Inthisdivisionoftherightsofsovereignty，theshareoftheUnionseemsatfirstsighttobemoreconsiderablethanthatoftheStates;butamoreattentiveinvestigationshowsittobelessso。TheundertakingsoftheGovernmentoftheUnionaremorevast，buttheirinfluenceismorerarelyfelt。Thoseoftheprovincialgovernmentsarecomparativelysmall，buttheyareincessant，andtheyservetokeepalivetheauthoritywhichtheyrepresent。TheGovernmentoftheUnionwatchesthegeneralinterestsofthecountry;butthegeneralinterestsofapeoplehaveaveryquestionableinfluenceuponindividualhappiness，whilstprovincialinterestsproduceamostimmediateeffectuponthewelfareoftheinhabitants。TheUnionsecurestheindependenceandthegreatnessofthenation，whichdonotimmediatelyaffectprivatecitizens;buttheseveralStatesmaintaintheliberty，regulatetherights，protectthefortune，andsecurethelifeandthewholefutureprosperityofeverycitizen。
　　TheFederalGovernmentisveryfarremovedfromitssubjects，whilsttheprovincialgovernmentsarewithinthereachofthemall，andarereadytoattendtothesmallestappeal。ThecentralGovernmenthasuponitssidethepassionsofafewsuperiormenwhoaspiretoconductit;butuponthesideoftheprovincialgovernmentsaretheinterestsofallthosesecond—rateindividualswhocanonlyhopetoobtainpowerwithintheirownState，andwhoneverthelessexercisethelargestshareofauthorityoverthepeoplebecausetheyareplacednearesttoitslevel。TheAmericanshavethereforemuchmoretohopeandtofearfromtheStatesthanfromtheUnion;and，inconformitywiththenaturaltendencyofthehumanmind，theyaremorelikelytoattachthemselvestotheformerthantothelatter。Inthisrespecttheirhabitsandfeelingsharmonizewiththeirinterests。
　　Whenacompactnationdividesitssovereignty，andadoptsaconfederateformofgovernment，thetraditions，thecustoms，andthemannersofthepeopleareforalongtimeatvariancewiththeirlegislation;andtheformertendtogiveadegreeofinfluencetothecentralgovernmentwhichthelatterforbids。
　　Whenanumberofconfederatestatesunitetoformasinglenation，thesamecausesoperateinanoppositedirection。IhavenodoubtthatifFranceweretobecomeaconfederaterepubliclikethatoftheUnitedStates，thegovernmentwouldatfirstdisplaymoreenergythanthatoftheUnion;andiftheUnionweretoalteritsconstitutiontoamonarchylikethatofFrance，I
　　thinkthattheAmericanGovernmentwouldbealongtimeinacquiringtheforcewhichnowrulesthelatternation。WhenthenationalexistenceoftheAnglo—Americansbegan，theirprovincialexistencewasalreadyoflongstanding;necessaryrelationswereestablishedbetweenthetownshipsandtheindividualcitizensofthesameStates;andtheywereaccustomedtoconsidersomeobjectsascommontothemall，andtoconductotheraffairsasexclusivelyrelatingtotheirownspecialinterests。
　　TheUnionisavastbodywhichpresentsnodefiniteobjecttopatrioticfeeling。TheformsandlimitsoftheStatearedistinctandcircumscribed;sinceitrepresentsacertainnumberofobjectswhicharefamiliartothecitizensandbelovedbyall。
　　Itisidentifiedwiththeverysoil，withtherightofpropertyandthedomesticaffections，withtherecollectionsofthepast，thelaborsofthepresent，andthehopesofthefuture。
　　Patriotism，then，whichisfrequentlyamereextensionofindividualegotism，isstilldirectedtotheState，andisnotexcitedbytheUnion。Thusthetendencyoftheinterests，thehabits，andthefeelingsofthepeopleistocentrepoliticalactivityintheStates，inpreferencetotheUnion。
