Onereservation，indeed，mustbemade。Thebooksandtraditionsofasectmaycontain，mingledwithpropositionsstrictlytheological，otherpropositions，purportingtorestonthesameauthority，whichrelatetophysics。Ifnewdiscoveriesshouldthrowdiscreditonthephysicalpropositions，thetheologicalpropositions，unlesstheycanbeseparatedfromthephysicalpropositions，willshareinthatdiscredit。Inthisway，undoubtedly，theprogressofsciencemayindirectlyservethecauseofreligioustruth。TheHindoomythology，forexample，isboundupwithamostabsurdgeography。EveryyoungBrahmin，therefore，wholearnsgeographyinourcollegeslearnstosmileattheHindoomythology。IfCatholicismhasnotsufferedtoanequaldegreefromthePapaldecisionthatthesungoesroundtheearth，thisisbecauseallintelligentCatholicsnowhold，withPascal，that，indecidingthepointatall，theChurchexceededherpowers，andwas，therefore，justlyleftdestituteofthatsupernaturalassistancewhich，intheexerciseofherlegitimatefunctions，thepromiseofherFounderauthorisedhertoexpect。
　　Thisreservationaffectsnotatallthetruthofourproposition，thatdivinity，properlysocalled，isnotaprogressivescience。
　　Averycommonknowledgeofhistory，averylittleobservationoflife，willsufficetoprovethatnolearning，nosagacity，affordsasecurityagainstthegreatesterrorsonsubjectsrelatingtotheinvisibleworld。BayleandChillingworth，twoofthemostscepticalofmankind，turnedCatholicsfromsincereconviction。Johnson，incredulousonallotherpoints，wasareadybelieverinmiraclesandapparitions。HewouldnotbelieveinOssian;buthewaswillingtobelieveinthesecondsight。HewouldnotbelieveintheearthquakeofLisbon;buthewaswillingtobelieveintheCockLaneghost。
　　Forthesereasonswehaveceasedtowonderatanyvagariesofsuperstition。Wehaveseenmen，notofmeanintellectorneglectededucation，butqualifiedbytheirtalentsandacquirementstoattaineminenceeitherinactiveorspeculativepursuits，well—readscholars，expertlogicians，keenobserversoflifeandmanners，prophesying，interpreting，talkingunknowntongues，workingmiraculouscures，comingdownwithmessagesfromGodtotheHouseofCommons。Wehaveseenanoldwoman，withnotalentsbeyondthecunningofafortune—teller，andwiththeeducationofascullion，exaltedintoaprophetess，andsurroundedbytensofthousandsofdevotedfollowers，manyofwhomwere，instationandknowledge，immeasurablyhersuperiors;
　　andallthisinthenineteenthcentury;andallthisinLondon。
　　Yetwhynot？ForofthedealingsofGodwithmannomorehasbeenrevealedtothenineteenthcenturythantothefirst，ortoLondonthantothewildestparishintheHebrides。Itistruethat，inthosethingswhichconcernthislifeandthisworld，manconstantlybecomeswiserandwiser。Butitisnolesstruethat，asrespectsahigherpowerandafuturestate，man，inthelanguageofGoethe’sscoffingfriend，"bleibtstetsvongleichemSchlag，UndistsowunderlichalswieamerstenTag。"
　　ThehistoryofCatholicismstrikinglyillustratestheseobservations。DuringthelastsevencenturiesthepublicmindofEuropehasmadeconstantprogressineverydepartmentofsecularknowledge。Butinreligionwecantracenoconstantprogress。Theecclesiasticalhistoryofthatlongperiodisahistoryofmovementtoandfro。Fourtimes，sincetheauthorityoftheChurchofRomewasestablishedinWesternChristendom，hasthehumanintellectrisenupagainstheryoke。TwicethatChurchremainedcompletelyvictorious。Twiceshecameforthfromtheconflictbearingthemarksofcruelwounds，butwiththeprincipleoflifestillstrongwithinher。Whenwereflectonthetremendousassaultswhichshehassurvived，wefinditdifficulttoconceiveinwhatwaysheistoperish。
　　ThefirstoftheseinsurrectionsbrokeoutintheregionwherethebeautifullanguageofOcwasspoken。Thatcountry，singularlyfavouredbynature，was，inthetwelfthcentury，themostflourishingandcivilisedportionofWesternEurope。ItwasinnowiseapartofFrance。Ithadadistinctpoliticalexistence，adistinctnationalcharacter，distinctusages，andadistinctspeech。Thesoilwasfruitfulandwellcultivated;andamidstthecornfieldsandvineyardsarosemanyrichcitieseachofwhichwasalittlerepublic，andmanystatelycastles:eachofwhichcontainedaminiatureofanimperialcourt。Itwastherethatthespiritofchivalryfirstlaidasideitsterrors，firsttookahumaneandgracefulform，firstappearedastheinseparableassociateofartandliterature，ofcourtesyandlove。Theothervernaculardialectswhich，sincethefifthcentury，hadsprungupintheancientprovincesoftheRomanempire，werestillrudeandimperfect。ThesweetTuscan，therichandenergeticEnglish，wereabandonedtoartisansandshepherds。Noclerkhadevercondescendedtousesuchbarbarousjargonfortheteachingofscience，fortherecordingofgreatevents，orforthepaintingoflifeandmanners。ButthelanguageofProvencewasalreadythelanguageofthelearnedandpolite，andwasemployedbynumerouswriters，studiousofalltheartsofcompositionandversification。Aliteraturerichinballads，inwar—songs，insatire，and，aboveall，inamatorypoetryamusedtheleisureoftheknightsandladieswhosefortifiedmansionsadornedthebanksoftheRhoneandGaronne。Withcivilisationhadcomefreedomofthought。Usehadtakenawaythehorrorwithwhichmisbelieverswereelsewhereregarded。NoNormanorBretoneversawaMussulman，excepttogiveandreceiveblowsonsomeSyrianfieldofbattle。ButthepeopleoftherichcountrieswhichlayunderthePyreneeslivedinhabitsofcourteousandprofitableintercoursewiththeMoorishkingdomsofSpain，andgaveahospitablewelcometoskilfulleechesandmathematicianswho，intheschoolsofCordovaandGranada，hadbecomeversedinallthelearningoftheArabians。TheGreek，stillpreserving，inthemidstofpoliticaldegradation，thereadywitandtheinquiringspiritofhisfathers，stillabletoreadthemostperfectofhumancompositions，stillspeakingthemostpowerfulandflexibleofhumanlanguages，broughttothemartsofNarbonneandToulouse，togetherwiththedrugsandsilksofremoteclimates，boldandsubtletheorieslongunknowntotheignorantandcredulousWest。ThePauliciantheology，atheologyinwhich，asitshouldseem，manyofthedoctrinesofthemodernCalvinistsweremingledwithsomedoctrinesderivedfromtheancientManichees，spreadrapidlythroughProvenceandLanguedoc。TheclergyoftheCatholicChurchwereregardedwithloathingandcontempt。"Vilerthanapriest，""Iwouldassoonbeapriest，"
