THEDAHLIA
TheDahliahasbeenreferredtobyalmosteveryauthorwhohaswrittenonthevariationofplants，becauseitisbelievedthatallthevarietiesaredescendedfromasinglespecies，andbecauseallhavearisensince1802inFrance，andsince1804inEngland。（10/188。Salisburyin’Transact。Hort。
Soc。’volume11812pages84，92。Asemi—doublevarietywasproducedinMadridin1790。）Mr。Sabineremarksthat"itseemsasifsomeperiodofcultivationhadbeenrequiredbeforethefixedqualitiesofthenativeplantgavewayandbegantosportintothosechangeswhichnowsodelightus。"（10/189。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume31820page225。）Theflowershavebeengreatlymodifiedinshapefromaflattoaglobularform。Anemoneandranunculus—likeraces（10/190。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume61830
page77。）whichdifferintheformandarrangementoftheflorets，havearisen;alsodwarfedraces，oneofwhichisonlyeighteeninchesinheight。
Theseedsvarymuchinsize。Thepetalsareuniformlycolouredortippedorstriped，andpresentanalmostinfinitediversityoftints。Seedlingsoffourteendifferentcolours（10/191。Loudon’s’Encyclop。ofGardening’page1035。）havebeenraisedfromthesameplant;yet，asMr。Sabinehasremarked，"manyoftheseedlingsfollowtheirparentsincolour。"Theperiodoffloweringhasbeenconsiderablyhastened，andthishasprobablybeeneffectedbycontinuedselection。Salisbury，writing1808，saysthattheythenfloweredfromSeptembertoNovember;in1828somenewdwarfvarietiesbeganfloweringinJune（10/192。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume1
page91;andLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume31828page179。）;andMr。
GrieveinformsmethatthedwarfpurpleZelindainhisgardenisinfullbloombythemiddleofJuneandsometimesevenearlier。Slightconstitutionaldifferenceshavebeenobservedbetweencertainvarieties:
thus，somekindssucceedmuchbetterinonepartofEnglandthaninanother（10/193。Mr。Wildmanin’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page87。’CottageGardener’April8，1856page33。）andithasbeennoticedthatsomevarietiesrequiremuchmoremoisturethanothers。（10/194。M。FaivrehasgivenaninterestingaccountofthesuccessivevariationsoftheChineseprimrose，sinceitsintroductionintoEuropeabouttheyear1820:’RevuedesCoursScientifiques’June1869page428。）
SuchflowersastheCARNATION，COMMONTULIP，andHYACINTH，whicharebelievedtobedescended，eachfromasinglewildform，presentinnumerablevarieties，differingalmostexclusivelyinthesize，form，andcolouroftheflowers。Theseandsomeotherancientlycultivatedplantswhichhavebeenlongpropagatedbyoffsets，pipings，bulbs，etc。，becomesoexcessivelyvariable，thatalmosteachnewplantraisedfromseedformsanewvariety，"allofwhichtodescribeparticularly，"asoldGerardewrotein1597，"weretorollSisyphus’sstone，ortonumberthesands。"
HYACINTH（Hyacinthusorientalis）。
Itmay，however，beworthwhiletogiveashortaccountofthisplant，whichwasintroducedintoEnglandin1596fromtheLevant。（10/195。ThebestandfullestaccountofthisplantwhichIhavemetwithisbyafamoushorticulturist，Mr。Paul，ofWaltham，inthe’Gardener’sChronicle’1864