　　Itiseasytoestimatethedifferentforcesofthetwogovernments，byremarkingthemannerinwhichtheyfulfiltheirrespectivefunctions。WheneverthegovernmentofaStatehasoccasiontoaddressanindividualoranassemblyofindividuals，itslanguageisclearandimperative;andsuchisalsothetoneoftheFederalGovernmentinitsintercoursewithindividuals，butnosoonerhasitanythingtodowithaStatethanitbeginstoparley，toexplainitsmotivesandtojustifyitsconduct，toargue，toadvise，and，inshort，anythingbuttocommand。Ifdoubtsareraisedastothelimitsoftheconstitutionalpowersofeachgovernment，theprovincialgovernmentprefersitsclaimwithboldness，andtakespromptandenergeticstepstosupportit。InthemeanwhiletheGovernmentoftheUnionreasons;itappealstotheinterests，tothegoodsense，tothegloryofthenation;ittemporizes，itnegotiates，anddoesnotconsenttoactuntilitisreducedtothelastextremity。Atfirstsightitmightreadilybeimaginedthatitistheprovincialgovernmentwhichisarmedwiththeauthorityofthenation，andthatCongressrepresentsasingleState。
　　TheFederalGovernmentis，therefore，notwithstandingtheprecautionsofthosewhofoundedit，naturallysoweakthatitmorepeculiarlyrequiresthefreeconsentofthegovernedtoenableittosubsist。ItiseasytoperceivethatitsobjectistoenabletheStatestorealizewithfacilitytheirdeterminationofremainingunited;and，aslongasthispreliminaryconditionexists，itsauthorityisgreat，temperate，andeffective。TheConstitutionfitstheGovernmenttocontrolindividuals，andeasilytosurmountsuchobstaclesastheymaybeinclinedtooffer;butitwasbynomeansestablishedwithaviewtothepossibleseparationofoneormoreoftheStatesfromtheUnion。
　　IfthesovereigntyoftheUnionweretoengageinastrugglewiththatoftheStatesatthepresentday，itsdefeatmaybeconfidentlypredicted;anditisnotprobablethatsuchastrugglewouldbeseriouslyundertaken。AsoftenasasteadyresistanceisofferedtotheFederalGovernmentitwillbefoundtoyield。ExperiencehashithertoshownthatwheneveraStatehasdemandedanythingwithperseveranceandresolution，ithasinvariablysucceeded;andthatifaseparategovernmenthasdistinctlyrefusedtoact，itwaslefttodoasitthoughtfit。
　　*z[Footnotez:SeetheconductoftheNorthernStatesinthewarof1812。"Duringthatwar，"saysJeffersoninalettertoGeneralLafayette，"fouroftheEasternStateswereonlyattachedtotheUnion，likesomanyinanimatebodiestolivingmen。"]
　　ButeveniftheGovernmentoftheUnionhadanystrengthinherentinitself，thephysicalsituationofthecountrywouldrendertheexerciseofthatstrengthverydifficult。*aTheUnitedStatescoveranimmenseterritory;theyareseparatedfromeachotherbygreatdistances;andthepopulationisdisseminatedoverthesurfaceofacountrywhichisstillhalfawilderness。
　　IftheUnionweretoundertaketoenforcetheallegianceoftheconfederateStatesbymilitarymeans，itwouldbeinapositionveryanalogoustothatofEnglandatthetimeoftheWarofIndependence。
　　[Footnotea:TheprofoundpeaceoftheUnionaffordsnopretextforastandingarmy;andwithoutastandingarmyagovernmentisnotpreparedtoprofitbyafavorableopportunitytoconquerresistance，andtakethesovereignpowerbysurprise。[Thisnote，andtheparagraphinthetextwhichprecedes，havebeenshownbytheresultsoftheCivilWartobeamisconceptionofthewriter。]]
　　Howeverstrongagovernmentmaybe，itcannoteasilyescapefromtheconsequencesofaprinciplewhichithasonceadmittedasthefoundationofitsconstitution。TheUnionwasformedbythevoluntaryagreementoftheStates;and，inunitingtogether，theyhavenotforfeitedtheirnationality，norhavetheybeenreducedtotheconditionofoneandthesamepeople。IfoneoftheStateschosetowithdrawitsnamefromthecontract，itwouldbedifficulttodisproveitsrightofdoingso;andtheFederalGovernmentwouldhavenomeansofmaintainingitsclaimsdirectly，eitherbyforceorbyright。InordertoenabletheFederalGovernmenteasilytoconquertheresistancewhichmaybeofferedtoitbyanyoneofitssubjects，itwouldbenecessarythatoneormoreofthemshouldbespeciallyinterestedintheexistenceoftheUnion，ashasfrequentlybeenthecaseinthehistoryofconfederations。
