Froude，orofamanlikeDr。Arnold。Itisamerechance，therefore，whetheritwillgotosupportateacheroftruth，oronewhowilldenouncethattruthasfalsehood。
ThisargumentseemstousatoncetodisposeofallthatpartofMr。Gladstone’sbookwhichrespectsgrantsofpublicmoneytodissentingbodies。Allsuchgrantshecondemns。Butsurely，ifitbewrongtogivethemoneyofthepublicforthesupportofthosewhoteachanyfalsedoctrine，itiswrongtogivethatmoneyforthesupportoftheministersoftheEstablishedChurch。Foritisquitecertainthat，whetherCalvinorArminiusbeintheright，whetherLaudorBurnetbeintheright，agreatdealoffalsedoctrineistaughtbytheministersoftheEstablishedChurch。IfitbesaidthatthepointsonwhichtheclergyoftheChurchofEnglanddifferoughttobepassedover，forthesakeofthemanyimportantpointsonwhichtheyagree，whymaynotthesameargumentbemaintainedwithrespecttotheothersectswhichhold，incommonwiththeChurchofEngland，thefundamentaldoctrinesofChristianity？Theprinciplethatarulerisboundinconsciencetopropagatereligioustruth，andtopropagatenoreligiousdoctrinewhichisuntrue，isabandonedassoonasitisadmittedthatagentlemanofMr。Gladstone’sopinionsmaylawfullyvotethepublicmoneytoachaplainwhoseopinionsarethoseofPaleyorofSimeon。Thewholequestionthenbecomesoneofdegree。Ofcoursenoindividualandnogovernmentcanjustifiablypropagateerrorforthesakeofpropagatingerror。
Butbothindividualsandgovernmentsmustworkwithsuchmachineryastheyhave;andnohumanmachineryistobefoundwhichwillimparttruthwithoutsomealloyoferror。Wehaveshownirrefragably，aswethink，thattheChurchofEnglanddoesnotaffordsuchamachinery。Thequestionthenisthis;withwhatdegreeofimperfectioninourmachinerymustweputup？Andtothisquestionwedonotseehowanygeneralanswercanbegiven。
Wemustbeguidedbycircumstances。Itwould，forexample，beverycriminalinaProtestanttocontributetothesendingofJesuitmissionariesamongaProtestantpopulation。ButwedonotconceivethataProtestantwouldbetoblameforgivingassistancetoJesuitmissionarieswhomightbeengagedinconvertingtheSiamesetoChristianity。Thattaresaremixedwiththewheatismatterofregret;butitisbetterthatwheatandtaresshouldgrowtogetherthanthatthepromiseoftheyearshouldbeblighted。
Mr。Gladstone，weseewithdeepregret，censurestheBritishGovernmentinIndiafordistributingasmallsumamongtheCatholicpriestswhoministertothespiritualwantsofourIrishsoldiers。Now，letusputacasetohim。AProtestantgentlemanisattendedbyaCatholicservant，inapartofthecountrywherethereisnoCatholiccongregationwithinmanymiles。Theservantistakenill，andisgivenover。Hedesires，ingreattroubleofmind，toreceivethelastsacramentsofhisChurch。Hismastersendsoffamessengerinachaiseandfour，withorderstobringaconfessorfromatownataconsiderabledistance。HereaProtestantlaysoutmoneyforthepurposeofcausingreligiousinstructionandconsolationtobegivenbyaCatholicpriest。Hashecommittedasin？HashenotactedlikeagoodmasterandagoodChristian？WouldMr。Gladstoneaccusehimof"laxityofreligiousprinciple，"of"confoundingtruthwithfalsehood，"of"consideringthesupportofreligionasaboontoanindividual，notasahomagetotruth？"Buthowifthisservanthad，forthesakeofhismaster，undertakenajourneywhichremovedhimfromtheplacewherehemighteasilyhaveobtainedreligiousattendance？Howifhisdeathwereoccasionedbyawoundreceivedindefendinghismaster？Shouldwenotthensaythatthemasterhadonlyfulfilledasacredobligationofduty？Now，Mr。