　　becameproverbialexpressions。ThePapacyhadlostallauthoritywithallclasses，fromthegreatfeudalprincesdowntothecultivatorsofthesoil。
　　Thedangertothehierarchywasindeedformidable。Onlyonetransalpinenationhademergedfrombarbarism;andthatnationhadthrownoffallrespectforRome。OnlyoneofthevernacularlanguagesofEuropehadyetbeenextensivelyemployedforliterarypurposes;andthatlanguagewasamachineinthehandsofheretics。Thegeographicalpositionofthesectariesmadethedangerpeculiarlyformidable。TheyoccupiedacentralregioncommunicatingdirectlywithFrance，withItaly，andwithSpain。
　　Theprovinceswhichwerestilluntaintedwereseparatedfromeachotherbythisinfecteddistrict。Underthesecircumstances，itseemedprobablethatasinglegenerationwouldsufficetospreadthereformeddoctrinetoLisbon，toLondon，andtoNaples。Butthiswasnottobe。RomecriedforhelptothewarriorsofnorthernFrance。Sheappealedatoncetotheirsuperstitionandtotheircupidity。TothedevoutbelievershepromisedpardonsasampleasthosewithwhichshehadrewardedthedeliverersoftheHolySepulchre。Totherapaciousandprofligatesheofferedtheplunderoffertileplainsandwealthycities。Unhappily，theingeniousandpolishedinhabitantsoftheLanguedocianprovinceswerefarbetterqualifiedtoenrichandembellishtheircountrythantodefendit。Eminentintheartsofpeace，unrivalledinthe"gayscience，"elevatedabovemanyvulgarsuperstitions，theywantedthatironcourage，andthatskillinmartialexercises，whichdistinguishedthechivalryoftheregionbeyondtheLoire，andwereillfittedtofaceenemieswho，ineverycountryfromIrelandtoPalestine，hadbeenvictoriousagainsttenfoldodds。A
　　war，distinguishedevenamongwarsofreligionbymercilessatrocity，destroyedtheAlbigensianheresy，andwiththatheresytheprosperitythecivilisation，theliterature，thenationalexistence，ofwhatwasoncethemostopulentandenlightenedpartofthegreatEuropeanfamily。Rome，inthemeantime，warnedbythatfearfuldangerfromwhichtheexterminatingswordsofhercrusadershadnarrowlysavedher，proceededtoreviseandtostrengthenherwholesystemofpolity。AtthisperiodwereinstitutedtheOrderofFrancis，theOrderofDominic，theTribunaloftheInquisition。Thenewspiritualpolicewaseverywhere。Noalleyinagreatcity，nohamletonaremotemountain，wasunvisitedbythebeggingfriar。ThesimpleCatholic，whowascontenttobenowiserthanhisfathers，found，whereverheturned，afriendlyvoicetoencouragehim。Thepathofthehereticwasbesetbyinnumerablespies;andtheChurch，latelyindangerofuttersubversion，nowappearedtobeimpregnablyfortifiedbythelove，thereverence，andtheterrorofmankind。
　　Acenturyandahalfpassedaway;andthencamethesecondgreatrisingupofthehumanintellectagainstthespiritualdominationofRome。DuringthetwogenerationswhichfollowedtheAlbigensiancrusade，thepowerofthePapacyhadbeenattheheight。FrederictheSecond，theablestandmostaccomplishedofthelonglineofGermanCaesars，hadinvainexhaustedalltheresourcesofmilitaryandpoliticalskillintheattempttodefendtherightsofthecivilpoweragainsttheencroachmentsoftheChurch。Thevengeanceofthepriesthoodhadpursuedhishousetothethirdgeneration。Manfredhadperishedonthefieldofbattle，Conradinonthescaffold。Thenaturntookplace。Thesecularauthority，longundulydepressed，regainedtheascendantwithstartlingrapidity。ThechangeisdoubtlesstobeascribedchieflytothegeneraldisgustexcitedbythewayinwhichtheChurchhadabuseditspoweranditssuccess。Butsomethingmustbeattributedtothecharacterandsituationofindividuals。ThemanwhoborethechiefpartineffectingthisrevolutionwasPhiliptheFourthofFrance，surnamedtheBeautiful，adespotbyposition，adespotbytemperament，stern，implacable，andunscrupulous，equallypreparedforviolenceandforchicanery，andsurroundedbyadevotedbandofmenoftheswordandofmenoflaw。ThefiercestandmosthighmindedoftheRomanPontiffs，whilebestowingkingdomsandcitinggreatprincestohisjudgment—seat，wasseizedinhispalacebyarmedmen，andsofoullyoutragedthathediedmadwithrageandterror。"Thus，"
　　sangthegreatFlorentinepoet，"wasChrist，inthepersonofhisvicar，asecondtimeseizedbyruffians，asecondtimemocked，asecondtimedrenchedwiththevinegarandthegall。"TheseatofthePapalcourtwascarriedbeyondtheAlps，andtheBishopsofRomebecamedependantsofFrance。ThencamethegreatschismoftheWest。TwoPopes，eachwithadoubtfultitle，madeallEuroperingwiththeirmutualinvectivesandanathemas。RomecriedoutagainstthecorruptionsofAvignon;andAvignon，withequaljustice，recriminatedonRome。TheplainChristianpeople，broughtupinthebeliefthatitwasasacreddutytobeincommunionwiththeheadoftheChurch，wereunabletodiscover，amidstconflictingtestimoniesandconflictingarguments，towhichofthetwoworthlesspriestswhowerecursingandrevilingeachother，theheadshipoftheChurchrightfullybelonged。ItwasnearlyatthisjuncturethatthevoiceofJohnWickliffebegantomakeitselfheard。ThepublicmindofEnglandwassoonstirredtoitsinmostdepths:andtheinfluenceofthenewdoctrineswassoonfelt，eveninthedistantkingdomofBohemia。
　　InBohemia，indeed，therehadlongbeenapredispositiontoheresy。MerchantsfromtheLowerDanubewereoftenseeninthefairsofPrague;andtheLowerDanubewaspeculiarlytheseatofthePauliciantheology。TheChurch，tornbyschism，andfiercelyassailedatonceinEnglandandintheGermanEmpire，wasinasituationscarcelylessperilousthanatthecrisiswhichprecededtheAlbigensiancrusade。
