Ifthedifferentdegrees—comparativelysoslight—whichexistinEuropeancivilizationproduceresultsofsuchmagnitude，theconsequenceswhichmustensuefromthecollisionofthemostperfectEuropeancivilizationwithIndiansavagesmayreadilybeconceived。]
　　TheIndians，inthelittlewhichtheyhavedone，haveunquestionablydisplayedasmuchnaturalgeniusasthepeoplesofEuropeintheirmostimportantdesigns;butnationsaswellasmenrequiretimetolearn，whatevermaybetheirintelligenceandtheirzeal。Whilstthesavageswereengagedintheworkofcivilization，theEuropeanscontinuedtosurroundthemoneveryside，andtoconfinethemwithinnarrowerlimits;thetworacesgraduallymet，andtheyarenowinimmediatejuxtapositiontoeachother。TheIndianisalreadysuperiortohisbarbarousparent，butheisstillveryfarbelowhiswhiteneighbor。Withtheirresourcesandacquiredknowledge，theEuropeanssoonappropriatedtothemselvesmostoftheadvantageswhichthenativesmighthavederivedfromthepossessionofthesoil;theyhavesettledinthecountry，theyhavepurchasedlandataverylowrateorhaveoccupieditbyforce，andtheIndianshavebeenruinedbyacompetitionwhichtheyhadnotthemeansofresisting。Theywereisolatedintheirowncountry，andtheirraceonlyconstitutedacolonyoftroublesomealiensinthemidstofanumerousanddomineeringpeople。*t[Footnotet:SeeintheLegislativeDocuments（21stCongress，No。
　　89）instancesofexcessesofeverykindcommittedbythewhitesupontheterritoryoftheIndians，eitherintakingpossessionofapartoftheirlands，untilcompelledtoretirebythetroopsofCongress，orcarryingofftheircattle，burningtheirhouses，cuttingdowntheircorn，anddoingviolencetotheirpersons。Itappears，nevertheless，fromallthesedocumentsthattheclaimsofthenativesareconstantlyprotectedbythegovernmentfromtheabuseofforce。TheUnionhasarepresentativeagentcontinuallyemployedtoresideamongtheIndians;andthereportoftheCherokeeagent，whichisamongthedocumentsIhavereferredto，isalmostalwaysfavorabletotheIndians。"Theintrusionofwhites，"hesays，"uponthelandsoftheCherokeeswouldcauseruintothepoor，helpless，andinoffensiveinhabitants。"AndhefurtherremarksupontheattemptoftheStateofGeorgiatoestablishadivisionlineforthepurposeoflimitingtheboundariesoftheCherokees，thatthelinedrawnhavingbeenmadebythewhites，andentirelyuponexparteevidenceoftheirseveralrights，wasofnovaliditywhatever。]
　　WashingtonsaidinoneofhismessagestoCongress，"WearemoreenlightenedandmorepowerfulthantheIndiannations，wearethereforeboundinhonortotreatthemwithkindnessandevenwithgenerosity。"Butthisvirtuousandhigh—mindedpolicyhasnotbeenfollowed。Therapacityofthesettlersisusuallybackedbythetyrannyofthegovernment。AlthoughtheCherokeesandtheCreeksareestablishedupontheterritorywhichtheyinhabitedbeforethesettlementoftheEuropeans，andalthoughtheAmericanshavefrequentlytreatedwiththemaswithforeignnations，thesurroundingStateshavenotconsentedtoacknowledgethemasindependentpeoples，andattemptshavebeenmadetosubjectthesechildrenofthewoodstoAnglo—Americanmagistrates，laws，andcustoms。*uDestitutionhaddriventheseunfortunateIndianstocivilization，andoppressionnowdrivesthembacktotheirformercondition:manyofthemabandonthesoilwhichtheyhadbeguntoclear，andreturntotheirsavagecourseoflife。
　　[Footnoteu:In1829theStateofAlabamadividedtheCreekterritoryintocounties，andsubjectedtheIndianpopulationtothepowerofEuropeanmagistrates。
　　ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartIII
　　In1830theStateofMississippiassimilatedtheChoctawsandChickasawstothewhitepopulation，anddeclaredthatanyofthemthatshouldtakethetitleofchiefwouldbepunishedbyafineof$1，000andayear’simprisonment。WhentheselawswereenforcedupontheChoctaws，whoinhabitedthatdistrict，thetribeassembled，theirchiefcommunicatedtothemtheintentionsofthewhites，andreadtothemsomeofthelawstowhichitwasintendedthattheyshouldsubmit;andtheyunanimouslydeclaredthatitwasbetteratoncetoretreatagainintothewilds。]
　　IfweconsiderthetyrannicalmeasureswhichhavebeenadoptedbythelegislaturesoftheSouthernStates，theconductoftheirGovernors，andthedecreesoftheircourtsofjustice，weshallbeconvincedthattheentireexpulsionoftheIndiansisthefinalresulttowhichtheeffortsoftheirpolicyaredirected。TheAmericansofthatpartoftheUnionlookwithjealousyupontheaborigines，*vtheyareawarethatthesetribeshavenotyetlostthetraditionsofsavagelife，andbeforecivilizationhaspermanentlyfixedthemtothesoil，itisintendedtoforcethemtorecedebyreducingthemtodespair。
　　TheCreeksandCherokees，oppressedbytheseveralStates，haveappealedtothecentralgovernment，whichisbynomeansinsensibletotheirmisfortunes，andissincerelydesirousofsavingtheremnantofthenatives，andofmaintainingtheminthefreepossessionofthatterritory，whichtheUnionispledgedtorespect。*wButtheseveralStatesopposesoformidablearesistancetotheexecutionofthisdesign，thatthegovernmentisobligedtoconsenttotheextirpationofafewbarbaroustribesinordernottoendangerthesafetyoftheAmericanUnion。
　　[Footnotev:TheGeorgians，whoaresomuchannoyedbytheproximityoftheIndians，inhabitaterritorywhichdoesnotatpresentcontainmorethanseveninhabitantstothesquaremile。
　　InFrancethereareonehundredandsixty—twoinhabitantstothesameextentofcountry。]
　　[Footnotew:In1818CongressappointedcommissionerstovisittheArkansasTerritory，accompaniedbyadeputationofCreeks，Choctaws，andChickasaws。ThisexpeditionwascommandedbyMessrs。Kennerly，M’Coy，WashHood，andJohnBell。Seethedifferentreportsofthecommissioners，andtheirjournal，intheDocumentsofCongress，No。87，HouseofRepresentatives。]
　　Butthefederalgovernment，whichisnotabletoprotecttheIndians，wouldfainmitigatethehardshipsoftheirlot;and，withthisintention，proposalshavebeenmadetotransportthemintomoreremoteregionsatthepubliccost。
　　Betweenthethirty—thirdandthirty—seventhdegreesofnorthlatitude，avasttractofcountrylies，whichhastakenthenameofArkansas，fromtheprincipalriverthatwatersitsextent。ItisboundedontheonesidebytheconfinesofMexico，ontheotherbytheMississippi。Numberlessstreamscrossitineverydirection;theclimateismild，andthesoilproductive，butitisonlyinhabitedbyafewwanderinghordesofsavages。ThegovernmentoftheUnionwishestotransportthebrokenremnantsoftheindigenouspopulationoftheSouthtotheportionofthiscountrywhichisnearesttoMexico，andatagreatdistancefromtheAmericansettlements。
　　Wewereassured，towardstheendoftheyear1831，that10，000IndianshadalreadygonedowntotheshoresoftheArkansas;andfreshdetachmentswereconstantlyfollowingthem;
　　butCongresshasbeenunabletoexciteaunanimousdeterminationinthosewhomitisdisposedtoprotect。Some，indeed，arewillingtoquittheseatofoppression，butthemostenlightenedmembersofthecommunityrefusetoabandontheirrecentdwellingsandtheirspringingcrops;theyareofopinionthattheworkofcivilization，onceinterrupted，willneverberesumed;theyfearthatthosedomestichabitswhichhavebeensorecentlycontracted，maybeirrevocablylostinthemidstofacountrywhichisstillbarbarous，andwherenothingispreparedforthesubsistenceofanagriculturalpeople;theyknowthattheirentranceintothosewildswillbeopposedbyinimicalhordes，andthattheyhavelosttheenergyofbarbarians，withoutacquiringtheresourcesofcivilizationtoresisttheirattacks。