AsecondverycommonobjectiontoMr。Darwin’sviewswas（andis），thattheyabolishTeleology，andevisceratetheargumentfromdesign。ItisnearlytwentyyearssinceIventuredtooffersomeremarksonthissubject，andasmyargumentshaveasyetreceivednorefutation，IhopeImaybeexcusedforreproducingthem。Iobserved，"thatthedoctrineofEvolutionisthemostformidableopponentofallthecommonerandcoarserformsofTeleology。ButperhapsthemostremarkableservicetothePhilosophyofBiologyrenderedbyMr。DarwinisthereconciliationofTeleologyandMorphology，andtheexplanationofthefactsofboth，whichhisviewsoffer。Theteleologywhichsupposesthattheeye，suchasweseeitinman，oroneofthehighervertebrata，wasmadewiththeprecisestructureitexhibits，forthepurposeofenablingtheanimalwhichpossessesittosee，hasundoubtedlyreceiveditsdeath—blow。Nevertheless，itisnecessarytorememberthatthereisawiderteleologywhichisnottouchedbythedoctrineofEvolution，butisactuallybaseduponthefundamentalpropositionofEvolution。Thispropositionisthatthewholeworld，livingandnotliving，istheresultofthemutualinteraction，accordingtodefinitelaws，oftheforces（Ishouldnowliketosubstitutethewordpowersfor"forces。"）possessedbythemoleculesofwhichtheprimitivenebulosityoftheuniversewascomposed。Ifthisbetrue，itisnolesscertainthattheexistingworldlaypotentiallyinthecosmicvapour，andthatasufficientintelligencecould，fromaknowledgeofthepropertiesofthemoleculesofthatvapour，havepredicted，saythestateofthefaunaofBritainin1869，withasmuchcertaintyasonecansaywhatwillhappentothevapourofthebreathonacoldwinter’sday……Theteleologicalandthemechanicalviewsofnaturearenot，necessarily，mutuallyexclusive。Onthecontrary，themorepurelyamechanistthespeculatoris，themorefirmlydoesheassumeaprimordialmoleculararrangementofwhichallthephenomenaoftheuniversearetheconsequences，andthemorecompletelyishetherebyatthemercyoftheteleologist，whocanalwaysdefyhimtodisprovethatthisprimordialmoleculararrangementwasnotintendedtoevolvethephenomenaoftheuniverse。"（The"GenealogyofAnimals"（’TheAcademy，’1869），reprintedin’CritiquesandAddresses。’）
TheacutechampionofTeleology，Paley，sawnodifficultyinadmittingthatthe"productionofthings"maybetheresultoftrainsofmechanicaldispositionsfixedbeforehandbyintelligentappointmentandkeptinactionbyapoweratthecentre（’NaturalTheology，’chapterxxiii。），thatistosay，heprolepticallyacceptedthemoderndoctrineofEvolution;andhissuccessorsmightdowelltofollowtheirleader，oratanyratetoattendtohisweightyreasonings，beforerushingintoanantagonismwhichhasnoreasonablefoundation。
Havinggotridofthebeliefinchanceandthedisbeliefindesign，asinnosenseappurtenancesofEvolution，thethirdlibeluponthatdoctrine，thatitisanti—theistic，mightperhapsbelefttoshiftforitself。Butthepersistencewithwhichmanypeoplerefusetodrawtheplainestconsequencesfromthepropositionstheyprofesstoaccept，rendersitadvisabletoremarkthatthedoctrineofEvolutionisneitherAnti—theisticnorTheistic。ItsimplyhasnomoretodowithTheismthanthefirstbookofEuclidhas。Itisquitecertainthatanormalfresh—laideggcontainsneithercocknorhen;anditisalsoascertainasanypropositioninphysicsormorals，thatifsuchaneggiskeptunderproperconditionsforthreeweeks，acockorhenchickenwillbefoundinit。Itisalsoquitecertainthatiftheshellweretransparentweshouldbeabletowatchtheformationoftheyoungfowl，daybyday，byaprocessofevolution，fromamicroscopiccellulargermtoitsfullsizeandcomplicationofstructure。