　　IfitbesupposedthatamongsttheStateswhichareunitedbythefederaltietherearesomewhichexclusivelyenjoytheprincipaladvantagesofunion，orwhoseprosperitydependsonthedurationofthatunion，itisunquestionablethattheywillalwaysbereadytosupportthecentralGovernmentinenforcingtheobedienceoftheothers。ButtheGovernmentwouldthenbeexertingaforcenotderivedfromitself，butfromaprinciplecontrarytoitsnature。Statesformconfederationsinordertoderiveequaladvantagesfromtheirunion;andinthecasejustalludedto，theFederalGovernmentwouldderiveitspowerfromtheunequaldistributionofthosebenefitsamongsttheStates。
　　IfoneoftheconfederateStateshaveacquiredapreponderancesufficientlygreattoenableittotakeexclusivepossessionofthecentralauthority，itwillconsidertheotherStatesassubjectprovinces，anditwillcauseitsownsupremacytoberespectedundertheborrowednameofthesovereigntyoftheUnion。GreatthingsmaythenbedoneinthenameoftheFederalGovernment，butinrealitythatGovernmentwillhaveceasedtoexist。*bInboththesecases，thepowerwhichactsinthenameoftheconfederationbecomesstrongerthemoreitabandonsthenaturalstateandtheacknowledgedprinciplesofconfederations。
　　[Footnoteb:ThustheprovinceofHollandintherepublicoftheLowCountries，andtheEmperorintheGermanicConfederation，havesometimesputthemselvesintheplaceoftheunion，andhaveemployedthefederalauthoritytotheirownadvantage。]
　　InAmericatheexistingUnionisadvantageoustoalltheStates，butitisnotindispensabletoanyoneofthem。Severalofthemmightbreakthefederaltiewithoutcompromisingthewelfareoftheothers，althoughtheirownprosperitywouldbelessened。AstheexistenceandthehappinessofnoneoftheStatesarewhollydependentonthepresentConstitution，theywouldnoneofthembedisposedtomakegreatpersonalsacrificestomaintainit。Ontheotherhand，thereisnoStatewhichseemshithertotohaveitsambitionmuchinterestedinthemaintenanceoftheexistingUnion。Theycertainlydonotallexercisethesameinfluenceinthefederalcouncils，butnooneofthemcanhopetodomineerovertherest，ortotreatthemasitsinferiorsorasitssubjects。
　　ItappearstomeunquestionablethatifanyportionoftheUnionseriouslydesiredtoseparateitselffromtheotherStates，theywouldnotbeable，norindeedwouldtheyattempt，topreventit;andthatthepresentUnionwillonlylastaslongastheStateswhichcomposeitchoosetocontinuemembersoftheconfederation。Ifthispointbeadmitted，thequestionbecomeslessdifficult;andourobjectis，nottoinquirewhethertheStatesoftheexistingUnionarecapableofseparating，butwhethertheywillchoosetoremainunited。
　　AmongstthevariousreasonswhichtendtorendertheexistingUnionusefultotheAmericans，twoprincipalcausesarepeculiarlyevidenttotheobserver。AlthoughtheAmericansare，asitwere，aloneupontheircontinent，theircommercemakesthemtheneighborsofallthenationswithwhichtheytrade。
　　Notwithstandingtheirapparentisolation，theAmericansrequireacertaindegreeofstrength，whichtheycannotretainotherwisethanbyremainingunitedtoeachother。IftheStatesweretosplit，theywouldnotonlydiminishthestrengthwhichtheyarenowabletodisplaytowardsforeignnations，buttheywouldsooncreateforeignpowersupontheirownterritory。Asystemofinlandcustom—houseswouldthenbeestablished;thevalleyswouldbedividedbyimaginaryboundarylines;thecoursesoftheriverswouldbeconfinedbyterritorialdistinctions;andamultitudeofhindranceswouldpreventtheAmericansfromexploringthewholeofthatvastcontinentwhichProvidencehasallottedtothemforadominion。Atpresenttheyhavenoinvasiontofear，andconsequentlynostandingarmiestomaintain，notaxestolevy。
