Bautain’slittlebookonextemporaneousspeaking，asthebesttreatiseonthesubjectIhadeverseen，IremindedmystudentsthatthesefamouslecturesofGuizot，whichhadopenedanewepochinmodernhistoricalinvestigationandinstruction，weregiven，asregardsphrasing，extemporaneously，butthat，asregardsmatter，theywerecarefullypreparedbeforehand，havingwhatBautaincallsa``self—
　　developingorder’’;andIstatedthatIwouldallowanymemberofmyclasswhomightvolunteerforthepurposetogive，inhisownphrasing，thesubstanceofanentirelecture。ForayoungmanthustostandupandvirtuallydeliveroneofGuizot’slecturesrequiredgreatconcentrationofthoughtandconsiderablefacilityinexpression，butseveralstudentsavailedthemselvesofthepermission，andacquittedthemselvesadmirably。Thisseemedtomeanexcellenttrainingforeffectivepublicspeaking，andseveralofmyoldstudents，whohavesincedistinguishedthemselvesinpubliclife，haveconfessedtomethattheyfounditso。
　　Mynextandhighestdutywasgivinglecturestotheseniorclassandstudentsfromthelawschool。IntothisIthrewmyselfheartily，andsoonhadthesatisfactionofseeingmylargelecture—roomconstantlyfull。Thefirstofthesecourseswasonthe``DevelopmentofCivilizationduringtheMiddleAges’’;and，asIfollowedthelogicalratherthanthechronologicalorder，——takingupthesubject，notbyarecitalofevents，butbyadiscussionofepochsandsubjects，——Ithoughtitbesttolecturewithoutmanuscriptorevennotes。Thiswas，forme，aboldventure。Ihadneverbeforeattemptedanythinginthewayofextendedextemporaneousspeaking;and，asIenteredtheoldchapeloftheuniversityformyfirstlecture，andsawitfullofstudentsofallclasses，IavowedmytrepidationtoPresidentTappan，who，havingcometointroduceme，wasseatedbymyside。Hewasanadmirableextemporaneousspeakerinthebestsense，andhethenandtheregavemeabitofadvicewhichprovedofrealvalue。Hesaid:``Letme，asanoldhand，tellyouonething:neverstopdead;keepsayingsomething。’’Thiscourseoflectureswasfollowedbyothersonmodernhistory，oneofthesebeingon``GermanHistoryfromtheRevivalofLearningandtheReformationtoModernTimes，’’
　　anotheron``FrenchHistoryfromtheConsolidationoftheMonarchytotheFrenchRevolution，’’andstillanotheronthe``FrenchRevolution。’’TothislattercourseIgavespecialattention，thefoundationhavingbeenlaidforitinFrance，whereIhadvisitedvariousinterestingplacesandtalkedwithinterestingmenwhorecalledeventsandpeopleoftheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicperiods。Foratext—bookfoundationIreadwithmylowerclassesMignet’s``HistoryoftheRevolution，’’whichstillremainedwhatCarlylepronouncedit——thebestshortsummaryofthatgreatperiod。
　　Tofurthertheworkofmystudentsinthelecture—room，Ipublishedaninterleavedsyllabusofeachcourse，andwas，Ithink，thefirstpersoninourcountrywhoeverdidthisinconnectionwithhistoricallectures。Itisamatterofwondertomethatsofewprofessorsinthesedaysresorttothissimplemeansofstrengtheningtheirinstruction。
　　Itoughttoberequiredbyuniversitystatutes。Itseemstomeindispensabletoanythinglikethoroughwork。A
　　syllabus，properlyinterleaved，furnishestoastudentbyfarthebestmeansoftakingnotesoneachlecture，aswellasofreviewingthewholecourseafterward，andtoaprofessorthebestmeansoftestingthefaithfulnessofhisstudents。Asregardsmyselfpersonally，therecametomefrommysyllabusanespecialadvantage;for，asIhaveshowninmypoliticalexperiences，itgainedformethefriendshipofCharlesSumner。
　　Ihavestatedelsewherethatmyzealinteachinghistorywasbynomeanstheresultofamerelikingforthatfieldofthought。Greataswasmyloveforhistoricalstudies，therewassomethingIprizedfarmore——andthatwastheopportunitytopromoteabettertraininginthoughtregardingourgreatnationalproblemsthenrapidlyapproachingsolution，thegreatestofallbeingthequestionbetweenthesupportersandopponentsofslavery。
　　Inorderthatmyworkmightbefairlywellbased，Ihad，duringmycollegedaysandmyfirststayabroad，beguncollectingtheprivatelibrarywhichhasaddedcertainlytothepleasures，andprobablytotheusefulness，ofmylife。BookswhicharenowcostlyraritiescouldthenbeboughtintheEuropeancapitalsforpettysums。ThereishardlyanyoldEuropeancitywhichhasnotbeen，atsometime，oneofmyhappyhunting—groundsinthechaseforrarebooksbearinguponhistory;evennow，whenmycollection，ofwhichthegreaterparthasbeentrans—
