"Allanimalsofsamespeciesareboundtogetherjustlikebudsofplants，whichdieatonetime，thoughproducedeithersoonerorlater。Proveanimalslikeplants——tracegradationbetweenassociatedandnon—associatedanimals——andthestorywillbecomplete。"
Herewehavetheviewalreadyalludedtoofatermoflifeimpressedonaspecies。
Butinthefollowingnotewegetextinctionconnectedwithunfavourablevariation，andthusahintisgivenofnaturalselection:
"Withrespecttoextinction，wecaneasilyseethat[a]varietyof[the]
ostrich（Petise），maynotbewelladapted，andthusperishout;or，ontheotherhand，likeOrpheus[aGalapagosbird]，beingfavourable，manymightbeproduced。Thisrequires[the]principlethatthepermanentvariationsproducedbyconfinedbreedingandchangingcircumstancesarecontinuedandproducedaccordingtotheadaptationofsuchcircumstance，andthereforethatdeathofspeciesisaconsequence（contrarytowhatwouldappearfromAmerica）ofnon—adaptationofcircumstances。"
Thefirstpartofthenextextracthasasimilarbearing。Theendofthepassageisofmuchinterest，asshowingthathehadatthisearlydatevisionsofthefar—reachingcharacterofthetheoryofevolution:——
"Withbeliefoftransmutationandgeographicalgrouping，weareleadtoendeavourtodiscoverCAUSESofchange;themannerofadaptation（wishofparents？？），instinctandstructurebecomesfullofspeculationandlinesofobservation。Viewofgenerationbeingcondensation（Iimaginehimtomeanthateachgenerationis"condensed"toasmallnumberofthebestorganizedindividuals。）testofhighestorganisationintelligible……Mytheorywouldgivezesttorecentandfossilcomparativeanatomy;itwouldleadtothestudyofinstincts，heredity，andmind—heredity，whole[of]metaphysics。
"Itwouldleadtoclosestexaminationofhybridityandgeneration，causesofchangeinordertoknowwhatwehavecomefromandtowhatwetend——towhatcircumstancesfavourcrossingandwhatpreventsit——this，anddirectexaminationofdirectpassagesofstructureinspecies，mightleadtolawsofchange，whichwouldthenbe[the]mainobjectofstudy，toguideourspeculations。"
Thefollowingtwoextractshaveasimilarinterest;thesecondisespeciallyinteresting，asitcontainsthegermofconcludingsentenceofthe’OriginofSpecies’:（’OriginofSpecies’（1stedition），page490:——
"Thereisagrandeurinthisviewoflife，withitsseveralpowers，havingbeenoriginallybreathedintoafewformsorintoone;andthatwhilstthisplanethasgonecyclingonaccordingtothefixedlawofgravity，fromsosimpleabeginningendlessformsmostbeautifulandmostwonderfulhavebeen，andarebeingevolved。"）——
"Beforetheattractionofgravitydiscovereditmighthavebeensaiditwasasgreatadifficultytoaccountforthemovementofall[planets]byonelaw，astoaccountforeachseparateone;sotosaythatallmammaliawerebornfromonestock，andsincedistributedbysuchmeansaswecanrecognise，maybethoughttoexplainnothing。
"AstronomersmightformerlyhavesaidthatGodfore—orderedeachplanettomoveinitsparticulardestiny。InthesamemannerGodorderseachanimalcreatedwithcertainformsincertaincountries，buthowmuchmoresimpleandsublime[a]power——letattractionactaccordingtocertainlaw，suchareinevitableconsequences——letanimalsbecreated，thenbythefixedlawsofgeneration，suchwillbetheirsuccessors。
"Letthepowersoftransportalbesuch，andsowillbetheformsofonecountrytoanother——letgeologicalchangesgoatsucharate，sowillbethenumberanddistributionofthespecies！！"
Thethreenextextractsareofmiscellaneousinterest:——
"Whenoneseesnippleonman’sbreast，onedoesnotsaysomeuse，butsexnothavingbeendetermined——sowithuselesswingsunderelytraofbeetles——
bornfrombeetleswithwings，andmodified——ifsimplecreationmerely，wouldhavebeenbornwithoutthem。"
"Inadecreasingpopulationatanyonemomentfewercloselyrelated（fewspeciesofgenera）;ultimatelyfewgenera（forotherwisetherelationshipwouldconvergesooner），andlastly，perhaps，someonesingleone。Willnotthisaccountfortheoddgenerawithfewspecieswhichstandbetweengreatgroups，whichweareboundtoconsidertheincreasingones？"