　　IftheUnionweredissolved，alltheseburdensomemeasuresmighterelongberequired。TheAmericansarethenverypowerfullyinterestedinthemaintenanceoftheirUnion。Ontheotherhand，itisalmostimpossibletodiscoveranysortofmaterialinterestwhichmightatpresenttemptaportionoftheUniontoseparatefromtheotherStates。
　　WhenwecastoureyesuponthemapoftheUnitedStates，weperceivethechainoftheAlleghanyMountains，runningfromthenortheasttothesouthwest，andcrossingnearlyonethousandmilesofcountry;andweareledtoimaginethatthedesignofProvidencewastoraisebetweenthevalleyoftheMississippiandthecoastoftheAtlanticOceanoneofthosenaturalbarrierswhichbreakthemutualintercourseofmen，andformthenecessarylimitsofdifferentStates。ButtheaverageheightoftheAlleghaniesdoesnotexceed2，500feet;theirgreatestelevationisnotabove4，000feet;theirroundedsummits，andthespaciousvalleyswhichtheyconcealwithintheirpasses，areofeasyaccessfromseveralsides。Besideswhich，theprincipalriverswhichfallintotheAtlanticOcean—theHudson，theSusquehanna，andthePotomac—taketheirrisebeyondtheAlleghanies，inanopendistrict，whichbordersuponthevalleyoftheMississippi。
　　Thesestreamsquitthistractofcountry，maketheirwaythroughthebarrierwhichwouldseemtoturnthemwestward，andastheywindthroughthemountainstheyopenaneasyandnaturalpassagetoman。NonaturalbarrierexistsintheregionswhicharenowinhabitedbytheAnglo—Americans;theAlleghaniesaresofarfromservingasaboundarytoseparatenations，thattheydonotevenserveasafrontiertotheStates。NewYork，Pennsylvania，andVirginiacomprisethemwithintheirborders，andtheyextendasmuchtothewestastotheeastoftheline。Theterritorynowoccupiedbythetwenty—fourStatesoftheUnion，andthethreegreatdistrictswhichhavenotyetacquiredtherankofStates，althoughtheyalreadycontaininhabitants，coversasurfaceof1，002，600squaremiles，*cwhichisaboutequaltofivetimestheextentofFrance。Withintheselimitsthequalitiesofthesoil，thetemperature，andtheproduceofthecountry，areextremelyvarious。ThevastextentofterritoryoccupiedbytheAnglo—AmericanrepublicshasgivenrisetodoubtsastothemaintenanceoftheirUnion。Hereadistinctionmustbemade;
　　contraryinterestssometimesariseinthedifferentprovincesofavastempire，whichoftenterminateinopendissensions;andtheextentofthecountryisthenmostprejudicialtothepoweroftheState。Butiftheinhabitantsofthesevastregionsarenotdividedbycontraryinterests，theextentoftheterritorymaybefavorabletotheirprosperity;fortheunityofthegovernmentpromotestheinterchangeofthedifferentproductionsofthesoil，andincreasestheirvaluebyfacilitatingtheirconsumption。
　　[Footnotec:See"Darby’sViewoftheUnitedStates，"p。435。
　　[In1890thenumberofStatesandTerritorieshadincreasedto51，thepopulationto62，831，900，andtheareaoftheStates，3，602，990squaremiles。ThisdoesnotincludethePhilippineIslands，Hawaii，orPortoRico。AconservativeestimateofthepopulationofthePhilippineIslandsis8，000，000;thatofHawaii，bythecensusof1897，wasgivenat109，020;andthepresentestimatedpopulationofPortoRicois900，000。TheareaofthePhilippineIslandsisabout120，000squaremiles，thatofHawaiiis6，740squaremiles，andtheareaofPortoRicoisabout3，600squaremiles。]]
　　ItisindeedeasytodiscoverdifferentinterestsinthedifferentpartsoftheUnion，butIamunacquaintedwithanywhicharehostiletoeachother。TheSouthernStatesarealmostexclusivelyagricultural。TheNorthernStatesaremorepeculiarlycommercialandmanufacturing。TheStatesoftheWestareatthesametimeagriculturalandmanufacturing。IntheSouththecropsconsistoftobacco，ofrice，ofcotton，andofsugar;intheNorthandtheWest，ofwheatandmaize。Thesearedifferentsourcesofwealth;butunionisthemeansbywhichthesesourcesareopenedtoall，andrenderedequallyadvantageoustotheseveraldistricts。