　　ferredtoCornellUniversity，numbersnotfarshortoffortythousandvolumes，theoldpassionstillflamesupattimes;andduringtheinditingofthischapterIhavesecuredtwoseriesofmanuscriptsofverygreatvalueinillustratingtheevolutionofmoderncivilization。Myreasonforsecuringsuchoriginalmaterialwasnotthedesiretopossessraritiesandcuriosities。Ifoundthatpassagesactuallyreadfromimportantoriginalsduringmylecturesgavearealityandvividnesstomyinstructionwhichwereotherwiseunattainable。AcitationoftheipsissimaverbaofErasmus，orLuther，orMelanchthon，orPeterCanisius，orLouisXIV，orRobespierre，orMarat，interestedmystudentsfarmorethananyquotationatsecondhandcoulddo。Norhetoriccouldimpressonaclasstherealspiritandstrengthofthemiddleagesascouldoneofmyilluminatedpsaltersormissals;nodeclamationupontheboldnessofLuthercouldimpressthinkingyoungmenasdidcitationsfromhis``ErfurtSermon，’’which，byweakeninghissafe—conduct，puthimvirtuallyatthemercyofhisenemiesattheDietofWorms;nostatementsastothefatuityofRobespierrecouldequalcitationsfromanoriginalcopyofhis``ReportontheMoralandReligiousConsiderationswhichOughttoGoverntheRepublic’’;allspecificationsofthefollyofMaratpaledbeforetheravingsintheoriginalcopiesofhisnewspaper，``L’AmiduPeuple’’;nostatisticsregardingthepaper—moneycrazeinFrancecouldsoimpressitsactualityonstudentsasdidtheseeingandhandlingofFrenchrevolutionaryassignatsandmandats，manyofthemwithregistrationnumbersclearlyshowingtheenormousquantitiesofthiscurrencythenissued;noillustration，atsecondhand，ofthemethodsoftheFrenchgeneralsduringtheRevolutionaryperiodcouldproducetheimpressiongivenbyasimpleexhibitionofthebroadsidesissuedbytheproconsulsofthatperiod;nodescriptionofthecollapseofthetriumvirateandtheReignofTerrorcouldequalahalf—hour’sreadingfromthe``Moniteur’’;
　　andallaccountsoftheEmpireweredimcomparedtograndiosestatementsreadfromtheoriginalbulletinsofNapoleon。
　　Inthiswayalonecanhistorybemaderealtostudents。
　　Bothatmylecturesandinthesocialgatheringsatmyhouse，Ilaidoutformyclassesthemostimportantoriginalsbearingupontheircurrentwork;anditwasnosmallpleasuretopointouttherelationsofthesetotheeventswhichhadformedthesubjectofourstudiestogether。I
　　say``ourstudiestogether，’’becausenooneofmystudentsstudiedmorehoursthanmyself。Theystimulatedmegreatly。Mostofthemwereverynearmyownage;severalwereolder。Asarule，theywerebright，inquiring，zealous，andamongthemweresomeofthebestmindsI
　　haveeverknown。Fromamongthemhavesincecomesenators，membersofCongress，judges，professors，lawyers，headsofgreatbusinessenterprises，andforeignministers。OneofthembecamemysuccessorintheprofessorshipintheUniversityofMichiganandthepresidencyofCornell，and，inonefield，theleadingAmericanhistorianofhistime。AnotherbecamemypredecessorintheembassytoGermany。ThoughIhadwhatmightbefairlycalled``agoodstart’’ofthesemen，itwasnecessarytoworkhardtomaintainmyposition;butsuchlaborwasthenpleasure。
　　Norwasmyworkconfinedtohistoricalteaching。Afterthefashionofthattime，Iwascalledupontoheartheessaysanddiscussionsofcertaindivisionsoftheupperclasses。Thisdemandedtwoeveningsaweekthroughtwotermsineachyear，andontheseeveningsIjoyfullywenttomylecture—room，notinfrequentlythroughdriftsofsnow，and，havingmyselfkindledthefireandlightedthelamps，awaitedthediscussion。Thissubsidiarywork，whichinthesedegeneratedaysisdonebyjanitors，ismentionedhereasshowingthesimplicityofabygoneperiod。ThediscussionsthusheldwereofahigherrangethananyIhadknownatYale，andsomeweredecidedlyoriginal。Onedeservesespecialmention。AcontroversyhavingariseninMassachusettsandspreadthroughoutthecountryregardingtheerectionofastatueofDanielWebsterinfrontoftheStateHouseatBoston，andbitteroppositionhavingbeenarousedbyhisseventh—of—Marchspeech，twogroupsofmystudent—disputantsagreedtotakeupthissubjectandmodeltheirspeechesuponthoseofDemosthenesandAeschinesonthecrown，whichtheywerethenreadingintheoriginal。Itwasahappythought，andwellcarriedout。