Gladstonehimselfownsthat"nobodycanthinkthatthepersonalityoftheStateismorestringent，orentailsstrongerobligations，thanthatoftheindividual。"HowthenstandsthecaseoftheIndianGovernment？HereisapoorfellowenlistedinClareorKerry，sentoverfifteenthousandmilesofsea，quarteredinadepressingandpestilentialclimate。HefightsfortheGovernment;heconquersforit;heiswounded;heislaidonhispallet，witheringawaywithfever，underthatterriblesun，withoutafriendnearhim。Hepinesfortheconsolationsofthatreligionwhich，neglectedperhapsintheseasonofhealthandvigour，nowcomesbacktohismind，associatedwithalltheoverpoweringrecollectionsofhisearlierdays，andofthehomewhichheisnevertoseeagain。AndbecausetheStateforwhichhediessendsapriestofhisownfaithtostandathisbedside，andtotellhim，inlanguagewhichatoncecommandshisloveandconfidence，ofthecommonFather，ofthecommonRedeemer，ofthecommonhopeofimmortality，becausetheStateforwhichhediesdoesnotabandonhiminhislastmomentstothecareofheathenattendants，oremployachaplainofadifferentcreedtovexhisdepartingspiritwithacontroversyabouttheCouncilofTrent，Mr。GladstonefindsthatIndiapresents"amelancholypicture，"
andthatthereis"alargeallowanceoffalseprinciple"inthesystempursuedthere。MostearnestlydowehopethatourremarksmayinduceMr。Gladstonetoreconsiderthispartofhiswork，andmaypreventhimfromexpressinginthathighassembly，inwhichhemustalwaysbeheardwithattention，opinionssounworthyofhischaracter。
WehavenowsaidalmostallthatwethinkitnecessarytosayrespectingMr。Gladstone’stheory。Andperhapsitwouldbesafestforustostophere。Itismucheasiertopulldownthantobuildup。Yet，thatwemaygiveMr。Gladstonehisrevenge，wewillstateconciselyourownviewsrespectingtheallianceofChurchandState。
WesetoutincompanywithWarburton，andremainwithhimprettysociablytillwecometohiscontract;acontractwhichMr。
Gladstoneveryproperlydesignatesasafiction。WeconsidertheprimaryendofGovernmentasapurelytemporalend，theprotectionofthepersonsandpropertyofmen。
WethinkthatGovernment，likeeveryothercontrivanceofhumanwisdom，fromthehighesttothelowest，islikelytoansweritsmainendbestwhenitisconstructedwithasingleviewtothatend。Mr。Gladstone，wholovesPlato，willnotquarrelwithusforillustratingourproposition，afterPlato’sfashion，fromthemostfamiliarobjects。Takecutlery，forexample。Abladewhichisdesignedbothtoshaveandtocarve，willcertainlynotshavesowellasarazor，orcarvesowellasacarving—knife。Anacademyofpainting，whichshouldalsobeabank，would，inallprobability，exhibitverybadpicturesanddiscountverybadbills。Agascompany，whichshouldalsobeaninfantschoolsociety，would，weapprehend，lightthestreetsill，andteachthechildrenill。Onthisprinciple，wethinkthatGovernmentshouldbeorganisedsolelywithaviewtoitsmainend;andthatnopartofitsefficiencyforthatendshouldbesacrificedinordertopromoteanyotherendhoweverexcellent。
ButdoesitfollowfromhencethatGovernmentsoughtnevertopursueanyendotherthantheirmainend？Innowise。Thoughitisdesirablethateveryinstitutionshouldhaveamainend，andshouldbesoformedastobeinthehighestdegreeefficientforthatmainend;yetif，withoutanysacrificeofitsefficiencyforthatend，itcanpursueanyothergoodend，itoughttodoso。Thus，theendforwhichahospitalisbuiltisthereliefofthesick，notthebeautifyingofthestreet。Tosacrificethehealthofthesicktosplendourofarchitecturaleffect，toplacethebuildinginabadaironlythatitmaypresentamorecommandingfronttoagreatpublicplace，tomakethewardshotterorcoolerthantheyoughttobe，inorderthatthecolumnsandwindowsoftheexteriormaypleasethepassers—bywouldbemonstrous。Butif，withoutanysacrificeofthechiefobject，thehospitalcanbemadeanornamenttothemetropolis，itwouldbeabsurdnottomakeitso。
Inthesamemanner，ifaGovernmentcan，withoutanysacrificeofitsmainend，promoteanyothergoodwork，itoughttodoso。Theencouragementofthefinearts，forexample，isbynomeansthemainendofGovernment;anditwouldbeabsurd，inconstitutingaGovernment，tobestowathoughtonthequestion，whetheritwouldbeaGovernmentlikelytotrainRaphaelsorDomenichinos。ButitbynomeansfollowsthatitisimproperforaGovernmenttoformanationalgalleryofpictures。Thesamemaybesaidofpatronagebestowedonlearnedmen，ofthepublicationofarchives，ofthecollectingoflibraries，menageries，plants，fossils，antiques，ofjourneysandvoyagesforpurposesofgeographicaldiscoveryorastronomicalobservation。ItisnotfortheseendsthatGovernmentisconstituted。ButitmaywellhappenthataGovernmentmayhaveatitscommandresourceswhichwillenableit，withoutanyinjurytoitsmainend，topursuethesecollateralendsfarmoreeffectuallythananyindividualoranyvoluntaryassociationcoulddo。Ifso，Governmentoughttopursuethesecollateralends。
