Thevoicediffersslightly，asIaminformedbyMr。Dixon，inalmosteverybreed。TheMalays（7/66。Fergusonon’PrizePoultry’page87。）havealoud，deep，somewhatprolongedcrow，butwithconsiderableindividualdifference。
ColonelSykesremarksthatthedomesticKulmcockinIndiahasnottheshrillclearpipeoftheEnglishbird，and"hisscaleofnotesappearsmorelimited。"Dr。Hookerwasstruckwiththe"prolongedhowlingscreech"ofthecocksinSikhim。（7/67。Col。Sykesin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1832page151。
Dr。Hooker’s’HimalayanJournals’volume1page314。）ThecrowoftheCochinisnotoriouslyandludicrouslydifferentfromthatofthecommoncock。Thedispositionofthedifferentbreedsiswidelydifferent，varyingfromthesavageanddefianttemperoftheGame—cocktotheextremelypeaceabletemperoftheCochins。Thelatter，ithasbeenasserted，"grazetoamuchgreaterextentthananyothervarieties。"TheSpanishfowlssuffermorefromfrostthanotherbreeds。]
Beforewepassontotheskeleton，thedegreeofdistinctnessoftheseveralbreedsfromG。bankivaoughttobenoticed。SomewritersspeakoftheSpanishasoneofthemostdistinctbreeds，andsoitisingeneralaspect;butitscharacteristicdifferencesarenotimportant。TheMalayappearstomemoredistinct，fromitstallstature，smalldroopingtailwithmorethanfourteentail—feathers，andfromitssmallcombandwattles;
nevertheless，oneMalaysub—breediscolouredalmostexactlylikeG。
bankiva。SomeauthorsconsiderthePolishfowlasverydistinct;butthisisasemi—monstrousbreed，asshownbytheprotuberantandirregularlyperforatedskull。TheCochin，fromitsdeeplyfurrowedfrontalbones，peculiarlyshapedoccipitalforamen，shortwing—feathers，shorttailcontainingmorethanfourteenfeathers，broadnailtothemiddletoe，fluffyplumage，roughanddark—colouredeggs，andespeciallyfromitspeculiarvoice，isprobablythemostdistinctofallthebreeds。Ifanyoneofourbreedshasdescendedfromsomeunknownspecies，distinctfromG。
bankiva，itisprobablytheCochin;butthebalanceofevidencedoesnotfavourthisview。AllthecharacteristicdifferencesoftheCochinbreedaremoreorlessvariable，andmaybedetectedinagreaterorlesserdegreeinotherbreeds。Onesub—breediscolouredcloselylikeG。bankiva。
Thefeatheredlegs，oftenfurnishedwithanadditionaltoe，thewingsincapableofflight，theextremelyquietdisposition，indicatealongcourseofdomestication;andthesefowlscomefromChina，whereweknowthatplantsandanimalshavebeentendedfromaremoteperiodwithextraordinarycare，andwhereconsequentlywemightexpecttofindprofoundlymodifieddomesticraces。
OSTEOLOGICALDIFFERENCES。
Ihaveexaminedtwenty—sevenskeletonsandfifty—threeskullsofvariousbreeds，includingthreeofG。bankiva:nearlyhalfoftheseskullsIowetothekindnessofMr。Tegetmeier，andthreeoftheskeletonstoMr。Eyton。
SKULL。
（FIGURE33。OCCIPITALFORAMEN，ofnaturalsize。A。WildGallusbankiva。B。
CochinCock。
FIGURE34。SKULLSofnaturalsize，viewedfromabove，alittleobliquely。
A。WildGallusbankiva。B。White—crestedPolishCock。
FIGURE35。LONGITUDINALSECTIONSOFSKULL，ofnaturalsize，viewedlaterally;A。PolishCock。B。CochinCock，selectedforcomparisonwiththeabovefrombeingofnearlythesamesize。
FIGURE36。SKULLOFHORNEDFOWL，ofnaturalsize，viewedfromabove，alittleobliquely。（InthepossessionofTegetmeier。））