　　CHAPTERXVI
　　UNIVERSITYLIFEINTHEWEST——1857—1864
　　Itmustbeconfessedthatallwasnotplainsailinginmynewposition。Onedifficultyarosefrommyveryyouthful，nottosayboyish，appearance。Iwas，indeed，theyoungestmemberofthefaculty;butattwenty—fouryearsonehastherighttobetakenforaman，anditwasvexatioustobetakenforayouthofseventeen。AtmyfirstarrivalintheuniversitytownInoticed，asthetraindrewuptothestation，anumberofstudents，evidentlyawaitingthecomingofsuchfreshmenasmightbeeligibletothevariousfraternities;
　　and，onlanding，Iwasatonceapproachedbyasophomore，whoaskedifIwasabouttoentertheuniversity。ForaninstantIwasgrievouslyabashed，butpullingmyselftogether，answeredinasortofaffirmativeway;andatthishebecameexceedinglycourteous，takingpainstopilotmetoahotel，givingmemuchexcellentadvice，andeveninsistingoncarryingaconsiderableamountofmybaggage。
　　Othermembersoffraternitiesjoinedus，allmostcourteousandkind，andthednouementcameonlyattheregistrationofmynameinthehotelbook，whentheyrecognizedinme``thenewprofessor。’’Imustsaytotheircreditthat，althoughtheywereforatimelaughedatthroughouttheuniversity，theyremainedmywarmpersonalfriends。
　　ButafterIhaddischargedthedutiesofmyprofessorshipforaconsiderableperiod，thissamedifficultyexisted。
　　Onashootingexcursion，anoldfriendandmyselfcame，and，beingveryhungry，askedforbreadandmilk。Mycompanionbeingdelayedoutside，cleaningtheguns，thefarmer’swifeleftmeandwentouttotalkwithhim。I
　　continuedeatingmybreadandmilkvoraciously，andshortlyafterwardtheyentered，helaughingheartilyandshelookingrathershamefaced。Onmyaskingthecausehedeclinedforatimetostateit，butatlengthsaidthatshehadcomeouttowarnhimthatifhedidnotcomeinprettysoon``thatboywouldeatupallthebreadandmilkinthehouse。’’Thisstoryleakedout，andevenappearedinalocalpaper，butnever，Ithink，didmeanyharm。
　　Anotheroccurrence，shortlyafterward，seemedlikelyforatimetobemoreserious。Thesophomoreclass，exuberantandinventiveasever，wereevidentlydeterminedto``tryiton’’theiryoungprofessor——infact，totreatmeastheyhadtreatedtheirtutors。Anymistakemadebyastudentataquizelicitedfromsundrybenchesexpressionsofregretmuchtooplaintive，orejaculationsofcontemptmuchtooexplosive;andfromtheseandvarioussimilardemonstrationswhichgreweverydayamongacertainsetinmyclass—room，itwaseasytoseethatatrialofstrengthmustsooncome，anditseemedtomebesttoforcethefighting。LookingovertheseobstreperousyouthsInoticedonetall，black—beardedmanwithakeentwinkleinhiseye，whowasevidentlytheleader。Therewasnothinginhimespeciallydemonstrative。Hewouldoccasionallynodinthisdirection，orwinkinthat，orsmileintheother;buthewassolemnwhenotherswerehilarious，unconcernedwhenothersapplauded。Itwassooncleartomethatinhimlaythekeytothesituation，andoneday，atthecloseoftheexamination，Iaskedhimtoremain。WhenwewerealoneIsaidtohim，inaneasy—goingway，``So，F————，I
　　seethateitheryouorImustleavetheuniversity。’’Heatoncebristledup，feignedindignation，andsaidthathecouldnotunderstandme。ThisIpooh—poohed，sayingthatweunderstoodeachotherperfectly;thatIhadbeenonlyrecentlyastudentmyself;that，ifthegrowingtroubleintheclasscontinued，eitherheorImustgiveitup，andadded，``Ibelievethetrusteeswillpreferyourdeparturetomine。’’Atthisheprotestedthathehadmadenodemonstrations，towhichIansweredthatifIputhimonhishonorhewouldnotdenythathewastherealcenterofthedifficulty;thattheotherswere，comparatively，menofsmallaccount;andthat，withhimgone，thebackboneofthewholedifficultywouldbebroken。Heseemedimpressedbythisview——possiblyhewasnotwhollydispleasedattheimportanceitgavehim;andfinallyheacknowledgedthatperhapshehadbeenratherfoolish，andsuggestedthatwetrytolivetogetheralittlelonger。I
　　answeredcordially，weshookhandsatparting，andtherewasneveranytroubleafterward。Isoonfoundwhatsortofquestionsinterestedhimmost，tookespecialpainstoadaptpointsinmylecturestohisneeds，andsoonhadnostrongerfriendintheuniversity。
