[Footnote81:TheepistleitselfAlexias，l。iii。p。93，94，95
welldeservestoberead。ThereisoneexpressionwhichDucangedoesnotunderstand。Ihaveendeavoredtogropeoutatolerablemeaning:Thefirstwordisagoldencrown；thesecondisexplainedbySimonPortius，inLexicoGraeco—Barbar。，byaflashoflightning。]
[Footnote82:ForthesegeneraleventsImustrefertothegeneralhistoriansSigonius，Baronius，Muratori，Mosheim，St。
Marc，&c。]
[Footnote83:ThelivesofGregoryVII。areeitherlegendsorinvectives，St。Marc，Abrege，tom。iii。p。235，&c。；andhismiraculousormagicalperformancesarealikeincredibletoamodernreader。Hewill，asusual，findsomeinstructioninLeClerc，ViedeHildebrand，Bibliot，ancienneetmoderne，tom。
viii。，andmuchamusementinBayle，DictionnaireCritique，GregoireVII。Thatpopewasundoubtedlyagreatman，asecondAthanasius，inamorefortunateageofthechurch。MayIpresumetoadd，thattheportraitofAthanasiusisoneofthepassagesofmyhistoryvol。ii。p。332，&c。withwhichIamtheleastdissatisfied?
Note:ThereisafairlifeofGregoryVII。byVoigt，Weimar。1815，whichhasbeentranslatedintoFrench。M。
Villemain，itisunderstood，hasdevotedmuchtimetothestudyofthisremarkablecharacter，towhomhiseloquencemaydojustice。ThereismuchvaluableinformationonthesubjectintheaccurateworkofStenzel，GeschichteDeutschlandsunterdenFrankischenKaisern—theHistoryofGermanyundertheEmperorsoftheFranconianRace。—M。]
[Footnote84:Anna，withtherancorofaGreekschismatic，callshiml。i。p。32，apope，orpriest，worthytobespituponandaccuseshimofscourging，shaving，andperhapsofcastratingtheambassadorsofHenry，p。31，33。Butthisoutrageisimprobableanddoubtful，seethesensibleprefaceofCousin。]
[Footnote85:SicunotemporevictiSuntterraeDominiduo:rexAlemannicusiste，ImperiirectorRomanimaximusille。
Alteradarmaruensarmissuperatur；etalterNominisauditisolaformidinecessit。
Itissingularenough，thattheApulian，aLatin，shoulddistinguishtheGreekastheruleroftheRomanempire，l。iv。
p。274。]
[Footnote86:ThenarrativeofMalaterral。iii。c。37，p。587，588isauthentic，circumstantial，andfair。Duxignemexclamansurbeincensa，&c。TheApuliansoftensthemischief，indequibusdamaedibusexustis，whichisagainexaggeratedinsomepartialchronicles，Muratori，Annali，tom。ix。p。147。]
[Footnote87:Aftermentioningthisdevastation，theJesuitDonatusdeRomaveterietnova，l。iv。c。8，p。489prettilyadds，DurarethodiequeinCoeliomonte，interqueipsumetcapitolium，miserabilisfaciesprostratesurbis，nisiinhortorumvinetorumqueamoenitatemRomaresurrexisset，utperpetuaviriditatecontegeretvulneraetruinassuas。]
ThedelivererandscourgeofRomemighthaveindulgedhimselfinaseasonofrepose；butinthesameyearoftheflightoftheGermanemperor，theindefatigableRobertresumedthedesignofhiseasternconquests。ThezealorgratitudeofGregoryhadpromisedtohisvalorthekingdomsofGreeceandAsia；^88histroopswereassembledinarms，flushedwithsuccess，andeagerforaction。Theirnumbers，inthelanguageofHomer，arecomparedbyAnnatoaswarmofbees；^89yettheutmostandmoderatelimitsofthepowersofGuiscardhavebeenalreadydefined；theywerecontainedonthissecondoccasioninonehundredandtwentyvessels；andastheseasonwasfaradvanced，theharborofBrundusium^90waspreferredtotheopenroadofOtranto。Alexius，apprehensiveofasecondattack，hadassiduouslylaboredtorestorethenavalforcesoftheempire；