　　Butthisdangeralsopassedby。ThecivilpowergaveitsstrenuoussupporttotheChurch;andtheChurchmadesomeshowofreformingitself。TheCouncilofConstanceputanendtotheschism。ThewholeCatholicworldwasagainunitedunderasinglechief;andruleswerelaiddownwhichseemedtomakeitimprobablethatthepowerofthatchiefwouldbegrosslyabused。
　　Themostdistinguishedteachersofthenewdoctrinewereslaughtered。TheEnglishGovernmentputdowntheLollardswithmercilessrigour;andinthenextgeneration，scarcelyonetraceofthesecondgreatrevoltagainstthePapacycouldbefound，exceptamongtherudepopulationofthemountainsofBohemia。
　　Anothercenturywentby;andthenbeganthethirdandthemostmemorablestruggleforspiritualfreedom。Thetimeswerechanged。
　　ThegreatremainsofAthenianandRomangeniuswerestudiedbythousands。TheChurchhadnolongeramonopolyoflearning。Thepowersofthemodernlanguageshadatlengthbeendeveloped。Theinventionofprintinghadgivennewfacilitiestotheintercourseofmindwithmind。WithsuchauspicescommencedthegreatReformation。
　　Wewillattempttolaybeforeourreaders，inashortcompass，whatappearstoustobetherealhistoryofthecontestwhichbeganwiththepreachingofLutheragainsttheIndulgences，andwhichmay，inonesense，besaid，tohavebeenterminated，ahundredandthirtyyearslater，bythetreatyofWestphalia。
　　InthenorthernpartsofEuropethevictoryofProtestantismwasrapidanddecisive。ThedominionofthePapacywasfeltbythenationsofTeutonicbloodasthedominionofItalians，offoreigners，ofmenwhowerealiensinlanguage，manners，andintellectualconstitution。ThelargejurisdictionexercisedbythespiritualtribunalsofRomeseemedtobeadegradingbadgeofservitude。Thesumswhich，underathousandpretexts，wereexactedbyadistantcourt，wereregardedbothasahumiliatingandasaruinoustribute。Thecharacterofthatcourtexcitedthescornanddisgustofagrave，earnest，sincere，anddevoutpeople。Thenewtheologyspreadwitharapidityneverknownbefore。Allranks，allvarietiesofcharacter，joinedtheranksoftheinnovators。SovereignsimpatienttoappropriatetothemselvestheprerogativesofthePope，noblesdesiroustosharetheplunderofabbeys，suitorsexasperatedbytheextortionsoftheRomanCamera，patriotsimpatientofaforeignrule，goodmenscandalisedbythecorruptionsoftheChurch，badmendesirousofthelicenceinseparablefromgreatmoralrevolutions，wisemeneagerinthepursuitoftruth，weakmenalluredbytheglitterofnovelty，allwerefoundononeside。AloneamongthenorthernnationstheIrishadheredtotheancientfaith:andthecauseofthisseemstohavebeenthatthenationalfeelingwhich，inhappiercountries，wasdirectedagainstRome，wasinIrelanddirectedagainstEngland。WithinfiftyyearsfromthedayonwhichLutherpubliclyrenouncedcommunionwiththePapacy，andburnedthebullofLeobeforethegatesofWittenberg，Protestantismattaineditshighestascendency，anascendencywhichitsoonlost，andwhichithasneverregained。Hundreds，whocouldwellrememberBrotherMartinadevoutCatholic，livedtoseetherevolutionofwhichhewasthechiefauthor，victoriousinhalfthestatesofEurope。InEngland，Scotland，Denmark，Sweden，Livonia，Prussia，Saxony，Hesse，Wurtemburg，thePalatinate，inseveralcantonsofSwitzerland，intheNorthernNetherlands，theReformationhadcompletelytriumphed;andinalltheothercountriesonthissideoftheAlpsandthePyrenees，itseemedonthepointoftriumphing。
　　ButwhilethismightyworkwasproceedinginthenorthofEurope，arevolutionofaverydifferentkindhadtakenplaceinthesouth。ThetemperofItalyandSpainwaswidelydifferentfromthatofGermanyandEngland。AsthenationalfeelingoftheTeutonicnationsimpelledthemtothrowofftheItaliansupremacy，sothenationalfeelingoftheItaliansimpelledthemtoresistanychangewhichmightdeprivetheircountryofthehonoursandadvantageswhichsheenjoyedastheseatofthegovernmentoftheUniversalChurch。ItwasinItalythatthetributeswerespentofwhichforeignnationssobitterlycomplained。ItwastoadornItalythatthetrafficinIndulgenceshadbeencarriedtothatscandalousexcesswhichhadrousedtheindignationofLuther。TherewasamongtheItaliansbothmuchpietyandmuchimpiety;but，withveryfewexceptions，neitherthepietynortheimpietytooktheturnofProtestantism。ThereligiousItaliansdesiredareformofmoralsanddiscipline，butnotareformofdoctrine，andleastofallaschism。TheirreligiousItalianssimplydisbelievedChristianity，withouthatingit。Theylookedatitasartistsorasstatesmen;and，solookingatit，theylikeditbetterintheestablishedformthaninanyother。ItwastothemwhattheoldPaganworshipwastoTrajanandPliny。NeitherthespiritofSavonarolanorthespiritofMachiavellihadanythingincommonwiththespiritofthereligiousorpoliticalProtestantsoftheNorth。
　　Spainagainwas，withrespecttotheCatholicChurch，inasituationverydifferentfromthatoftheTeutonicnations。Italywas，intruth，apartoftheempireofCharlestheFifth;andtheCourtofRomewas，onmanyimportantoccasions，histool。Hehadnot，therefore，likethedistantprincesoftheNorth，astrongselfishmotiveforattackingthePapacy。Infact，theverymeasureswhichprovokedtheSovereignofEnglandtorenounceallconnectionwithRomeweredictatedbytheSovereignofSpain。ThefeelingoftheSpanishpeopleconcurredwiththeinterestoftheSpanishGovernment。TheattachmentoftheCastiliantothefaithofhisancestorswaspeculiarlystrongandardent。Withthatfaithwereinseparablybounduptheinstitutions，theindependence，andthegloryofhiscountry。BetweenthedaywhenthelastGothickingwasvanquishedonthebanksoftheXeres，andthedaywhenFerdinandandIsabellaenteredGranadaintriumph，neareighthundredyearshadelapsed;andduringthoseyearstheSpanishnationhadbeenengagedinadesperatestruggleagainstmisbelievers。TheCrusadeshadbeenmerelyanepisodeinthehistoryofothernations。TheexistenceofSpainhadbeenonelongCrusade。AfterfightingMussulmansintheOldWorld，shebegantofightheathensintheNew。ItwasundertheauthorityofaPapalbullthatherchildrensteeredintounknownseas。Itwasunderthestandardofthecrossthattheymarchedfearlesslyintotheheartofgreatkingdoms。Itwaswiththecryof"St。JamesforSpain，"thattheychargedarmieswhichoutnumberedthemahundredfold。AndmensaidthattheSainthadheardthecall，andhadhimself，inarms，onagreywar—horse，ledtheonsetbeforewhichtheworshippersoffalsegodshadgivenway。Afterthebattle，everyexcessofrapacityorcrueltywassufficientlyvindicatedbythepleathatthesuffererswereunbaptized。