　　Buthisactivityfinallyfoundalessfortunateoutcome。
　　Ayearortwoafterwardcamenewsofaterribleaffairintheuniversitytown。Astudentwaslyingdeadatthecoroner’srooms，andoninquiryitwasfoundthathisdeathwastheresultofacarousalinwhichmyfriendF————
　　wasaleadingspirit。Eightmenwereconcerned，ofwhomfourwereexpelled——F————beingone——andfoursuspended。
　　Onleaving，hecametomeandthankedmemostheartilyforwhatIhaddoneforhim，saidthattheactionofthefacultywasperfectlyjust，thatnoothercoursewasopentous，butthathehopedyettoshowusallthathecouldmakeamanofhimself。Hesucceeded。FiveyearslaterhefellasageneralattheheadofhisbrigadeatGettysburg。
　　Inadditiontomyregularworkattheuniversity，I
　　lecturedfrequentlyinvariouscitiesthroughoutMichiganandtheneighboringStates。Itwastheculminatingperiodofthepopular—lecturesystem，andthroughthewintermonthsmyFridayandSaturdayeveningsweregenerallygiventothissortofduty。Itwas，afteritsfashion，whatinthesedaysiscalled``universityextension’’;indeed，themainpurposeofthosemembersofthefacultythusinvitedtolecturewastospreadtheinfluenceoftheuniversity。ButIreceivedfromthesystemmorethanIgavetoit;foritgavemenotonlymanyvaluableacquaintancesthroughouttheWest，butitbroughttoAnnArborthebestmentheninthefield，amongthemsuchasEmerson，Curtis，Whipple，WendellPhillips，CarlSchurz，MoncureConway，BayardTaylor，andothersnotedthen，but，alas，howfewofthemrememberednow！Tohavethembymyfiresideandatmytablewasoneofthegreatestpleasuresofaprofessoriallife。Itwasatthebeginningofmyhousekeeping;andundermyroofontheuniversitygroundswefeltitaprivilegetowelcomethesewisemenfromtheEast，andtobringthefacultyandstudentsintocloserrelationswiththem。
　　Asregardsthepopular—lecturepulpit，mymainwishwastosetpeoplethinkingonvarioussubjects，andespeciallyregardingslaveryand``protection。’’Thispresentlybroughtastormuponme。Someyearsbeforetherehadsettledintheuniversitytownathin，vociferouslawyer，pasthisprime，butnotwithoutideasandforce。HehadformanyyearsbeenadepartmentsubordinateatWashington;but，havingaccumulatedsomemoney，hehaddonnedwhatwasthenknownassenatorialcostume——
　　namely，ablueswallow—tailedcoat，andabuffvest，withbrassbuttons——andcomingtothislittleMichigantownhehadestablishedaWhigpaper，whichafterwardbecameRepublican。Hewasgenerallycredited，nodoubtjustly，withadeterminationtopushhimselfintotheUnitedStatesSenate;butthisdeterminationwassoobviousthatpeoplemadelightofit，andheneverreceivedthehonorofanominationtothatoranyotherposition。ThemainburdenofhiseditorialswasthegreatnessofHenryClay，andthebeautiesofaprotectivetariff，hismaterialbeinglargelydrawnfromabookhehadpublishedsomeyearsbefore;and，onaccountoftheusualformofhisarguments，hewasgenerallyreferredto，intheoffhandWesternway，as``OldStatistics。’’
　　InapubliclecturebaseduponmyRussianexperiences，Ihadincidentallyattackedpaternalgovernment，andespeciallysuchdevelopmentsofitastariffsforprotection。
　　Theimmediateresultwasabroadsidefromthisgentleman’spaper，andthisIansweredinanarticlewhichwasextensivelycopiedthroughouttheState。Atthisheevidentlydeterminedtocrushthisintruderuponhisdomain。Thatan``upstart’’——a``mereschool—teacher’’——
　　shouldpresumetoreplytoamanlikehimself，whohadsatatthefeetofHenryClay，andwasoldenoughtobemyfather，wasmonstrouspresumption;butthataprofessorintheStateuniversityofacommonwealthlargelyRepublicanshouldavowfree—tradeopinionswasakintotreason，andthroughtwelvesuccessiveissuesofhispaperhelashedmeinallthemoodsandtenses。Astheseattackssoonbecamescurrilous，Imadenoreplytoanyafterthefirst;buthiswrathwasincreasedwhenhesawmyreplyquotedbythepressthroughouttheStateandhisowndiatribesneglected。AmonghismoreseriouschargesIrememberbutone，andthiswasthatIhadevidentlycomeintotheStateasasecretemissaryofVanBurenism。
