；butthisrepresentsaFactwhichbefellinGod’sCreation，andmayhaveaninterestofitsowntothePracticalSoul，especiallyinanarchicCountries，faradvancedinthe"Gold—nuggetandNothingtoBuywithit"CareerofunexampledProsperities。
OnthesesameerrandstheKingissoongoingonanInspectionJourney，wherewemeantoaccompany。Butfirst，oneword，andonewillsuffice，onthedebasedCoin。ThePeacewasnosoonersigned，thanFriedrichproceededontheCoin。Thethirdweekafterhisarrivalhome，therecameoutasalutaryEdictonit，April21st；
Kingeagertodoitwithoutlossoftime，yetwiththedeliberationrequisite。Notatonebigleap，whichmightshake，todangerofoversetting，muchcommercialarrangement；butattwoleaps，withahalfwaystationintervening。Halfwaystation，withanewcoinageready，muchpurerofalloy（andmarkedHOWmuch，forthebenefitofpartieswithaccountstosettle），istocommenceonTRINITATIS
（Whitsunday）instant；fromandafterWhitsundaytheimprovednewcointobesolelegaltender，tillfarthernotice。Farthernoticecomesaccordingly，withinayear，March29th，1764:"Puremoneyofthestandardof1750[honestsilvercoinage:readersmayrememberLinsenbarth，theCANDIDATUSTHEOLOGIAE，andhissackofBatzen，confiscatedatthePaekhof]shallbereadyonthe1stofJuneinstant；"[Rodenbeck，ii。214，234。]——fromandafterwhichdaywehearnomoreofthatsadmatter。Finishedoffinaboutfourteenmonths。Here，meanwhile，istheInspectionJourney。
KRIEGSRATHRODENANDTHEKING（6th—13thJune，1763）。
JUNE2d，1763，FriedrichleftPotsdamforWestphalia；gotasfarasMagdeburgthatday。Intendsseeingintomatterswithhisowneyesinthatregion，asinothers，aftersolongandsadanabsence。
TherearewithhimFriedrichWilhelmPrinceofPrussia，atallyoungfellowofnineteen；General—AdjutantvonAnhalt；andoneortwoPrussianmilitarypeople。FromMagdeburgandonwardsthegreatDukeFerdinandaccompanies，——whoisnowagainGovernorofMagdeburg，andaquietPrussianOfficerasheretofore，thoughwithexcellentPensionsfromEngland，andgloryfromalltheworld。
TheRoyalPartygoesbyHalberstadt，whichsufferedgreatlyintheWar；thencebyMINDEN（June4th）；andthefirstthingnextday，FriedrichtakesviewoftheBATTLE—FIELDthere，——underFerdinand’sownguidance，doubtless；andaninterestingthingtobothFriedrichandhim，thoughleftsilenttous。Thisdone，theystartforLippstadt，arereceivedthereunderjoyousclangorousoutburstofallthebellsandallthehonors，thatsameafternoon；andtowardssunset，HammbeingtheNight—quarterahead，arecrossingVELLINGHAUSENBATTLE—GROUND，——wheredoubtlessFerdinandagain，likeadutifulapprentice，willexplainmatterstohisoldmaster，sofarasneedfulorpermissible。Theconversation，Isuppose，mayhavebeenlivelyandmiscellaneous:Ferdinandmentionsacleverbusiness—personofthenameofRoden，whomhehasknownintheseparts；"Roden？"theKingcarefullymakesnote；——and，infact，weshallseeRodenpresently；andhisbitofDIALOGUEwiththeKing（recordedbyhisownhand）isourchieferrandonthisJourney。
FromHamm，nextmorning（June6th），theygettoWeselby11A。M。
（onlysixtymiles）；Weselallingala，asLippstadtwas，orstillmorethanLippstadt；andforfourdaysfarther，theycontinuethereverybusy。AsRodenisourchieferrand，letusattendtoRoden。