　　Avaricestimulatedzeal。Zealconsecratedavarice。Proselytesandgoldminesweresoughtwithequalardour。IntheveryyearinwhichtheSaxons，maddenedbytheexactionsofRome，brokeloosefromheryoke，theSpaniards，undertheauthorityofRome，madethemselvesmastersoftheempireandofthetreasuresofMontezuma。ThusCatholicismwhich，inthepublicmindofNorthernEurope，wasassociatedwithspoliationandoppression，wasinthepublicmindofSpainassociatedwithliberty，victory，dominion，wealth，andglory。
　　Itisnot，therefore，strangethattheeffectofthegreatoutbreakofProtestantisminonepartofChristendomshouldhavebeentoproduceanequallyviolentoutbreakofCatholiczealinanother。Tworeformationswerepushedonatoncewithequalenergyandeffect，areformationofdoctrineintheNorth，areformationofmannersanddisciplineintheSouth。Inthecourseofasinglegeneration，thewholespiritoftheChurchofRomeunderwentachange。FromthehallsoftheVaticantothemostsecludedhermitageoftheApennines，thegreatrevivalwaseverywherefeltandseen。Alltheinstitutionsancientlydevisedforthepropagationanddefenceofthefaithwerefurbishedupandmadeefficient。Freshenginesofstillmoreformidablepowerwereconstructed。Everywhereoldreligiouscommunitieswereremodelledandnewreligiouscommunitiescalledintoexistence。
　　WithinayearafterthedeathofLeo，theorderofCamaldoliwaspurified。TheCapuchinsrestoredtheoldFranciscandiscipline，themidnightprayerandthelifeofsilence。TheBarnabitesandthesocietyofSomascadevotedthemselvestothereliefandeducationofthepoor。TotheTheatineorderastillhigherinterestbelongs。ItsgreatobjectwasthesamewiththatofourearlyMethodists，namelytosupplythedeficienciesoftheparochialclergy。TheChurchofRome，wiserthantheChurchofEngland，gaveeverycountenancetothegoodwork。Themembersofthenewbrotherhoodpreachedtogreatmultitudesinthestreetsandinthefields，prayedbythebedsofthesick，andadministeredthelastsacramentstothedying。ForemostamongtheminzealanddevotionwasGianPietroCaraffa，afterwardsPopePaultheFourth。IntheconventoftheTheatinesatVenice，undertheeyeofCaraffa，aSpanishgentlemantookuphisabode，tendedthepoorinthehospitals，wentaboutinrags，starvedhimselfalmosttodeath，andoftensalliedintothestreets，mountedonstones，and，wavinghishattoinvitethepassers—by，begantopreachinastrangejargonofmingledCastilianandTuscan。TheTheatineswereamongthemostzealousandrigidofmen;buttothisenthusiasticneophytetheirdisciplineseemedlax，andtheirmovementssluggish;forhisownmind，naturallypassionateandimaginative，hadpassedthroughatrainingwhichhadgiventoallitspeculiaritiesamorbidintensityandenergy。
　　InhisearlylifehehadbeentheveryprototypeoftheheroofCervantes。ThesinglestudyoftheyoungHidalgohadbeenchivalrousromance;andhisexistencehadbeenonegorgeousday—
　　dreamofprincessesrescuedandinfidelssubdued。HehadchosenaDulcinea，"nocountess，noduchess，"——thesearehisownwords，——
　　"butoneoffarhigherstation";andheflatteredhimselfwiththehopeoflayingatherfeetthekeysofMoorishcastlesandthejewelledturbansofAsiatickings。Inthemidstofthesevisionsofmartialgloryandprosperouslove，aseverewoundstretchedhimonabedofsickness。Hisconstitutionwasshatteredandhewasdoomedtobeacrippleforlife。Thepalmofstrength，grace，andskillinknightlyexercises，wasnolongerforhim。Hecouldnolongerhopetostrikedowngiganticsoldans，ortofindfavourinthesightofbeautifulwomen。Anewvisionthenaroseinhismind，andmingleditselfwithhisolddelusionsinamannerwhichtomostEnglishmenmustseemsingular，butwhichthosewhoknowhowclosewastheunionbetweenreligionandchivalryinSpainwillbeatnolosstounderstand。Hewouldstillbeasoldier;hewouldstillbeaknighterrant;butthesoldierandknighterrantofthespouseofChrist。HewouldsmitetheGreatRedDragon。HewouldbethechampionoftheWomanclothedwiththeSun。Hewouldbreakthecharmunderwhichfalseprophetsheldthesoulsofmeninbondage。HisrestlessspiritledhimtotheSyriandeserts，andtothechapeloftheHolySepulchre。ThencehewanderedbacktothefarthestWest，andastonishedtheconventsofSpainandtheschoolsofFrancebyhispenancesandvigils。Thesamelivelyimaginationwhichhadbeenemployedinpicturingthetumultofunrealbattles，andthecharmsofunrealqueens，nowpeopledhissolitudewithsaintsandangels。TheHolyVirgindescendedtocommunewithhim。HesawtheSaviourfacetofacewiththeeyeofflesh。Eventhosemysteriesofreligionwhicharethehardesttrialoffaithwereinhiscasepalpabletosight。Itisdifficulttorelatewithoutapityingsmilethat，inthesacrificeofthemass，hesawtransubstantiationtakeplace，andthat，ashestoodprayingonthestepsoftheChurchofSt。
　　Dominic，hesawtheTrinityinUnity，andweptaloudwithjoyandwonder。SuchwasthecelebratedIgnatiusLoyola，who，inthegreatCatholicreaction，borethesamepartwhichLutherboreinthegreatProtestantmovement。