　　ButIrecalledtheremarkofmyenemy’sidol，HenryClay，totheeffectthatnooneshouldeverreplytoanattackbyaneditor，apriest，orawoman，sinceeachofthemissuretohavethelastword。Thisfeelingwassoonsucceededbyindifference;formylecture—rooms，bothattheuniversityandthroughouttheState，weremoreandmorefrequented，anditbecameclearthatmyopponent’sattackssimplyadvertisedme。ThefollowingyearIhadmyrevenge。Fromtimetotimedebatesoncurrenttopicswereheldatthecityhall，theparticipantsbeinggenerallyyoungprofessionalmen;but，thesubjectofatariffforprotectionhavingbeenannounced，myoldenemydeclared，severalweeksbeforehand，hisintentionoftakingpartinthediscussion。AmongmystudentsthatwinterwasoneofthemostgiftedyoungscholarsandspeakersIhaveeverknown。NotlongafterhisgraduationhewassenttotheUnitedStatesSenatefromoneofthemoreimportantWesternStates，andnothingbuthisearlydeathpreventedhisattaininganationalreputation。Hewasamanofconvictions，strongandskilfulinimpressingthemuponhishearers，offinepersonalappearance，withapleasingvoice，andineverywayfittedtocaptivateanaudience。
　　HimIselectedastheDavidwhowastopunishtheprotectionistGoliath。Hehadbeenhimselfaprotectionist，havingreadGreeley’sargumentsinthe``NewYorkTribune，’’buthehadbecomeaconverttomyviews，anddayafterdayandweekafterweekIkepthimintrainingonthebestexpositionsoffreetrade，and，aboveall，onBastiat’s``SophismsofProtection。’’Ontheappointedeveningthecityhallwascrowded，andmyyoungDavidhavingmodestlytakenabackseat，thegreatGoliathappearedatthefrontinfullsenatorialcostume，furbishedupfortheoccasion，withanenormouscollectionofbooksanddocuments;and，thesubjectbeingannounced，hearose，assumedhismostimposingsenatorialattitude，andbeganadry，statisticaloration。Hismannerwasharsh，hismatterwearisome;butheploddedonthroughanhour——andthenmyDavidarose。Hewasathisbest。Infiveminuteshehadtheaudiencefullywithhim。Everypointtold。Fromtimetotimethehouseshookwithapplause;andatthecloseofthedebate，avoteofthemeetingbeingtakenaftertheusualfashioninsuchassemblies，myoldenemywasleftinaridiculousminority。Notonlyfree—traders，butevenprotectionistsvotedagainsthim。
　　Ashetookhimselfveryseriously，hewasintenselymortified，andallthemoresowhenhelearnedfromoneofmystudentsthatInowconsideredthatwewere``even。’’[4]
　　[4]Thecausesofmychangeofviewsonthequestionof``protection’’aregiveninmypoliticalreminiscences。
　　ThemoreIthrewmyselfintotheworkoftheuniversitythemoreIcametobelieveintheideasonwhichitwasfounded，andtoseethatitwasarealityembodyingmanythingsofwhichIhadpreviouslyonlydreamed。UptothattimethehighestinstitutionsoflearningintheUnitedStateswerealmostentirelyundersectariancontrol。EventheUniversityofVirginia，whichThomasJeffersonhadfoundedasacenterofliberalthought，hadfallenunderthedirectionofsectarians，andamongthegreatmajorityoftheNortherncollegesanunwrittenlawseemedtorequirethatauniversitypresidentshouldbeaclergyman。
　　Theinstructioninthebestoftheseinstitutionswas，asI
　　haveshownelsewhere，narrow，theirmethodsoutworn，andthestudents，asarule，confinedtoonesimple，single，cast—ironcourse，inwhichthegreatmajorityofthemtooknointerest。TheUniversityofMichiganhadmadeabeginningofsomethingbetter。ThepresidentwasDr。
　　HenryPhilipTappan，formerlyaPresbyterianclergyman，awriterofreputeonphilosophicalsubjects，astrongthinker，animpressiveorator，andabornleaderofmen，who，duringavisittoEurope，hadbeengreatlyimpressedbythelargeandliberalsystemoftheGermanuniversities，andhaddevotedhimselftourgingasimilarsysteminourowncountry。OntheEasterninstitutions——save，possibly，Brown——hemadenoimpression。EachofthemwasasstagnantasaSpanishconvent，andasself—satisfiedasaBourbonduchy;butintheWestheattractedsupporters，andsoonhisideasbegantoshowthemselveseffectiveintheStateuniversityoverwhichhehadbeencalledtopreside。
　　Themenhesummonedabouthimwere，inthemain，admirablyfittedtoaidhim。Dearestofalltome，thoughseveralyearsmysenior，wasHenrySimmonsFrieze，professorofLatin。IhadfirstmethimattheUniversityofBerlin，hadthentraveledwithhimthroughGermanyandItaly，andhadfoundhimoneofthemostcharmingmenIhadevermet——simple，modest，retiringtoafault，yetadelightfulcompanionandamostinspiringteacher。Therewasinhimacombinationwhichatfirstseemedsingular;