Moreover，theIndiansreadilydiscoverthatthesettlementwhichisproposedtothemismerelyatemporaryexpedient。Whocanassurethemthattheywillatlengthbeallowedtodwellinpeaceintheirnewretreat？TheUnitedStatespledgethemselvestotheobservanceoftheobligation;buttheterritorywhichtheyatpresentoccupywasformerlysecuredtothembythemostsolemnoathsofAnglo—Americanfaith。*xTheAmericangovernmentdoesnotindeedrobthemoftheirlands，butitallowsperpetualincursionstobemadeonthem。Inafewyearsthesamewhitepopulationwhichnowflocksaroundthem，willtrackthemtothesolitudesoftheArkansas;theywillthenbeexposedtothesameevilswithoutthesameremedies，andasthelimitsoftheearthwillatlastfailthem，theironlyrefugeisthegrave。
　　[Footnotex:ThefiftharticleofthetreatymadewiththeCreeksinAugust，1790，isinthefollowingwords:—"TheUnitedStatessolemnlyguaranteetotheCreeknationalltheirlandwithinthelimitsoftheUnitedStates。"
　　Theseventharticleofthetreatyconcludedin1791withtheCherokeessays:—"TheUnitedStatessolemnlyguaranteetotheCherokeenationalltheirlandsnotherebyceded。"ThefollowingarticledeclaredthatifanycitizenoftheUnitedStatesorothersettlernotoftheIndianraceshouldestablishhimselfupontheterritoryoftheCherokees，theUnitedStateswouldwithdrawtheirprotectionfromthatindividual，andgivehimuptobepunishedastheCherokeenationshouldthinkfit。]
　　TheUniontreatstheIndianswithlesscupidityandrigorthanthepolicyoftheseveralStates，butthetwogovernmentsarealikedestituteofgoodfaith。TheStatesextendwhattheyarepleasedtotermthebenefitsoftheirlawstotheIndians，withabeliefthatthetribeswillrecederatherthansubmit;andthecentralgovernment，whichpromisesapermanentrefugetotheseunhappybeingsiswellawareofitsinabilitytosecureittothem。*y[Footnotey:Thisdoesnotpreventthemfrompromisinginthemostsolemnmannertodoso。SeetheletterofthePresidentaddressedtotheCreekIndians，March23，1829（ProceedingsoftheIndianBoard，inthecityofNewYork，p。5）:"BeyondthegreatriverMississippi，whereapartofyournationhasgone，yourfatherhasprovidedacountrylargeenoughforallofyou，andheadvisesyoutoremovetoit。Thereyourwhitebrotherswillnottroubleyou;theywillhavenoclaimtotheland，andyoucanliveuponit，youandallyourchildren，aslongasthegrassgrows，orthewaterruns，inpeaceandplenty。Itwillbeyoursforever。"
　　TheSecretaryofWar，inaletterwrittentotheCherokees，April18，1829，（seethesamework，p。6），declarestothemthattheycannotexpecttoretainpossessionofthelandsatthattimeoccupiedbythem，butgivesthemthemostpositiveassuranceofuninterruptedpeaceiftheywouldremovebeyondtheMississippi:
　　asifthepowerwhichcouldnotgrantthemprotectionthen，wouldbeabletoafforditthemhereafter！]
　　ThusthetyrannyoftheStatesobligesthesavagestoretire，theUnion，byitspromisesandresources，facilitatestheirretreat;andthesemeasurestendtopreciselythesameend。
　　*z"BythewillofourFatherinHeaven，theGovernorofthewholeworld，"saidtheCherokeesintheirpetitiontoCongress，*a"theredmanofAmericahasbecomesmall，andthewhitemangreatandrenowned。WhentheancestorsofthepeopleoftheseUnitedStatesfirstcametotheshoresofAmericatheyfoundtheredmanstrong:thoughhewasignorantandsavage，yethereceivedthemkindly，andgavethemdrylandtoresttheirwearyfeet。Theymetinpeace，andshookhandsintokenoffriendship。
　　WhateverthewhitemanwantedandaskedoftheIndian，thelatterwillinglygave。AtthattimetheIndianwasthelord，andthewhitemanthesuppliant。Butnowthescenehaschanged。Thestrengthoftheredmanhasbecomeweakness。Ashisneighborsincreasedinnumbershispowerbecamelessandless，andnow，ofthemanyandpowerfultribeswhooncecoveredtheseUnitedStates，onlyafewaretobeseen—afewwhomasweepingpestilencehasleft。Thenortherntribes，whowereoncesonumerousandpowerful，arenownearlyextinct。ThusithashappenedtotheredmanofAmerica。Shallwe，whoareremnants，sharethesamefate？