ThereforeEvolution，inthestrictestsense，isactuallygoingoninthisandanalogousmillionsandmillionsofinstances，whereverlivingcreaturesexist。Therefore，toborrowanargumentfromButler，asthatwhichnowhappensmustbeconsistentwiththeattributesoftheDeity，ifsuchaBeingexists，Evolutionmustbeconsistentwiththoseattributes。And，ifso，theevolutionoftheuniverse，whichisneithermorenorlessexplicablethanthatofachicken，mustalsobeconsistentwiththem。ThedoctrineofEvolution，therefore，doesnotevencomeintocontactwithTheism，consideredasaphilosophicaldoctrine。Thatwithwhichitdoescollide，andwithwhichitisabsolutelyinconsistent，istheconceptionofcreation，whichtheologicalspeculatorshavebaseduponthehistorynarratedintheopeningofthebookofGenesis。
Thereisagreatdealoftalkandnotalittlelamentationabouttheso—
calledreligiousdifficultieswhichphysicalsciencehascreated。Intheologicalscience，asamatteroffact，ithascreatednone。NotasolitaryproblempresentsitselftothephilosophicalTheist，atthepresentday，whichhasnotexistedfromthetimethatphilosophersbegantothinkoutthelogicalgroundsandthelogicalconsequencesofTheism。Alltherealorimaginaryperplexitieswhichflowfromtheconceptionoftheuniverseasadeterminatemechanism，areequallyinvolvedintheassumptionofanEternal，OmnipotentandOmniscientDeity。ThetheologicalequivalentofthescientificconceptionoforderisProvidence;andthedoctrineofdeterminismfollowsassurelyfromtheattributesofforeknowledgeassumedbythetheologian，asfromtheuniversalityofnaturalcausationassumedbythemanofscience。Theangelsin’ParadiseLost’wouldhavefoundthetaskofenlighteningAdamuponthemysteriesof"Fate，Foreknowledge，andFree—will，"notawhitmoredifficult，iftheirpupilhadbeeneducatedina"Real—schule"andtrainedineverylaboratoryofamodernuniversity。InrespectofthegreatproblemsofPhilosophy，thepost—Darwiniangenerationis，inonesense，exactlywheretheprae—Darwiniangenerationswere。Theyremaininsoluble。Butthepresentgenerationhastheadvantageofbeingbetterprovidedwiththemeansoffreeingitselffromthetyrannyofcertainshamsolutions。
Theknownisfinite，theunknowninfinite;intellectuallywestandonanisletinthemidstofanillimitableoceanofinexplicability。Ourbusinessineverygenerationistoreclaimalittlemoreland，toaddsomethingtotheextentandthesolidityofourpossessions。Andevenacursoryglanceatthehistoryofthebiologicalsciencesduringthelastquarterofacenturyissufficienttojustifytheassertion，thatthemostpotentinstrumentfortheextensionoftherealmofnaturalknowledgewhichhascomeintomen’shands，sincethepublicationofNewton’s’Principia，’
isDarwin’s’OriginofSpecies。’
Itwasbadlyreceivedbythegenerationtowhichitwasfirstaddressed，andtheoutpouringofangrynonsensetowhichitgaveriseissadtothinkupon。ButthepresentgenerationwillprobablybehavejustasbadlyifanotherDarwinshouldarise，andinflictuponthemthatwhichthegeneralityofmankindmosthate——thenecessityofrevisingtheirconvictions。Letthem，then，becharitabletousancients;andiftheybehavenobetterthanthemenofmydaytosomenewbenefactor，letthemrecollectthat，afterall，ourwrathdidnotcometomuch，andventeditselfchieflyinthebadlanguageofsanctimoniousscolds。Letthemasspeedilyperformastrategicright—about—face，andfollowthetruthwhereveritleads。Theopponentsofthenewtruthwilldiscover，asthoseofDarwinaredoing，that，afterall，theoriesdonotalterfacts，andthattheuniverseremainsunaffectedeventhoughtextscrumble。Or，itmaybe，that，ashistoryrepeatsitself，theirhappyingenuitywillalsodiscoverthatthenewwineisexactlyofthesamevintageastheold，andthat（rightlyviewed）theoldbottlesprovetohavebeenexpresslymadeforholdingit。