　　TheNorth，whichshipstheproduceoftheAnglo—Americanstoallpartsoftheworld，andbringsbacktheproduceoftheglobetotheUnion，isevidentlyinterestedinmaintainingtheconfederationinitspresentcondition，inorderthatthenumberofAmericanproducersandconsumersmayremainaslargeaspossible。TheNorthisthemostnaturalagentofcommunicationbetweentheSouthandtheWestoftheUnionontheonehand，andtherestoftheworldupontheother;theNorthisthereforeinterestedintheunionandprosperityoftheSouthandtheWest，inorderthattheymaycontinuetofurnishrawmaterialsforitsmanufactures，andcargoesforitsshipping。
　　TheSouthandtheWest，ontheirside，arestillmoredirectlyinterestedinthepreservationoftheUnion，andtheprosperityoftheNorth。TheproduceoftheSouthis，forthemostpart，exportedbeyondseas;theSouthandtheWestconsequentlystandinneedofthecommercialresourcesoftheNorth。TheyarelikewiseinterestedinthemaintenanceofapowerfulfleetbytheUnion，toprotectthemefficaciously。TheSouthandtheWesthavenovessels，buttheycannotrefuseawillingsubsidytodefraytheexpensesofthenavy;forifthefleetsofEuropeweretoblockadetheportsoftheSouthandthedeltaoftheMississippi，whatwouldbecomeofthericeoftheCarolinas，thetobaccoofVirginia，andthesugarandcottonwhichgrowinthevalleyoftheMississippi？EveryportionofthefederalbudgetdoesthereforecontributetothemaintenanceofmaterialinterestswhicharecommontoalltheconfederateStates。
　　Independentlyofthiscommercialutility，theSouthandtheWestoftheUnionderivegreatpoliticaladvantagesfromtheirconnectionwiththeNorth。TheSouthcontainsanenormousslavepopulation;apopulationwhichisalreadyalarming，andstillmoreformidableforthefuture。TheStatesoftheWestlieintheremotestpartsofasinglevalley;andalltheriverswhichintersecttheirterritoryriseintheRockyMountainsorintheAlleghanies，andfallintotheMississippi，whichbearsthemonwardstotheGulfofMexico。TheWesternStatesareconsequentlyentirelycutoff，bytheirposition，fromthetraditionsofEuropeandthecivilizationoftheOldWorld。TheinhabitantsoftheSouth，then，areinducedtosupporttheUnioninordertoavailthemselvesofitsprotectionagainsttheblacks;andtheinhabitantsoftheWestinordernottobeexcludedfromafreecommunicationwiththerestoftheglobe，andshutupinthewildsofcentralAmerica。TheNorthcannotbutdesirethemaintenanceoftheUnion，inordertoremain，asitnowis，theconnectinglinkbetweenthatvastbodyandtheotherpartsoftheworld。
　　ThetemporalinterestsofalltheseveralpartsoftheUnionare，then，intimatelyconnected;andthesameassertionholdstruerespectingthoseopinionsandsentimentswhichmaybetermedtheimmaterialinterestsofmen。
　　ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartVII
　　TheinhabitantsoftheUnitedStatestalkagreatdealoftheirattachmenttotheircountry;butIconfessthatIdonotrelyuponthatcalculatingpatriotismwhichisfoundeduponinterest，andwhichachangeintheinterestsatstakemayobliterate。NordoIattachmuchimportancetothelanguageoftheAmericans，whentheymanifest，intheirdailyconversations，theintentionofmaintainingthefederalsystemadoptedbytheirforefathers。Agovernmentretainsitsswayoveragreatnumberofcitizens，farlessbythevoluntaryandrationalconsentofthemultitude，thanbythatinstinctive，andtoacertainextentinvoluntaryagreement，whichresultsfromsimilarityoffeelingsandresemblancesofopinion。Iwillneveradmitthatmenconstituteasocialbody，simplybecausetheyobeythesameheadandthesamelaws。Societycanonlyexistwhenagreatnumberofmenconsideragreatnumberofthingsinthesamepointofview;