ThelastextractwhichIshallquotegivesthegermofhistheoryoftherelationbetweenalpineplantsinvariouspartsoftheworld，inthepublicationofwhichhewasforestalledbyE。Forbes（seevolumei。page72）。Hesays，inthe1837note—book，thatalpineplants，"formerlydescendedlower，therefore[theyare]speciesoflowergeneraaltered，ornorthernplants。"
WhenweturntotheSketchofhistheory，writtenin1844（stillthereforebeforethesecondeditionofthe’Journal’wascompleted），wefindanenormousadvancemadeonthenote—bookof1837。TheSketchisanfactasurprisinglycompletepresentationoftheargumentafterwardsfamiliartousinthe’OriginofSpecies。’ThereissomeobscurityastothedateoftheshortSketchwhichformedthebasisofthe1844Essay。Weknowfromhisownwords（volumei。，page68），thatitwasinJune1842thathefirstwroteoutashortsketchofhisviews。（ThisversionIcannotfind，anditwasprobablydestroyed，likesomuchofhisMS。，afterithadbeenenlargedandre—copiedin1844。）Thisstatementisgivenwithsomuchcircumstancethatitisalmostimpossibletosupposethatitcontainsanerrorofdate。
ItagreesalsowiththefollowingextractfromhisDiary。
1842。May18th。WenttoMaer。
"June15thtoShrewsbury，andon18thtoCapelCurig。DuringmystayatMaerandShrewsbury（fiveyearsaftercommencement）wrotepencil—sketchofspeciestheory。"
Againintheintroductiontothe’Origin，’page1，hewrites，"afteranintervaloffiveyears’work"[from1837，i。e。in1842]，"Iallowedmyselftospeculateonthesubject，anddrewupsomeshortnotes。"
NeverthelessinthelettersignedbySirC。LyellandSirJ。D。Hooker，whichservesasanintroductiontothejointpaperofMessrs。C。DarwinandA。Wallaceonthe’TendencyofSpeciestoformVarieties，’（’Linn。Soc。
Journal，’1858，page45。）theessayof1844（extractsfromwhichformpartofthepaper）issaidtohavebeen"sketchedin1839，andcopiedin1844。"
Thisstatementisobviouslymadeontheauthorityofanotewritteninmyfather’shandacrosstheTableofContentsofthe1844Essay。Itistothefollowingeffect:"Thiswassketchedin1839，andcopiedoutinfull，asherewrittenandreadbyyouin1844。"Iconcludethatthisnotewasaddedin1858，whentheMS。wassenttoSirJ。D。Hooker（seeLetterofJune29，1858，page476）。Thereisalsosomefurtherevidenceonthissideofthequestion。WritingtoMr。Wallace（January25，1859）myfathersays:——
"EveryonewhomIhaveseenhasthoughtyourpaperverywellwrittenandinteresting。Itputsmyextracts（writtenin1839，nowjusttwentyyearsago！），whichImustsayinapologywereneverforaninstantintendedforpublication;intotheshade。"Thestatementthattheearliestsketchwaswrittenin1839hasbeenfrequentlymadeinbiographicalnoticesofmyfather，nodoubtontheauthorityofthe’LinneanJournal，’butitmust，I
think，beconsideredaserroneous。Theerrormaypossiblyhaveariseninthisway。InwritingontheTableofContentsofthe1844MS。thatitwassketchedin1839，Ithinkmyfathermayhaveintendedtoimplythattheframeworkofthetheorywasclearlythoughtoutbyhimatthatdate。IntheAutobiographyhespeaksofthetime，"about1839，whenthetheorywasclearlyconceived，"meaning，nodoubt，theendof1838andbeginningof1839，whenthereadingofMalthushadgivenhimthekeytotheideaofnaturalselection。ButthisexplanationdoesnotapplytothelettertoMr。Wallace;andwithregardtothepassage（Myfathercertainlysawtheproofsofthepaper，forheaddedafoot—noteapologisingforthestyleoftheextracts，onthegroundthatthe"workwasneverintendedforpublication。"）inthe’LinneanJournal’itisdifficulttounderstandhowitshouldhavebeenallowedtoremainasitnowstands，conveying，asitclearlydoes，theimpressionthat1839wasthedateofhisearliestwrittensketch。
Thesketchof1844iswritteninaclerk’shand，intwohundredandthirty—