andobtainedfromtherepublicofVeniceanimportantsuccorofthirty—sixtransports，fourteengalleys，andninegaliotsorshipsofextra—ordinarystrengthandmagnitude。Theirserviceswereliberallypaidbythelicenseormonopolyoftrade，aprofitablegiftofmanyshopsandhousesintheportofConstantinople，andatributetoSt。Mark，themoreacceptable，asitwastheproduceofataxontheirrivalsatAmalphi。BytheunionoftheGreeksandVenetians，theAdriaticwascoveredwithahostilefleet；buttheirownneglect，orthevigilanceofRobert，thechangeofawind，ortheshelterofamist，openedafreepassage；andtheNormantroopsweresafelydisembarkedonthecoastofEpirus。Withtwentystrongandwell—appointedgalleys，theirintrepiddukeimmediatelysoughttheenemy，andthoughmoreaccustomedtofightonhorseback，hetrustedhisownlife，andthelivesofhisbrotherandtwosons，totheeventofanavalcombat。Thedominionoftheseawasdisputedinthreeengagements，insightoftheIsleofCorfu:inthetwoformer，theskillandnumbersofthealliesweresuperior；butinthethird，theNormansobtainedafinalandcompletevictory。^91ThelightbrigantinesoftheGreekswerescatteredinignominiousflight:theninecastlesoftheVenetiansmaintainedamoreobstinateconflict；sevenweresunk，twoweretaken；twothousandfivehundredcaptivesimploredinvainthemercyofthevictor；
andthedaughterofAlexiusdeploresthelossofthirteenthousandofhissubjectsorallies。ThewantofexperiencehadbeensuppliedbythegeniusofGuiscard；andeachevening，whenhehadsoundedaretreat，hecalmlyexploredthecausesofhisrepulse，andinventednewmethodshowtoremedyhisowndefects，andtobaffletheadvantagesoftheenemy。Thewinterseasonsuspendedhisprogress:withthereturnofspringheagainaspiredtotheconquestofConstantinople；but，insteadoftraversingthehillsofEpirus，heturnedhisarmsagainstGreeceandtheislands，wherethespoilswouldrepaythelabor，andwherethelandandseaforcesmightpursuetheirjointoperationswithvigorandeffect。But，intheIsleofCephalonia，hisprojectswerefatallyblastedbyanepidemicaldisease:Roberthimself，intheseventiethyearofhisage，expiredinhistent；
andasuspicionofpoisonwasimputed，bypublicrumor，tohiswife，ortotheGreekemperor。^92Thisprematuredeathmightallowaboundlessscopefortheimaginationofhisfutureexploits；andtheeventsufficientlydeclares，thattheNormangreatnesswasfoundedonhislife。^93Withouttheappearanceofanenemy，avictoriousarmydispersedorretreatedindisorderandconsternation；andAlexius，whohadtrembledforhisempire，rejoicedinhisdeliverance。ThegalleywhichtransportedtheremainsofGuiscardwasship—wreckedontheItalianshore；buttheduke'sbodywasrecoveredfromthesea，anddepositedinthesepulchreofVenusia，^94aplacemoreillustriousforthebirthofHorace^95thanfortheburialoftheNormanheroes。Roger，hissecondsonandsuccessor，immediatelysunktothehumblestationofadukeofApulia:theesteemorpartialityofhisfatherleftthevaliantBohemondtotheinheritanceofhissword。
Thenationaltranquillitywasdisturbedbyhisclaims，tillthefirstcrusadeagainsttheinfidelsoftheEastopenedamoresplendidfieldofgloryandconquest。^96
[Footnote88:TheroyaltyofRobert，eitherpromisedorbestowedbythepope，Anna，l。i。p。32，issufficientlyconfirmedbytheApulian，l。iv。p。270。
RomaniregnisibipromisissecoronamPapaferebatur。
NorcanIunderstandwhyGretser，andtheotherpapaladvocates，shouldbedispleasedwiththisnewinstanceofapostolicjurisdiction。]
[Footnote89:SeeHomer，Iliad，B。IhatethispedanticmodeofquotationbylettersoftheGreekalphabet87，&c。Hisbeesaretheimageofadisorderlycrowd:theirdisciplineandpublicworksseemtobetheideasofalaterage，Virgil。Aeneid。l。
i。]
[Footnote90:Gulielm。Appulus，l。v。p。276。TheadmirableportofBrundusiumwasdouble；theoutwardharborwasagulfcoveredbyanisland，andnarrowingbydegrees，tillitcommunicatedbyasmallgulletwiththeinnerharbor，whichembracedthecityonbothsides。Caesarandnaturehavelaboredforitsruin；andagainstsuchagentswhatarethefeebleeffortsoftheNeapolitangovernment?Swinburne'sTravelsintheTwoSicilies，vol。i。p。384—390。]