　　whentheyholdthesameopinionsuponmanysubjects，andwhenthesameoccurrencessuggestthesamethoughtsandimpressionstotheirminds。
　　TheobserverwhoexaminesthepresentconditionoftheUnitedStatesuponthisprinciple，willreadilydiscover，thatalthoughthecitizensaredividedintotwenty—fourdistinctsovereignties，theyneverthelessconstituteasinglepeople;andhemayperhapsbeledtothinkthatthestateoftheAnglo—AmericanUnionismoretrulyastateofsocietythanthatofcertainnationsofEuropewhichliveunderthesamelegislationandthesameprince。
　　AlthoughtheAnglo—Americanshaveseveralreligioussects，theyallregardreligioninthesamemanner。Theyarenotalwaysagreeduponthemeasureswhicharemostconducivetogoodgovernment，andtheyvaryuponsomeoftheformsofgovernmentwhichitisexpedienttoadopt;buttheyareunanimousuponthegeneralprincipleswhichoughttorulehumansociety。FromMainetotheFloridas，andfromtheMissouritotheAtlanticOcean，thepeopleisheldtobethelegitimatesourceofallpower。Thesamenotionsareentertainedrespectinglibertyandequality，thelibertyofthepress，therightofassociation，thejury，andtheresponsibilityoftheagentsofGovernment。
　　Ifweturnfromtheirpoliticalandreligiousopinionstothemoralandphilosophicalprincipleswhichregulatethedailyactionsoflifeandgoverntheirconduct，weshallstillfindthesameuniformity。TheAnglo—Americans*dacknowledgetheabsolutemoralauthorityofthereasonofthecommunity，astheyacknowledgethepoliticalauthorityofthemassofcitizens;andtheyholdthatpublicopinionisthesurestarbiterofwhatislawfulorforbidden，trueorfalse。Themajorityofthembelievethatamanwillbeledtodowhatisjustandgoodbyfollowinghisowninterestrightlyunderstood。Theyholdthateverymanisborninpossessionoftherightofself—government，andthatnoonehastherightofconstraininghisfellow—creaturestobehappy。Theyhaveallalivelyfaithintheperfectibilityofman;theyareofopinionthattheeffectsofthediffusionofknowledgemustnecessarilybeadvantageous，andtheconsequencesofignorancefatal;theyallconsidersocietyasabodyinastateofimprovement，humanityasachangingscene，inwhichnothingis，oroughttobe，permanent;andtheyadmitthatwhatappearstothemtobegoodto—daymaybesupersededbysomethingbetter—to—morrow。Idonotgivealltheseopinionsastrue，butIquotethemascharacteristicoftheAmericans。
　　[Footnoted:ItisscarcelynecessaryformetoobservethatbytheexpressionAnglo—Americans，Ionlymeantodesignatethegreatmajorityofthenation;foracertainnumberofisolatedindividualsareofcoursetobemetwithholdingverydifferentopinions。]
　　TheAnglo—Americansarenotonlyunitedtogetherbythesecommonopinions，buttheyareseparatedfromallothernationsbyacommonfeelingofpride。ForthelastfiftyyearsnopainshavebeensparedtoconvincetheinhabitantsoftheUnitedStatesthattheyconstitutetheonlyreligious，enlightened，andfreepeople。Theyperceivethat，forthepresent，theirowndemocraticinstitutionssucceed，whilstthoseofothercountriesfail;hencetheyconceiveanoverweeningopinionoftheirsuperiority，andtheyarenotveryremotefrombelievingthemselvestobelongtoadistinctraceofmankind。
　　ThedangerswhichthreatentheAmericanUniondonotoriginateinthediversityofinterestsorofopinions，butinthevariouscharactersandpassionsoftheAmericans。ThemenwhoinhabitthevastterritoryoftheUnitedStatesarealmostalltheissueofacommonstock;buttheeffectsoftheclimate，andmoreespeciallyofslavery，havegraduallyintroducedverystrikingdifferencesbetweentheBritishsettleroftheSouthernStatesandtheBritishsettleroftheNorth。InEuropeitisgenerallybelievedthatslaveryhasrenderedtheinterestsofonepartoftheUnioncontrarytothoseofanotherpart;butIbynomeansremarkedthistobethecase:slaveryhasnotcreatedinterestsintheSouthcontrarytothoseoftheNorth，butithasmodifiedthecharacterandchangedthehabitsofthenativesoftheSouth。