onepagesfolio，blankleavesbeingalternatedwiththeMS。withaviewtoamplification。Thetexthasbeenrevisedandcorrected，criticismsbeingpencilledbyhimselfonthemargin。Itisdividedintotwoparts:I。"OnthevariationofOrganicBeingsunderDomesticationandintheirNaturalState。"II。"OntheEvidencefavourableandopposedtotheviewthatSpeciesarenaturallyformedracesdescendedfromcommonStocks。"Thefirstpartcontainsthemainargumentofthe’OriginofSpecies。’Itisfounded，asistheargumentofthatwork，onthestudyofdomesticanimals，andboththeSketchandthe’Origin’openwithachapteronvariationunderdomesticationandonartificialselection。Thisisfollowed，inbothessays，bydiscussionsonvariationundernature，onnaturalselection，andonthestruggleforlife。Here，anycloseresemblancebetweenthetwoessayswithregardtoarrangementceases。ChapterIII。oftheSketch，whichconcludesthefirstpart，treatsofthevariationswhichoccurintheinstinctsandhabitsofanimals，andthuscorrespondstosomeextentwithChapterVII。ofthe’Origin’（1stedition）。Itthusformsacomplementtothechapterswhichdealwithvariationinstructure。ItseemstohavebeenplacedthusearlyintheEssaytopreventthehastyrejectionofthewholetheorybyareadertowhomtheideaofnaturalselectionactingoninstinctsmightseemimpossible。Thisisthemoreprobable，astheChapteronInstinctinthe’Origin’isspeciallymentioned（Introduction，page5）
asoneofthe"mostapparentandgravestdifficultiesonthetheory。"
MoreoverthechapterintheSketchendswithadiscussion，"whetheranyparticularcorporealstructures……aresowonderfulastojustifytherejectionprimafacieofourtheory。"Underthisheadingcomesthediscussionoftheeye，whichinthe’Origin’findsitsplaceinChapterVI。
under"DifficultiesoftheTheory。"Thesecondpartseemstohavebeenplannedinaccordancewithhisfavouritepointofviewwithregardtohistheory。ThisisbrieflygiveninalettertoDr。AsaGray，November11th，1859:"Icannotpossiblybelievethatafalsetheorywouldexplainsomanyclassesoffacts，asIthinkitcertainlydoesexplain。OnthesegroundsI
dropmyanchor，andbelievethatthedifficultieswillslowlydisappear。"
Onthisprinciple，havingstatedthetheoryinthefirstpart，heproceedstoshowtowhatextentvariouswideseriesoffactscanbeexplainedbyitsmeans。
ThusthesecondpartoftheSketchcorrespondsroughlytothenineconcludingChaptersoftheFirstEditionofthe’Origin。’ButwemustexcludeChapterVII。（’Origin’）onInstinct，whichformsachapterinthefirstpartoftheSketch，andChapterVIII。（’Origin’）onHybridism，asubjecttreatedintheSketchwith’VariationunderNature’inthefirstpart。
ThefollowinglistofthechaptersofthesecondpartoftheSketchwillillustratetheircorrespondencewiththefinalchaptersofthe’Origin。’
ChapterI。"Onthekindofintermediatenessnecessary，andthenumberofsuchintermediateforms。"Thisincludesageologicaldiscussion，andcorrespondstopartsofChaptersVI。andIX。ofthe’Origin。’
ChapterII。"Thegradualappearanceanddisappearanceoforganicbeings。"
CorrespondstoChapterX。ofthe’Origin。’
ChapterIII。"GeographicalDistribution。"CorrespondstoChaptersXI。andXII。ofthe’Origin。’
ChapterIV。"AffinitiesandClassificationofOrganicbeings。"
ChapterV。"UnityofType，"Morphology，Embryology。
ChapterVI。RudimentaryOrgans。
ThesethreechapterscorrespondtoChapterXII。ofthe’Origin。’
ChapterVII。RecapitulationandConclusion。ThefinalsentenceoftheSketch，whichwesawinitsfirstroughformintheNoteBookof1837，closelyresemblesthefinalsentenceofthe’Origin，’muchofitbeingidentical。The’Origin’isnotdividedintotwo"Parts，"butweseetracesofsuchadivisionhavingbeenpresentinthewriter’smind，inthisresemblancebetweenthesecondpartoftheSketchandthefinalchaptersofthe’Origin。’Thatheshouldspeak（’Origin，’Introduction，page5。）ofthechaptersontransition，oninstinct，onhybridism，andonthegeologicalrecord，asformingagroup，maybeduetothedivisionofhisearlyMS。intotwoparts。