page342。）Thepetalsoftheoriginalflower，saysMr。Paul，werenarrow，wrinkled，pointed，andofaflimsytexture;nowtheyarebroad，smooth，solid，androunded。Theerectness，breadth，andlengthofthewholespike，andthesizeoftheflowers，haveallincreased。Thecolourshavebeenintensifiedanddiversified。Gerarde，in1597，enumeratesfour，andParkinson，in1629，eightvarieties。Nowthevarietiesareverynumerous，andtheywerestillmorenumerousacenturyago。Mr。Paulremarksthat"itisinterestingtocomparetheHyacinthsof1629withthoseof1864，andtomarktheimprovement。Twohundredandthirty—fiveyearshaveelapsedsincethen，andthissimpleflowerserveswelltoillustratethegreatfactthattheoriginalformsofnaturedonotremainfixedandstationary，atleastwhenbroughtundercultivation。Whilelookingattheextremes，wemustnot，however，forgetthatthereareintermediatestageswhichareforthemostpartlosttous。Naturewillsometimesindulgeherselfwithaleap，butasarulehermarchisslowandgradual。"Headdsthatthecultivatorshouldhave"inhismindanidealofbeauty，fortherealisationofwhichheworkswithheadandhand。"WethusseehowclearlyMr。Paul，aneminentlysuccessfulcultivatorofthisflower，appreciatestheactionofmethodicalselection。
Inacuriousandapparentlytrustworthytreatise，publishedatAmsterdam（10/196。’DesJacinthes，deleurAnatomie，Reproduction，etCulture’
Amsterdam1768。）in1768，itisstatedthatnearly2，000sortswerethenknown;butin1864Mr。Paulfoundonly700inthelargestgardenatHaarlem。Inthistreatiseitissaidthatnotaninstanceisknownofanyonevarietyreproducingitselftrulybyseed:thewhitekinds，however，now（10/197。Alph。deCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page1082。）almostalwaysyieldwhitehyacinths，andtheyellowkindscomenearlytrue。Thehyacinthisremarkablefromhavinggivenrisetovarietieswithbrightblue，pink，anddistinctlyyellowflowers。Thesethreeprimarycoloursdonotoccurinthevarietiesofanyotherspecies;nordotheyoftenalloccureveninthedistinctspeciesofthesamegenus。Althoughtheseveralkindsofhyacinthsdifferbutslightlyfromeachotherexceptincolour，yeteachkindhasitsownindividualcharacter，whichcanberecognisedbyahighlyeducatedeye;
thusthewriteroftheAmsterdamtreatiseasserts（page43）thatsomeexperiencedflorists，suchasthefamousG。Voorhelm，seldomfailedinacollectionofabovetwelvehundredsortstorecogniseeachvarietybythebulbalone！Thissamewritermentionssomefewsingularvariations:forinstance，thehyacinthcommonlyproducessixleaves，butthereisonekind（page35）whichscarcelyeverhasmorethanthreeleaves;anothernevermorethanfive;whilstothersregularlyproduceeithersevenoreightleaves。Avariety，calledlaCoryphee，invariablyproduces（page116）twoflower—stems，unitedtogetherandcoveredbyoneskin。Theflower—steminanotherkind（page128）comesoutofthegroundinacolouredsheath，beforetheappearanceoftheleaves，andisconsequentlyliabletosufferfromfrost。Anothervarietyalwayspushesasecondflower—stemafterthefirsthasbeguntodevelopitself。Lastly，whitehyacinthswithred，purple，orvioletcentres（page129）arethemostliabletorot。Thus，thehyacinth，likesomanypreviousplants，whenlongcultivatedandcloselywatched，isfoundtooffermanysingularvariations。]
InthetwolastchaptersIhavegiveninsomedetailtherangeofvariation，andthehistory，asfarasknown，ofaconsiderablenumberofplants，whichhavebeencultivatedforvariouspurposes。Butsomeofthemostvariableplants，suchasKidney—beans，Capsicum，Millets，Sorghum，etc。，havebeenpassedover;forbotanistsarenotatallagreedwhichkindsoughttorankasspeciesandwhichasvarieties;andthewildparent—
speciesareunknown。（10/198。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page983。）