　　IhavealreadyexplainedtheinfluencewhichslaveryhasexerciseduponthecommercialabilityoftheAmericansintheSouth;andthissameinfluenceequallyextendstotheirmanners。
　　Theslaveisaservantwhoneverremonstrates，andwhosubmitstoeverythingwithoutcomplaint。Hemaysometimesassassinate，butheneverwithstands，hismaster。IntheSouththerearenofamiliessopoorasnottohaveslaves。ThecitizenoftheSouthernStatesoftheUnionisinvestedwithasortofdomesticdictatorship，fromhisearliestyears;thefirstnotionheacquiresinlifeisthatheisborntocommand，andthefirsthabitwhichhecontractsisthatofbeingobeyedwithoutresistance。Hiseducationtends，then，togivehimthecharacterofasuperciliousandahastyman;irascible，violent，andardentinhisdesires，impatientofobstacles，buteasilydiscouragedifhecannotsucceeduponhisfirstattempt。
　　TheAmericanoftheNorthernStatesissurroundedbynoslavesinhischildhood;heisevenunattendedbyfreeservants，andisusuallyobligedtoprovideforhisownwants。Nosoonerdoesheentertheworldthantheideaofnecessityassailshimoneveryside:hesoonlearnstoknowexactlythenaturallimitofhisauthority;heneverexpectstosubduethosewhowithstandhim，byforce;andheknowsthatthesurestmeansofobtainingthesupportofhisfellow—creatures，istowintheirfavor。Hethereforebecomespatient，reflecting，tolerant，slowtoact，andperseveringinhisdesigns。
　　IntheSouthernStatesthemoreimmediatewantsoflifearealwayssupplied;theinhabitantsofthosepartsarenotbusiedinthematerialcaresoflife，whicharealwaysprovidedforbyothers;andtheirimaginationisdivertedtomorecaptivatingandlessdefiniteobjects。TheAmericanoftheSouthisfondofgrandeur，luxury，andrenown，ofgayety，ofpleasure，andaboveallofidleness;nothingobligeshimtoexerthimselfinordertosubsist;andashehasnonecessaryoccupations，hegiveswaytoindolence，anddoesnotevenattemptwhatwouldbeuseful。
　　Buttheequalityoffortunes，andtheabsenceofslaveryintheNorth，plungetheinhabitantsinthosesamecaresofdailylifewhicharedisdainedbythewhitepopulationoftheSouth。
　　Theyaretaughtfrominfancytocombatwant，andtoplacecomfortaboveallthepleasuresoftheintellectortheheart。Theimaginationisextinguishedbythetrivialdetailsoflife，andtheideasbecomelessnumerousandlessgeneral，butfarmorepracticalandmoreprecise。Asprosperityisthesoleaimofexertion，itisexcellentlywellattained;natureandmankindareturnedtothebestpecuniaryadvantage，andsocietyisdexterouslymadetocontributetothewelfareofeachofitsmembers，whilstindividualegotismisthesourceofgeneralhappiness。
　　ThecitizenoftheNorthhasnotonlyexperience，butknowledge:neverthelesshesetsbutlittlevalueuponthepleasuresofknowledge;heesteemsitasthemeansofattainingacertainend，andheisonlyanxioustoseizeitsmorelucrativeapplications。ThecitizenoftheSouthismoregiventoactuponimpulse;heismoreclever，morefrank，moregenerous，moreintellectual，andmorebrilliant。Theformer，withagreaterdegreeofactivity，ofcommon—sense，ofinformation，andofgeneralaptitude，hasthecharacteristicgoodandevilqualitiesofthemiddleclasses。Thelatterhasthetastes，theprejudices，theweaknesses，andthemagnanimityofallaristocracies。Iftwomenareunitedinsociety，whohavethesameinterests，andtoacertainextentthesameopinions，butdifferentcharacters，differentacquirements，andadifferentstyleofcivilization，itisprobablethatthesemenwillnotagree。Thesameremarkisapplicabletoasocietyofnations。