Mr。Huxley，whowasgoodenoughtoreadtheSketchatmyrequest，whileremarkingthatthe"mainlinesofargument，"andtheillustrationsemployedarethesame，pointsoutthatinthe1844Essay，"muchmoreweightisattachedtotheinfluenceofexternalconditionsinproducingvariation，andtotheinheritanceofacquiredhabitsthanintheOrigin。’"
ItisextremelyinterestingtofindintheSketchthefirstmentionofprinciplesfamiliartousinthe’OriginofSpecies。’ForemostamongthesemaybementionedtheprincipleofSexualSelection，whichisclearlyenunciated。Theimportantformofselectionknownas"unconscious，"isalsogiven。Herealsooccursastatementofthelawthatpeculiaritiestendtoappearintheoffspringatanagecorrespondingtothatatwhichtheyoccurredintheparent。
ProfessorNewton，whowassokindastolookthroughthe1844Sketch，tellsmethatmyfather’sremarksonthemigrationofbirds，incidentallygiveninmorethanonepassage，showthathehadanticipatedtheviewsofsomelaterwriters。
WithregardtothegeneralstyleoftheSketch，itisnottobeexpectedthatitshouldhaveallthecharacteristicsofthe’Origin，’andwedonot，infact，findthatbalanceandcontrol，thatconcentrationandgrasp，whicharesostrikingintheworkof1859。
IntheAutobiography（page68，volume1）myfatherhasstatedwhatseemedtohimthechiefflawofthe1844Sketch;hehadoverlooked"oneproblemofgreatimportance，"theproblemofthedivergenceofcharacter。Thispointisdiscussedinthe’OriginofSpecies，’but，asitmaynotbefamiliartoallreaders，Iwillgiveashortaccountofthedifficultyanditssolution。Theauthorbeginsbystatingthatvarietiesdifferfromeachotherlessthanspecies，andthengoeson:"Nevertheless，accordingtomyview，varietiesarespeciesinprocessofformation……Howthendoesthelesserdifferencebetweenvarietiesbecomeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencebetweenspecies？"（’Origin，’1stedition，page111。）Heshowshowananalogousdivergencetakesplaceunderdomesticationwhereanoriginallyuniformstockofhorseshasbeensplitupintorace—horses，dray—horses，etc。，andthengoesontoexplainhowthesameprincipleappliestonaturalspecies。"Fromthesimplecircumstancethatthemorediversifiedthedescendantsfromanyonespeciesbecomeinstructure，constitution，andhabits，bysomuchwilltheybebetterenabledtoseizeonmanyandwidelydiversifiedplacesinthepolityofnature，andsobeenabledtoincreaseinnumbers。"
Theprincipleisexemplifiedbythefactthatifononeplotofgroundasinglevarietyofwheatbesown，andontoanotheramixtureofvarieties，inthelattercasetheproduceisgreater。Moreindividualshavebeenabletoexistbecausetheywerenotallofthesamevariety。Anorganismbecomesmoreperfectandmorefittedtosurvivewhenbydivisionoflabourthedifferentfunctionsoflifeareperformedbydifferentorgans。Inthesamewayaspeciesbecomesmoreefficientandmoreabletosurvivewhendifferentsectionsofthespeciesbecomedifferentiatedsoastofilldifferentstations。
InreadingtheSketchof1844，IhavefounditdifficulttorecognisetheabsenceofanydefinitestatementoftheprincipleofdivergenceasaflawintheEssay。Descentwithmodificationimpliesdivergence，andwebecomesohabituatedtoabeliefindescent，andthereforeindivergence，thatwedonotnoticetheabsenceofproofthatdivergenceisinitselfanadvantage。AsshownintheAutobiography，myfatherin1876foundithardlycrediblethatheshouldhaveoverlookedtheproblemanditssolution。
Thefollowingletterwillbemoreinplaceherethanitschronologicalposition，sinceitshowswhatwasmyfather’sfeelingastothevalueoftheSketchatthetimeofitscompletion。]
CHARLESDARWINTOMRS。DARWIN。
Down，July5，1844。
Ihavejustfinishedmysketchofmyspeciestheory。If，asIbelieve，mytheoryintimebeacceptedevenbyonecompetentjudge，itwillbeaconsiderablestepinscience。