Manyplantslongcultivatedintropicalcountries，suchastheBanana，haveproducednumerousvarieties;butasthesehaveneverbeendescribedwithevenmoderatecare，theyareherealsopassedover。Nevertheless，asufficient，andperhapsmorethansufficient，numberofcaseshavebeengiven，sothatthereadermaybeenabledtojudgeforhimselfonthenatureandgreatamountofvariationwhichcultivatedplantshaveundergone。
CHAPTER1。XI。
ONBUD—VARIATION，ANDONCERTAINANOMALOUSMODESOFREPRODUCTIONAND
VARIATION。
BUD—VARIATIONINTHEPEACH，PLUM，CHERRY，VINE，GOOSEBERRY，CURRANT，AND
BANANA，ASSHOWNBYTHEMODIFIEDFRUIT。
INFLOWERS:CAMELLIAS，AZALEAS，CHRYSANTHEMUMS，ROSES，ETC。
ONTHERUNNINGOFTHECOLOURINCARNATIONS。
BUD—VARIATIONSINLEAVES。
VARIATIONSBYSUCKERS，TUBERS，ANDBULBS。
ONTHEBREAKINGOFTULIPS。
BUD—VARIATIONSGRADUATEINTOCHANGESCONSEQUENTONCHANGEDCONDITIONSOF
LIFE。
GRAFT—HYBRIDS。
ONTHESEGREGATIONOFTHEPARENTALCHARACTERSINSEMINALHYBRIDSBYBUD—
VARIATION。
ONTHEDIRECTORIMMEDIATEACTIONOFFOREIGNPOLLENONTHEMOTHER—PLANT。
ONTHEEFFECTSINFEMALEANIMALSOFAPREVIOUSIMPREGNATIONONTHE
SUBSEQUENTOFFSPRING。
CONCLUSIONANDSUMMARY。
Thischapterwillbechieflydevotedtoasubjectinmanyrespectsimportant，namely，bud—variation。BythistermIincludeallthosesuddenchangesinstructureorappearancewhichoccasionallyoccurinfull—grownplantsintheirflower—budsorleaf—buds。Gardenerscallsuchchanges"Sports;"butthis，aspreviouslyremarked，isanill—definedexpression，asithasoftenbeenappliedtostronglymarkedvariationsinseedlingplants。Thedifferencebetweenseminalandbudreproductionisnotsogreatasitatfirstappears;foreachbudisinonesenseanewanddistinctindividual;butsuchindividualsareproducedthroughtheformationofvariouskindsofbudswithouttheaidofanyspecialapparatus，whilstfertileseedsareproducedbytheconcourseofthetwosexualelements。Themodificationswhicharisethroughbud—variationcangenerallybepropagatedtoanyextentbygrafting，budding，cuttings，bulbs，etc。，andoccasionallyevenbyseed。Somefewofourmostbeautifulandusefulproductionshavearisenbybud—variation。
Bud—variationshaveasyetbeenobservedonlyinthevegetablekingdom;butitisprobablethatifcompoundanimals，suchascorals，etc。，hadbeensubjectedtoalongcourseofdomestication，theywouldhavevariedbybuds;fortheyresembleplantsinmanyrespects。Forinstance，anyneworpeculiarcharacterpresentedbyacompoundanimalispropagatedbybudding，asoccurswithdifferentlycolouredHydras，andasMr。Gossehasshowntobethecasewithasingularvarietyofatruecoral。VarietiesoftheHydrahavealsobeengraftedonothervarieties，andhaveretainedtheircharacter。
IwillinthefirstplacegiveallthecasesofbudvariationswhichIhavebeenabletocollect，andafterwardsshowtheirimportance。（11/1。Sincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthiswork，IhavefoundthatM。
Carriere，ChefdesPepinieresauMus。d’Hist。Nat。inhisexcellentEssay’ProductionetFixationdesVarietes’1865hasgivenalistofbud—
variationsfarmoreextensivethanmine;butastheserelatechieflytocasesoccurringinFranceIhaveleftmylistasitstood，addingafewfactsfromM。Carriereandothers。AnyonewhowishestostudythesubjectfullyshouldrefertoM。Carriere’sEssay。）Thesecasesprovethatthoseauthorswho，likePallas，attributeallvariabilitytothecrossingeitherofdistinctraces，orofdistinctindividualsbelongingtothesameracebutsomewhatdifferentfromeachother，areinerror;asarethoseauthorswhoattributeallvariabilitytothemereactofsexualunion。Norcanweaccountinallcasesfortheappearancethroughbud—variationofnewcharactersbytheprincipleofreversiontolong—lostcharacters。Hewhowishestojudgehowfartheconditionsoflifedirectlycauseeachparticularvariationoughttoreflectwellonthecasesimmediatelytobegiven。Iwillcommencewithbud—variations，asexhibitedinthefruit，andthenpassontoflowers，andfinallytoleaves。