　　DissatisfiedwiththesystemoftheTheatines，theenthusiasticSpaniardturnedhisfacetowardsRome。Poor，obscure，withoutapatron，withoutrecommendations，heenteredthecitywherenowtwoprincelytemples，richwithpaintingandmany—colouredmarble，commemoratehisgreatservicestotheChurch;wherehisformstandssculpturedinmassivesilver;wherehisbones，enshrinedamidstjewels，areplacedbeneaththealtarofGod。Hisactivityandzealboredownallopposition;andunderhisruletheorderofJesuitsbegantoexist，andgrewrapidlytothefullmeasureofhisgiganticpowers。Withwhatvehemence，withwhatpolicy，withwhatexactdiscipline，withwhatdauntlesscourage，withwhatself—denial，withwhatforgetfulnessofthedearestprivateties，withwhatintenseandstubborndevotiontoasingleend，withwhatunscrupulouslaxityandversatilityinthechoiceofmeans，theJesuitsfoughtthebattleoftheirChurch，iswrittenineverypageoftheannalsofEuropeduringseveralgenerations。IntheorderofJesuswasconcentratedthequintessenceoftheCatholicspirit;andthehistoryoftheorderofJesusisthehistoryofthegreatCatholicreaction。Thatorderpossesseditselfatonceofallthestrongholdswhichcommandthepublicmind，ofthepulpit，ofthepress，oftheconfessional，oftheacademies。WherevertheJesuitpreached，thechurchwastoosmallfortheaudience。ThenameofJesuitonatitle—pagesecuredthecirculationofabook。ItwasintheearsoftheJesuitthatthepowerful，thenoble，andthebeautiful，breathedthesecrethistoryoftheirlives。ItwasatthefeetoftheJesuitthattheyouthofthehigherandmiddleclasseswerebroughtupfromchildhoodtomanhood，fromthefirstrudimentstothecoursesofrhetoricandphilosophy。Literatureandscience，latelyassociatedwithinfidelityorwithheresy，nowbecamethealliesoforthodoxy。DominantintheSouthofEurope，thegreatordersoonwentforthconqueringandtoconquer。Inspiteofoceansanddeserts，ofhungerandpestilence，ofspiesandpenallaws，ofdungeonsandracks，ofgibbetsandquartering—blocks，Jesuitsweretobefoundundereverydisguise，andineverycountry;scholars，physicians，merchants，serving—men;inthehostileCourtofSweden，intheoldmanor—housesofCheshire，amongthehovelsofConnaught;arguing，instructing，consoling，stealingawaytheheartsoftheyoung，animatingthecourageofthetimid，holdingupthecrucifixbeforetheeyesofthedying。
　　Norwasitlesstheirofficetoplotagainstthethronesandlivesofapostatekings，tospreadevilrumours，toraisetumults，toinflamecivilwars，toarmthehandoftheassassin。
　　InflexibleinnothingbutintheirfidelitytotheChurch，theywereequallyreadytoappealinhercausetothespiritofloyaltyandtothespiritoffreedom。Extremedoctrinesofobedienceandextremedoctrinesofliberty，therightofrulerstomisgovernthepeople，therightofeveryoneofthepeopletoplungehisknifeintheheartofabadruler，wereinculcatedbythesameman，accordingasheaddressedhimselftothesubjectofPhiliportothesubjectofElizabeth。Somedescribedthesedivinesasthemostrigid，othersasthemostindulgentofspiritualdirectors;andbothdescriptionswerecorrect。ThetrulydevoutlistenedwithawetothehighandsaintlymoralityoftheJesuit。Thegaycavalierwhohadrunhisrivalthroughthebody，thefrailbeautywhohadforgottenhermarriage—vow，foundintheJesuitaneasywell—bredmanoftheworld，whoknewhowtomakeallowanceforthelittleirregularitiesofpeopleoffashion。Theconfessorwasstrictorlax，accordingtothetemperofthepenitent。ThefirstobjectwastodrivenopersonoutofthepaleoftheChurch。Sincetherewerebadpeople，itwasbetterthattheyshouldbebadCatholicsthanbadProtestants。Ifapersonwassounfortunateastobeabravo，alibertine，oragambler，thatwasnoreasonformakinghimaheretictoo。
　　TheOldWorldwasnotwideenoughforthisstrangeactivity。TheJesuitsinvadedallthecountrieswhichthegreatmaritimediscoveriesoftheprecedingagehadlaidopentoEuropeanenterprise。TheyweretobefoundinthedepthsofthePeruvianmines，atthemartsoftheAfricanslave—caravans，ontheshoresoftheSpiceIslands，intheobservatoriesofChina。Theymadeconvertsinregionswhichneitheravaricenorcuriosityhadtemptedanyoftheircountrymentoenter;andpreachedanddisputedintonguesofwhichnoothernativeoftheWestunderstoodaword。
　　ThespiritwhichappearedsoeminentlyinthisorderanimatedthewholeCatholicworld。TheCourtofRomeitselfwaspurified。
　　DuringthegenerationwhichprecededtheReformation，thatCourthadbeenascandaltotheChristianname。Itsannalsareblackwithtreason，murder，andincest。Evenitsmorerespectablememberswereutterlyunfittobeministersofreligion。TheyweremenlikeLeotheTenth;menwho，withtheLatinityoftheAugustanage，hadacquireditsatheisticalandscoffingspirit。
　　TheyregardedthoseChristianmysteries，ofwhichtheywerestewards，justastheAugurCiceroandthehighPontiffCaesarregardedtheSibyllinebooksandthepeckingofthesacredchickens。Amongthemselves，theyspokeoftheIncarnation，theEucharist，andtheTrinity，inthesametoneinwhichCottaandVelleiustalkedoftheoracleofDelphiorthevoiceofFaunusinthemountains。Theiryearsglidedbyinasoftdreamofsensualandintellectualvoluptuousness。Choicecookery，deliciouswines，lovelywomen，hounds，falcons，horses，newly—discoveredmanuscriptsoftheclassics，sonnets，andburlesqueromancesinthesweetestTuscan，justaslicentiousasafinesenseofthegracefulwouldpermit，platefromthehandofBenvenuto，designsforpalacesbyMichaelAngelo，frescoesbyRaphael，busts，mosaics，andgemsjustdugupfromamongtheruinsofancienttemplesandvillas，thesethingswerethedelightandeventheseriousbusinessoftheirlives。Lettersandthefineartsundoubtedlyowemuchtothisnotinelegantsloth。ButwhenthegreatstirringofthemindofEuropebegan，whendoctrineafterdoctrinewasassailed，whennationafternationwithdrewfromcommunionwiththesuccessorofSt。Peter，itwasfeltthattheChurchcouldnotbesafelyconfidedtochiefswhosehighestpraisewasthattheyweregoodjudgesofLatincompositions，ofpaintings，andofstatues，whosesevereststudieshadapagancharacter，andwhoweresuspectedoflaughinginsecretatthesacramentswhichtheyadministered，andofbelievingnomoreoftheGospelthanoftheMorganteMaggiore。Menofaverydifferentclassnowrosetothedirectionofecclesiasticalaffairs，menwhosespiritresembledthatofDunstanandofBecket。TheRomanPontiffsexhibitedintheirownpersonsalltheausterityoftheearlyanchoritesofSyria。PaultheFourthbroughttothePapalthronethesameferventzealwhichhadcarriedhimintotheTheatineconvent。PiustheFifth，underhisgorgeousvestments，woredayandnightthehairshirtofasimplefriar，walkedbarefootinthestreetsattheheadofprocessions，found，eveninthemidstofhismostpressingavocations，timeforprivateprayer，oftenregrettedthatthepublicdutiesofhisstationwereunfavourabletogrowthinholiness，andedifiedhisflockbyinnumerableinstancesofhumility，charity，andforgivenessofpersonalinjuries，whileatthesametimeheupheldtheauthorityofhissee，andtheunadulterateddoctrinesofhisChurch，withallthestubbornnessandvehemenceofHildebrand。GregorytheThirteenthexertedhimselfnotonlytoimitatebuttosurpassPiusintheseverevirtuesofhissacredprofession。Aswasthehead，suchwerethemembers。ThechangeinthespiritoftheCatholicworldmaybetracedineverywalkofliteratureandofart。ItwillbeatonceperceivedbyeverypersonwhocomparesthepoemofTassowiththatofAriosto，orthemonumentsOfSixtustheFifthwiththoseofLeotheTenth。