Ithereforewritethisincaseofmysuddendeath，asmymostsolemnandlastrequest，whichIamsureyouwillconsiderthesameasiflegallyenteredinmywill，thatyouwilldevote400poundstoitspublication，andfurther，willyourself，orthroughHensleigh（Mr。H。Wedgwood。），taketroubleinpromotingit。Iwishthatmysketchbegiventosomecompetentperson，withthissumtoinducehimtotaketroubleinitsimprovementandenlargement。IgivetohimallmybooksonNaturalHistory，whichareeitherscoredorhavereferencesattheendtothepages，begginghimcarefullytolookoverandconsidersuchpassagesasactuallybearing，orbypossibilitybearing，onthissubject。Iwishyoutomakealistofallsuchbooksassometemptationtoaneditor。Ialsorequestthatyouwillhandover[to]himallthosescrapsroughlydividedineightortenbrownpaperportfolios。Thescraps，withcopiedquotationsfromvariousworks，arethosewhichmayaidmyeditor。Ialsorequestthatyou，orsomeamanuensis，willaidindecipheringanyofthescrapswhichtheeditormaythinkpossiblyofuse。Ileavetotheeditor’sjudgmentwhethertointerpolatethesefactsinthetext，orasnotes，orunderappendices。Asthelookingoverthereferencesandscrapswillbealonglabour，andastheCORRECTINGandenlargingandalteringmysketchwillalsotakeconsiderabletime，Ileavethissumof400poundsassomeremuneration，andanyprofitsfromthework。Iconsiderthatforthistheeditorisboundtogetthesketchpublishedeitheratapublisher’sorhisownrisk。Manyofthescrapintheportfolioscontainsmererudesuggestionsandearlyviews，nowuseless，andmanyofthefactswillprobablyturnoutashavingnobearingonmytheory。
Withrespecttoeditors，Mr。Lyellwouldbethebestifhewouldundertakeit;Ibelievehewouldfindtheworkpleasant，andhewouldlearnsomefactsnewtohim。Astheeditormustbeageologistaswellasanaturalist，thenextbesteditorwouldbeProfessorForbesofLondon。Thenextbest（andquitebestinmanyrespects）wouldbeProfessorHenslow。
Dr。HookerwouldbeVERYgood。Thenext，Mr。Strickland。（AfterMr。
Strickland’snamecomesthefollowingsentence，whichhasbeenerasedbutremainedlegible。"ProfessorOwenwouldbeverygood;butIpresumehewouldnotundertakesuchawork。"Ifnoneofthesewouldundertakeit，I
wouldrequestyoutoconsultwithMr。Lyell，orsomeothercapablemanforsomeeditor，ageologistandnaturalist。Shouldoneotherhundredpoundsmakethedifferenceofprocuringagoodeditor，requestearnestlythatyouwillraise500pounds。
MyremainingcollectionsinNaturalHistorymaybegiventoanyoneoranymuseumwhereitwouldbeaccepted……
[Thefollowingnoteseemstohaveformedpartoftheoriginalletter，butmayhavebeenoflaterdate:
"Lyell，especiallywiththeaidofHooker（andofanygoodzoologicalaid），wouldbebestofall。Withoutaneditorwillpledgehimselftogiveuptimetoit，itwouldbeofnousepayingsuchasum。
"Ifthereshouldbeanydifficultyingettinganeditorwhowouldgothoroughlyintothesubject，andthinkofthebearingofthepassagesmarkedinthebooksandcopiedoutofscrapsofpaper，thenletmysketchbepublishedasitis，statingthatitwasdoneseveralyearsago（Thewords"severalyearsagoand，"seemtohavebeenaddedatalaterdate。）
andfrommemorywithoutconsultinganyworks，andwithnointentionofpublicationinitspresentform。"
TheideathattheSketchof1844mightremain，intheeventofhisdeath，astheonlyrecordofhiswork，seemstohavebeenlonginhismind，forinAugust1854，whenhehadfinishedwiththeCirripedes，andwasthinkingofbeginninghis"specieswork，"headdedonthebackoftheaboveletter，"Hookerbyfarbestmantoeditmyspeciesvolume。August1854。"]
CHAPTER1。XI。
THEGROWTHOFTHE’ORIGINOFSPECIES。’
LETTERS，1843—1856。
[Thehistoryofmyfather’slifeistoldmorecompletelyinhiscorrespondencewithSirJ。D。Hookerthaninanyotherseriesofletters;
andthisisespeciallytrueofthehistoryofthegrowthofthe’OriginofSpecies。’This，therefore，seemsanappropriateplaceforthefollowingnotes，whichSirJosephHookerhaskindlygivenme。Theygive，moreover，aninterestingpictureofhisearlyfriendshipwithmyfather:——