EndTheLifeandLettersofCharlesDarwin，VolumeII
editedbyhissonFrancisDarwinVOLUMEII
TABLEOFCONTENTS。
VOLUMEII。
CHAPTER2。I。——ThePublicationofthe’OriginofSpecies’——October3，1859，toDecember31，1859。
CHAPTER2。II。——The’OriginofSpecies’（continued）——1860。
CHAPTER2。III。——TheSpreadofEvolution——1861—1862。
CHAPTER2。IV。——TheSpreadofEvolution。’VariationofAnimalsandPlants’
——1863—1866。
CHAPTER2。V。——ThePublicationofthe’VariationofAnimalsandPlantsunderDomestication’——January1867—June1868。
CHAPTER2。VI。——Workon’Man’——1864—1870。
CHAPTER2。VII。——ThePublicationofthe’DescentofMan。’Workon’Expression’——1871—1873。
CHAPTER2。VIII。——Miscellanea，includingSecondEditionsof’CoralReefs，’
the’DescentofMan，’andthe’VariationofAnimalsandPlants’——1874and1875。
CHAPTER2。IX。——Miscellanea（continued）。ARevivalofGeologicalWork——TheBookonEarthworms——LifeofErasmusDarwin——MiscellaneousLetters——1876—
1882。
BOTANICALLETTERS。
CHAPTER2。X。——FertilisationofFlowers——1839—1880。
CHAPTER2。XI。——The’EffectsofCross—andSelf—FertilisationintheVegetableKingdom’——1866—1877。
CHAPTER2。XII。——’DifferentFormsofFlowersonPlantsofthesameSpecies’
——1860—1878。
CHAPTER2。XIII。——ClimbingandInsectivorousPlants——1863—1875。
CHAPTER2。XIV。——The’PowerofMovementinPlants’——1878—1881。
CHAPTER2。XV。——MiscellaneousBotanicalLetters——1873—1882……
CHAPTER2。XVI。——Conclusion。
APPENDICES。
I。——TheFuneralinWestminsterAbbey。
II。——ListofWorksbyC。Darwin。
III。——Portraits。
IV。——Honours，Degrees，Societies，etc。
TRANSCRIPTOFAFACSIMILEOFAPAGEFROMANOTE—BOOKOF1837。
——ledtocomprehendtrueaffinities。Mytheorywouldgivezesttorecent&
FossilComparativeAnatomy:itwouldleadtostudyofinstincts，heredity，&mindheredity，wholemetaphysics，itwouldleadtoclosestexaminationofhybridity&generation，causesofchangeinordertoknowwhatwehavecomefrom&towhatwetend，towhatcircumstancesfavourcrossing&whatpreventsit，this&directexaminationofdirectpassagesofstructureinspecies，mightleadtolawsofchange，whichwouldthenbemainobjectofstudy，toguideourspeculations。
LIFEANDLETTERSOFCHARLESDARWIN。
VOLUMEII。
CHAPTER2。I。
THEPUBLICATIONOFTHE’ORIGINOFSPECIES。’
OCTOBER3，1859，TODECEMBER31，1859。
1859。
[UnderthedateofOctober1st，1859，inmyfather’sDiaryoccurstheentry:"Finishedproofs（thirteenmonthsandtendays）ofAbstracton’OriginofSpecies’;1250copiesprinted。ThefirsteditionwaspublishedonNovember24th，andallcopiessoldfirstday。"
OnOctober2dhestartedforawater—cureestablishmentatIlkley，nearLeeds，whereheremainedwithhisfamilyuntilDecember，andonthe9thofthatmonthhewasagainatDown。TheonlyotherentryintheDiaryforthisyearisasfollows:"DuringendofNovemberandbeginningofDecember，employedincorrectingforsecondeditionof3000copies;
multitudeofletters。"
Thefirstandafewofthesubsequentlettersrefertoproofsheets，andtoearlycopiesofthe’Origin’whichweresenttofriendsbeforethebookwaspublished。]
C。LYELLTOCHARLESDARWIN。（Partofthisletterisgiveninthe’LifeofSirCharlesLyell，’volumeii。page325。）
October3d，1859。
MydearDarwin，IhavejustfinishedyourvolumeandrightgladIamthatIdidmybestwithHookertopersuadeyoutopublishitwithoutwaitingforatimewhichprobablycouldneverhavearrived，thoughyoulivedtilltheageofahundred，whenyouhadpreparedallyourfactsonwhichyougroundsomanygrandgeneralizations。