　　ButitwasnotonmoralinfluencealonethattheCatholicChurchrelied。ThecivilswordinSpainandItalywasunsparinglyemployedinhersupport。TheInquisitionwasarmedwithnewpowersandinspiredwithanewenergy。IfProtestantism，orthesemblanceofProtestantism，showeditselfinanyquarter，itwasinstantlymet，notbypetty，teasingpersecution，butbypersecutionofthatsortwhichbowsdownandcrushesallbutaveryfewselectspirits。Whoeverwassuspectedofheresy，whateverhisrank，hislearning，orhisreputation，knewthathemustpurgehimselftothesatisfactionofasevereandvigilanttribunal，ordiebyfire。Hereticalbooksweresoughtoutanddestroyedwithsimilarrigour。Workswhichwereonceineveryhouseweresoeffectuallysuppressedthatnocopyofthemisnowtobefoundinthemostextensivelibraries。Onebookinparticular，entitledOftheBenefitsoftheDeathofChrist，hadthisfate。ItwaswritteninTuscan，wasmanytimesreprinted，andwaseagerlyreadineverypartofItaly。ButtheinquisitorsdetectedinittheLutherandoctrineofjustificationbyfaithalone。Theyproscribedit;anditisnowashopelesslylostastheseconddecadeofLivy。
　　Thus，whiletheProtestantreformationproceededrapidlyatoneextremityofEurope，theCatholicrevivalwentonasrapidlyattheother。Abouthalfacenturyafterthegreatseparation，therewere，throughouttheNorth，ProtestantgovernmentsandProtestantnations。IntheSouthweregovernmentsandnationsactuatedbythemostintensezealfortheancientChurch。Betweenthesetwohostileregionslay，morallyaswellasgeographically，agreatdebatableland。InFrance，Belgium，SouthernGermany，Hungary，andPoland，thecontestwasstillundecided。ThegovernmentsofthosecountrieshadnotrenouncedtheirconnectionwithRome;buttheProtestantswerenumerous，powerful，bold，andactive。InFrance，theyformedacommonwealthwithintherealm，heldfortresses，wereabletobringgreatarmiesintothefield，andhadtreatedwiththeirsovereignontermsofequality。InPoland，theKingwasstillaCatholic;buttheProtestantshadtheupperhandintheDiet，filledthechiefofficesintheadministration，and，inthelargetowns，tookpossessionoftheparishchurches。"Itappeared，"saysthePapalnuncio，"thatinPoland，ProtestantismwouldcompletelysupersedeCatholicism。"InBavaria，thestateofthingswasnearlythesame。TheProtestantshadamajorityintheAssemblyoftheStates，anddemandedfromthedukeconcessionsinfavouroftheirreligion，asthepriceoftheirsubsidies。InTransylvania，theHouseofAustriawasunabletopreventtheDietfromconfiscating，byonesweepingdecree，theestatesoftheChurch。
　　InAustriaProperitwasgenerallysaidthatonlyone—thirtiethpartofthepopulationcouldbecountedonasgoodCatholics。InBelgiumtheadherentsofthenewopinionswerereckonedbyhundredsofthousands。
　　ThehistoryofthetwosucceedinggenerationsisthehistoryofthestrugglebetweenProtestantismpossessedoftheNorthofEurope，andCatholicismpossessedoftheSouth，forthedoubtfulterritorywhichlaybetween。Alltheweaponsofcarnalandofspiritualwarfarewereemployed。Bothsidesmayboastofgreattalentsandofgreatvirtues。Bothhavetoblushformanyfolliesandcrimes。Atfirst，thechancesseemedtobedecidedlyinfavourofProtestantism;butthevictoryremainedwiththeChurchofRome。Oneverypointshewassuccessful。Ifweoverleap，anotherhalfcentury，wefindhervictoriousanddominantinFrance，Belgium，Bavaria，Bohemia，Austria，Poland，andHungary。
　　NorhasProtestantism，inthecourseoftwohundredyears，beenabletoreconqueranyportionofwhatwasthenlost。
　　Itis，moreover，nottobedissembledthatthistriumphofthePapacyistobechieflyattributed，nottotheforceofarms，buttoagreatrefluxinpublicopinion。DuringthefirsthalfcenturyafterthecommencementoftheReformation，thecurrentoffeeling，inthecountriesonthissideoftheAlpsandofthePyrenees，ranimpetuouslytowardsthenewdoctrines。Thenthetideturned，andrushedasfiercelyintheoppositedirection。
　　Neitherduringtheoneperiod，norduringtheother，didmuchdependupontheeventofbattlesorsieges。TheProtestantmovementwashardlycheckedforaninstantbythedefeatatMuhlberg。TheCatholicreactionwentonatfullspeedinspiteofthedestructionoftheArmada。Itisdifficulttosaywhethertheviolenceofthefirstbloworoftherecoilwasthegreater。
　　FiftyyearsaftertheLutheranseparation，CatholicismcouldscarcelymaintainitselfontheshoresoftheMediterranean。A
　　hundredyearsaftertheseparation，ProtestantismcouldscarcelymaintainitselfontheshoresoftheBaltic。Thecausesofthismemorableturninhumanaffairswelldeservetobeinvestigated。