"MyfirstmeetingwithMr。Darwinwasin1839，inTrafalgarSquare。Iwaswalkingwithanofficerwhohadbeenhisshipmateforashorttimeinthe"Beagle"sevenyearsbefore，butwhohadnot，Ibelieve，sincemethim。I
wasintroduced;theinterviewwasofcoursebrief，andthememoryofhimthatIcarriedawayandstillretainwasthatofarathertallandratherbroad—shoulderedman，withaslightstoop，anagreeableandanimatedexpressionwhentalking，beetlebrows，andahollowbutmellowvoice;andthathisgreetingofhisoldacquaintancewassailor—like——thatis，delightfullyfrankandcordial。Iobservedhimwell，forIwasalreadyawareofhisattainmentsandlabours，derivedfromhavingreadvariousproof—sheetsofhisthenunpublished’Journal。’ThesehadbeensubmittedtoMr。（afterwardsSirCharles）LyellbyMr。Darwin，andbyhimsenttohisfather，Ch。Lyell，Esq。，ofKinnordy，who（beingaveryoldfriendofmyfatherandtakingakindinterestinmyprojectedcareerasanaturalist）
hadallowedmetoperusethem。AtthistimeIwashurryingonmystudies，soastotakemydegreebeforevolunteeringtoaccompanySirJamesRossintheAntarcticExpedition，whichhadjustbeendeterminedonbytheAdmiralty;andsopressedfortimewasI，thatIusedtosleepwiththesheetsofthe’Journal’undermypillow，thatImightreadthembetweenwakingandrising。Theyimpressedmeprofoundly，Imightsaydespairingly，withthevarietyofacquirements，mentalandphysical，requiredinanaturalistwhoshouldfollowinDarwin’sfootsteps，whilsttheystimulatedmetoenthusiasminthedesiretotravelandobserve。
"IthasbeenapermanentsourceofhappinesstomethatIknewsomuchofMr。Darwin’sscientificworksomanyyearsbeforethatintimacybeganwhichripenedintofeelingsasneartothoseofreverenceforhislife，works，andcharacterasisreasonableandproper。ItonlyremainstoaddtothislittleepisodethatIreceivedacopyofthe’Journal’complete，——agiftfromMr。Lyell，——afewdaysbeforeleavingEngland。
"VerysoonafterthereturnoftheAntarcticExpeditionmycorrespondencewithMr。Darwinbegan（December，1843）byhissendingmealongletter，warmlycongratulatingmeonmyreturntomyfamilyandfriends，andexpressingawishtohearmoreoftheresultsoftheexpedition，ofwhichhehadderivedsomeknowledgefromprivatelettersofmyown（writtentoorcommunicatedthroughMr。Lyell）。Then，plungingatonceintoscientificmatters，hedirectedmyattentiontotheimportanceofcorrelatingtheFuegianFlorawiththatoftheCordilleraandofEurope，andinvitedmetostudythebotanicalcollectionswhichhehadmadeintheGalapagosIslands，aswellashisPatagonianandFuegianplants。
"ThisledtomesendinghimanoutlineoftheconclusionsIhadformedregardingthedistributionofplantsinthesouthernregions，andthenecessityofassumingthedestructionofconsiderableareasoflandtoaccountfortherelationsofthefloraoftheso—calledAntarcticIslands。
Idonotsupposethatanyoftheseideaswerenewtohim，buttheyledtoananimatedandlengthycorrespondencefullofinstruction。"
Herefollowstheletter（1843）toSirJ。D。Hookerabovereferredto。]
MydearSir，Ihadhopedbeforethistimetohavehadthepleasureofseeingyouandcongratulatingyouonyoursafereturnfromyourlongandgloriousvoyage。
ButasIseldomgotoLondon，wemaynotyetmeetforsometime——withoutyouareledtoattendtheGeologicalMeetings。
Iamanxioustoknowwhatyouintenddoingwithallyourmaterials——Ihadsomuchpleasureinreadingpartsofsomeofyourletters，thatIshallbeverysorryifI，asoneofthepublic，havenoopportunityofreadingagooddealmore。Isupposeyouareverybusynowandfullofenjoyment:
howwellIrememberthehappinessofmyfirstfewmonthsofEngland——itwasworthallthediscomfortsofmanyagale！ButIhaverunfromthesubject，whichmademewrite，ofexpressingmypleasurethatHenslow（asheinformedmeafewdayssincebyletter）hassenttoyoumysmallcollectionofplants。YoucannotthinkhowmuchpleasedIam，asIfearedtheywouldhavebeenalllost，andfewastheyare，theycostmeagooddealoftrouble。Thereareaveryfewnotes，whichIbelieveHenslowhasgot，describingthehabitats，etc。，ofsomefewofthemoreremarkableplants。
