IftheProfessorthenfound，thatinaccordancewiththecalculationofthemanufacturers，theworkmanreproducedorreplacedhiswagesin2half—hours，inthatcase，heshouldhavecontinuedhisanalysisthus:
　　Accordingtoyourfigures，theworkmaninthelasthourbutoneproduceshiswages，andinthelasthouryoursurplus—valueornetprofit。Now，sinceinequalperiodsheproducesequalvalues，theproduceofthelasthourbutone，musthavethesamevalueasthatofthelasthour。Further，itisonlywhilehelaboursthatheproducesanyvalueatall，andtheamountofhislabourismeasuredbyhislabour—time。Thisyousay，amountsto111/2hoursaday。Heemploysoneportionofthese111/2hours，inproducingorreplacinghiswages，andtheremainingportioninproducingyournetprofit。Beyondthishedoesabsolutelynothing。Butsince，onyourassumption，hiswages，andthesurplus—valueheyields，areofequalvalue，itisclearthatheproduceshiswagesin53/4hours，andyournetprofitintheother53/4hours。Again，sincethevalueoftheyarnproducedin2hours，isequaltothesumofthevaluesofhiswagesandofyournetprofit，themeasureofthevalueofthisyarnmustbe111/2
　　working—hours，ofwhich53/4hoursmeasurethevalueoftheyarnproducedinthelasthourbutone，and53/4，thevalueoftheyarnproducedinthelasthour。Wenowcometoaticklishpoint;therefore，attention！Thelastworking—hourbutoneis，likethefirst，anordinaryworking—hour，neithermorenorless。Howthencanthespinnerproduceinonehour，intheshapeofyarn，avaluethatembodies53/4hours’labour？Thetruthisthatheperformsnosuchmiracle。Theuse—valueproducedbyhiminonehour，isadefinitequantityofyarn。Thevalueofthisyarnismeasuredby53/4working—hours，ofwhich43/4were，withoutanyassistancefromhim，previouslyembodiedinthemeansofproduction，inthecotton，themachinery，andsoon;theremainingonehouraloneisaddedbyhim。
　　Thereforesincehiswagesareproducedin53/4hours，andtheyarnproducedinonehouralsocontains53/4hours’work，thereisnowitchcraftintheresult，thatthevaluecreatedbyhis53/4hours’spinning，isequaltothevalueoftheproductspuninonehour。Youarealtogetheronthewrongtrack，ifyouthinkthathelosesasinglemomentofhisworking—day，inreproducingorreplacingthevaluesofthecotton，themachinery，andsoon。Onthecontrary，itisbecausehislabourconvertsthecottonandspindlesintoyarn，becausehespins，thatthevaluesofthecottonandspindlesgoovertotheyarnoftheirownaccord。Thisresultisowingtothequalityofhislabour，nottoitsquantity。Itistrue，hewillinonehourtransfertotheyarnmorevalue，intheshapeofcotton，thanhewillinhalfanhour;butthatisonlybecauseinonehourhespinsupmorecottonthaninhalfanhour。Youseethen，yourassertion，thattheworkmanproduces，inthelasthourbutone，thevalueofhiswages，andinthelasthouryournetprofit，amountstonomorethanthis，thatintheyarnproducedbyhimin2working—hours，whethertheyarethe2
　　firstorthe2lasthoursoftheworking—day，inthatyarn，thereareincorporated111/2working—hours，orjustawholeday’swork，i。e。，twohoursofhisownworkand91/2hoursofotherpeople’s。Andmyassertionthat，inthefirst53/4hours，heproduceshiswages，andinthelast53/4