[Footnote91:WilliamofApulial。v。p。276describesthevictoryoftheNormans，andforgetsthetwopreviousdefeats，whicharediligentlyrecordedbyAnnaComnena，l。vi。p。159，160，161。Inherturn，sheinventsormagnifiesafourthaction，togivetheVenetiansrevengeandrewards。Theirownfeelingswerefardifferent，sincetheydeposedtheirdoge，propterexcidiumstoli，DandulusinChroninMuratori，Script。RerumItalicarum，tom。xii。p。249。]
[Footnote92:Themostauthenticwriters，WilliamofApulia。l。
v。277，JeffreyMalaterra，l。iii。c。41，p。589，andRomualdofSalerno，Chron。inMuratori，Script。RerumItal。tom。vii。，
areignorantofthiscrime，soapparenttoourcountrymenWilliamofMalmsburyl。iii。p。107andRogerdeHoveden，p。710，inScript。postBedamandthelattercantell，howthejustAlexiusmarried，crowned，andburntalive，hisfemaleaccomplice。TheEnglishhistorianisindeedsoblind，thatheranksRobertGuiscard，orWiscard，amongtheknightsofHenryI，whoascendedthethronefifteenyearsafterthedukeofApulia'sdeath。]
[Footnote93:ThejoyfulAnnaComnenascatterssomeflowersoverthegraveofanenemy，Alexiad，l。v。p。162—166；andhisbestpraiseistheesteemandenvyofWilliamtheConqueror，thesovereignofhisfamilyGraeciasaysMalaterrahostibusrecedentibusliberalaetaquievit:ApuliatotasiveCalabriaturbatur。]
[Footnote94:UrbsVenusinanitettantisdecoratasepulchris，isoneofthelastlinesoftheApulian'spoems，l。v。p。278。
WilliamofMalmsburyl。iii。p。107insertsanepitaphonGuiscard，whichisnotworthtranscribing。]
[Footnote95:YetHoracehadfewobligationstoVenusia；hewascarriedtoRomeinhischildhood，Serm。i。6；andhisrepeatedallusionstothedoubtfullimitofApuliaandLucaniaCarm。iii。
4，Serm。ii。Iareunworthyofhisageandgenius。]
[Footnote96:SeeGiannonetom。ii。p。88—93andthehistoriansofthefirecrusade。]
Ofhumanlife，themostgloriousorhumbleprospectsarealikeandsoonboundedbythesepulchre。ThemalelineofRobertGuiscardwasextinguished，bothinApuliaandatAntioch，inthesecondgeneration；buthisyoungerbrotherbecamethefatherofalineofkings；andthesonofthegreatcountwasendowedwiththename，theconquests，andthespirit，ofthefirstRoger。^97
TheheirofthatNormanadventurerwasborninSicily；and，attheageofonlyfouryears，hesucceededtothesovereigntyoftheisland，alotwhichreasonmightenvy，couldsheindulgeforamomentthevisionary，thoughvirtuouswishofdominion。HadRogerbeencontentwithhisfruitfulpatrimony，ahappyandgratefulpeoplemighthaveblessedtheirbenefactor；andifawiseadministrationcouldhaverestoredtheprosperoustimesoftheGreekcolonies，^98theopulenceandpowerofSicilyalonemighthaveequalledthewidestscopethatcouldbeacquiredanddesolatedbytheswordofwar。Buttheambitionofthegreatcountwasignorantofthesenoblepursuits；itwasgratifiedbythevulgarmeansofviolenceandartifice。HesoughttoobtaintheundividedpossessionofPalermo，ofwhichonemoietyhadbeencededtotheelderbranch；struggledtoenlargehisCalabrianlimitsbeyondthemeasureofformertreaties；andimpatientlywatchedthedeclininghealthofhiscousinWilliamofApulia，thegrandsonofRobert。Onthefirstintelligenceofhisprematuredeath，RogersailedfromPalermowithsevengalleys，castanchorintheBayofSalerno，received，aftertendays'negotiation，anoathoffidelityfromtheNormancapital，commandedthesubmissionofthebarons，andextortedalegalinvestiturefromthereluctantpopes，whocouldnotlongendureeitherthefriendshiporenmityofapowerfulvassal。ThesacredspotofBeneventowasrespectfullyspared，asthepatrimonyofSt。Peter；