WESEL，MONDAY，JUNE6th，"Dinnerbeingdone，"saysanauthenticThird—Party，[Rodenbeck，ii。217。]"theKinghadKammer—DirectorMeyensummonedtohimwithhisRegister—Books，SchedulesandReports[whattheycallETATS]；andwasbutindifferentlycontentedwithMeyenandthem。"Andinshort，"orderingMeyentoremodeltheseintoamoredistinctcondition，"——wemaynowintroducetheHerrKriegsrathRoden，asubaltern，inrank，butwhohasperhapsabetterheadthanMeyen，tojudgeoftheseETATS。Rodenhimselfshallnowreport。ThisistheRoyalDialoguewithRoden；
accuratelypreservedforusbyhim；——Iwishithadbeenbetterworththereader’strouble；butitsperfectcredibilityineverypointwillbesomerecommendationtoit。
"MONDAY，6thJUNE，1763，about11A。M。，hisMajestyarrivedinWesel，"saysRoden（confirmingtoustheauthenticThird—Party）；
"IwaitedonAdjutant—GeneralColonelvonAnhalttoannouncemyself；whoreferredmetoKriegsrathCoper["MEINSEGRETERKOPER"
isanamewehaveheardbefore]，whotoldmetobereadysosoonasDinnershouldbeover。Dinnerwasnosoonerover[2P。M。orso]，thantheHerrKammer—DirectorMeyenwithhisETATSwascalledin。
HisMajestywasnotcontentwiththese，HerrMeyenwastold；
andtheyweretoberemodelledintoamoredistinctcondition。
TheinstantHerrMeyensteptout，Iwascalledin。HisMajestywasstandingwithhisbacktothefire；andsaid:——
KING。"’Comenearer[Rodencomesnearer]。PrinceFerdinand[ofBrunswick，whomwegenerallycallDUKEandgreat，todistinguishhimfromalittlePrussianPrinceFerdinand]hastoldmemuchgoodofyou:wheredoyoucomefrom？’
RODEN。"’FromSoest’[venerable"stone—old"littleTown，inVellinghausenregion]。
KING。"’DidyougetmyLetter？’
RODEN。"’Yea，IHROMAJESTAT。’
KING。"’Iwillgiveyousomeemployment。Haveyougotapencil？’
RODEN。"’Yea’[andtookouthisNote—bookandtools，whichhehad"boughtinashopaquarterofanhourbefore"]。
KING。"’Listen。BytheWarmanyHouseshavegotruined:Imeanthattheyshallbeputinorderagain；forwhichend，——tothosethatcannotthemselveshelp，particularlytoSoest，Hamm，LunenandinpartWesel，asplacesthathavesufferedmost，——Iintendtogivethemoneys。NowyoumustmakemeanexactListofwhatistobedoneinthoseplaces。Thus[King，liftinghisfinger，letusfancy，dictates；Roden，withbrand—newpencilandtablets，writes:]
"’1。IneachofthoseTowns，howmanyruinedHousestherearewhichtheproprietorsthemselvescanmanagetorebuild。2。Howmanywhichtheproprietorscannot。3。Thevacantgroundsorsteadingsofsuchproprietorsasareperhapsdead，orgoneelse—whither，mustbegiventoothersthatarewillingtobuild:butinregardtothis，Lawalsomustdoitspart，andtheabsentandtheheirsmustbecitedtosay，Whethertheywillthemselvesbuild？andincasetheywon’t，thesteadingscanthenbegiventoothers。’"
Rodenhavingwritten，——
KING。"’Inthecourseofsixdaysyoumustbeready[whatanexpeditiousKing！IstobeatClevethesixthdayhence:Meetmethere，then]，——longerIcannotgiveyou。’
RODEN（consideringamoment）。"’IfyourMajestywillpermitmetouseESTAFETTES[expressmessengers]fortheTownsfarthestoff，——asIcannotmyself，withinthetime，traveloveralltheTowns，——I
hopetobeready。’
KING。"’ThatIpermit；andwillrepayyoutheESTAFETTEmoneys。——
Tellme，Howcomesthedecreaseofpopulationintheseparts？
RecruitsIgotnone。’