　　butexperiencehassinceshownmethatitisbynomeansunnatural，forhewasnotonlyanidealprofessorofLatin，butagiftedmusician。Thefirstrevelationofthislatterqualitywasmadetomeinamannerwhichshowedhismodesty。OneeveningduringourstudentdaysatBerlin，atareceptiongivenbytheAmericanministerofthatperiod，——GovernorVroomofNewJersey，——Iheardthesoundofmusiccomingfromoneofthemoredistantapartments。ItwasasonataofBeethoven，wonderfullyinterpreted，showingnotonlyskillbutdeepfeeling。Onmyaskingmyneighborswhotheperformermightbe，nooneseemedtoknow，until，atlast，someonesuggestedthatitmightbeProfessorFrieze。Imademywaythroughthecrowdtowardtheroomfromwhichthesoundscame，butbeforearrivingtherethemusichadended;andwhenI
　　mettheprofessorshortlyafterward，andaskedhimifhehadbeenthemusician，hisreplywassomodestandevasivethatIthoughtthewholethingamistakeandsaidnothingmoreaboutit。OnourwaytoItalysomemonthslater，Iobservedthat，aswewerepassingthroughBohemia，hejotteddowninhisnote—bookthequaintsongsofthepeasantsandsoldiers，andafewweekslaterstillhegaveanexhibitionofhisgenius。SittingdownoneeveningatthepianoonthelittlecoastingsteamerbetweenGenoaandCivitVecchia，hebeganplaying，andthoughithasbeenmygoodfortunetohearalltheleadingpianistsofmytime，Ihaveneverheardonewhoseemedtointerpretthemasterpiecesofmusicmoreworthily。AtAnnArborInowcametoknowhimintimately。Onceortwiceaweekhecametomyhouse，and，asminewastheonlygrandpianointhetown，heenjoyedplayinguponit。Hisextemporizationswereflightsofgenius。Atthesegatheringshewasinspiredbytwootheradmirablemusicians，onebeingmydearwife，andtheotherProfessorBrunnow，theastronomer。NothingcouldbemoredelightfulthantheirinterpretationstogetherofthemainworksofBeethovenHandel，Mozart，Haydn，Weber，andothermasters。Ononeoftheseevenings，whenIhappenedtospeakoftheimpressionmadeuponmeatmyfirsthearingofachoralinaGermanchurch，FriezebeganplayingLuther’shymn，``Ein’festeBurgistunserGott，’’throwingitintoallformsandkeys，untilwelistenedtohisimprovisationsinasortofdazewhichcontinueduntilnearlymidnight。
　　Nextday，atSt。Andrew’sChurch，he，asusual，hadchargeoftheorgan。Intohisopeningvoluntaryhewovethemusicoftheprecedingevening，the``FesteBurg’’;itranthroughallthechantsofthemorningservice;itpervadedtheaccompanimenttothehymns;itformedtheundertoneofalltheinterludes;itwasnotrelinquisheduntilthecloseofthepostlude。Andthesamewastrueoftheafternoonservice。Ihavealwaysinsistedthat，hadhelivedinGermany，hewouldhavebeenasecondBeethoven。
　　Thiswillseemagrosslyexaggeratedtribute，butIdonothesitatetomaintainit。Sopassionatelywashedevotedtomusicthatattimeshesenthispianoawayfromhishouseinordertoshuntemptationtoabridgehisprofessorialwork，andespeciallywasthisthecasewhenhewaspreparinghiseditionofVergil。Amorelovelyspiritneverabodeinmortalframe。Nomanwasevermoregenerallybelovedinacommunity;none，morelamentedathisdeath。Thesplendidorganerectedasamemorialtohiminthegreatauditoriumoftheuniversity;thenoblemonumentwhichhisstudentshaveplacedoverhisgrave;
　　hisportrait，whichhangsinoneoftheprincipalrooms;
　　thesocietywhichcommemorateshisname——allcombinetoshowhowdeeplyhewasrespectedandbeloved。
　　EntwinedalsowithmyhappiestrecollectionsisBrunnow，professorofastronomyanddirectoroftheobservatory。
　　Hiseminenceinhisdepartmentwaswidelyrecognized，aswasshownwhenhewasafterwardmadedirectoroftheDudleyObservatoryatAlbany，N。Y。，and，finally，astronomerroyalofIreland。Hismusicalabilities，inconnectionwiththoseofFrieze，aidedtogiveadelightfulsidetothisperiodofmylife。Therewasinhimaquietsimplicitywhichledthosewhoknewhimbesttolovehimmost，butitoccasionallyprovokedmuchfunamongthestudents。Ononeoccasion，PresidentTappan，beingsuddenlycalledoutoftown，requestedBrunnow，whohadmarriedhisdaughterandwasaninmateofhisfamily，tofindsomememberofthefacultytotakehisplaceatmorningprayersnextday。ThereuponBrunnowvisitedsev—