　　hoursyournetprofit，amountsonlytothis，thatyoupayhimfortheformer，butnotforthelatter。Inspeakingofpaymentoflabour，insteadofpaymentoflabour—power，Ionlytalkyourownslang。Now，gentlemen，ifyoucomparetheworking—timeyoupayfor，withthatwhichyoudonotpayfor，youwillfindthattheyaretooneanother，ashalfadayistohalfaday;thisgivesarateof100%，andaveryprettypercentageitis。Further，thereisnottheleastdoubt，thatifyoumakeyou"hands"toilfor13hours，insteadof111/2，and，asmaybeexpectedfromyou，treattheworkdoneinthatextraonehourandahalf，aspuresurplus—labour，thenthelatterwillbeincreasedfrom53/4hours’labourto71/4hours’labour，andtherateofsurplus—valuefrom100%to1262/23%。Sothatyouarealtogethertoosanguine，inexpectingthatbysuchanadditionof11/2hourstotheworking—day，theratewillrisefrom100%to200%
　　andmore，inotherwordsthatitwillbe"morethandoubled。"Ontheotherhand—man’sheartisawonderfulthing，especiallywhencarriedinthepurse？youtaketo;pessimistaview，whenyoufear，thatwithareductionofthehoursoflabourfrom111/2to10，thewholeofyournetprofitwillgotothedogs。Notatall。Allotherconditionsremainingthesame，thesurplus—labourwillfallfrom53/4hoursto4
　　3/4hours，aperiodthatstillgivesaveryprofitablerateofsurplus—value，namely8214/23%。Butthisdreadful"lasthour，"aboutwhichyouhaveinventedmorestoriesthanhavethemillenariansaboutthedayofjudgment，is"allbosh。"Ifitgoes，itwillcostneitheryou，yournetprofit，northeboysandgirlswhomyouemploy，their"purityofmind。"[11]Wheneveryour"lasthour"strikesinearnest，thinkoftheOxfordProfessor。Andnow，gentlemen，"farewell，andmaywemeetagaininyonderbetterworld，butnotbefore。"
　　Seniorinventedthebattlecryofthe"lasthour"in1836。[12]IntheLondonEconomistofthe15thApril，1848，thesamecrywasagainraisedbyJamesWilson，aneconomicmandarinofhighstanding:thistimeinoppositiontothe10hours’bill。
　　SECTION4。SURPLUS—PRODUCE
　　Theportionoftheproductthatrepresentsthesurplus—value，（onetenthofthe20lbs。，or2lbs。ofyarn，intheexamplegiveninSec。2）wecall"surplus—produce。"Justastherateofsurplus—valueisdeterminedbyitsrelation，nottothesumtotalofthecapital，buttoitsvariablepart;
　　inlikemanner，therelativequantityofsurplus—produceisdeterminedbytheratiothatthisproducebears，nottotheremainingpartofthetotalproduct，buttothatpartofitinwhichisincorporatedthenecessarylabour。Sincetheproductionofsurplus—valueisthechiefendandaimofcapitalistproduction，itisclear，thatthegreatnessofaman’soranation’swealthshouldbemeasured，notbytheabsolutequantityproduced，butbytherelativemagnitudeofthesurplus—produce。[13]
　　Thesumofthenecessarylabourandthesurplus—labour，i。e。，oftheperiodsoftimeduringwhichtheworkmanreplacesthevalueofhislabour—power，andproducesthesurplus—value，thissumconstitutestheactualtimeduringwhichheworks，i。e。，theworking—day。
　　Footnotes[1]"Ifwereckonthevalueofthefixedcapitalemployedasapartoftheadvances，wemustreckontheremainingvalueofsuchcapitalattheendoftheyearasapartoftheannualreturns。"（Malthus，"Princ。ofPol。
　　Econ。"2nd。ed。，Lond。，1836，p。269。）
　　[2]WhatLucretiussaysisself—evident;"nilpossecrearidenihilo，"outofnothing，nothingcanbecreated。Creationofvalueistransformationoflabour—powerintolabour。Labourpoweritselfisenergytransferredtoahumanorganismbymeansofnourishingmatter。
　　[3]InthesamewaythattheEnglishusetheterms"rateofprofit，""rateofinterest。"Weshallsee，inBookIII，thattherateofprofitisnomystery，sosoonasweknowthelawsofsurplus—value。Ifwereversetheprocess，wecannotcomprehendeithertheoneortheother。
　　[4]Noteaddedinthe3rdGermanedition。？Theauthorresortsheretotheeconomiclanguageincurrentuse。Itwillberememberedthatonp。182（presentedition，p。174）itwasshownthatinrealitythelabourer"advances"tothecapitalistandnotthecapitalisttothelabourer。？F。E。