Itisasplendidcaseofclosereasoning，andlongsubstantialargumentthroughoutsomanypages;thecondensationimmense，toogreatperhapsfortheuninitiated，butaneffectiveandimportantpreliminarystatement，whichwilladmit，evenbeforeyourdetailedproofsappear，ofsomeoccasionalusefulexemplification，suchasyourpigeonsandcirripedes，ofwhichyoumakesuchexcellentuse。
Imeanthat，when，asIfullyexpect，aneweditionissooncalledfor，youmayhereandthereinsertanactualcasetorelievethevastnumberofabstractpropositions。SofarasIamconcerned，Iamsowellpreparedtotakeyourstatementsoffactsforgranted，thatIdonotthinkthe"piecesjustificatives"whenpublishedwillmakemuchdifference，andIhavelongseenmostclearlythatifanyconcessionismade，allthatyouclaiminyourconcludingpageswillfollow。Itisthiswhichhasmademesolonghesitate，alwaysfeelingthatthecaseofManandhisraces，andofotheranimals，andthatofplantsisoneandthesame，andthatifa"veracausa"
beadmittedforone，insteadofapurelyunknownandimaginaryone，suchastheword"Creation，"alltheconsequencesmustfollow。
IfearIhavenottimeto—day，asIamjustleavingthisplace，toindulgeinavarietyofcomments，andtosayhowmuchIwasdelightedwithOceanicIslands——RudimentaryOrgans——Embryology——thegenealogicalkeytotheNaturalSystem，GeographicalDistribution，andifIwentonIshouldbecopyingtheheadsofallyourchapters。ButIwillsayawordoftheRecapitulation，incasesomeslightalteration，oratleast，omissionofawordortwobestillpossibleinthat。
Inthefirstplace，atpage480，itcannotsurelybesaidthatthemosteminentnaturalistshaverejectedtheviewofthemutabilityofspecies？
YoudonotmeantoignoreG。St。HilaireandLamarck。Astothelatter，youmaysay，thatinregardtoanimalsyousubstitutenaturalselectionforvolitiontoacertainconsiderableextent，butinhistheoryofthechangesofplantshecouldnotintroducevolition;hemay，nodoubt，havelaidanunduecomparativestressonchangesinphysicalconditions，andtoolittleonthoseofcontendingorganisms。Heatleastwasfortheuniversalmutabilityofspeciesandforagenealogicallinkbetweenthefirstandthepresent。Themenofhisschoolalsoappealedtodomesticatedvarieties。
（DoyoumeanLIVINGnaturalists？）（Inthepublishedcopiesofthefirstedition，page480，thewordsare"eminentlivingnaturalists。"）
Thefirstpageofthismostimportantsummarygivestheadversaryanadvantage，byputtingforthsoabruptlyandcrudelysuchastartlingobjectionastheformationof"theeye，"notbymeansanalogoustoman’sreason，orratherbysomepowerimmeasurablysuperiortohumanreason，butbysuperinducedvariationlikethoseofwhichacattle—breederavailshimself。Pageswouldberequiredthustostateanobjectionandremoveit。
Itwouldbebetter，asyouwishtopersuade，tosaynothing。Leaveoutseveralsentences，andinafutureeditionbringitoutmorefully。
Betweenthethrowingdownofsuchastumbling—blockinthewayofthereader，andthepassagetotheworkingants，inpage460，therearepagesrequired;andtheseantsareabathostohimbeforehehasrecoveredfromtheshockofbeingcalledupontobelievetheeyetohavebeenbroughttoperfection，fromastateofblindnessorpurblindness，bysuchvariationsaswewitness。Ithinkalittleomissionwouldgreatlylessentheobjectionablenessofthesesentencesifyouhavenottimetorecastandamplify……Butthesearesmallmatters，merespotsonthesun。Yourcomparisonofthelettersretainedinwords，whennolongerwantedforthesound，torudimentaryorgansisexcellent，asbotharetrulygenealogical。