　　Slavery，then，doesnotattacktheAmericanUniondirectlyinitsinterests，butindirectlyinitsmanners。
　　[Footnotee:Censusof1790，3，929，328;1830，12，856，165;1860，31，443，321;1870，38，555，983;1890，62，831，900。]
　　TheStateswhichgavetheirassenttothefederalcontractin1790werethirteeninnumber;theUnionnowconsistsofthirty—fourmembers。Thepopulation，whichamountedtonearly4，000，000in1790，hadmorethantripledinthespaceoffortyyears;andin1830itamountedtonearly13，000，000。*eChangesofsuchmagnitudecannottakeplacewithoutsomedanger。
　　Asocietyofnations，aswellasasocietyofindividuals，derivesitsprincipalchancesofdurationfromthewisdomofitsmembers，theirindividualweakness，andtheirlimitednumber。
　　TheAmericanswhoquitthecoastsoftheAtlanticOceantoplungeintothewesternwilderness，areadventurersimpatientofrestraint，greedyofwealth，andfrequentlymenexpelledfromtheStatesinwhichtheywereborn。Whentheyarriveinthedesertstheyareunknowntoeachother，andtheyhaveneithertraditions，familyfeeling，northeforceofexampletochecktheirexcesses。
　　Theempireofthelawsisfeebleamongstthem;thatofmoralityisstillmorepowerless。ThesettlerswhoareconstantlypeoplingthevalleyoftheMississippiare，then，ineveryrespectveryinferiortotheAmericanswhoinhabittheolderpartsoftheUnion。Nevertheless，theyalreadyexerciseagreatinfluenceinitscouncils;andtheyarriveatthegovernmentofthecommonwealthbeforetheyhavelearnttogovernthemselves。*f[Footnotef:Thisindeedisonlyatemporarydanger。IhavenodoubtthatintimesocietywillassumeasmuchstabilityandregularityintheWestasithasalreadydoneuponthecoastoftheAtlanticOcean。]
　　Thegreatertheindividualweaknessofeachofthecontractingparties，thegreaterarethechancesofthedurationofthecontract;fortheirsafetyisthendependentupontheirunion。When，in1790，themostpopulousoftheAmericanrepublicsdidnotcontain500，000inhabitants，*geachofthemfeltitsowninsignificanceasanindependentpeople，andthisfeelingrenderedcompliancewiththefederalauthoritymoreeasy。
　　ButwhenoneoftheconfederateStatesreckons，liketheStateofNewYork，2，000，000ofinhabitants，andcoversanextentofterritoryequalinsurfacetoaquarterofFrance，*hitfeelsitsownstrength;andalthoughitmaycontinuetosupporttheUnionasadvantageoustoitsprosperity，itnolongerregardsthatbodyasnecessarytoitsexistence，andasitcontinuestobelongtothefederalcompact，itsoonaimsatpreponderanceinthefederalassemblies。TheprobableunanimityoftheStatesisdiminishedastheirnumberincreases。AtpresenttheinterestsofthedifferentpartsoftheUnionarenotatvariance;butwhoisabletoforeseethemultifariouschangesofthefuture，inacountryinwhichtownsarefoundedfromdaytoday，andStatesalmostfromyeartoyear？
　　[Footnoteg:Pennsylvaniacontained431，373inhabitantsin1790
　　[and5，258，014in1890。]]
　　[Footnoteh:TheareaoftheStateofNewYorkis49，170squaremiles。[SeeU。S。censusreportof1890。]]
　　SincethefirstsettlementoftheBritishcolonies，thenumberofinhabitantshasaboutdoubledeverytwenty—twoyears。
　　IperceivenocauseswhicharelikelytocheckthisprogressiveincreaseoftheAnglo—Americanpopulationforthenexthundredyears;andbeforethatspaceoftimehaselapsed，IbelievethattheterritoriesanddependenciesoftheUnitedStateswillbecoveredbymorethan100，000，000ofinhabitants，anddividedintofortyStates。*iIadmitthatthese100，000，000ofmenhavenohohostileinterests。Isuppose，onthecontrary，thattheyareallequallyinterestedinthemaintenanceoftheUnion;butIamstillofopinionthatwherethereare100，000，000ofmen，andfortydistinctnations，unequallystrong，thecontinuanceoftheFederalGovernmentcanonlybeafortunateaccident。