　　[5]Inthiswork，wehave，uptonow，employedtheterm"necessarylabour—time，"
　　todesignatethetimenecessaryundergivensocialconditionsfortheproductionofanycommodity。Henceforwardweuseittodesignatealsothetimenecessaryfortheproductionoftheparticularcommoditylabour—power。Theuseofoneandthesametechnicaltermindifferentsensesisinconvenient，butinnosciencecanitbealtogetheravoided。Compare，forinstance，thehigherwiththelowerbranchesofmathematics。
　　[6]HerrWilhelmThucydidesRoscherhasfoundamare’snest。Hehasmadetheimportantdiscoverythatif，ontheonehand，theformationofsurplus—value，orsurplus—produce，andtheconsequentaccumulationofcapital，isnow—a—daysduetothethriftofthecapitalist，ontheotherhand，intheloweststagesofcivilisationitisthestrongwhocompeltheweaktoeconomise。（l。
　　c。，p。78。）Toeconomisewhat？Labour？Orsuperfluouswealththatdoesnotexist？WhatisitthatmakessuchmenasRoscheraccountfortheoriginofsurplus—value，byamererechaufféofthemoreoflessplausibleexcusesbythecapitalist，forhisappropriationofsurplus—value？Itis，besidestheirrealignorance，theirapologeticdreadofascientificanalysisofvalueandsurplus—value，andofobtainingaresult，possiblynotaltogetherpalatabletothepowersthatbe。
　　[7]Althoughtherateofsurplus—valueisanexactexpressionforthedegreeofexploitationoflabour—power，itis，innosense，anexpressionfortheabsoluteamountofexploitation。Forexample，ifthenecessarylabour5hoursandthesurplus—labour=5hours，thedegreeofexploitationis100%。Theamountofexploitationisheremeasuredby5hours。If，ontheotherhand，thenecessarylabour=6hoursandthesurplus—labour=6hours，thedegreeofexploitationremains，asbefore，100%，whiletheactualamountofexploitationhasincreased20%，namelyfromfivehourstosix。
　　[8]Theabovedata，whichmaybereliedupon，weregivenmebyaManchesterspinner。InEnglandthehorse—powerofanenginewasformerlycalculatedfromthediameterofitscylinder，nowtheactualhorse—powershownbytheindicatoristaken。
　　[9]Thecalculationsgiveninthetextareintendedmerelyasillustrations。
　　Wehaveinfact。assumedthatprices=values。Weshall，however，see，inBookIll。，thateveninthecaseofaveragepricestheassumptioncannotbemadeinthisverysimplemanner。
　　[10]Senior，l。c。，pp。12，13。Weletpasssuchextraordinarynotionsasareofnoimportanceforourpurpose;forinstance，theassertion，thatmanufacturersreckonaspartoftheirprofit，grossornet，theamountrequiredtomakegoodwearandtearofmachinery，orinotherwords，toreplaceapartofthecapital。So，too，wepassoveranyquestionastotheaccuracyofhisfigures。LeonardHomerhasshownin"ALettertoMr。Senior，"&c。，London，1837，thattheyareworthnomorethanso—called"Analysis。"LeonardHornerwasoneoftheFactoryInquiryCommissionersin1833，andInspector，orratherCensorofFactoriestill1859。HerenderedundyingservicetotheEnglishworking—class。Hecarriedonalife—longcontest，notonlywiththeembitteredmanufacturers，butalsowiththeCabinet，towhomthenumberofvotesgivenbythemastersintheLowerHouse，wasamatteroffargreaterimportancethanthenumberofhoursworkedbythe"hands"inthemills。
　　Apartfromeffortsinprinciple，Senior’sstatementisconfused。
　　Whathereallyintendedtosaywasthis:Themanufactureremploystheworkmanfor111/2hoursorfor23half—hoursdaily。Astheworking—day，so，too，theworkingyear，maybeconceivedtoconsistof111/2hoursor23half—hours，buteachmultipliedbythenumberofworking—daysintheyear。Onthissupposition，the23half—hoursyieldanannualproductof£115，000;