ThewantofpeculiarbirdsinMadeiraisagreaterdifficultythanseemedtomeallowedfor。Icouldcitepassageswhereyoushowthatvariationsaresuperinducedfromthenewcircumstancesofnewcolonists，whichwouldrequiresomeMadeirabirds，likethoseoftheGalapagos，tobepeculiar。
TherehasbeenampletimeinthecaseofMadeiraandPortoSanto……
YouencloseyoursheetsinoldMS。，sothePostOfficeveryproperlychargethemasletters，2penceextra。IwishalltheirfinesonMS。wereworthasmuch。Ipaid4shillings6penceforsuchwashtheotherdayfromParis，fromamanwhocanprove300delugesinthevalleyoftheSeine。
Withmyheartycongratulationstoyouonyourgrandwork，believeme，Eververyaffectionatelyyours，CHAS。LYELL。
CHARLESDARWINTOC。LYELL。
Ilkley，Yorkshire，October11th[1859]。
MydearLyell，Ithankyoucordiallyforgivingmesomuchofyourvaluabletimeinwritingmethelongletterof3d，andstilllongerof4th。Iwrotealinewiththemissingproof—sheettoScarborough。Ihaveadoptedmostthankfullyallyourminorcorrectionsinthelastchapter，andthegreateronesasfarasIcouldwithlittletrouble。Idampedtheopeningpassageabouttheeye（inmybiggerworkIshowthegradationsinstructureoftheeye）byputtingmerely"complexorgans。"ButyouareaprettyLordChancellortotellthebarristerononesidehowbesttowinthecause！
Theomissionof"living"beforeeminentnaturalistswasadreadfulblunder。
MADEIRAANDBERMUDABIRDSNOTPECULIAR。
Youareright，thereisascrewouthere;Ithoughtnoonewouldhavedetectedit;Iblunderedinomittingadiscussion，whichIhavewrittenoutinfull。Butonceforall，letmesayasanexcuse，thatitwasmostdifficulttodecidewhattoomit。Birds，whichhavestruggledintheirownhomes，whensettledinabody，nearlysimultaneouslyinanewcountry，wouldnotbesubjecttomuchmodification，fortheirmutualrelationswouldnotbemuchdisturbed。ButIquiteagreewithyou，thatintimetheyoughttoundergosome。InBermudaandMadeiratheyhave，asIbelieve，beenkeptconstantbythefrequentarrival，andthecrossingwithunalteredimmigrantsofthesamespeciesfromthemainland。InBermudathiscanbeproved，inMadeirahighlyprobable，asshownmebylettersfromE。V。
Harcourt。Moreover，thereareamplegroundsforbelievingthatthecrossedoffspringofthenewimmigrants（freshbloodasbreederswouldsay），andoldcolonistsofthesamespecieswouldbeextravigorous，andwouldbethemostlikelytosurvive;thustheeffectsofsuchcrossinginkeepingtheoldcolonistsunalteredwouldbemuchaided。
ONGALAPAGOSPRODUCTIONSHAVINGAMERICANTYPEONVIEWOFCREATION。
Icannotagreewithyou，thatspeciesifcreatedtostrugglewithAmericanforms，wouldhavetobecreatedontheAmericantype。Factspointdiametricallytheotherway。LookattheunbrokenanduntilledgroundinLaPlata，COVEREDwithEuropeanproducts，whichhavenonearaffinitytotheindigenousproducts。TheyarenotAmericantypeswhichconquertheaborigines。Soineveryislandthroughouttheworld。Alph。DeCandolle’sresults（thoughhedoesnotseeitsfullimportance），thatthoroughlywellnaturalised[plants]areingeneralverydifferentfromtheaborigines（belonginginlargeproportionofcasestonon—indigenousgenera）ismostimportantalwaystobearinmind。Onceforall，Iamsure，youwillunderstandthatIthuswritedogmaticallyforbrevitysake。
ONTHECONTINUEDCREATIONOfMONADS。
Thisdoctrineissuperfluous（andgroundless）onthetheoryofNaturalSelection，whichimpliesnoNECESSARYtendencytoprogression。Amonad，ifnodeviationinitsstructureprofitabletoitunderitsEXCESSIVELYSIMPLE