　　[Footnotez:ToobtainacorrectideaofthepolicypursuedbytheseveralStatesandtheUnionwithrespecttotheIndians，itisnecessarytoconsult，1st，"TheLawsoftheColonialandStateGovernmentsrelatingtotheIndianInhabitants。"（SeetheLegislativeDocuments，21stCongress，No。319。）2d，TheLawsoftheUniononthesamesubject，andespeciallythatofMarch30，1802。（SeeStory’s"LawsoftheUnitedStates。"）3d，TheReportofMr。Cass，SecretaryofWar，relativetoIndianAffairs，November29，1823。]
　　[Footnotea:December18，1829。]
　　"Thelandonwhichwestandwehavereceivedasaninheritancefromourfathers，whopossesseditfromtimeimmemorial，asagiftfromourcommonFatherinHeaven。Theybequeathedittousastheirchildren，andwehavesacredlykeptit，ascontainingtheremainsofourbelovedmen。Thisrightofinheritancewehavenevercedednoreverforfeited。Permitustoaskwhatbetterrightcanthepeoplehavetoacountrythantherightofinheritanceandimmemorialpeaceablepossession？WeknowitissaidoflatebytheStateofGeorgiaandbytheExecutiveoftheUnitedStates，thatwehaveforfeitedthisright;butwethinkthisissaidgratuitously。Atwhattimehavewemadetheforfeit？Whatgreatcrimehavewecommitted，wherebywemustforeverbedivestedofourcountryandrights？WasitwhenwewerehostiletotheUnitedStates，andtookpartwiththeKingofGreatBritain，duringthestruggleforindependence？Ifso，whywasnotthisforfeituredeclaredinthefirsttreatyofpeacebetweentheUnitedStatesandourbelovedmen？Whywasnotsuchanarticleasthefollowinginsertedinthetreaty:—’TheUnitedStatesgivepeacetotheCherokees，but，fortheparttheytookinthelatewar，declarethemtobebuttenantsatwill，toberemovedwhentheconvenienceoftheStates，withinwhosecharteredlimitstheylive，shallrequireit’？Thatwasthepropertimetoassumesuchapossession。Butitwasnotthoughtof，norwouldourforefathershaveagreedtoanytreatywhosetendencywastodeprivethemoftheirrightsandtheircountry。"
　　SuchisthelanguageoftheIndians:theirassertionsaretrue，theirforebodingsinevitable。FromwhicheversideweconsiderthedestiniesoftheaboriginesofNorthAmerica，theircalamitiesappeartobeirremediable:iftheycontinuebarbarous，theyareforcedtoretire;iftheyattempttocivilizetheirmanners，thecontactofamorecivilizedcommunitysubjectsthemtooppressionanddestitution。Theyperishiftheycontinuetowanderfromwastetowaste，andiftheyattempttosettletheystillmustperish;theassistanceofEuropeansisnecessarytoinstructthem，buttheapproachofEuropeanscorruptsandrepelsthemintosavagelife;theyrefusetochangetheirhabitsaslongastheirsolitudesaretheirown，anditistoolatetochangethemwhentheyareconstrainedtosubmit。
　　TheSpaniardspursuedtheIndianswithbloodhounds，likewildbeasts;theysackedtheNewWorldwithnomoretemperorcompassionthanacitytakenbystorm;butdestructionmustcease，andfrenzybestayed;theremnantoftheIndianpopulationwhichhadescapedthemassacremixedwithitsconquerors，andadoptedintheendtheirreligionandtheirmanners。*bTheconductoftheAmericansoftheUnitedStatestowardstheaboriginesischaracterized，ontheotherhand，byasingularattachmenttotheformalitiesoflaw。ProvidedthattheIndiansretaintheirbarbarouscondition，theAmericanstakenopartintheiraffairs;theytreatthemasindependentnations，anddonotpossessthemselvesoftheirhuntinggroundswithoutatreatyofpurchase;andifanIndiannationhappenstobesoencroacheduponastobeunabletosubsistuponitsterritory，theyafforditbrotherlyassistanceintransportingittoagravesufficientlyremotefromthelandofitsfathers。