　　onehalf—houryields1/23x£115，000;20half—hoursyield20/23x£115，000=£100，000，i。e。，theyreplacenomorethanthecapitaladvanced。Thereremain3half—hours，whichyield3/23x£115，000
　　=£5，000orthegrossprofit。Ofthese3half—hours，oneyields1/23
　　x£115，000=£5，000;i。e。，itmakesupforthewearandtearofthemachinery;theremaining2half—hours，i。e。，thelasthour，yield2/23x£115，000=£10，000orthenetprofit。
　　InthetextSeniorconvertsthelast2/23oftheproductintoportionsoftheworking—dayitself。
　　[11]If，ontheonehand，Seniorprovedthatthenetprofitofthemanufacturer，theexistenceoftheEnglishcottonindustry，andEngland’scommandofthemarketsoftheworld，dependon"thelastworking—hour，"ontheotherhand，Dr。AndrewUreshowed，thatifchildrenandyoungpersonsunder18
　　yearsofage，insteadofbeingkeptthefull12hoursinthewarmandpuremoralatmosphereofthefactory，areturnedoutanhoursoonerintotheheartlessandfrivolousouterworld，theywillbedeprived，byidlenessandvice，ofallhopeofsalvationfortheirsouls。Since1848，thefactoryinspectorshavenevertiredoftwittingthemasterswiththis"last，"this"fatalhour。"ThusMr。Hovellinhisreportofthe21stMay，1855:"Hadthefollowingingeniouscalculation（hequotesSenior）beencorrect，everycottonfactoryintheUnitedKingdomwouldhavebeenworkingatalosssincetheyear1850。"（ReportsoftheInsp。ofFact。，forthehalf—year，ending30thApril，1855，pp。19，20。）Intheyear1848，afterthepassingofthe10hours’bill，themastersofsomeflaxspinningmills，scattered，fewandfarbetween，overthecountryonthebordersofDorsetandSomerset，foistedapetitionagainstthebillontotheshouldersofafewoftheirwork—people。Oneoftheclausesofthispetitionisasfollows:"Yourpetitioners，asparents，conceivethatanadditionalhourofleisurewilltendmoretodemoralisethechildrenthanotherwise，believingthatidlenessistheparentofvice。"Onthisthefactoryreportof31stOct。，1848，says:Theatmosphereoftheflaxmills，inwhichthechildrenofthesevirtuousandtenderparentswork，issoloadedwithdustandfibrefromtherawmaterial，thatitisexceptionallyunpleasanttostandeven10minutesinthespinningrooms:foryouareunabletodosowithoutthemostpainfulsensation，owingtotheeyes，theears，thenostrils，andmouth，beingimmediatelyfilledbythecloudsofflaxdustfromwhichthereisnoescape。Thelabouritself，owingtothefeverishhasteofthemachinery，demandsunceasingapplicationofskillandmovement，underthecontrolofawatchfulnessthatnevertires，anditseemssomewhathard，toletparentsapplytheterm"idling"totheirownchildren，who，afterallowingformeal—times，arefetteredfor10wholehourstosuchanoccupation，insuchanatmosphere……
　　Thesechildrenworklongerthanthelabourersintheneighbouringvillages……
　　Suchcrueltalkabout"idlenessandvice"oughttobebrandedasthepurestcant，andthemostshamelesshypocrisy……Thatportionofthepublic，who，about12yearsago，werestruckbytheassurancewithwhich，underthesanctionofhighauthority，itwaspubliclyandmostearnestlyproclaimed，thatthewholenetprofitofthemanufacturerflowsfromthelabourofthelasthour，andthat，therefore，thereductionoftheworking—daybyonehour，woulddestroyhisnetprofit，thatportionofthepublic，wesay，willhardlybelieveitsowneyes，whenitnowfinds，thattheoriginaldiscoveryofthevirtuesof"thelasthour"hassincebeensofarimproved，astoincludemoralsaswellasprofit;sothat，ifthedurationofthelabourofchildren，isreducedtoafull10hours，theirmorals，togetherwiththenetprofitsoftheiremployers，willvanish，bothbeingdependentonthislast，thisfatalhour。