IpaidparticularattentiontotheAlpineflowersofTierradelFuego，andIamsureIgoteveryplantwhichwasinflowerinPatagoniaattheseasonswhenwewerethere。IhavelongthoughtthatsomegeneralsketchoftheFloraofthepointofland，stretchingsofarintothesouthernseas，wouldbeverycurious。DomakecomparativeremarksonthespeciesalliedtotheEuropeanspecies，fortheadvantageofbotanicalignoramuseslikemyself。
Ithasoftenstruckmeasacuriouspointtofindout，whethertherearemanyEuropeangenerainTierradelFuegowhicharenotfoundalongtheridgeoftheCordillera;theseparationinsuchcasewouldbesoenormous。
Dopointoutinanysketchyoudrawup，whatgeneraareAmericanandwhatEuropean，andhowgreatthedifferencesofthespeciesare，whenthegeneraareEuropean，forthesakeoftheignoramuses。
IhopeHenslowwillsendyoumyGalapagosplants（aboutwhichHumboldtevenexpressedtomeconsiderablecuriosity）——ItookmuchpainsincollectingallIcould。AFloraofthisarchipelagowould，Isuspect，offeranearlyparallelcasetothatofSt。Helena，whichhassolongexcitedinterest。
Prayexcusethislongramblingnote，andbelieveme，mydearsir，yoursverysincerely，C。DARWIN。
WillyoubesogoodastopresentmyrespectfulcomplimentstoSirW。
Hooker。
[ReferringtoSirJ。D。Hooker’sworkontheGalapagosFlora，myfatherwrotein1846:
"IcannottellyouhowdelightedandastonishedIamattheresultsofyourexamination;howwonderfullytheysupportmyassertiononthedifferencesintheanimalsofthedifferentislands，aboutwhichIhavealwaysbeenfearful。"
Againhewrote（1849）:——
"IreceivedafewweeksagoyourGalapagospapers（ThesepapersincludetheresultsofSirJ。D。Hooker’sexaminationofmyfather’sGalapagosplants，andwerepublishedbytheLinneanSocietyin1849。），andIhavereadthemsincebeinghere。Ireallycannotexpresstoostronglymyadmirationofthegeographicaldiscussion:tomyjudgmentitisaperfectmodelofwhatsuchapapershouldbe;ittookmefourdaystoreadandthinkover。HowinterestingtheFloraoftheSandwichIslandsappearstobe，howIwishtherewerematerialsforyoutotreatitsfloraasyouhavedonetheGalapagos。IntheSystematicpaperIwasratherdisappointedinnotfindinggeneralremarksonaffinities，structures，etc。，suchasyouoftengiveinconversation，andsuchasDeCandolleandSt。Hilaireintroducedinalmostalltheirpapers，andwhichmaketheminterestingeventoanon—
Botanist。"
"Verysoonafterwards[continuesSirJ。D。Hooker]inaletterdatedJanuary1844，thesubjectofthe’OriginofSpecies’wasbroughtforwardbyhim，andIbelievethatIwasthefirsttowhomhecommunicatedhisthennewideasonthesubject，andwhichbeingofinterestasacontributiontothehistoryofEvolution，Iherecopyfromhisletter":——]
CHARLESDARWINTOJ。D。HOOKER。
[January11th，1844。]
Besidesageneralinterestaboutthesouthernlands，Ihavebeennoweversincemyreturnengagedinaverypresumptuouswork，andIknownooneindividualwhowouldnotsayaveryfoolishone。IwassostruckwiththedistributionoftheGalapagosorganisms，etc。etc。，andwiththecharacteroftheAmericanfossilmammifers，etc。etc。，thatIdeterminedtocollectblindlyeverysortoffact，whichcouldbearanywayonwhatarespecies。
Ihavereadheapsofagriculturalandhorticulturalbooks，andhaveneverceasedcollectingfacts。Atlastgleamsoflighthavecome，andIamalmostconvinced（quitecontrarytotheopinionIstartedwith）thatspeciesarenot（itislikeconfessingamurder）immutable。HeavenforfendmefromLamarcknonsenseofa"tendencytoprogression，""adaptationsfromtheslowwillingofanimals，"etc。！ButtheconclusionsIamledtoarenotwidelydifferentfromhis;thoughthemeansofchangearewhollyso。I
thinkIhavefoundout（here’spresumption！）thesimplewaybywhichspeciesbecomeexquisitelyadaptedtovariousends。Youwillnowgroan，andthinktoyourself，"onwhatamanhaveIbeenwastingmytimeandwritingto。"Ishould，fiveyearsago，havethoughtso……