　　Thecontestbetweenthetwopartiesboresomeresemblancetothefencing—matchinShakspeare;"LaerteswoundsHamlet;then，inscuffling，theychangerapiers，andHamletwoundsLaertes。"ThewarbetweenLutherandLeowasawarbetweenfirmfaithandunbelief，betweenzealandapathy，betweenenergyandindolence，betweenseriousnessandfrivolity，betweenapuremoralityandvice。VerydifferentwasthewarwhichdegenerateProtestantismhadtowageagainstregenerateCatholicism。Tothedebauchees，thepoisoners，theatheists，whohadwornthetiaraduringthegenerationwhichprecededtheReformation，hadsucceededPopeswho，inreligiousfervourandseveresanctityofmanners，mightbearacomparisonwithCyprianorAmbrose。TheorderofJesuitsalonecouldshowmanymennotinferiorinsincerity，constancy，courage，andausterityoflife，totheapostlesoftheReformation。ButwhiledangerhadthuscalledforthinthebosomoftheChurchofRomemanyofthehighestqualitiesoftheReformers，theReformershadcontractedsomeofthecorruptionswhichhadbeenjustlycensuredintheChurchofRome。Theyhadbecomelukewarmandworldly。Theirgreatoldleadershadbeenbornetothegrave，andhadleftnosuccessors。AmongtheProtestantprincestherewaslittleornoheartyProtestantfeeling。ElizabethherselfwasaProtestantratherfrompolicythanfromfirmconviction。JamestheFirst，inordertoeffecthisfavouriteobjectofmarryinghissonintooneofthegreatcontinentalhouses，wasreadytomakeimmenseconcessionstoRome，andeventoadmitamodifiedprimacyinthePope。HenrytheFourthtwiceabjuredthereformeddoctrinesfrominterestedmotives。TheElectorofSaxony，thenaturalheadOftheProtestantpartyinGermany，submittedtobecome，atthemostimportantcrisisofthestruggle，atoolinthehandsofthePapists。AmongtheCatholicsovereigns，ontheotherhand，wefindareligiouszealoftenamountingtofanaticism。PhiliptheSecondwasaPapistinaverydifferentsensefromthatinwhichElizabethwasaProtestant。MaximilianofBavaria，broughtupundertheteachingoftheJesuits，wasaferventmissionarywieldingthepowersofaprince。TheEmperorFerdinandtheSeconddeliberatelyputhisthronetohazardoverandoveragain，ratherthanmakethesmallestconcessiontothespiritofreligiousinnovation。SigismundofSwedenlostacrownwhichhemighthavepreservedifhewouldhaverenouncedtheCatholicfaith。Inshort，everywhereontheProtestantsideweseelanguor;
　　everywhereontheCatholicsideweseeardouranddevotion。
　　Notonlywasthere，atthistime，amuchmoreintensezealamongtheCatholicsthanamongtheProtestants;butthewholezealoftheCatholicswasdirectedagainsttheProtestants，whilealmostthewholezealoftheProtestantswasdirectedagainsteachother。WithintheCatholicChurchtherewerenoseriousdisputesonpointsofdoctrine。ThedecisionsoftheCouncilofTrentwerereceived;andtheJanseniancontroversyhadnotyetarisen。ThewholeforceofRomewas，therefore，effectiveforthepurposeofcarryingonthewaragainsttheReformation。Ontheotherhand，theforcewhichoughttohavefoughtthebattleoftheReformationwasexhaustedincivilconflict。WhileJesuitpreachers，Jesuitconfessors，Jesuitteachersofyouth，overspreadEurope，eagertoexpendeveryfacultyoftheirmindsandeverydropoftheirbloodinthecauseoftheirChurch，Protestantdoctorswereconfuting，andProtestantrulerswerepunishing，sectarieswhowerejustasgoodProtestantsasthemselves。
　　"CumquesuperbaforetBABYLONspoliandatropaeis，Bellageriplacuitnulloshabituratriumphos。"
　　InthePalatinate，aCalvinisticprincepersecutedtheLutherans。
　　InSaxony，aLutheranprincepersecutedtheCalvinists。EverybodywhoobjectedtoanyofthearticlesoftheConfessionofAugsburgwasbanishedfromSweden。InScotland，MelvillewasdisputingwithotherProtestantsonquestionsofecclesiasticalgovernment。
　　InEnglandthegaolswerefilledwithmen，who，thoughzealousfortheReformation，didnotexactlyagreewiththeCourtonallpointsofdisciplineanddoctrine。Somewerepersecutedfordenyingthetenetofreprobation;somefornotwearingsurplices。
　　TheIrishpeoplemightatthattimehavebeen，inallprobability，reclaimedfromPopery，attheexpenseofhalfthezealandactivitywhichWhitgiftemployedinoppressingPuritans，andMartinMarprelateinrevilingbishops。
　　AstheCatholicsinzealandinunionhadagreatadvantageovertheProtestants，sohadtheyalsoaninfinitelysuperiororganisation。Intruth，Protestantism，foraggressivepurposes，hadnoorganisationatall。TheReformedChurchesweremerenationalChurches。TheChurchofEnglandexistedforEnglandalone。ItwasaninstitutionaspurelylocalastheCourtofCommonPleas，andwasutterlywithoutanymachineryforforeignoperations。TheChurchofScotland，inthesamemanner，existedforScotlandalone。TheoperationsoftheCatholicChurch，ontheotherhand，tookinthewholeworld。NobodyatLambethoratEdinburghtroubledhimselfaboutwhatwasdoinginPolandorBavaria。ButCracowandMunichwereatRomeobjectsofasmuchinterestasthepurlieusofSt。JohnLateran。Ourisland，theheadoftheProtestantinterest，didnotsendoutasinglemissionaryorasingleinstructorofyouthtothesceneofthegreatspiritualwar。Notasingleseminarywasestablishedhereforthepurposeoffurnishingasupplyofsuchpersonstoforeigncountries。Ontheotherhand，Germany，Hungary，andPolandwerefilledwithableandactiveCatholicemissariesofSpanishorItalianbirth;andcollegesfortheinstructionofthenorthernyouthwerefoundedatRome。ThespiritualforceofProtestantismwasamerelocalmilitia，whichmightbeusefulincaseofaninvasion，butcouldnotbesentabroad，andcouldthereforemakenoconquests。Romehadsuchalocalmilitia;butshehadalsoaforcedisposableatamoment’snoticeforforeignservice，howeverdangerousordisagreeable。Ifitwasthoughtathead—
　　quartersthataJesuitatPalermowasqualifiedbyhistalentsandcharactertowithstandtheReformersinLithuania，theorderwasinstantlygivenandinstantlyobeyed。Inamonth，thefaithfulservantoftheChurchwaspreaching，catechising，confessing，beyondtheNiemen。
　　ItisimpossibletodenythatthepolityoftheChurchofRomeistheverymaster—pieceofhumanwisdom。Intruth，nothingbutsuchapolitycould，againstsuchassaults，haveborneupsuchdoctrines。Theexperienceoftwelvehundredeventfulyears，theingenuityandpatientcareoffortygenerationsofstatesmen，haveimprovedthatpolitytosuchperfectionthat，amongthecontrivanceswhichhavebeendevisedfordeceivingandoppressingmankind，itoccupiesthehighestplace。ThestrongerourconvictionthatreasonandscriptureweredecidedlyonthesideofProtestantism，thegreateristhereluctantadmirationwithwhichweregardthatsystemoftacticsagainstwhichreasonandscripturewereemployedinvain。