　　eralprofessors，hisfirstquestiontoeachofthembeing，withhisGermanuseoftheconsonants，``Professor，canyouBRAY？’’andhenceforwardthiswasaddedtothemanystandingjokesuponhiminthestudentworld。
　　Ialsofoundattheuniversityotheradmirablemen，andamongthosetowhomIbecamespeciallyattachedwasThomasM。Cooley。WhenhehadbecomechiefjusticeoftheState，andthemosteminentwriterofhistimeontheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，hewasstillthesameman，gentle，simple，andkindly。Besidestheseweresuchwell—knownprofessorsasFasquelleinmodernliterature;Williams，Douglass，andWinchellinscience;
　　BoiseinGreek;Palmer，Sager，andGunninmedicineandsurgery;CampbellandWalkerinlaw。OftheseJudgeCampbellwastomeoneofthemainattractionsoftheplace——aprofoundlawyer，yetwithakindlyhumorwhichlightedupallabouthim。HewasespeciallyinterestedintheearlyFrenchhistoryoftheState，towhichhehadbeendrawnbyhisstudyofthetitlestolandedpropertyinDetroitanditsneighborhood，andsomeofhisdiscoverieswerecurious。OneofthesehadreferencetoanislandinthestraitsnearDetroitknownas``Skillagalee，’’
　　whichhadpuzzledhimalongtime。ThenameseemedtobeIrish，andthequestionwashowanIrishnamecouldhavebeenthusapplied。Finallyhefoundonanoldmapanearliername。ItwasleausGalets，orPebbleIsland，which，inthemouthsofYankeesailors，hadtakenthisapparentlyCelticform。AnothercasewasthatofariverinCanadaemptyingintothestraitsnotfarfromDetroit。Itwasknownas``YellowDogRiver’’;but，onrummagingthroughtheoldermaps，hediscoveredthattheearliernamewasRiverSt。John。Toaccountforthetransformationwasatfirstdifficult，butthemysterywasfinallyunraveled:theRivireSt。Jeanbecame，intheCanadianpatois，RivireSaanJawne，andgraduallyRivireChienJaune;recentgeographershadsimplytranslateditintoEnglish。
　　ThefeatureswhichmainlydistinguishedtheUniversityofMichiganfromtheleadinginstitutionsoftheEastwerethatitwasutterlyunsectarian，thatvariouscoursesofinstructionwereestablished，andthatoptionswereallowedbetweenthem。OntheseaccountsthatuniversityholdsamostimportantplaceinthehistoryofAmericanhighereducation;foritstandspracticallyatthebeginningofthetransitionfromtheoldsectariancollegetothemodernuniversity，andfromthesimple，single，cast—ironcoursetotheformwhichwenowknow，inwhichvariouscoursesarepresented，withfreechoicebetweenthem。Thenumberofstudentswasaboutfivehundred，andthefacultycorrespondedtotheseinnumbers。Nowthattheuniversityincludesoverfourthousandstudents，withafacultyinproportion，thoseseemthedaysofsmallthings;buttomeatthatperioditwasallverygrand。ItseemedmarvelousthattherewerethenverynearlyasmanystudentsattheUniversityofMichiganasatYale;
　　and，asarule，theywerestudentsworthteaching——hardy，vigorous，shrewd，broad，withfaithinthegreatnessofthecountryandenthusiasmregardingthenation’sfuture。
　　Itmaybegrantedthattherewas，inmanyofthem，alackofelegance，buttherewasneitherlanguornorcynicism。Oneseemed，amongthem，tobreatheapurer，strongerair。OverthewholeinstitutionDr。Tappanpresided，andhisinfluence，bothuponfacultyandstudents，was，inthemain，excellent。Hesympathizedheartilywiththeworkofeveryprofessor，allowedtoeachgreatliberty，yetconductedthewholetowardtheonegreatendofdevelopingauniversitymoreandmoreworthyofourcountry。Hismainqualitieswereofthebest。Nothingcouldbebetterthanhisdiscussionsofgreatquestionsofpublicpolicyandofeducation。OneofthenoblestorationsIhaveeverheardwasanoffhandspeechofhisonreceivingfortheuniversitymuseumacastoftheLaoconfromtheseniorclass;yetthisspeechwasmadewithoutpreparation，andinthemidstofengrossinglabor。Heoftenshowed，notonlythehigherqualitiesrequiredinapositionlikehis，butaremarkableshrewdnessandtactindealingwithlesserquestions。Typicalwasoneexample，whichtaughtmemuchwhen，inafteryears，IwascalledtosimilardutiesatCornell。ThepresenttowerandchimeoftheUniversityofMichigandidnotthenexist;betweenthetwomainbuildingsontheuniversitygroundstherewassimplyawoodencolumn，bearingabellofmoderatesize，whichwasrungateverylecture—hourbytheprincipaljanitor。Onecoldwinternightthoseofuslivingintheimmediateneighborhoodheardthesoundofaxe—strokes。