RODEN。"’UnderfavorofyourMajesty，RegimentSchenkendorfgot，everyyear，forrecompletion，whatrecruitswerewanted，fromitsCantonintheGrafschaftMarkhere。’
KING。"’Thereyoumayberight:butfromCleveCountrywehadnorecruits；notwe，thoughtheAustrianshad，[withaslightsarcasmoftone]。
RODEN。"’OutofCleve，sofarasIknow，therewerenorecruitsdeliveredtotheAustrians。’
KING。"’Youcouldnotknow；youwerewiththeAlliedArmy’[DukeFerdinand’s，commissariatingandthelike，whereDukeFerdinandrecognizedyoutohaveahead]。
RODEN。"’Therehavebeenmanyepidemicdiseasestoo；especiallyinSoest；——aftertheBattleofVellinghausenallthewoundedwerebroughtthither，andthehospitalswereestablishedthere。’
KING。"’EpidemicdiseasestheymighthavegotwithoutaBattle[dislikeshearingillofthesoldiertrade]。IwillhaveOrdersenttotheCleveKammer，Nottolayhindranceinyourway，butthecontrary。NowGodkeepyou（GOTTBEWAHREIHN）。’"——EXITRoden；——
"DARAUFRETIRIRTEMICH，"sayshe；——butwillreappearshortly。
Sunday，12thJune，isthesixthdayhence；laterthantheendofSundayisnotpermissibletoswiftRoden；nordoesheneedit。
Friday，10th，FriedrichleftWesel；crossedtheRhine，intendingforCleve；wentbyCREFELD，——atCrefeldhadviewofanotherBATTLE—
FIELD，undergoodciceroneship；remarksorcircumstancesotherwisenotgiven:——and，nextday，Saturday，11th，pickedupD’Alembert，who，byappointment，isproceedingtowardsPotsdam，atamoreleisurelyrate。ThatsameSaturday，aftermuchbusinessdone，theKingwasatKempen，thenceatGeldern；speedingforCleveitself，duetherethatnight。AtGeldern，wesay，hepickedupD’Alembert；
——concerningwhom，morebyandby。Andfinally，"onSaturdaynight，abouthalf—past8，theKingenteredCleve，"amidjoyancesextraordinary，hutdidnotalight；drovedirectthroughbytheNassauGate，andtookquarter"intheneighboringCountry—houseofBellevue，withtheDutchGeneralvonSpaenthere，"——anobligingacquaintanceonce，whileLIEUTENANTSpaen，inouroldCrown—Princetimesoftrouble！HadhisyearinSpandauforusthere，whilepoorKattelosthishead！Towhom，Ihaveheard，theKingtalkedcharminglyonthisoccasion，butwassilentastooldPotsdammatters。[Supra，vii。165。]——
Byhissetday，RodenisalsoinCleve，punctualman，finishedorjustfinishing；andreadyforsummonsbyhisMajesty。
Andaccordingly:——
"CLEVE，MONDAY，JUNE13th，At9inthemorning，"recordshe，"IhadaudienceoftheKing’sMajesty。[InSpaen’sVillaofBellevue，shallwestillsuppose？DukeFerdinand，PrinceofPrussiaandtherest，havebestowedthemselvesinotherfithouses；D’Alemberttoo，——whoistomakedirectforPotsdamhenceforth，byhisownroute；andwillmeetusonarriving。]——IhandedhimmyReport，withtheTabularSchedule。HisMajestyreaditcarefullythrough，inmypresence；andexaminedallofitwithstrictness。Waspleasedtosignifyhissatisfactionwithmywork。Resolvedtoallow250，000
thalers（37，500pounds）forthisbusinessofRebuilding；gaveoutthedueOrderstohisKammer，inconsequence，andcommandedmetoarrangewiththeKammerwhatwasnecessary。Thisdone，hisMajestysaid:——
KING。"’Whatyouweredescribedtome，Ifindyoutobe。Youareadiligentlaboriousman；Imusthaveyounearertome；——intheBerlinHammeryououghttobe。Youshallhaveagood，arightgoodSalary；yourPatentIwillgiveyougratis；alsoaVORSPANN—PASS