[TheSKULLdiffersgreatlyinsizeindifferentbreeds，beingnearlytwiceaslonginthelargestCochins，butnotnearlytwiceasbroad，asinBantams。Thebonesatthebase，fromtheoccipitalforamentotheanteriorend（includingthequadratesandpterygoids），areabsolutelyidenticalinSHAPEinalltheskulls。Soisthelowerjaw。Intheforeheadslightdifferencesareoftenperceptiblebetweenthemalesandfemales，evidentlycausedbythepresenceofthecomb。IneverycaseItaketheskullofG。
bankivaasthestandardofcomparison。InfourGames，inoneMalayhen，inanAfricancock，inaFrizzledcockfromMadras，intwoblack—bonedSilkhens，nodifferencesworthnoticeoccur。InthreeSPANISHcocks，theformoftheforeheadbetweentheorbitsdiffersconsiderably;inoneitisconsiderablydepressed，whilstinthetwoothersitisratherprominent，withadeepmedialfurrow;theskullofthehenissmooth。InthreeskullsofSEBRIGHTBANTAMSthecrownismoreglobular，andslopesmoreabruptlytotheocciput，thaninG。bankiva。InaBantamorJumperfromBurmahthesesamecharactersaremorestronglypronounced，andthesupra—occiputismorepointed。InablackBantamtheskullisnotsoglobular，andtheoccipitalforamenisverylarge，andhasnearlythesamesub—triangularoutlinepresentlytobedescribedinCochins;andinthisskullthetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryareoverlappedinasingularmannerbytheprocessesofthenasalbone，but，asIhaveseenonlyonespecimen，someofthesedifferencesmaybeindividual。OfCochinsandBrahmas（thelatteracrossedraceapproachingcloselytoCochins）Ihaveexaminedsevenskulls;
atthepointwheretheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryrestonthefrontalbonethesurfaceismuchdepressed，andfromthisdepressionadeepmedialfurrowextendsbackwardstoavariabledistance;theedgesofthisfissureareratherprominent，asisthetopoftheskullbehindandovertheorbits。Thesecharactersarelessdevelopedinthehens。Thepterygoids，andtheprocessesofthelowerjaw，arebroader，relativelytothesizeofthehead，thaninG。bankiva;andthisislikewisethecasewithDorkingswhenoflargesize。TheforkofthehyoidboneinCochinsistwiceaswideasinG。bankiva，whereasthelengthoftheotherhyoidbonesisonlyasthreetotwo。Butthemostremarkablecharacteristheshapeoftheoccipitalforamen:inG。bankiva（A）thebreadthinahorizontallineexceedstheheightinaverticalline，andtheoutlineisnearlycircular;
whereasinCochins（B）theoutlineissub—triangular，andtheverticallineexceedsthehorizontallineinlength。ThissameformlikewiseoccursintheblackBantamabovereferredto，andanapproachtoitmaybeseeninsomeDorkings，andinaslightdegreeincertainotherbreeds。
OfDorkingsIhaveexaminedthreeskulls，onebelongingtothewhite—sub—
breed;theonecharacterdeservingnoticeisthebreadthofthefrontalbones，whicharemoderatelyfurrowedinthemiddle;thusinaskullwhichwaslessthanonceandahalfthelengthofthatofG。bankiva，thebreadthbetweentheorbitswasexactlydouble。OfHamburghsIhaveexaminedfourskulls（maleandfemale）ofthepencilledsub—breed，andone（male）ofthespangledsub—breed;thenasalbonesstandremarkablywideapart，butinavariabledegree;consequentlynarrowmembrane—coveredspacesareleftbetweenthetipsofthetwoascendingbranchesofthepre—maxillarybones，whicharerathershort，andbetweenthesebranchesandthenasalbones。Thesurfaceofthefrontalbone，onwhichthebranchesofthepremaxillaryrest，isverylittledepressed。Thesepeculiaritiesnodoubtstandincloserelationwiththebroad，flattenedrose—combcharacteristicoftheHamburghbreed。
IhaveexaminedfourteenskullsofPOLISHANDOTHERCRESTEDBREEDS。Theirdifferencesareextraordinary。Firstfornineskullsofdifferentsub—