（SeeRepts。，Insp。ofFact。，for31stOct。，1848，p。101。）Thesamereportthengivessomeexamplesofthemoralityandvirtueofthesesamepure—mindedmanufacturers，ofthetricks，theartifices，thecajoling，thethreats，andthefalsifications，theymadeuseof，inorder，first，tocompelafewdefencelessworkmentosignpetitionsofsuchakind，andthentoimposethemuponParliamentasthepetitionsofawholebranchofindustry，orawholecountry。Itishighlycharacteristicofthepresentstatusofso—calledeconomicscience，thatneitherSeniorhimself，who，atalaterperiod，tohishonourbeitsaid，energeticallysupportedthefactorylegislation，norhisopponents，fromfirsttolast，haveeverbeenabletoexplainthefalseconclusionsofthe"originaldiscovery。"
　　Theyappealtoactualexperience，butthewhyandwhereforeremainsamystery。
　　[12]Nevertheless，thelearnedprofessorwasnotwithoutsomebenefitfromhisjourneytoManchester。Inthe"LettersontheFactoryAct，"hemakesthewholenetgainsincluding"profit"and"interests"andeven"somethingmore，"dependuponasingleunpaidhour’sworkofthelabourer。Oneyearpreviously，inhis"OutlinesofPoliticalEconomy，"writtenfortheinstructionofOxfordstudentsandcultivatedPhilistines，hehadalso"discovered，inoppositiontoRicardo’sdeterminationofvaluebylabour，thatprofitisderivedfromthelabourofthecapitalist，andinterestfromhisasceticism，inotherwords，fromhisabstinence。"Thedodgewasanoldone，buttheword"abstinence"wasnew。HerrRoschertranslatesitrightlyby"Enthaltung。"
　　Someofhiscountrymen，theBrowns，Jones，andRobinsons，ofGermany，notsowellversedinLatinashe，have，monk—like，rendereditby"Entsagung"
　　（renunciation）。
　　[13]"Toanindividualwithacapitalof£20，000，whoseprofitswere£2，000
　　perannum，itwouldbeamatterquiteindifferentwhetherhiscapitalwouldemploya100or1，000men，whetherthecommodityproducedsoldfor£10，000
　　or£20，000，provided，inallcases，hisprofitwerenotdiminishedbelow£2，000。Isnottherealinterestofthenationsimilar？Provideditsnetrealincome，itsrentandprofits，bethesame，itisofnoimportancewhetherthenationconsistsof10orof12millionsofinhabitants。"（Ric。
　　l。c。，。p。416。）LongbeforeRicardo，ArthurYoung，afanaticalupholderofsurplus—produce，fortherest，arambling，uncriticalwriter，whosereputationisintheinverseratioofhismerit，says，"Ofwhatuse，inamodemkingdom，wouldbeawholeprovincethusdivided[intheoldRomanmanner，bysmallindependentpeasants]，howeverwellcultivated，exceptforthemerepurposeofbreedingmen，whichtakensinglyisamostuselesspurpose？"（ArthurYoung:"PoliticalArithmetic，&c。"London，1774，p。47。）
　　Verycuriousis"thestronginclination……torepresentnetwealthasbeneficialtothelabouringclass……thoughitisevidentlynotonaccountofbeingnet。"（Th。Hopkins，"OnRentofLand，&c。"London，1828，p。126。）
　　ChapterTenKarlMarxCapitalVolumeOnePartIII:
　　TheProductionofAbsoluteSurplus—ValueCHAPTERTEN:
　　THEWORKING—DAY
　　ContentsSection1—TheLimitsoftheWorking—DaySection2—TheGreedforSurplus—Labour。ManufacturerandBoyardSection3—BranchesofEnglishIndustrywithoutLegalLimitstoExploitationSection4—DayandNightWork。TheRelaySystemSection5—TheStruggleforaNormalWorking—Day。CompulsoryLawsfortheExtensionoftheWorking—DayfromtheMiddleofthe14thtotheEndofthe17thCenturySection6—TheStrugglefortheNormalWorking—Day。