[PEACH（Amygdaluspersica）。
InthelastchapterIgavetwocasesofapeach—almondandadouble—
floweredalmondwhichsuddenlyproducedfruitcloselyresemblingtruepeaches。Ihavealsogivenmanycasesofpeach—treesproducingbuds，which，whendevelopedintobranches，haveyieldednectarines。Wehaveseenthatnolessthansixnamedandseveralunnamedvarietiesofthepeachhavethusproducedseveralvarietiesofnectarine。Ihaveshownthatitishighlyimprobablethatallthesepeach—trees，someofwhichareoldvarieties，andhavebeenpropagatedbythemillion，arehybridsfromthepeachandnectarine，andthatitisopposedtoallanalogytoattributetheoccasionalproductionofnectarinesonpeach—treestothedirectactionofpollenfromsomeneighbouringnectarine—tree。Severalofthecasesarehighlyremarkable，because，firstly，thefruitthusproducedhassometimesbeeninpartanectarineandinpartapeach;secondly，becausenectarinesthussuddenlyproducedhavereproducedthemselvesbyseed;andthirdly，becausenectarinesareproducedfrompeach—treesfromseedaswellasfrombuds。Theseedofthenectarine，ontheotherhand，occasionallyproducespeaches;andwehaveseeninoneinstancethatanectarine—treeyieldedpeachesbybud—variation。Asthepeachiscertainlytheoldestorprimaryvariety，theproductionofpeachesfromnectarines，eitherbyseedsorbuds，mayperhapsbeconsideredasacaseofreversion。Certaintreeshavealsobeendescribedasindifferentlybearingpeachesornectarines，andthismaybeconsideredasbud—variationcarriedtoanextremedegree。
ThegrossemignonnepeachatMontreuilproduced"fromasportingbranch"
thegrossemignonnetardive，"amostexcellentvariety，"whichripensitsfruitafortnightlaterthantheparenttree，andisequallygood。（11/2。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1854page821。）Thissamepeachhaslikewiseproducedbybud—variationtheearlygrossemignonne。Hunt’slargetawnynectarine"originatedfromHunt’ssmalltawnynectarine，butnotthroughseminalreproduction。"（11/3。Lindley’GuidetoOrchard’asquotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page821。FortheEarlymignonnepeachsee’Gardener’sChronicle’1864page1251。）
PLUMS。
Mr。Knightstatesthatatreeoftheyellowmagnumbonumplum，fortyyearsold，whichhadalwaysborneordinaryfruit，producedabranchwhichyieldedredmagnumbonums。（11/4。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume2page160。）Mr。
Rivers，ofSawbridgeworth，informsme（January1863）thatasingletreeoutof400or500treesoftheEarlyProlificplum，whichisapurplekind，descendedfromanoldFrenchvarietybearingpurplefruit，producedwhenabouttenyearsoldbrightyellowplums;thesedifferedinnorespectexceptcolourfromthoseontheothertrees，butwereunlikeanyotherknownkindofyellowplum。（11/5。Seealso’Gardener’sChronicle’1863page27。）
CHERRY（Prunuscerasus）。
Mr。Knighthasrecorded（ibid）thecaseofabranchofaMay—Dukecherry，which，thoughcertainlynevergrafted，alwaysproducedfruit，ripeninglater，andmoreoblongthanthefruitonthe...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：