conditionsoflifeoccurred，mightremainunalteredfromlongbeforetheSilurianAgetothepresentday。Igranttherewillgenerallybeatendencytoadvanceincomplexityoforganisation，thoughinbeingsfittedforverysimpleconditionsitwouldbeslightandslow。Howcouldacomplexorganisationprofitamonad？ifitdidnotprofitittherewouldbenoadvance。TheSecondaryInfusoriadifferbutlittlefromtheliving。
Theparentmonadformmightperfectlywellsurviveunalteredandfittedforitssimpleconditions，whilsttheoffspringofthisverymonadmightbecomefittedformorecomplexconditions。Theoneprimordialprototypeofalllivingandextinctcreaturesmay，itispossible，benowalive！Moreover，asyousay，higherformsmightbeoccasionallydegraded，thesnakeTyphlopsSEEMS（？！）tohavethehabitsofearth—worms。Sothatfreshcreaturesofsimpleformsseemtomewhollysuperfluous。
"MUSTYOUNOTASSUMEAPRIMEVALCREATIVEPOWERWHICHDOESNOTACTWITH
UNIFORMITY，ORHOWCOULDMANSUPERVENE？"
IamnotsurethatIunderstandyourremarkswhichfollowtheabove。Wemustunderpresentknowledgeassumethecreationofoneorofafewformsinthesamemannerasphilosophersassumetheexistenceofapowerofattractionwithoutanyexplanation。ButIentirelyreject，asinmyjudgmentquiteunnecessary，anysubsequentaddition"ofnewpowersandattributesandforces;"orofany"principleofimprovement，"exceptinsofaraseverycharacterwhichisnaturallyselectedorpreservedisinsomewayanadvantageorimprovement，otherwiseitwouldnothavebeenselected。
IfIwereconvincedthatIrequiredsuchadditionstothetheoryofnaturalselection，Iwouldrejectitasrubbish，butIhavefirmfaithinit，asI
cannotbelieve，thatiffalse，itwouldexplainsomanywholeclassesoffacts，which，ifIaminmysenses，itseemstoexplain。AsfarasI
understandyourremarksandillustrations，youdoubtthepossibilityofgradationsofintellectualpowers。Now，itseemstome，lookingtoexistinganimalsalone，thatwehaveaveryfinegradationintheintellectualpowersoftheVertebrata，withoneratherwidegap（nothalfsowideasinmanycasesofcorporealstructure），betweensayaHottentotandaOurang，evenifcivilisedasmuchmentallyasthedoghasbeenfromthewolf。Isupposethatyoudonotdoubtthattheintellectualpowersareasimportantforthewelfareofeachbeingascorporealstructure;ifso，I
canseenodifficultyinthemostintellectualindividualsofaspeciesbeingcontinuallyselected;andtheintellectofthenewspeciesthusimproved，aidedprobablybyeffectsofinheritedmentalexercise。Ilookatthisprocessasnowgoingonwiththeracesofman;thelessintellectualracesbeingexterminated。Butthereisnotspacetodiscussthispoint。IfIunderstandyou，theturning—pointinourdifferencemustbe，thatyouthinkitimpossiblethattheintellectualpowersofaspeciesshouldbemuchimprovedbythecontinuednaturalselectionofthemostintellectualindividuals。Toshowhowmindsgraduate，justreflecthowimpossibleeveryonehasyetfoundit，todefinethedifferenceinmindofmanandtheloweranimals;thelatterseemtohavetheverysameattributesinamuchlowerstageofperfectionthanthelowestsavage。IwouldgiveabsolutelynothingforthetheoryofNaturalSelection，ifitrequiresmiraculousadditionsatanyonestageofdescent。IthinkEmbryology，Homology，Classification，etc。，etc。，showusthatallvertebratahavedescendedfromoneparent;howthatparentappearedweknownot。Ifyouadmitineversolittleadegree，theexplanationwhichIhavegivenofEmbryology，HomologyandClassification，youwillfinditdifficulttosay:
thusfartheexplanationholdsgood，butnofurther;herewemustcallin"theadditionofnewcreativeforces。"Ithinkyouwillbedriventorejectalloradmitall:Ifearbyyourletteritwillbetheformeralternative;andinthatcaseIshallfeelsureitismyfault，andnotthetheory’sfault，andthiswillcertainlycomfortme。WithregardtothedescentofthegreatKingdoms（asVertebrata，Articulata，etc。）fromoneparent，Ihavesaidintheconclusion，thatmereanalogymakesmethinkitprobable;myargumentsandfactsaresoundinmyjudgmentonlyforeachseparatekingdom。