　　CompulsoryLimitationbyLawoftheWorking—Time。TheEnglishFactoryActs，1833to1864
　　Section7—TheStrugglefortheNormalWorking—Day。
　　ReactionoftheEnglishFactoryActsonOtherCountriesSECTION1THELIMITSOFTHEWORKING—DAY
　　Westartedwiththesuppositionthatlabour—powerisboughtandsoldatitsvalue。Itsvalue，likethatofallothercommodities，isdeterminedbytheworking—timenecessarytoitsproduction。Iftheproductionoftheaveragedailymeansofsubsistenceofthelabourertakesup6hours，hemustwork，ontheaverage，6hourseveryday，toproducehisdailylabour—power，ortoreproducethevaluereceivedastheresultofitssale。Thenecessarypartofhisworking—dayamountsto6hours，andis，therefore，caeterisparibus，agivenquantity。Butwiththis，theextentoftheworking—dayitselfisnotyetgiven。
　　LetusassumethatthelineA？Brepresentsthelengthofthenecessaryworking—time，say6hours。Ifthelabourbeprolonged1，3，or6hoursbeyondA？B，wehave3otherlines:
　　Working—dayI。Working—dayII。
　　Working—dayIII。
　　A棗桞—C。A棗桞？C;
　　A棗桞棗桟。
　　representing3differentworking—daysof7，9，and12hours。TheextensionB？CofthelineA？Brepresentsthelengthofthesurplus—labour。Astheworking—dayisA？BB？CorA？C，itvarieswiththevariablequantityB？C。SinceA？Bisconstant，theratioofB？CtoA？Bcanalwaysbecalculated。
　　Inworking—dayI，itis1/6，inworking—dayII，3/6，inworkingdayIII
　　6/6ofA？B。Sincefurthertheratiosurplusworking—time，棗棗棗棗棗—
　　necessaryworking—time，determinestherateofthesurplus—value，thelatterisgivenbytheratioofB？CtoA？B。Itamountsinthe3differentworking—daysrespectivelyto162/3，50and100percent。Ontheotherhand，therateofsurplus—valuealonewouldnotgiveustheextentoftheworking—day。Ifthisrate，e。g。，were100percent。，theworking—daymightbeof8，10，12，ormorehours。
　　Itwouldindicatethatthe2constituentpartsoftheworking—day，necessary—labourandsurplus—labourtime，wereequalinextent，butnothowlongeachofthesetwoconstituentpartswas。
　　Theworking—dayisthusnotaconstant，butavariablequantity。Oneofitsparts，certainly，isdeterminedbytheworking—timerequiredforthereproductionofthelabour—powerofthelabourerhimself。Butitstotalamountvarieswiththedurationofthesurplus—labour。Theworking—dayis，therefore，determinable，butis，perse，indeterminate。[1]
　　Althoughtheworking—dayisnotafixed，butafluentquantity，itcan，ontheotherhand，onlyvarywithincertainlimits。Theminimumlimitis，however，notdeterminable;ofcourse，ifwemaketheextensionlineB？C
　　orthesurplus—labour=0，wehaveaminimumlimit，i。e。，thepartofthedaywhichthelabourermustnecessarilyworkforhisownmaintenance。
　　Onthebasisofcapitalistproduction，however，thisnecessarylabourcanformapartonlyoftheworking—day;theworking—dayitselfcanneverbereducedtothisminimum。Ontheotherhand，theworking—dayhasamaximumlimit。Itcannotbeprolongedbeyondacertainpoint。Thismaximumlimitisconditionedbytwothings。First，bythephysicalboundsoflabour—power。
　　Withinthe24hoursofthenaturaldayamancanexpendonlyadefinitequantityofhisvitalforce。Ahorse，inlikemanner，canonlyworkfromdaytoday，8hours。Duringpartofthedaythisforcemustrest，sleep;
　　duringanotherpartthemanhastosatisfyotherphysicalneeds，tofeed，wash，andclothehimself。Besidesthesepurelyphysicallimitations，theextensionoftheworking—dayencountersmoralones。Thelabourerneedstimeforsatisfyinghisintellectualandsocialwants，theextentandnumberofwhichareconditionedbythegeneralstateofsocialadvancement。Thevariationoftheworking—dayfluctuates，therefore，withinphysicalandsocialbounds。Butboththeselimitingconditionsareofaveryelasticnature，andallowthegreatestlatitude。Sowefindworking—daysof8，10，12，14，16，18hours，i。e。，ofthemostdifferentlengths。