　　[Footnoteb:Thehonorofthisresultis，however，bynomeansduetotheSpaniards。IftheIndiantribeshadnotbeentillersofthegroundatthetimeofthearrivaloftheEuropeans，theywouldunquestionablyhavebeendestroyedinSouthaswellasinNorthAmerica。]
　　TheSpaniardswereunabletoexterminatetheIndianracebythoseunparalleledatrocitieswhichbrandthemwithindelibleshame，nordidtheyevensucceedinwhollydeprivingitofitsrights;buttheAmericansoftheUnitedStateshaveaccomplishedthistwofoldpurposewithsingularfelicity;tranquilly，legally，philanthropically，withoutsheddingblood，andwithoutviolatingasinglegreatprincipleofmoralityintheeyesoftheworld。*cItisimpossibletodestroymenwithmorerespectforthelawsofhumanity。
　　[Footnotec:See，amongstotherdocuments，thereportmadebyMr。
　　BellinthenameoftheCommitteeonIndianAffairs，February24，1830，inwhichismostlogicallyestablishedandmostlearnedlyproved，that"thefundamentalprinciplethattheIndianshadnorightbyvirtueoftheirancientpossessioneitherofwillorsovereignty，hasneverbeenabandonedeitherexpresslyorbyimplication。"Inperusingthisreport，whichisevidentlydrawnupbyanexperiencedhand，oneisastonishedatthefacilitywithwhichtheauthorgetsridofallargumentsfoundeduponreasonandnaturalright，whichhedesignatesasabstractandtheoreticalprinciples。ThemoreIcontemplatethedifferencebetweencivilizedanduncivilizedmanwithregardtotheprinciplesofjustice，themoreIobservethattheformerconteststhejusticeofthoserightswhichthelattersimplyviolates。]
　　[Ileavethischapterwhollyunchanged，forithasalwaysappearedtometobeoneofthemosteloquentandtouchingpartsofthisbook。Butithasceasedtobeprophetic;thedestructionoftheIndianraceintheUnitedStatesisalreadyconsummated。
　　In1870thereremainedbut25，731IndiansinthewholeterritoryoftheUnion，andofthesebyfarthelargestpartexistinCalifornia，Michigan，Wisconsin，Dakota，andNewMexicoandNevada。InNewEngland，Pennsylvania，andNewYorktheraceisextinct;andthepredictionsofM。deTocquevillearefulfilled。
　　—Translator’sNote。]
　　SituationOfTheBlackPopulationInTheUnitedStates，AndDangersWithWhichItsPresenceThreatensTheWhitesWhyitismoredifficulttoabolishslavery，andtoeffaceallvestigesofitamongstthemodernsthanitwasamongsttheancients—IntheUnitedStatestheprejudicesoftheWhitesagainsttheBlacksseemtoincreaseinproportionasslaveryisabolished—SituationoftheNegroesintheNorthernandSouthernStates—WhytheAmericansabolishslavery—Servitude，whichdebasestheslave，impoverishesthemaster—ContrastbetweentheleftandtherightbankoftheOhio—Towhatattributable—TheBlackrace，aswellasslavery，recedestowardstheSouth—
　　Explanationofthisfact—DifficultiesattendantupontheabolitionofslaveryintheSouth—Dangerstocome—Generalanxiety—FoundationofaBlackcolonyinAfrica—WhytheAmericansoftheSouthincreasethehardshipsofslavery，whilsttheyaredistressedatitscontinuance。
　　TheIndianswillperishinthesameisolatedconditioninwhichtheyhavelived;butthedestinyofthenegroesisinsomemeasureinterwovenwiththatoftheEuropeans。Thesetworacesareattachedtoeachotherwithoutintermingling，andtheyarealikeunableentirelytoseparateortocombine。ThemostformidableofalltheillswhichthreatenthefutureexistenceoftheUnionarisesfromthepresenceofablackpopulationuponitsterritory;andincontemplatingthecauseofthepresentembarrassmentsorofthefuturedangersoftheUnitedStates，theobserverisinvariablyledtoconsiderthisasaprimaryfact。