　　Ifwewentatlargeintothismostinterestingsubjectweshouldfillvolumes。Wewill，therefore，atpresent，adverttoonlyoneimportantpartofthepolicyoftheChurchofRome。Shethoroughlyunderstands，whatnootherChurchhaseverunderstood，howtodealwithenthusiasts。Insomesects，particularlyininfantsects，enthusiasmissufferedtoberampant。Inothersects，particularlyinsectslongestablishedandrichlyendowed，itisregardedwithaversion。TheCatholicChurchneithersubmitstoenthusiasmnorproscribesit，butusesit。Sheconsidersitasagreatmovingforcewhichinitself，likethemuscularpowerofafinehorse，isneithergoodnorevil，butwhichmaybesodirectedastoproducegreatgoodorgreatevil;andsheassumesthedirectiontoherself。Itwouldbeabsurdtorundownahorselikeawolf。Itwouldbestillmoreabsurdtolethimrunwild，breakingfences，andtramplingdownpassengers。Therationalcourseistosubjugatehiswillwithoutimpairinghisvigour，toteachhimtoobeytherein，andthentourgehimtofullspeed。
　　Whenonceheknowshismaster，heisvaluableinproportiontohisstrengthandspirit。JustsuchhasbeenthesystemoftheChurchofRomewithregardtoenthusiasts。Sheknowsthat，whenreligiousfeelingshaveobtainedthecompleteempireofthemind，theyimpartastrangeenergy，thattheyraisemenabovethedominionofpainandpleasure，thatobloquybecomesglory，thatdeathitselfiscontemplatedonlyasthebeginningofahigherandhappierlife。Sheknowsthatapersoninthisstateisnoobjectofcontempt。Hemaybevulgar，ignorant，visionary，extravagant;buthewilldoandsufferthingswhichitisforherinterestthatsomebodyshoulddoandsuffer，yetfromwhichcalmandsober—mindedmenwouldshrink。Sheaccordinglyenlistshiminherservice，assignstohimsomeforlornhope，inwhichintrepidityandimpetuosityaremorewantedthanjudgmentandself—command，andsendshimforthwithherbenedictionsandherapplause。
　　InEnglanditnotunfrequentlyhappensthatatinkerorcoal—
　　heaverhearsasermonorfallsinwithatractwhichalarmshimaboutthestateofhissoul。Ifhebeamanofexcitablenervesandstrongimagination，hethinkshimselfgivenovertotheEvilPower。Hedoubtswhetherhehasnotcommittedtheunpardonablesin。Heimputeseverywildfancythatspringsupinhismindtothewhisperofafiend。Hissleepisbrokenbydreamsofthegreatjudgment—seat，theopenbooks，andtheunquenchablefire。
　　If，inordertoescapefromthesevexingthoughts，hefliestoamusementortolicentiousindulgence，thedelusivereliefonlymakeshismiserydarkerandmorehopeless。Atlengthaturntakesplace。HeisreconciledtohisoffendedMaker。Toborrowthefineimageryofonewhohadhimselfbeenthustried，heemergesfromtheValleyoftheShadowofDeath，fromthedarklandofginsandsnares，ofquagmiresandprecipices，ofevilspiritsandravenousbeasts。Thesunshineisonhispath。HeascendstheDelectableMountains，andcatchesfromtheirsummitadistantviewoftheshiningcitywhichistheendofhispilgrimage。Thenarisesinhismindanaturalandsurelynotacensurabledesire，toimparttoothersthethoughtsofwhichhisownheartisfull，towarnthecareless，tocomfortthosewhoaretroubledinspirit。Theimpulsewhichurgeshimtodevotehiswholelifetotheteachingofreligionisastrongpassionintheguiseofaduty。Heexhortshisneighbours;and，ifhebeamanofstrongparts，heoftendoessowithgreateffect。Hepleadsasifhewerepleadingforhislife，withtears，andpatheticgestures，andburningwords;andhesoonfindswithdelight，notperhapswhollyunmixedwiththealloyofhumaninfirmity，thathisrudeeloquencerousesandmeltshearerswhosleepverycomposedlywhiletherectorpreachesontheapostolicalsuccession。ZealforGod，loveforhisfellow—creatures，pleasureintheexerciseofhisnewlydiscoveredpowers，impelhimtobecomeapreacher。Hehasnoquarrelwiththeestablishment，noobjectiontoitsformularies，itsgovernment，oritsvestments。Hewouldgladlybeadmittedamongitshumblestministers，but，admittedorrejected，hefeelsthathisvocationisdetermined。Hisordershavecomedowntohim，notthroughalonganddoubtfulseriesofArianandPopishbishops，butdirectfromonhigh。HiscommissionisthesamethatontheMountainofAscensionwasgiventotheEleven。Norwillhe，forlackofhumancredentials，sparetodeliverthegloriousmessagewithwhichheischargedbythetrueHeadoftheChurch。
　　Foramanthusminded，thereiswithinthepaleoftheestablishmentnoplace。Hehasbeenatnocollege;hecannotconstrueaGreekauthororwriteaLatintheme;andheistoldthat，ifheremainsinthecommunionoftheChurch，hemustdosoasahearer，andthat，ifheisresolvedtobeateacher，hemustbeginbybeingaschismatic。Hischoiceissoonmade。HeharanguesonTowerHillorinSmithfield。Acongregationisformed。Alicenceisobtained。Aplainbrickbuilding，withadeskandbenches，isrunup，andnamedEbenezerorBethel。InafewweekstheChurchhaslostforeverahundredfamilies，notoneofwhichentertainedtheleastscrupleaboutherarticles，herliturgy，hergovernment，orherceremonies。
　　FardifferentisthepolicyofRome。TheignorantenthusiastwhomtheAnglicanChurchmakesanenemy，andwhateverthepoliteandlearnedmaythink，amostdangerousenemy，theCatholicChurchmakesachampion。Shebidshimnursehisbeard，covershimwithagownandhoodofcoarsedarkstuff，tiesaroperoundhiswaist，andsendshimforthtoteachinhername。Hecostshernothing。
　　Hetakesnotaducatawayfromtherevenuesofherbeneficedclergy。Helivesbythealmsofthosewhorespecthisspiritualcharacter，andaregratefulforhisinstructions。Hepreaches，notexactlyinthestyleofMassillon，butinawaywhichmovesthepassionsofuneducatedhearers;andallhisinfluenceisemployedtostrengthentheChurchofwhichheisaminister。TothatChurchhebecomesasstronglyattachedasanyofthecardinalswhosescarletcarriagesandliveriescrowdtheentranceofthepalaceontheQuirinal。InthiswaytheChurchofRomeunitesinherselfallthestrengthofestablishment，andallthestrengthofdissent。Withtheutmostpompofadominanthierarchyabove，shehasalltheenergyofthevoluntarysystembelow。Itwouldbeeasytomentionveryrecentinstancesinwhichtheheartsofhundredsofthousands，estrangedfromherbytheselfishness，sloth，andcowardiceofthebeneficedclergy，havebeenbroughtbackbythezealofthebeggingfriars。