　　Thecapitalisthasboughtthelabour—poweratitsday—rate。Tohimitsuse—valuebelongsduringoneworking—day。Hehasthusacquiredtherighttomakethelabourerworkforhimduringoneday。But，whatisaworking—day？[2]
　　Atallevents，lessthananaturalday。Byhowmuch？
　　ThecapitalisthashisownviewsofthisultimaThule，thenecessarylimitoftheworking—day。Ascapitalist，heisonlycapitalpersonified。
　　Hissoulisthesoulofcapital。Butcapitalhasonesinglelifeimpulse，thetendencytocreatevalueandsurplus—value，tomakeitsconstantfactor，themeansofproduction，absorbthegreatestpossibleamountofsurplus—labour。[3]
　　Capitalisdeadlabour，that，vampire—like，onlylivesbysuckinglivinglabour，andlivesthemore，themorelabouritsucks。Thetimeduringwhichthelabourerworks，isthetimeduringwhichthecapitalistconsumesthelabour—powerhehaspurchasedofhim。[4]
　　Ifthelabourerconsumeshisdisposabletimeforhimself，herobsthecapitalist。[5]
　　Thecapitalistthentakeshisstandonthelawoftheexchangeofcommodities。
　　He，likeallotherbuyers，seekstogetthegreatestpossiblebenefitoutoftheuse—valueofhiscommodity。Suddenlythevoiceofthelabourer，whichhadbeenstifledinthestormandstressoftheprocessofproduction，rises:
　　ThecommoditythatIhavesoldtoyoudiffersfromthecrowdofothercommodities，inthatitsusecreatesvalue，andavaluegreaterthanitsown。Thatiswhyyouboughtit。Thatwhichonyoursideappearsaspontaneousexpansionofcapital，isonmineextraexpenditureoflabour—power。YouandIknowonthemarketonlyonelaw，thatoftheexchangeofcommodities。
　　Andtheconsumptionofthecommoditybelongsnottothesellerwhopartswithit，buttothebuyer，whoacquiresit。Toyou，therefore，belongstheuseofmydailylabour—power。Butbymeansofthepricethatyoupayforiteachday，Imustbeabletoreproduceitdaily，andtosellitagain。
　　Apartfromnaturalexhaustionthroughage，&c。，Imustbeableonthemorrowtoworkwiththesamenormalamountofforce，healthandfreshnessasto—day。Youpreachtomeconstantlythegospelof"saving"and"abstinence。"
　　Good！Iwill，likeasensiblesavingowner，husbandmysolewealth，labour—power，andabstainfromallfoolishwasteofit。Iwilleachdayspend，setinmotion，putintoactiononlyasmuchofitasiscompatiblewithitsnormalduration，andhealthydevelopment。Byanunlimitedextensionoftheworking—day，youmayinonedayuseupaquantityoflabour—powergreaterthanIcanrestoreinthree。WhatyougaininlabourIloseinsubstance。
　　Theuseofmylabour—powerandthespoliationofitarequitedifferentthings。Iftheaveragetimethat（doingareasonableamountofwork）anaveragelabourercanlive，is30years，thevalueofmylabour—power，whichyoupaymefromdaytodayis1/365x30or1/10950ofitstotalvalue。Butifyouconsumeitin10years，youpaymedaily1/10950insteadof1
　　/3650ofitstotalvalue，i。e。，only1/3ofitsdailyvalue，andyourobme，therefore，everydayof2/3ofthevalueofmycommodity。Youpaymeforoneday’slabour—power，whilstyouusethatof3days。Thatisagainstourcontractandthelawofexchanges。Idemand，therefore，aworking—dayofnormallength，andIdemanditwithoutanyappealtoyourheart，forinmoneymatterssentimentisoutofplace。Youmaybeamodelcitizen，perhapsamemberoftheSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals，andintheodourofsanctitytoboot;butthethingthatyourepresentfacetofacewithmehasnoheartinitsbreast。Thatwhichseemstothrobthereismyownheart—beating。Idemandthenormalworking—daybecauseI，likeeveryotherseller，demandthevalueofmycommodity。[6]