　　Presentlytherecameacrash，andallwasstill。Nextmorning，atthehourforchapel，nobellwasrung;itwasfoundthatthecolumnhadbeencutdownandthebellcarriedoff。Apresidentoflessshrewdnesswouldhavedeclaimedtothestudentsontheenormityofsuchaprocedure，andhaveaccentuatedhiseloquencewiththreats。
　　NotsoDr。Tappan。Atthecloseofthemorningprayersheaddressedthestudentshumorously。Therewasagreatattendance，forallwishedtoknowhowhewoulddealwiththeaffair。Nothingcouldbebetterthanhismatterandmanner。Hespokesomewhatonthiswise:``Gentlemen，therehasdoubtlessbeenamistakeinthetheoryofsomeofyouregardingthecollegebell。Itwouldseemthatsomehavebelievedthatifthebellweredestroyed，timewouldcease，anduniversityexerciseswouldbesuspended。But，myfriends，timegoesonasever，withoutthebellaswithit;lecturesandexercisesofeverysortcontinue，ofcourse，asusual。Theonlythingwhichhasoccurredisthatsomeofyouhavethoughtitbesttodispensewiththeaidinkeepingtimewhichtheregentsoftheuniversityhavesokindlygivenyou。Knowingthatlargenumbersofyouwerenotyetprovidedwithwatches，theregentsverythoughtfullyprovidedthebell，andamantoringitforyouattheproperhours;andtheywilldoubtlessbepleasedtolearnthatyouatlastfeelabletodispensewithit，andsavethemtheexpenseofmaintainingit。Youaretryinganinterestingexperiment。InmostoftheleadingEuropeanuniversities，studentsgetalongperfectlywithoutabell;whyshouldwenot？Intheinterestsofthefinancesoftheuniversity，Iamgladtoseeyoutryingthisexperiment，andwillonlysuggestthatitbetriedthoroughly。Ofcoursetherollswillbecalledinthelecture—roomspromptly，asusual，andyouwill，ofcourse，bepresent。Iftheexperimentsucceeds，itwillenableustodispensewithauniversitybellforever;butif，afterasuitabletime，youdecidethatitisbettertohavethebellbackagaintoremindyouofthehours，andifyouwillmakeaproperrequesttotheregentsthroughme，Itrustthattheywillallowyoutorestoreittoitsformerposition。’’
　　Thestudentsweregreatlyamusedtoseethemattertakeninthisway。Theylaughinglyacknowledgedthemselvesoutwitted，andgreetedthedoctor’sspeechwithapplause。
　　Allofthefacultyenteredintothespiritofthematter;rollswerecalledperhapsrathermorepromptlythanformerly，andstudentsnotpresentweremarkedrathermoremercilesslythanofold。Therewasevidentlymuchreluctanceontheirparttoaskforexcuses，inviewofthefactthattheyhadthemselvesabolishedthebellwhichhadenabledthemtokeepthetime;andonemorning，aboutamonthorsixweekslater，afterchapel，abigjollystudentroseandaskedpermissiontomakeamotion。
　　Thismotionwasthatthepresidentoftheuniversityberequestedtoallowthestudentstorestorethebelltoitsformerposition。Theproposalwasgraciouslyreceivedbythedoctor，putbyhimaftertheusualparliamentarymanner，carriedunanimously，and，afewmorningslater，thebellwasfoundinitsoldplaceonanewcolumn，wasrungasusual，andmatterswentonaftertheoldfashion。
　　EverywinterDr。Tappanwentbeforethelegislaturetopleadthecauseoftheuniversity，andtoaskforappropriations。Hewasalwaysheardwithpleasure，sincehewasanexcellentspeaker;butcertainthingsmilitatedagainsthim。Firstofall，hehadmuchtosayoftheexcellentmodelsfurnishedbythegreatGermanuniversities，andespeciallybythoseofPrussia。Thisgavedemagoguesinthelegislature，anxioustomakeareputationinbuncombe，agreatchance。TheyoratedtotheeffectthatwewantedanAmericanandnotaPrussiansystem。Moreover，someunfortunatelegendsweredeveloped。Mrs。
　　Tappan，anobleandlovelywomanbelongingtotheLivingstonfamily，hadbeenbroughtupinNewYorkandNewEngland，andcouldhardlysuppresshernaturalpreferenceforheroldhomeandfriends。AstorygrewthatinanassemblyofMichiganladiessheonceremarkedthatthedoctorandherselfconsideredthemselvesas``missionariestotheWest。’’Thislegendspreadfarandwide。Itwasresented，andundoubtedlycostthedoctordear。
　　TheworstdifficultybyfarwhichhehadtomeetwasthesteadyoppositionofthesmallsectariancollegesscatteredthroughouttheState。Each，initsownpettyinterest，dreadedthegrowthofanyinstitutionbetterthanitself;