THEFORMSWHICHAREBEATENINHERITINGSOMEINFERIORITYINCOMMON。
IdaresayIhavenotbeenguardedenough，butmightnottheterminferiorityincludelessperfectadaptationtophysicalconditions？
Myremarksapplynottosinglespecies，buttogroupsorgenera;thespeciesofmostgeneraareadaptedatleasttoratherhotter，andratherlesshot，toratherdamperanddryerclimates;andwhentheseveralspeciesofagrouparebeatenandexterminatedbytheseveralspeciesofanothergroup，itwillnot，Ithink，generallybefromEACHnewspeciesbeingadaptedtotheclimate，butfromallthenewspecieshavingsomecommonadvantageinobtainingsustenance，orescapingenemies。Asgroupsareconcerned，afairerillustrationthannegroandwhiteinLiberiawouldbethealmostcertainfutureextinctionofthegenusourangbythegenusman，notowingtomanbeingbetterfittedfortheclimate，butowingtotheinheritedintellectualinferiorityoftheOurang—genustoMan—genus，byhisintellect，inventingfire—armsandcuttingdownforests。Ibelievefromreasonsgiveninmydiscussion，thatacclimatisationisreadilyeffectedundernature。IthastakenmesomanyyearstodisabusemymindoftheTOO
greatimportanceofclimate——itsimportantinfluencebeingsoconspicuous，whilstthatofastrugglebetweencreatureandcreatureissohidden——thatIaminclinedtoswearattheNorthPole，and，asSydneySmithsaid，eventospeakdisrespectfullyoftheEquator。Ibegyouoftentoreflect（I
havefoundNOTHINGsoinstructive）onthecaseofthousandsofplantsinthemiddlepointoftheirrespectiveranges，andwhich，aswepositivelyknow，canperfectlywellwithstandalittlemoreheatandcold，alittlemoredampanddry，butwhichinthemetropolisoftheirrangedonotexistinvastnumbers，althoughifmanyoftheotherinhabitantsweredestroyed[they]wouldcovertheground。Wethusclearlyseethattheirnumbersarekeptdown，inalmosteverycase，notbyclimate，butbythestrugglewithotherorganisms。Allthisyouwillperhapsthinkveryobvious;but，untilIrepeatedittomyselfthousandsoftimes，Itook，asIbelieve，awhollywrongviewofthewholeeconomyofnature……
HYBRIDISM。
Iamsomuchpleasedthatyouapproveofthischapter;youwouldbeastonishedatthelabourthiscostme;sooftenwasI，onwhatIbelievewas，thewrongscent。
RUDIMENTARYORGANS。
OnthetheoryofNaturalSelectionthereisawidedistinctionbetweenRudimentaryOrgansandwhatyoucallgermsoforgans，andwhatIcallinmybiggerbook"nascent"organs。Anorganshouldnotbecalledrudimentaryunlessitbeuseless——asteethwhichnevercutthroughthegums——thepapillae，representingthepistilinmaleflowers，wingofApteryx，orbetter，thelittlewingsundersolderedelytra。Theseorgansarenowplainlyuseless，andafortiori，theywouldbeuselessinalessdevelopedstate。NaturalSelectionactsexclusivelybypreservingsuccessiveslight，USEFULmodifications。HenceNaturalSelectioncannotpossiblymakeauselessorrudimentaryorgan。Suchorgansaresolelyduetoinheritance（asexplainedinmydiscussion），andplainlybespeakanancestorhavingtheorganinausefulcondition。Theymaybe，andoftenhavebeen，workedinforotherpurposes，andthentheyareonlyrudimentaryfortheoriginalfunction，whichissometimesplainlyapparent。Anascentorgan，thoughlittledeveloped，asithastobedevelopedmustbeusefulineverystageofdevelopment。