butthereductionofCapuaandNaplescompletedthedesignofhisuncleGuiscard；andthesoleinheritanceoftheNormanconquestswaspossessedbythevictoriousRoger。Aconscioussuperiorityofpowerandmeritpromptedhimtodisdainthetitlesofdukeandofcount；andtheIsleofSicily，withathirdperhapsofthecontinentofItaly，mightformthebasisofakingdom^99whichwouldonlyyieldtothemonarchiesofFranceandEngland。ThechiefsofthenationwhoattendedhiscoronationatPalermomightdoubtlesspronounceunderwhatnameheshouldreignoverthem；
buttheexampleofaGreektyrantoraSaracenemirwasinsufficienttojustifyhisregalcharacter；andtheninekingsoftheLatinworld^100mightdisclaimtheirnewassociate，unlesshewereconsecratedbytheauthorityofthesupremepontiff。TheprideofAnacletuswaspleasedtoconferatitle，whichtheprideoftheNormanhadstoopedtosolicit；^101buthisownlegitimacywasattackedbytheadverseelectionofInnocenttheSecond；andwhileAnacletussatintheVatican，thesuccessfulfugitivewasacknowledgedbythenationsofEurope。
TheinfantmonarchyofRogerwasshaken，andalmostoverthrown，bytheunluckychoiceofanecclesiasticalpatron；andtheswordofLothairetheSecondofGermany，theexcommunicationsofInnocent，thefleetsofPisa，andthezealofSt。Bernard，wereunitedfortheruinoftheSicilianrobber。Afteragallantresistance，theNormanprincewasdrivenfromthecontinentofItaly:anewdukeofApuliawasinvestedbythepopeandtheemperor，eachofwhomheldoneendofthegonfanon，orflagstaff，asatokenthattheyassertedtheirright，andsuspendedtheirquarrel。Butsuchjealousfriendshipwasofshortandprecariousduration:theGermanarmiessoonvanishedindiseaseanddesertion:^102theApulianduke，withallhisadherents，wasexterminatedbyaconquerorwhoseldomforgaveeitherthedeadortheliving；likehispredecessorLeotheNinth，thefeeblethoughhaughtypontiffbecamethecaptiveandfriendoftheNormans；andtheirreconciliationwascelebratedbytheeloquenceofBernard，whonowreveredthetitleandvirtuesofthekingofSicily。
[Footnote97:ThereignofRoger，andtheNormankingsofSicily，fillsbooksoftheIstoriaCivileofGiannone，tom。ii。l。xi。—
xiv。p。136—340，andisspreadovertheixthandxthvolumesoftheItalianAnnalsofMuratori。IntheBibliothequeItaliquetom。i。p。175—122，IfindausefulabstractofCapacelatro，amodernNeapolitan，whohascomposed，intwovolumes，thehistoryofhiscountryfromRogerFredericII。inclusive。]
[Footnote98:AccordingtothetestimonyofPhilistusandDiodorus，thetyrantDionysiusofSyracusecouldmaintainastandingforceof10，000horse，100，000foot，and400galleys。
CompareHume，Essays，vol。i。p。268，435，andhisadversaryWallace，NumbersofMankind，p。306，307。TheruinsofAgrigentumarethethemeofeverytraveller，D'Orville，Reidesel，Swinburne，&c。]
[Footnote99:AcontemporaryhistorianoftheactsofRogerfromtheyear1127to1135，foundshistitleonmeritandpower，theconsentofthebarons，andtheancientroyaltyofSicilyandPalermo，withoutintroducingPopeAnacletus，Alexand。CoenobiiTelesiniAbbatisdeRebusgestisRegisRogerii，lib。iv。inMuratori，Script。RerumItal。tom。v。p。607—645]
[Footnote100:ThekingsofFrance，England，Scotland，Castille，Arragon，Navarre，Sweden，Denmark，andHungary。ThethreefirstweremoreancientthanCharlemagne；thethreenextwerecreatedbytheirsword；thethreelastbytheirbaptism；andofthesethekingofHungaryalonewashonoredordebasedbyapapalcrown。]
[Footnote101:Fazellus，andacrowdofSicilians，hadimaginedamoreearlyandindependentcoronation，A。D。1130，May1，whichGiannoneunwillinglyrejects，tom。ii。p。137—144。Thisfictionisdisprovedbythesilenceofcontemporaries；norcanitberestoredbyaspuriouscharacterofMessina，Muratori，Annalid'Italia，tom。ix。p。340。Pagi，Critica，tom。iv。p。467，468。]
[Footnote102:RogercorruptedthesecondpersonofLothaire'sarmy，whosounded，orrathercried，aretreat；fortheGermanssaysCinnamus，l。iii。c。i。p。51areignorantoftheuseoftrumpets。Mostignoranthimself!