[StandingOrderavailableatallPrussianPost—Stations]fortwocarriages[rapidProgramofthething，thoughyetdistant，risingintheRoyalfancy！]。Nowserveonasfaithfullyasyouhavehithertodone。’
RODEN。"’Thatistheobjectofallmyendeavors。’"（EXIT:——Ididnothearspeciallywhitherwardjustnow；buthecomestobesupremeKammer—Presidentinthosepartsbyandby。）
"TheHerrKriegsrathCoperwaspresent，andnotedalltheOrderstoheexpedited。"[Preuss，ii。442；Rodenbeck，ii。217，218:inregardtoD’Alembert，seeOEuvresdeFrederic，
xxiv。190。]
Thesesnatchesofnoticeatfirst—hand，andwhatthereader’sfancymaymakeofthese，areallwecanbestowonthisSectionofFriedrich’sLabors；whichisnaturallymoreinterestingtoPrussianreadersthantoEnglish。Hehashimselfgivenlucidandeloquentaccountofit，——TwoampleChapters，"DESFINANCES；"
"DUMILITAIRE，"[OEuvresdeFrederic，vii。
73—90，91—109。]——altogetherpleasantreading，shouldtherestillbecuriosityuponit。ThereissomethingofflowinglyeloquentinFriedrich’saccountofthisBattlewagedagainsttheinanimateChaos；somethingofexultantandtriumphant，notnoticeableofhiminregardtohisotherVictories。OntheLeuthens，Rossbachs，heisalwayscoldaswater，andnobodycouldgatherthathehadtheleastpleasureinrecordingthem。Notsohere。Andindeedhereheisasbeautifulasanywhere；andthereader，asageneralsonofAdam，——
proudtoseehumanintellectandheroismslayingthatkindoflions，anddoingwhatincertainsadepochsisunanimouslyvotedtobeimpossibleandunattemptable，——exultsalongwithhim；
andperhapswhisperstohisownpoorheart，nearlychokedbytheimmeasurableimbroglioofBlue—booksandParliamentaryEloquenceswhichforthepresentencumberHeavenandEarth，"MELIORASPERO。"
ToMirabeau，thefollowingdetails，fromfirst—hand，butalreadyoftwenty—threeyearsdistance，werenotknown，[AppearedfirstinTomev。of"OEuvresPosthumesdeFredericII。"（areinTomevi。ofPreuss’sEditionofOEUVRES），"Berlin，1788；"——aboveayearafterMirabeauhadleft。]whilehesatpenningthoserobustEssaysontheDutyofLEAVE—ALONE。
"Toformanideaofthegeneralsubversion，"saystheKing，inregardto1763，"andhowgreatwerethedesolationanddiscouragement，youmustrepresenttoyourselfCountriesentirelyravaged，theverytracesoftheoldhabitationshardlydiscoverable；Towns，someruinedfromtoptobottom，othershalfdestroyedbyfire；——13，000Houses，ofwhichtheveryvestigesweregone。Nofieldinseed；nograinforthefoodoftheinhabitants；
60，000horsesneeded，iftherewastobeploughingcarriedon:
intheProvincesgenerallyHalfaMillionPopulation（500，000）lessthanin1756，——thatistosay，upononlyFourMillionsandaHalf，theninthmanwaswanting。NobleandPeasanthadbeenpillaged，ransomed，foraged，eatenoutbysomanydifferentArmies；
nothingnowleftthembutlifeandmiserablerags。
"Therewasnocredit，bytradingpeople，evenforthedailynecessariesoflife。"Andfurthermore，whatwewerenotpreparedfor，"NopoliceintheTowns:tohabitsofequityandorderhadsucceededavilegreedofgainandananarchicdisorder。
TheCollegesofJusticeandofFinancehad，bythesefrequentinvasionsofsomanyenemies，beenreducedtoinaction:"noJudge，inmanyplacesnotevenaTax—gatherer:thesilenceoftheLawshadproducedinthepeopleatasteforlicense；boundlessappetiteforgainwastheirmainruleofaction:thenoble，themerchant，thefarmer，thelaborer，raisingemulouslyeachthepriceofhiscommodity，seemedtoendeavoronlyfortheirmutualruin。
