ThemembersofthelegalprofessionhavetakenanimportantpartinallthevicissitudesofpoliticalsocietyinEuropeduringthelastfivehundredyears。Atonetimetheyhavebeentheinstrumentsofthosewhowereinvestedwithpoliticalauthority,andatanothertheyhavesucceededinconvertingpoliticalauthoritiesintotheirinstrument。IntheMiddleAgestheyaffordedapowerfulsupporttotheCrown,andsincethatperiodtheyhaveexertedthemselvestotheutmosttolimittheroyalprerogative。InEnglandtheyhavecontractedaclosealliancewiththearistocracy;inFrancetheyhaveprovedtobethemostdangerousenemiesofthatclass。Itismyobjecttoinquirewhether,underallthesecircumstances,themembersofthelegalprofessionhavebeenswayedbysuddenandmomentaryimpulses;orwhethertheyhavebeenimpelledbyprincipleswhichareinherentintheirpursuits,andwhichwillalwaysrecurinhistory。Iamincitedtothisinvestigationbyreflectingthatthisparticularclassofmenwillmostlikelyplayaprominentpartinthatorderofthingstowhichtheeventsofourtimearegivingbirth。
Menwhohavemoreespeciallydevotedthemselvestolegalpursuitsderivefromthoseoccupationscertainhabitsoforder,atasteforformalities,andakindofinstinctiveregardfortheregularconnectionofideas,whichnaturallyrenderthemveryhostiletotherevolutionaryspiritandtheunreflectingpassionsofthemultitude。
Thespecialinformationwhichlawyersderivefromtheirstudiesensuresthemaseparatestationinsociety,andtheyconstituteasortofprivilegedbodyinthescaleofintelligence。Thisnotionoftheirsuperiorityperpetuallyrecurstotheminthepracticeoftheirprofession:theyarethemastersofasciencewhichisnecessary,butwhichisnotverygenerallyknown;theyserveasarbitersbetweenthecitizens;andthehabitofdirectingtheblindpassionsofpartiesinlitigationtotheirpurposeinspiresthemwithacertaincontemptforthejudgmentofthemultitude。Tothisitmaybeaddedthattheynaturallyconstituteabody,notbyanypreviousunderstanding,orbyanagreementwhichdirectsthemtoacommonend;buttheanalogyoftheirstudiesandtheuniformityoftheirproceedingsconnecttheirmindstogether,asmuchasacommoninterestcouldcombinetheirendeavors。
Aportionofthetastesandofthehabitsofthearistocracymayconsequentlybediscoveredinthecharactersofmenintheprofessionofthelaw。Theyparticipateinthesameinstinctiveloveoforderandofformalities;andtheyentertainthesamerepugnancetotheactionsofthemultitude,andthesamesecretcontemptofthegovernmentofthepeople。Idonotmeantosaythatthenaturalpropensitiesoflawyersaresufficientlystrongtoswaythemirresistibly;forthey,likemostothermen,aregovernedbytheirprivateinterestsandtheadvantagesofthemoment。
Inastateofsocietyinwhichthemembersofthelegalprofessionarepreventedfromholdingthatrankinthepoliticalworldwhichtheyenjoyinprivatelife,wemayrestassuredthattheywillbetheforemostagentsofrevolution。Butitmustthenbeinquiredwhetherthecausewhichinducesthemtoinnovateandtodestroyisaccidental,orwhetheritbelongstosomelastingpurposewhichtheyentertain。ItistruethatlawyersmainlycontributedtotheoverthrowoftheFrenchmonarchyin1789;butitremainstobeseenwhethertheyactedthusbecausetheyhadstudiedthelaws,orbecausetheywereprohibitedfromco—operatingintheworkoflegislation。
FivehundredyearsagotheEnglishnoblesheadedthepeople,andspokeinitsname;atthepresenttimethearistocracysupportsthethrone,anddefendstheroyalprerogative。Butaristocracyhas,notwithstandingthis,itspeculiarinstinctsandpropensities。Wemustbecarefulnottoconfoundisolatedmembersofabodywiththebodyitself。Inallfreegovernments,ofwhatsoeverformtheymaybe,membersofthelegalprofessionwillbefoundattheheadofallparties。Thesameremarkisalsoapplicabletothearistocracy;foralmostallthedemocraticconvulsionswhichhaveagitatedtheworldhavebeendirectedbynobles。
Aprivilegedbodycanneversatisfytheambitionofallitsmembers;ithasalwaysmoretalentsandmorepassionstocontentandtoemploythanitcanfindplaces;sothataconsiderablenumberofindividualsareusuallytobemetwithwhoareinclinedtoattackthoseveryprivilegeswhichtheyfinditimpossibletoturntotheirownaccount。
Idonot,then,assertthatallthemembersofthelegalprofessionareatalltimesthefriendsoforderandtheopponentsofinnovation,butmerelythatmostofthemusuallyareso。Inacommunityinwhichlawyersareallowedtooccupy,withoutopposition,thathighstationwhichnaturallybelongstothem,theirgeneralspiritwillbeeminentlyconservativeandanti—democratic。Whenanaristocracyexcludestheleadersofthatprofessionfromitsranks,itexcitesenemieswhicharethemoreformidabletoitssecurityastheyareindependentofthenobilitybytheirindustriouspursuits;andtheyfeelthemselvestobeitsequalinpointofintelligence,althoughtheyenjoylessopulenceandlesspower。Butwheneveranaristocracyconsentstoimpartsomeofitsprivilegestothesesameindividuals,thetwoclassescoalesceveryreadily,andassume,asitwere,theconsistencyofasingleorderoffamilyinterests。