　　Thepermanentevilstowhichmankindissubjectedareusuallyproducedbythevehementortheincreasingeffortsofmen;butthereisonecalamitywhichpenetratedfurtivelyintotheworld，andwhichwasatfirstscarcelydistinguishableamidsttheordinaryabusesofpower;itoriginatedwithanindividualwhosenamehistoryhasnotpreserved;itwaswaftedlikesomeaccursedgermuponaportionofthesoil，butitafterwardsnurtureditself，grewwithouteffort，andspreadsnaturallywiththesocietytowhichitbelongs。Ineedscarcelyaddthatthiscalamityisslavery。Christianitysuppressedslavery，buttheChristiansofthesixteenthcenturyre—establishedit—asanexception，indeed，totheirsocialsystem，andrestrictedtooneoftheracesofmankind;butthewoundthusinflicteduponhumanity，thoughlessextensive，wasatthesametimerenderedfarmoredifficultofcure。
　　Itisimportanttomakeanaccuratedistinctionbetweenslaveryitselfanditsconsequences。Theimmediateevilswhichareproducedbyslaverywereverynearlythesameinantiquityastheyareamongstthemoderns;buttheconsequencesoftheseevilsweredifferent。Theslave，amongsttheancients，belongedtothesameraceashismaster，andhewasoftenthesuperiorofthetwoineducation*dandinstruction。Freedomwastheonlydistinctionbetweenthem;andwhenfreedomwasconferredtheywereeasilyconfoundedtogether。Theancients，then，hadaverysimplemeansofavoidingslaveryanditsevilconsequences，whichwasthatofaffranchisement;andtheysucceededassoonastheyadoptedthismeasuregenerally。Notbut，inancientStates，thevestigesofservitudesubsistedforsometimeafterservitudeitselfwasabolished。Thereisanaturalprejudicewhichpromptsmentodespisewhomsoeverhasbeentheirinferiorlongafterheisbecometheirequal;andtherealinequalitywhichisproducedbyfortuneorbylawisalwayssucceededbyanimaginaryinequalitywhichisimplantedinthemannersofthepeople。
　　Nevertheless，thissecondaryconsequenceofslaverywaslimitedtoacertaintermamongsttheancients，forthefreedmanboresoentirearesemblancetothosebornfree，thatitsoonbecameimpossibletodistinguishhimfromamongstthem。
　　[Footnoted:Itiswellknownthatseveralofthemostdistinguishedauthorsofantiquity，andamongstthemAesopandTerence，were，orhadbeenslaves。Slaveswerenotalwaystakenfrombarbarousnations，andthechancesofwarreducedhighlycivilizedmentoservitude。]
　　Thegreatestdifficultyinantiquitywasthatofalteringthelaw;amongstthemodernsitisthatofalteringthemanners;
　　and，asfarasweareconcerned，therealobstaclesbeginwherethoseoftheancientsleftoff。Thisarisesfromthecircumstancethat，amongstthemoderns，theabstractandtransientfactofslaveryisfatallyunitedtothephysicalandpermanentfactofcolor。Thetraditionofslaverydishonorstherace，andthepeculiarityoftheraceperpetuatesthetraditionofslavery。NoAfricanhasevervoluntarilyemigratedtotheshoresoftheNewWorld;whenceitmustbeinferred，thatalltheblackswhoarenowtobefoundinthathemisphereareeitherslavesorfreedmen。
　　Thusthenegrotransmitstheeternalmarkofhisignominytoallhisdescendants;andalthoughthelawmayabolishslavery，Godalonecanobliteratethetracesofitsexistence。
　　Themodernslavediffersfromhismasternotonlyinhiscondition，butinhisorigin。Youmaysetthenegrofree，butyoucannotmakehimotherwisethananalientotheEuropean。Noristhisall;wescarcelyacknowledgethecommonfeaturesofmankindinthischildofdebasementwhomslaveryhasbroughtamongstus。Hisphysiognomyistooureyeshideous，hisunderstandingweak，histasteslow;andwearealmostinclinedtolookuponhimasabeingintermediatebetweenmanandthebrutes。
　　*eThemoderns，then，aftertheyhaveabolishedslavery，havethreeprejudicestocontendagainst，whicharelesseasytoattackandfarlesseasytoconquerthanthemerefactofservitude:theprejudiceofthemaster，theprejudiceoftherace，andtheprejudiceofcolor。
　　[Footnotee:Toinducethewhitestoabandontheopiniontheyhaveconceivedofthemoralandintellectualinferiorityoftheirformerslaves，thenegroesmustchange;butaslongasthisopinionsubsists，tochangeisimpossible。]