ItisstillmoreevidentlythedutyofGovernmenttopromote，alwaysinsubordinationtoitsmainend，everythingwhichisusefulasameansfortheattainingofthatmainend。Theimprovementofsteamnavigation，forexample，isbynomeansaprimaryobjectofGovernment。Butassteamvesselsareusefulforthepurposeofnationaldefence，andforthepurposeoffacilitatingintercoursebetweendistantprovinces，andoftherebyconsolidatingtheforceoftheempire，itmaybetheboundendutyofGovernmenttoencourageingeniousmentoperfectaninventionwhichsodirectlytendstomaketheStatemoreefficientforitsgreatprimaryend。
Nowonboththesegrounds，theinstructionofthepeoplemaywithproprietyengagethecareoftheGovernment。Thatthepeopleshouldbewelleducated，isinitselfagoodthing;andtheStateoughtthereforetopromotethisobject，ifitcandosowithoutanysacrificeofitsprimaryobject。Theeducationofthepeople，conductedonthoseprinciplesofmoralitywhicharecommontoalltheformsofChristianity，ishighlyvaluableasameansofpromotingthemainobjectforwhichGovernmentexists，andisonthisgroundwelldeservingtheattentionofrulers。Wewillnotatpresentgointothegeneralquestionofeducation;butwillconfineourremarkstothesubjectwhichismoreimmediatelybeforeus，namely，thereligiousinstructionofthepeople。
WemayillustrateourviewofthepolicywhichGovernmentsoughttopursuewithrespecttoreligiousinstruction，byrecurringtotheanalogyofahospital。Religiousinstructionisnotthemainendforwhichahospitalisbuilt;andtointroduceintoahospitalanyregulationsprejudicialtothehealthofthepatients，onthepleaofpromotingtheirspiritualimprovement，tosendarantingpreachertoamanwhohasjustbeenorderedbythephysiciantoliequietandtrytogetalittlesleep，toimposeastrictobservanceofLentonaconvalescentwhohasbeenadvisedtoeatheartilyofnourishingfood，todirect，asthebigotedPiustheFifthactuallydid，thatnomedicalassistanceshouldbegiventoanypersonwhodeclinedspiritualattendance，wouldbethemostextravagantfolly。Yetitbynomeansfollowsthatitwouldnotberighttohaveachaplaintoattendthesick，andtopaysuchachaplainoutofthehospitalfunds。Whetheritwillbepropertohavesuchachaplainatall，andofwhatreligiouspersuasionsuchachaplainoughttobe，mustdependoncircumstances。Theremaybeatowninwhichitwouldbeimpossibletosetupagoodhospitalwithoutthehelpofpeopleofdifferentopinions:andreligiouspartiesmayrunsohighthat，thoughpeopleofdifferentopinionsarewillingtocontributeforthereliefofthesick，theywillnotconcurinthechoiceofanyonechaplain。TheHighChurchmeninsistthat，ifthereisapaidchaplain，heshallbeaHighChurchman。TheEvangelicalsstickleforanEvangelical。Hereitwouldevidentlybeabsurdandcrueltoletanusefulandhumanedesign，aboutwhichweareallagreed，falltotheground，becauseallcannotagreeaboutsomethingelse。Thegovernorsmusteitherappointtwochaplainsandpaythemboth;ortheymustappointnone;andeveryoneofthemmust，inhisindividualcapacity，dowhathecanforthepurposeofprovidingthesickwithsuchreligiousinstructionandconsolationaswill，inhisopinion，bemostusefultothem。
WeshouldsaythesameofGovernment。Governmentisnotaninstitutionforthepropagationofreligion，anymorethanSt。
George’sHospitalisaninstitutionforthepropagationofreligion:andthemostabsurdandperniciousconsequenceswouldfollow，ifGovernmentshouldpursue，asitsprimaryend，thatwhichcanneverbemorethanitssecondaryend，thoughintrinsicallymoreimportantthanitsprimaryend。ButaGovernmentwhichconsidersthereligiousinstructionofthepeopleasasecondaryend，andfollowsoutthatprinciplefaithfully，will，wethink，belikelytodomuchgoodandlittleharm。