Aswecannotprophesy，wecannottellwhatorgansarenownascent;andnascentorganswillrarelyhavebeenhandeddownbycertainmembersofaclassfromaremoteperiodtothepresentday，forbeingswithanyimportantorganbutlittledeveloped，willgenerallyhavebeensupplantedbytheirdescendantswiththeorganwelldeveloped。ThemammaryglandsinOrnithorhynchusmay，perhaps，beconsideredasnascentcomparedwiththeuddersofacow——Ovigerousfrena，incertaincirripedes，arenascentbranchiae——in[illegible]theswimbladderisalmostrudimentaryforthispurpose，andisnascentasalung。Thesmallwingofpenguin，usedonlyasafin，mightbenascentasawing;notthatIthinkso;forthewholestructureofthebirdisadaptedforflight，andapenguinsocloselyresemblesotherbirds，thatwemayinferthatitswingshaveprobablybeenmodified，andreducedbynaturalselection，inaccordancewithitssub—aquatichabits。Analogythusoftenservesasaguideindistinguishingwhetheranorganisrudimentaryornascent。IbelievetheOscoccyxgivesattachmenttocertainmuscles，butIcannotdoubtthatitisarudimentarytail。Thebastardwingofbirdsisarudimentarydigit;
andIbelievethatiffossilbirdsarefoundverylowdownintheseries，theywillbeseentohaveadoubleorbifurcatedwing。Hereisaboldprophecy！
Toadmitpropheticgerms，istantamounttorejectingthetheoryofNaturalSelection。
Iamverygladyouthinkitworthwhiletorunthroughmybookagain，asmuch，ormore，forthesubject’ssakeasformyownsake。ButIlookatyourkeepingthesubjectforsomelittletimebeforeyourmind——raisingyourowndifficultiesandsolvingthem——asfarmoreimportantthanreadingmybook。Ifyouthinkenough，Iexpectyouwillbeperverted，andifyoueverare，IshallknowthatthetheoryofNaturalSelection，is，inthemain，safe;thatitincludes，asnowputforth，manyerrors，isalmostcertain，thoughIcannotseethem。Donot，ofcourse，thinkofansweringthis;butifyouhaveotherOCCASIONtowriteagain，justsaywhetherI
have，ineversoslightadegree，shakenanyofyourobjections。Farewell。
Withmycordialthanksforyourlonglettersandvaluableremarks，Believeme，yoursmosttruly，C。DARWIN。
P。S。——YouoftenalludetoLamarck’swork;Idonotknowwhatyouthinkaboutit，butitappearedtomeextremelypoor;Igotnotafactorideafromit。
CHARLESDARWINTOL。AGASSIZ。（JeanLouisRodolpheAgassiz，bornatMortier，onthelakeofMoratinSwitzerland，onMay28，1807。HeemigratedtoAmericain1846，wherehespenttherestofhislife，anddiedDecember14，1873。His’Life，’writtenbyhiswidow，waspublishedin1885。ThefollowingextractfromalettertoAgassiz（1850）isworthgiving，asshowinghowmyfatherregardedhim，anditmaybeaddedthathiscordialfeelingstowardsthegreatAmericannaturalistremainedstrongtotheendofhislife:——
"Ihaveseldombeenmoredeeplygratifiedthanbyreceivingyourmostkindpresentof’LakeSuperior。’Ihadheardofit，andhadmuchwishedtoreadit，butIconfessthatitwastheverygreathonourofhavinginmypossessionaworkwithyourautographasapresentationcopythathasgivenmesuchlivelyandsincerepleasure。Icordiallythankyouforit。Ihavebeguntoreaditwithuncommoninterest，whichIseewillincreaseasIgoon。"）
Down，November11th[1859]。
MydearSir，Ihaveventuredtosendyouacopyofmybook（asyetonlyanabstract）onthe’OriginofSpecies。’AstheconclusionsatwhichIhavearrivedonseveralpointsdiffersowidelyfromyours，Ihavethought（shouldyouatanytimereadmyvolume）thatyoumightthinkthatIhadsentittoyououtofaspiritofdefianceorbravado;butIassureyouthatIactunderawhollydifferentframeofmind。Ihopethatyouwillatleastgivemecredit，howevererroneousyoumaythinkmyconclusions，forhavingearnestlyendeavouredtoarriveatthetruth。Withsincererespect，Ibegleavetoremain，Yours，veryfaithfully，CHARLESDARWIN。