　　Itisdifficultforus，whohavehadthegoodfortunetobebornamongstmenlikeourselvesbynature，andequaltoourselvesbylaw，toconceivetheirreconcilabledifferenceswhichseparatethenegrofromtheEuropeaninAmerica。Butwemayderivesomefaintnotionofthemfromanalogy。Francewasformerlyacountryinwhichnumerousdistinctionsofrankexisted，thathadbeencreatedbythelegislation。Nothingcanbemorefictitiousthanapurelylegalinferiority;nothingmorecontrarytotheinstinctofmankindthanthesepermanentdivisionswhichhadbeenestablishedbetweenbeingsevidentlysimilar。Neverthelessthesedivisionssubsistedforages;theystillsubsistinmanyplaces;
　　andonallsidestheyhaveleftimaginaryvestiges，whichtimealonecanefface。Ifitbesodifficulttorootoutaninequalitywhichsolelyoriginatesinthelaw，howarethosedistinctionstobedestroyedwhichseemtobebasedupontheimmutablelawsofNatureherself？WhenIremembertheextremedifficultywithwhicharistocraticbodies，ofwhatevernaturetheymaybe，arecommingledwiththemassofthepeople;andtheexceedingcarewhichtheytaketopreservetheidealboundariesoftheircasteinviolate，Idespairofseeinganaristocracydisappearwhichisfoundeduponvisibleandindeliblesigns。
　　ThosewhohopethattheEuropeanswillevermixwiththenegroes，appeartometodeludethemselves;andIamnotledtoanysuchconclusionbymyownreason，orbytheevidenceoffacts。
　　Hitherto，whereverthewhiteshavebeenthemostpowerful，theyhavemaintainedtheblacksinasubordinateoraservileposition;whereverthenegroeshavebeenstrongesttheyhavedestroyedthewhites;suchhasbeentheonlyretributionwhichhasevertakenplacebetweenthetworaces。
　　IseethatinacertainportionoftheterritoryoftheUnitedStatesatthepresentday，thelegalbarrierwhichseparatedthetworacesistendingtofallaway，butnotthatwhichexistsinthemannersofthecountry;slaveryrecedes，buttheprejudicetowhichithasgivenbirthremainsstationary。
　　WhosoeverhasinhabitedtheUnitedStatesmusthaveperceivedthatinthosepartsoftheUnioninwhichthenegroesarenolongerslaves，theyhaveinnowisedrawnnearertothewhites。
　　Onthecontrary，theprejudiceoftheraceappearstobestrongerintheStateswhichhaveabolishedslavery，thaninthosewhereitstillexists;andnowhereisitsointolerantasinthoseStateswhereservitudehasneverbeenknown。
　　Itistrue，thatintheNorthoftheUnion，marriagesmaybelegallycontractedbetweennegroesandwhites;butpublicopinionwouldstigmatizeamanwhoshouldconnecthimselfwithanegressasinfamous，anditwouldbedifficulttomeetwithasingleinstanceofsuchaunion。TheelectoralfranchisehasbeenconferreduponthenegroesinalmostalltheStatesinwhichslaveryhasbeenabolished;butiftheycomeforwardtovote，theirlivesareindanger。Ifoppressed，theymaybringanactionatlaw，buttheywillfindnonebutwhitesamongsttheirjudges;andalthoughtheymaylegallyserveasjurors，prejudicerepulsesthemfromthatoffice。ThesameschoolsdonotreceivethechildoftheblackandoftheEuropean。Inthetheatres，goldcannotprocureaseatfortheservileracebesidetheirformermasters;inthehospitalstheylieapart;andalthoughtheyareallowedtoinvokethesameDivinityasthewhites，itmustbeatadifferentaltar，andintheirownchurches，withtheirownclergy。ThegatesofHeavenarenotclosedagainsttheseunhappybeings;buttheirinferiorityiscontinuedtotheveryconfinesoftheotherworld;whenthenegroisdefunct，hisbonesarecastaside，andthedistinctionofconditionprevailsevenintheequalityofdeath。Thenegroisfree，buthecanshareneithertherights，northepleasures，northelabor，northeafflictions，northetombofhimwhoseequalhehasbeendeclaredtobe;andhecannotmeethimuponfairtermsinlifeorindeath。