Note:Cinnamussaysnothingoftheirignorance。—M]
AsapenanceforhisimpiouswaragainstthesuccessorofSt。Peter，thatmonarchmighthavepromisedtodisplaythebannerofthecross，andheaccomplishedwithardoravowsopropitioustohisinterestandrevenge。TherecentinjuriesofSicilymightprovokeajustretaliationontheheadsoftheSaracens:theNormans，whosebloodhadbeenmingledwithsomanysubjectstreams，wereencouragedtorememberandemulatethenavaltrophiesoftheirfathers，andinthematurityoftheirstrengththeycontendedwiththedeclineofanAfricanpower。WhentheFatimitecaliphdepartedfortheconquestofEgypt，herewardedtherealmeritandapparentfidelityofhisservantJosephwithagiftofhisroyalmantle，andfortyArabianhorses，hispalacewithitssumptuousfurniture，andthegovernmentofthekingdomsofTunisandAlgiers。TheZeirides，^103thedescendantsofJoseph，forgottheirallegianceandgratitudetoadistantbenefactor，graspedandabusedthefruitsofprosperity；andafterrunningthelittlecourseofanOrientaldynasty，werenowfaintingintheirownweakness。Onthesideoftheland，theywerepressedbytheAlmohades，thefanaticprincesofMorocco，whilethesea—coastwasopentotheenterprisesoftheGreeksandFranks，who，beforethecloseoftheeleventhcentury，hadextortedaransomoftwohundredthousandpiecesofgold。BythefirstarmsofRoger，theislandorrockofMalta，whichhasbeensinceennobledbyamilitaryandreligiouscolony，wasinseparablyannexedtothecrownofSicily。Tripoli，^104astrongandmaritimecity，wasthenextobjectofhisattack；andtheslaughterofthemales，thecaptivityofthefemales，mightbejustifiedbythefrequentpracticeoftheMoslemsthemselves。
ThecapitaloftheZeirideswasnamedAfricafromthecountry，andMahadia^105fromtheArabianfounder:itisstronglybuiltonaneckofland，buttheimperfectionoftheharborisnotcompensatedbythefertilityoftheadjacentplain。MahadiawasbesiegedbyGeorgetheSicilianadmiral，withafleetofonehundredandfiftygalleys，amplyprovidedwithmenandtheinstrumentsofmischief:thesovereignhadfled，theMoorishgovernorrefusedtocapitulate，declinedthelastandirresistibleassault，andsecretlyescapingwiththeMosleminhabitantsabandonedtheplaceanditstreasurestotherapaciousFranks。Insuccessiveexpeditions，thekingofSicilyorhislieutenantsreducedthecitiesofTunis，Safax，Capsia，Bona，andalongtractofthesea—coast；^106thefortressesweregarrisoned，thecountrywastributary，andaboastthatitheldAfricainsubjectionmightbeinscribedwithsomeflatteryontheswordofRoger。^107Afterhisdeath，thatswordwasbroken；andthesetransmarinepossessionswereneglected，evacuated，orlost，underthetroubledreignofhissuccessor。^108ThetriumphsofScipioandBelisariushaveproved，thattheAfricancontinentisneitherinaccessiblenorinvincible；yetthegreatprincesandpowersofChristendomhaverepeatedlyfailedintheirarmamentsagainsttheMoors，whomaystillgloryintheeasyconquestandlongservitudeofSpain。