　　Weseethen，that，apartfromextremelyelasticbounds，thenatureoftheexchangeofcommoditiesitselfimposesnolimittotheworking—day，nolimittosurplus—labour。Thecapitalistmaintainshisrightsasapurchaserwhenhetriestomaketheworking—dayaslongaspossible，andtomake，wheneverpossible，twoworking—daysoutofone。Ontheotherhand，thepeculiarnatureofthecommoditysoldimpliesalimittoitsconsumptionbythepurchaser，andthelabourermaintainshisrightassellerwhenhewishestoreducetheworking—daytooneofdefinitenormalduration。Thereishere，therefore，anantinomy，rightagainstright，bothequallybearingthesealofthelawofexchanges。Betweenequalrightsforcedecides。Henceisitthatinthehistoryofcapitalistproduction，thedeterminationofwhatisaworking—day，presentsitselfastheresultofastruggle，astrugglebetweencollectivecapital，i。e。，theclassofcapitalists，andcollectivelabour，i。e。，theworking—class。
　　SECTION2THEGREEDFORSURPLUS—LABOUR。MANUFACTURERANDBOYARD
　　Capitalhasnotinventedsurplus—labour。Whereverapartofsocietypossessesthemonopolyofthemeansofproduction，thelabourer，freeornotfree，mustaddtotheworking—timenecessaryforhisownmaintenanceanextraworking—timeinordertoproducethemeansofsubsistencefortheownersofthemeansofproduction，[7]whetherthisproprietorbetheAthenianxxxxxxxxxxxx，Etruscantheocrat，civisRomanus，Normanbaron，Americanslave—owner，WallachianBoyard，modernlandlordorcapitalist。[8]Itis，however，clearthatinanygiveneconomicformationofsociety，wherenottheexchange—valuebuttheuse—valueoftheproductpredominates，surplus—labourwillbelimitedbyagivensetofwantswhichmaybegreaterorless，andthatherenoboundlessthirstforsurplus—labourarisesfromthenatureoftheproductionitself。Henceinantiquityover—workbecomeshorribleonlywhentheobjectistoobtainexchange—valueinitsspecificindependentmoney—form;intheproductionofgoldandsilver。Compulsoryworkingtodeathisheretherecognisedformofover—work。OnlyreadDiodorusSiculus。[9]Stilltheseareexceptionsinantiquity。Butassoonaspeople，whoseproductionstillmoveswithinthelowerformsofslave—labour，corvée—labour，&c。，aredrawnintothewhirlpoolofaninternationalmarketdominatedbythecapitalisticmodeofproduction，thesaleoftheirproductsforexportbecomingtheirprincipalinterest，thecivilisedhorrorsofover—workaregraftedonthebarbarichorrorsofslavery，serfdom，&c。HencethenegrolabourintheSouthernStatesoftheAmericanUnionpreservedsomethingofapatriarchalcharacter，solongasproductionwaschieflydirectedtoimmediatelocalconsumption。Butinproportion，astheexportofcottonbecameofvitalinteresttothesestates，theover—workingofthenegroandsometimestheusingupofhislifein7yearsoflabourbecameafactorinacalculatedandcalculatingsystem。Itwasnolongeraquestionofobtainingfromhimacertainquantityofusefulproducts。Itwasnowaquestionofproductionofsurplus—labouritself:
　　Sowasitalsowiththecorvée，e。g。，intheDanubianPrincipalities（nowRoumania）。
　　Thecomparisonofthegreedforsurplus—labourintheDanubianPrincipalitieswiththesamegreedinEnglishfactorieshasaspecialinterest，becausesurplus—labourinthecorvéehasanindependentandpalpableform。