　　IntheSouth，whereslaverystillexists，thenegroesarelesscarefullykeptapart;theysometimessharethelaborandtherecreationsofthewhites;thewhitesconsenttointermixwiththemtoacertainextent，andalthoughthelegislationtreatsthemmoreharshly，thehabitsofthepeoplearemoretolerantandcompassionate。IntheSouththemasterisnotafraidtoraisehisslavetohisownstanding，becauseheknowsthathecaninamomentreducehimtothedustatpleasure。IntheNorththewhitenolongerdistinctlyperceivesthebarrierwhichseparateshimfromthedegradedrace，andheshunsthenegrowiththemorepertinacity，sincehefearslesttheyshouldsomedaybeconfoundedtogether。
　　AmongsttheAmericansoftheSouth，naturesometimesreassertsherrights，andrestoresatransientequalitybetweentheblacksandthewhites;butintheNorthpriderestrainsthemostimperiousofhumanpassions。TheAmericanoftheNorthernStateswouldperhapsallowthenegresstosharehislicentiouspleasures，ifthelawsofhiscountrydidnotdeclarethatshemayaspiretobethelegitimatepartnerofhisbed;butherecoilswithhorrorfromherwhomightbecomehiswife。
　　Thusitis，intheUnitedStates，thattheprejudicewhichrepelsthenegroesseemstoincreaseinproportionastheyareemancipated，andinequalityissanctionedbythemannerswhilstitiseffacedfromthelawsofthecountry。ButiftherelativepositionofthetworaceswhichinhabittheUnitedStatesissuchasIhavedescribed，itmaybeaskedwhytheAmericanshaveabolishedslaveryintheNorthoftheUnion，whytheymaintainitintheSouth，andwhytheyaggravateitshardshipsthere？Theansweriseasilygiven。Itisnotforthegoodofthenegroes，butforthatofthewhites，thatmeasuresaretakentoabolishslaveryintheUnitedStates。
　　ThefirstnegroeswereimportedintoVirginiaabouttheyear1621。*fInAmerica，therefore，aswellasintherestoftheglobe，slaveryoriginatedintheSouth。Thenceitspreadfromonesettlementtoanother;butthenumberofslavesdiminishedtowardstheNorthernStates，andthenegropopulationwasalwaysverylimitedinNewEngland。*g[Footnotef:SeeBeverley’s"HistoryofVirginia。"SeealsoinJefferson’s"Memoirs"somecuriousdetailsconcerningtheintroductionofnegroesintoVirginia，andthefirstActwhichprohibitedtheimportationofthemin1778。]
　　[Footnoteg:ThenumberofslaveswaslessconsiderableintheNorth，buttheadvantagesresultingfromslaverywerenotmorecontestedtherethanintheSouth。In1740，theLegislatureoftheStateofNewYorkdeclaredthatthedirectimportationofslavesoughttobeencouragedasmuchaspossible，andsmugglingseverelypunishedinordernottodiscouragethefairtrader。
　　（Kent’s"Commentaries，"vol。ii。p。206。）Curiousresearches，byBelknap，uponslaveryinNewEngland，aretobefoundinthe"HistoricalCollectionofMassachusetts，"vol。iv。p。193。Itappearsthatnegroeswereintroducedtherein1630，butthatthelegislationandmannersofthepeoplewereopposedtoslaveryfromthefirst;seealso，inthesamework，themannerinwhichpublicopinion，andafterwardsthelaws，finallyputanendtoslavery。]
　　Acenturyhadscarcelyelapsedsincethefoundationofthecolonies，whentheattentionoftheplanterswasstruckbytheextraordinaryfact，thattheprovinceswhichwerecomparativelydestituteofslaves，increasedinpopulation，inwealth，andinprosperitymorerapidlythanthosewhichcontainedthegreatestnumberofnegroes。Intheformer，however，theinhabitantswereobligedtocultivatethesoilthemselves，orbyhiredlaborers;
　　inthelattertheywerefurnishedwithhandsforwhichtheypaidnowages;yetalthoughlaborandexpenseswereontheoneside，andeasewitheconomyontheother，theformerwereinpossessionofthemostadvantageoussystem。Thisconsequenceseemedtobethemoredifficulttoexplain，sincethesettlers，whoallbelongedtothesameEuropeanrace，hadthesamehabits，thesamecivilization，thesamelaws，andtheirshadesofdifferencewereextremelyslight。