Such，whentheWarended，wasthefatalspectacleovertheseProvinces，whichhadoncebeensoflourishing:howeverpatheticthedescriptionmaybe，itwillneverapproachthetouchingandsorrowfulimpressionwhichthesightofitproduced。"
FriedrichfoundthatitwouldneverdototrusttothemereaidofTimeinsuchcircumstances:attheendoftheThirty—YearsWar，"Time"had，owingtoabsolutewantofmoney，beentheonerecipeoftheGreatElectorinasimilarcase；andTimewasthenfoundtomean"aboutahundredYears。"Friedrichfoundthathemustatoncestepinwithactiveremedies，andonallhandsstrivetomaketheimpossiblepossible。Luckilyhehadinreadiness，asusual，thefundsforanEighthCampaign，hadsuchbeenneeded。OutofthesemoneysheproceededtorebuildtheTownsandVillages；"fromtheCorn—Stores（GRANARIESD’ABONDANCE，"Governmentestablishmentsgatheredfromplentifulharvestsagainstscarce，accordingtooldrule）"weretakenthesuppliesforfoodofthepeopleandsowingoftheground:thehorsesintendedfortheartillery，baggageandcommissariat，"60，000horseswehaveheard，"weredistributedamongthosewhohadnone，tobeemployedintillageoftheland。
Silesiawasdischargedfromalltaxesforsixmonths；PommernandtheNeumarkfortwoyears。AsumofaboutThreeMillionsterling[inTHALERS20，389，000]wasgivenforreliefoftheProvinces，andasacquittanceoftheimpositionstheEnemyhadwrungfromthem。
"Greataswasthisexpense，itwasnecessaryandindispensable。
TheconditionoftheseProvincesafterthePeaceofHubertsburgrecalledwhatweknowofthemwhenthePeaceofMunsterclosedthefamousThirty—YearsWar。OnthatoccasiontheStatefailedofhelpfromwantofmeans；whichputit，out，oftheGreatElector’spowertoassisthispeople:andwhathappened？ThatawholecenturyelapsedbeforehisSuccessorscouldrestoretheTownsandChampaignstowhattheywere。ThisimpressiveexamplewasadmonitorytotheKing:thattorepairthePublicCalamities，assistancemustbepromptandeffective。Repeatedgifts（LARGESSES）
restoredcouragetothepoorHusbandmen，whobegantodespairoftheirlot；bythehelpsgiven，hopeinallclassessprangupanew:
encouragementoflaborproducedactivity；loveofCountryroseagainwithfreshlife:inaword[withinthesecondyearinamarkedlyhopefulmanner，andwithinsevenyearsaltogether]，thefieldswerecultivatedagain，manufacturershadresumedtheirwork；
andthePolice，oncemoreinvigor，correctedbydegreesthevicesthathadtakenrootduringthetimeofanarchy。"[OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。74，75。]
ToFriedrich’sdifficulties，whichwerenotinconsiderable，markonlythislastadditament:"DuringthisWar，theelderoftheCouncillors，andalltheMinistersoftheGrandDirectorium[centreofPrussianAdministration]，hadsuccessivelydied:andinsuchtimeoftroubleithadbeenimpossibletoreplacethem。
Theembarrassmentwas，Tofindpersonscapableoffillingthesedifferentemployments[somewouldhaveverysoondoneit，yourMajesty；buttheirhastewouldnothavetendedtospeed！]——WesearchedtheProvinces（ONFOUILLA，sifted），wheregoodheadswerefoundasrareasintheCapital:atlengthfiveChiefMinisterswerepitchedupon，"——whoprovetobetolerable，andevengood。