Iam,inlikemanner,inclinedtobelievethatamonarchwillalwaysbeabletoconvertlegalpractitionersintothemostserviceableinstrumentsofhisauthority。Thereisafargreateraffinitybetweenthisclassofindividualsandtheexecutivepowerthanthereisbetweenthemandthepeople;justasthereisagreaternaturalaffinitybetweenthenoblesandthemonarchthanbetweenthenoblesandthepeople,althoughthehigherordersofsocietyhaveoccasionallyresistedtheprerogativeoftheCrowninconcertwiththelowerclasses。
Lawyersareattachedtopublicorderbeyondeveryotherconsideration,andthebestsecurityofpublicorderisauthority。Itmustnotbeforgottenthat,iftheyprizethefreeinstitutionsoftheircountrymuch,theyneverthelessvaluethelegalityofthoseinstitutionsfarmore:theyarelessafraidoftyrannythanofarbitrarypower;andprovidedthatthelegislaturetakeuponitselftodeprivemenoftheirindependence,theyarenotdissatisfied。
Iamthereforeconvincedthattheprincewho,inpresenceofanencroachingdemocracy,shouldendeavortoimpairthejudicialauthorityinhisdominions,andtodiminishthepoliticalinfluenceoflawyers,wouldcommitagreatmistake。Hewouldletslipthesubstanceofauthoritytograspattheshadow。Hewouldactmorewiselyinintroducingmenconnectedwiththelawintothegovernment;andifheentrustedthemwiththeconductofadespoticpower,bearingsomemarksofviolence,thatpowerwouldmostlikelyassumetheexternalfeaturesofjusticeandoflegalityintheirhands。
Thegovernmentofdemocracyisfavorabletothepoliticalpoweroflawyers;forwhenthewealthy,thenoble,andtheprinceareexcludedfromthegovernment,theyaresuretooccupythehigheststations,intheirownright,asitwere,sincetheyaretheonlymenofinformationandsagacity,beyondthesphereofthepeople,whocanbetheobjectofthepopularchoice。If,then,theyareledbytheirtastestocombinewiththearistocracyandtosupporttheCrown,theyarenaturallybroughtintocontactwiththepeoplebytheirinterests。Theylikethegovernmentofdemocracy,withoutparticipatinginitspropensitiesandwithoutimitatingitsweaknesses;whencetheyderiveatwofoldauthority,fromitandoverit。Thepeopleindemocraticstatesdoesnotmistrustthemembersofthelegalprofession,becauseitiswellknownthattheyareinterestedinservingthepopularcause;anditlistenstothemwithoutirritation,becauseitdoesnotattributetothemanysinisterdesigns。Theobjectoflawyersisnot,indeed,tooverthrowtheinstitutionsofdemocracy,buttheyconstantlyendeavortogiveitanimpulsewhichdivertsitfromitsrealtendency,bymeanswhichareforeigntoitsnature。Lawyersbelongtothepeoplebybirthandinterest,tothearistocracybyhabitandbytaste,andtheymaybelookeduponasthenaturalbondandconnectinglinkofthetwogreatclassesofsociety。
Theprofessionofthelawistheonlyaristocraticelementwhichcanbeamalgamatedwithoutviolencewiththenaturalelementsofdemocracy,andwhichcanbeadvantageouslyandpermanentlycombinedwiththem。Iamnotunacquaintedwiththedefectswhichareinherentinthecharacterofthatbodyofmen;
butwithoutthisadmixtureoflawyer—likesobrietywiththedemocraticprinciple,Iquestionwhetherdemocraticinstitutionscouldlongbemaintained,andIcannotbelievethatarepubliccouldsubsistatthepresenttimeiftheinfluenceoflawyersinpublicbusinessdidnotincreaseinproportiontothepowerofthepeople。
Thisaristocraticcharacter,whichIholdtobecommontothelegalprofession,ismuchmoredistinctlymarkedintheUnitedStatesandinEnglandthaninanyothercountry。ThisproceedsnotonlyfromthelegalstudiesoftheEnglishandAmericanlawyers,butfromthenatureofthelegislation,andthepositionwhichthosepersonsoccupyinthetwocountries。TheEnglishandtheAmericanshaveretainedthelawofprecedents;
thatistosay,theycontinuetofoundtheirlegalopinionsandthedecisionsoftheircourtsupontheopinionsandthedecisionsoftheirforefathers。InthemindofanEnglishorAmericanlawyeratasteandareverenceforwhatisoldisalmostalwaysunitedtoaloveofregularandlawfulproceedings。
Thispredispositionhasanothereffectuponthecharacterofthelegalprofessionanduponthegeneralcourseofsociety。TheEnglishandAmericanlawyersinvestigatewhathasbeendone;theFrenchadvocateinquireswhatshouldhavebeendone;theformerproduceprecedents,thelatterreasons。AFrenchobserverissurprisedtohearhowoftenanEnglishdranAmericanlawyerquotestheopinionsofothers,andhowlittlehealludestohisown;whilstthereverseoccursinFrance。Therethemosttriflinglitigationisneverconductedwithouttheintroductionofanentiresystemofideaspeculiartothecounselemployed;
andthefundamentalprinciplesoflawarediscussedinordertoobtainaperchoflandbythedecisionofthecourt。Thisabnegationofhisownopinion,andthisimplicitdeferencetotheopinionofhisforefathers,whicharecommontotheEnglishandAmericanlawyer,thissubjectionofthoughtwhichheisobligedtoprofess,necessarilygivehimmoretimidhabitsandmoresluggishinclinationsinEnglandandAmericathaninFrance。
TheFrenchcodesareoftendifficultofcomprehension,buttheycanbereadbyeveryone;nothing,ontheotherhand,canbemoreimpenetrabletotheuninitiatedthanalegislationfoundeduponprecedents。TheindispensablewantoflegalassistancewhichisfeltinEng...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看:
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