breedsofEnglishPolishfowls。Thehemisphericalprotuberanceofthefrontalbones（7/68。SeeMr。Tegetmeier’saccountwithwoodcutsoftheskullofPolishfowlsin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’November25，1856。ForotherreferencesseeIsid。GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。Gen。desAnomalies’tome1page287。M。C。Darestesuspects（’RecherchessurlesConditionsdelaVie’etc。Lille1863page36）thattheprotuberanceisnotformedbythefrontalbones，butbytheossificationoftheduramater。）maybeseeninfigure34，inwhich（B）theskullofawhite—crestedPolishfowlisshownobliquelyfromabove，withtheskull（A）of（G。bankivainthesameposition。Infigure35longitudinalsectionsaregivenoftheskullofaPolishfowl，and，forcomparison，ofaCochinofthesamesize。TheprotuberanceinallPolishfowlsoccupiesthesamepositionbutdiffersmuchinsize。Inoneofmyninespecimensitwasextremelyslight。Thedegreetowhichtheprotuberanceisossifiedvariesgreatly，largerorsmallerportionsofbonebeingreplacedbymembrane。Inonespecimentherewasonlyasingleopenpore;generally，therearemanyvariouslyshapedopenspaces，theboneforminganirregularreticulation。Amedial，longitudinal，archedribbonofboneisgenerallyretained，butinonespecimentherewasnobonewhateveroverthewholeprotuberance，andtheskull，whencleanedandviewedfromabove，presentedtheappearanceofanopenbasin。Thechangeinthewholeinternalformoftheskullissurprisinglygreat。Thebrainismodifiedinacorrespondingmanner，asisshowninthetwolongitudinalsections，whichdeserveattentiveconsideration。Theupperandanteriorcavityofthethreeintowhichtheskullmaybedivided，istheonewhichissogreatlymodified;itisevidentlymuchlargerthanintheCochinskullofthesamesize，andextendsmuchfurtherbeyondtheinterorbitalseptum，butlaterallyislessdeep。Thiscavity，asIhearfromMr。Tegetmeier，isentirelyfilledwithbrain。IntheskulloftheCochinandofallordinaryfowlsastronginternalridgeofboneseparatestheanteriorfromthecentralcavity;butthisridgeisquiteabsentinthePolishskullherefigured。TheshapeofthecentralcavityiscircularinthePolish，andlengthenedintheCochinskull。Theshapeoftheposteriorcavity，togetherwiththeposition，size，andnumberoftheporesforthenerves，differmuchinthesetwoskulls。A
pitdeeplypenetratingtheoccipitalboneoftheCochinisentirelyabsentinthisPolishskull，whilstinanotherspecimenitwaswelldeveloped。Inthissecondspecimenthewholeinternalsurfaceoftheposteriorcavitylikewisedifferstoacertainextentinshape。Imadesectionsoftwootherskulls，——namely，ofaPolishfowlwiththeprotuberancesingularlylittledeveloped，andofaSultaninwhichitwasalittlemoredeveloped;andwhenthesetwoskullswereplacedbetweenthetwoabovefigured（figure35），aperfectgradationintheconfigurationofeachpartoftheinternalsurfacecouldbetraced。InthePolishskull，withasmallprotuberance，theridgebetweentheanteriorandmiddlecavitieswaspresent，butlow;
andintheSultanthisridgewasreplacedbyanarrowfurrowstandingonabroadraisedeminence。