[ThefollowingletterwrittenonFebruary23，1844，showsthattheacquaintanceshipwithSirJ。D。Hookerwasthenfastripeningintofriendship。Theletterischieflyofinterestasshowingthesortofproblemsthenoccupyingmyfather’smind:]
DearHooker，Ihopeyouwillexcusethefreedomofmyaddress，butIfeelthatasco—
circum—wanderersandasfellowlabourers（thoughmyselfaveryweakone）wemaythrowasidesomeoftheold—worldformality……Ihavejustfinishedalittlevolumeonthevolcanicislandswhichwevisited。Idonotknowhowfaryoucarefordrysimplegeology，butIhopeyouwillletmesendyouacopy。IsupposeIcansenditfromLondonbycommoncoachconveyance……IamgoingtoaskyousomeMOREquestions，thoughIdaresay，withoutaskingthem，Ishallseeanswersinyourwork，whenpublished，whichwillbequitetimeenoughformypurposes。FirstfortheGalapagos，youwillseeinmyJournal，thattheBirds，thoughpeculiarspecies，haveamostobviousS。Americanaspect:Ihavejustascertainedthesamethingholdsgoodwiththesea—shells。Itissowiththoseplantswhicharepeculiartothisarchipelago;youstatethattheirnumericalproportionsarecontinental（isnotthisaverycuriousfact？）butaretheyrelatedinformstoS。America。Doyouknowofanyothercaseofanarchipelago，withtheseparateislandspossessingdistinctrepresentativespecies？Ihavealwaysintended（buthavenotyetdoneso）toexamineWebbandBerthelotontheCanaryIslandsforthisobject。TalkingwithMr。Bentham，hetoldmethattheseparateislandsoftheSandwichArchipelagopossesseddistinctrepresentativespeciesofthesamegeneraofLabiatae:wouldnotthisbeworthyourenquiry？HowisitwiththeAzores;tobesuretheheavywesterngaleswouldtendtodiffusethesamespeciesoverthatgroup。
Ihopeyouwill（Idaresaymyhopeisquitesuperfluous）attendtothisgeneralkindofaffinityinisolatedislands，thoughIsupposeitismoredifficulttoperceivethissortofrelationinplants，thaninbirdsorquadrupeds，thegroupsofwhichare，Ifancy，rathermoreconfined。CanSt。Helenabeclassed，thoughremotely，eitherwithAfricaorS。America？
>Fromsomefacts，whichIhavecollected，IhavebeenledtoconcludethatthefaunaofmountainsareEITHERremarkablysimilar（sometimesinthepresenceofthesamespeciesandatothertimesofsamegenera），ORthattheyareremarkablydissimilar;andithasoccurredtomethatpossiblypartofthispeculiarityoftheSt。HelenaandGalapagosflorasmaybeattributedtoagreatpartofthesetwoFlorasbeingmountainFloras。I
fearmynoteswillhardlyservetodistinguishmuchofthehabitatsoftheGalapagosplants，buttheymayinsomecases;most，ifnotall，ofthegreen，leafyplantscomefromthesummitsoftheislands，andthethinbrownleaflessplantscomefromtheloweraridparts:wouldyoubesokindastobearthisremarkinmind，whenexaminingmycollection。
Iwilltroubleyouwithonlyoneotherquestion。IndiscussionwithMr。
Gould，Ifoundthatinmostofthegeneraofbirdswhichrangeoverthewholeorgreaterpartoftheworld，theindividualspecieshavewiderranges，thustheOwlismundane，andmanyofthespecieshaveverywideranges。SoIbelieveitiswithlandandfresh—watershells——andImightadduceothercases。IsitnotsowithCryptogamicplants;havenotmostofthespecieswideranges，inthosegenerawhicharemundane？Idonotsupposethattheconverseholds，viz。——thatwhenaspecieshasawiderange，itsgenusalsorangeswide。Willyousofarobligemebyoccasionallythinkingoverthis？Itwouldcostmevasttroubletogetalistofmundanephanerogamicgeneraandthensearchhowfarthespeciesofthesegeneraareapttorangewideintheirseveralcountries;butyoumightoccasionally，inthecourseofyourpursuits，justbearthisinmind，thoughperhapsthepointmaylongsincehaveoccurredtoyouorotherBotanists。Geologyisbringingtolightinterestingfacts，concerningtherangesofshells;Ithinkitisprettywellestablished，thataccordingasthegeographicalrangeofaspeciesiswide，soisitspersistenceanddurationintime。Ihopeyouwilltrytogrudgeaslittleasyoucanthetroubleofmyletters，andpraybelievemeverytrulyyours，C。DARWIN。