Wewillrapidlyrunoversomeoftheconsequencestowhichthisprincipleleads，andpointouthowitsolvessomeproblemswhich，onMr。Gladstone’shypothesis，admitofnosatisfactorysolution。
Allpersecutiondirectedagainstthepersonsorpropertyofmenis，onourprinciple，obviouslyindefensible。For，theprotectionofthepersonsandpropertyofmenbeingtheprimaryendofGovernmentandreligiousinstructiononlyasecondaryend，tosecurethepeoplefromheresybymakingtheirlives，theirlimbs，ortheirestatesinsecure，wouldbetosacrificetheprimaryendtothesecondaryend。ItwouldbeasabsurdasitwouldbeinthegovernorsofahospitaltodirectthatthewoundsofallArianandSocinianpatientsshouldbedressedinsuchawayastomakethemfester。
Again，onourprinciples，allcivildisabilitiesonaccountofreligiousopinionsareindefensible。ForallsuchdisabilitiesmakeGovernmentlessefficientforitsmainend:theylimititschoiceofablemenfortheadministrationanddefenceoftheState;theyalienatefromittheheartsofthesufferers;theydepriveitofapartofitseffectivestrengthinallcontestswithforeignnations。SuchacourseisasabsurdasitwouldbeinthegovernorsofahospitaltorejectanablesurgeonbecauseheisanUniversalRestitutionist，andtosendabunglertooperatebecauseheisperfectlyorthodox。
Again，onourprinciples，noGovernmentoughttopressonthepeoplereligiousinstruction，howeversound，insuchamannerastoexciteamongthemdiscontentsdangeroustopublicorder。ForhereagainGovernmentwouldsacrificeitsprimaryendtoanendintrinsicallyindeedofthehighestimportance，butstillonlyasecondaryendofGovernment，asGovernment。ThisruleatoncedisposesofthedifficultyaboutIndia，adifficultyofwhichMr。
Gladstonecangetridonlybyputtinginanimaginarydischargeinordertosetasideanimaginaryobligation。ThereisassuredlynocountrywhereitismoredesirablethatChristianityshouldbepropagated。ButthereisnocountryinwhichtheGovernmentissocompletelydisqualifiedforthetask。Byusingourpowerinordertomakeproselytes，weshouldproducethedissolutionofsociety，andbringutterruinonallthoseinterestsfortheprotectionofwhichGovernmentexists。Herethesecondaryendis，atpresent，inconsistentwiththeprimaryend，andmustthereforebeabandoned。Christianinstructiongivenbyindividualsandvoluntarysocietiesmaydomuchgood。GivenbytheGovernmentitwoulddounmixedharm。Atthesametime，wequiteagreewithMr。
GladstoneinthinkingthattheEnglishauthoritiesinIndiaoughtnottoparticipateinanyidolatrousrite;andindeedwearefullysatisfiedthatallsuchparticipationisnotonlyunchristian，butalsounwiseandmostundignified。
Supposingthecircumstancesofacountrytobesuch，thattheGovernmentmaywithpropriety，onourprinciples，givereligiousinstructiontoapeople;wehavenexttoinquire，whatreligionshallbetaught。BishopWarburtonanswers，thereligionofthemajority。Andwesofaragreewithhim，thatwecanscarcelyconceiveanycircumstancesinwhichitwouldbepropertoestablish，astheoneexclusivereligionoftheState，thereligionoftheminority。Suchapreferencecouldhardlybegivenwithoutexcitingmostseriousdiscontent，andendangeringthoseinterests，theprotectionofwhichisthefirstobjectofGovernment。Butwenevercanadmitthatarulercanbejustifiedinhelpingtospreadasystemofopinionssolelybecausethatsystemispleasingtothemajority。Ontheotherhand，wecannotagreewithMr。Gladstone，whowouldofcourseanswerthattheonlyreligionwhicharuleroughttopropagateisthereligionofhisownconscience。Intruth，thisisanimpossibility。Andaswehaveshown，Mr。Gladstonehimself，wheneverhesupportsagrantofmoneytotheChurchofEngland，isreallyassistingtopropagatenottheprecisereligionofhisownconscience，butsomeoneormore，heknowsnothowmanyorwhich，oftheinnumerablereligionswhichliebetweentheconfinesofPelagianismandt...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：