ItmaynaturallybeaskedwhethertheseremarkablemodificationsintheformofthebrainaffecttheintellectofPolishfowls;somewritershavestatedthattheyareextremelystupid，butBechsteinandMr。Tegetmeierhaveshownthatthisisbynomeansgenerallythecase。NeverthelessBechstein（7/69。’NaturgeschichteDeutschlands’b。31793s。400。）statesthathehadaPolishhenwhich"wascrazy，andanxiouslywanderedaboutalldaylong。"Aheninmypossessionwassolitaryinherhabits，andwasoftensoabsorbedinreveriethatshecouldbetouched;shewasalsodeficientinthemostsingularmannerinthefacultyoffindingherway，sothat，ifshestrayedahundredyardsfromherfeeding—place，shewascompletelylost，andwouldthenobstinatelytrytoproceedinawrongdirection。IhavereceivedotherandsimilaraccountsofPolishfowlsappearingstupidorhalf—idiotic。（7/70。The’Field’May11，1861。IhavereceivedcommunicationstoasimilareffectfromMessrs。BrentandTegetmeier。）
ToreturntotheskullofPolishfowls。Theposteriorpart，viewedexternally，differslittlefromthatofG。bankiva。Inmostfowlstheposterior—lateralprocessofthefrontalboneandtheprocessofthesquamosalboneruntogetherandareossifiedneartheirextremities:thisunionofthetwobones，however，isnotconstantinanybreed;andinelevenoutoffourteenskullsofcrestedbreeds，theseprocesseswerequitedistinct。Theseprocesses，whennotunited，insteadofbeinginclinedanteriorly，asinallcommonbreeds，descendatrightanglestothelowerjaw;andinthiscasethelongeraxisofthebonycavityoftheearislikewisemoreperpendicular，thaninotherbreeds。Whenthesquamosalprocessisfreeinsteadofexpandingatthetip，itisreducedtoanextremelyfineandpointedstyle，ofvariablelength。Thepterygoidandquadratebonespresentnodifferences。Thepalatinebonesarealittlemorecurvedupwardsattheirposteriorends。Thefrontalbones，anteriorlytotheprotuberance，are，asinDorkings，verybroad，butinavariabledegree。Thenasalboneseitherstandfarapart，asinHamburghs，oralmosttoucheachother，andinoneinstancewereossifiedtogether。Eachnasalboneproperlysendsoutinfronttwolongprocessesofequallengths，formingafork;butinallthePolishskulls，exceptone，theinnerprocesswasconsiderably，butinavariabledegree，shortenedandsomewhatupturned。Inalltheskulls，exceptone，thetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillary，insteadofrunningupbetweentheprocessesofthenasalbonesandrestingontheethmoidbone，aremuchshortenedandterminateinablunt，somewhatupturnedpoint。Inthoseskullsinwhichthenasalbonesapproachquiteclosetoeachotherorareossifiedtogether，itwouldbeimpossiblefortheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarytoreachtheethmoidandfrontalbones;henceweseethateventherelativeconnectionoftheboneshasbeenchanged。Apparentlyinconsequenceofthebranchesofthepremaxillaryandoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalbonesbeingsomewhatupturned，theexternalorificesofthenostrilsareupraisedandassumeacrescenticoutline。
ImuststillsayafewwordsonsomeoftheforeignCrestedbreeds。Theskullofacrested，rumpless，whiteTurkishfowlwasveryslightlyprotuberant，andbutlittleperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarywerewelldeveloped。InanotherTurkishbreed，calledGhoondooks，theskullwasconsiderablyprotuberantandperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryweresomuchabortedthattheyprojectedonly1/15thofaninch;andtheinnerprocessesofthenasalboneweresocompletelyaborted，thatthesurfacewheretheyshouldhaveprojectedwasquitesmooth。Herethenweseethesetwobonesmodifiedtoanextremedegree。OfSultans（anotherTurkishbreed）Iexaminedtwoskulls;
inthatofthefemaletheprotuberancewasmuchlargerthaninthemale。Inbothskullst...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：