saysthatearlyinthiscenturytheywereoftenkilledbytravellers，whotetheredtheirhorsestothecarcassestopreventthemfromstrayingatnight。
FromCorpusChristiJuandeAyolaswassentouttoexploretheriver，andtrytofindthelong
sought
forwaterwaytothePeruvianmines。
HeneverreachedPeru，andCorpusChristineversawhimreturn。
Mendozawaitedayear，andthenreturnedtoSpain，leavinghisgarrisonwithprovisionsforayear，thebread`attherateof`a/razonde'
apoundaday，andiftheywantedmoretogetitforthemselves。'
Onthepassagehomehediedinsane。ThepiouswereofopinionthatitwasajudgmentonhimforthemurderofDonJuanOsorio。
Beforeheembarked，DonPedrohaddespatchedarelative，GonzalodeMendoza，toSpaintobringprovisionsandrecruits。Gonzalo，havingobtainedprovisionsinBrazil，returnedtoCorpusChristi；thenceincompanywithSalazardeEspinosaheheadedanexpeditionuptheriverinsearchofJuandeAyolas，whohadbeenappointedsuccessortoDonPedro。
WiththemwentDomingoMartinezdeIrala，amandestinedtoplayagreatpartintheconquestofParaguay。
HuldericoSchmidel，`HistoriadelDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay'。
TheexpeditionwentuptheParaguaytoaplacenearFortOlimpo21Degreeslong。，58Degreeslat。aboutahundredleaguesaboveAsuncion。
HeretheysentoutexploringpartiesinalldirectionstoseekAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。IralaremainedwithonehundredmenatFortOlimpo。
GonzalodeMendozaonhisreturn，beingattractedbythesightofafinesiteforatown，landed，andonthefifteenthdayofAugust，1537，foundedAsuncion。HeretheSpaniardsfirstmettheGuaranis，whoweredestinedinafter
yearstobetheconvertsoftheJesuits，andbeassembledbythemintheirfamousmissions。
`AtthediscoveryofAmerica，'saysFelixdeAzarainhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay'，`theGuaraniswerespreadfromtheGuianastotheshoresoftheriverPlate，andoccupiedalltheislandsoftheParanaextendinguptolatitude20DegreesontheParaguay，butwithoutcrossingeitherthatriverortheriverPlate。'
TheyhadalsoafewtownsintheprovinceofChiquitos，andthenationoftheChiriguanaswasanoffshootfromthem。
InBraziltheyweresoonalleitherrenderedslavesorsocrossedwiththeAfricannegrothatthepureracehasbeenalmostentirelylost，thoughthelanguageremainsunderthenameoftheLingoaGeral，andmanywordsfromithavebeenintroducedintoPortuguesespokenbytheBrazilians，as`capim'，grass；`caipira'，half
caste，etc。
Infact，sogreatisthenumberofthesewords，idioms，phrases，andtermsofspeechderivedfromGuarani，thatDr。BaptistadeAlmeida，inhisprefacetohisgrammarpublishedatRioJaneiro1879，computesthattherearemorewordsderivedfromGuaranithanevenfromArabicinthePortuguesespokeninBrazil。TheGuaranisinBrazilwereknowneitherasTupis，fromtheword`tupy'，savage，orTupinambas，from`tupynamba'，literally，thesavageorindigenousmen。
Perhapsthetwomostimportantworksuponthelanguagearethe`TesorodelaLenguaGuarani'，byRuizdeMontoya，Madrid，1639itisdedicatedtothe`SoberanaVirgen'；
andthe`CatecismodelaLenguaGuarani'，byDiegoDiazdelaGuerra，Madrid，An~ode1630。Healsowrotea`BocabularioyArtedelaLenguaGuarani'。
P。Guevara，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay'，relatesacuriousstorywhichhesaidwascurrentamongsttheIndians。Twobrothers，TupiandGuarani，livedwiththeirfamiliesuponthesea
coastofBrazil。
Inthosedaystheworldwasquiteunpopulatedbutbythemselves。
Theyquarrelledaboutaparrot，andTupiwithhisfamilywentnorth，andpopulatedallBrazil；whilstGuaraniwentwest，andwastheancestorofalltheIndiansoftheraceofGuaranis。
JeandeLery，thewell
knownHuguenotpastorandfriendofCalvin，passedayearonthecoastofBrazilabout1558，havingaccompaniedtheexpeditionofthefamousVillegagnau。Inhisbook`Histoired'unVoyagefaictenlaTerreduBrezil'healwaysreferstotheIndiansasToupinaubaoults，andhaspreservedmanycuriousdetailsofthembeforetheyhadhadmuchcontactwithEuropeans。
Heappearstohavehadaconsiderableacquaintancewiththelanguage，andhasleftsomecuriousconversations`enlangagesauvageetFranc，ais'，inwhichhegivessomegrammaticalrules。ThelanguageofconversationisalmostidenticalwiththatofParaguay，thoughsomewordsareusedwhichareeitherpeculiartotheTupisorobsoleteinParaguayto
day。
HisaccountoftheircustomstallieswiththatofthevariousSpanishwritersandexplorerswhohavewrittenonthesubject。
Tobacco，whichseemstohavebeenknownunderthenameof`nicotiane'toLery，hefindsinBrazilunderthenameof`petun'，thesamenamebywhichitiscalledinParaguayatpresent。Hebelievedthat`petun'and`nicotiane'weretwodifferentplants，buttheonlyreasonheadducesforhisbeliefisthat`nicotiane'
wasbroughtinhistimefromFlorida，which，asheobserves，ismorethanathousandleaguesfrom`NostreTerreduBrezil'。
HisexperienceofsavageswasthesameasthatofAzara，andalmostallearlytravellers，forhesays:`NosToupinambaoultsrec，oiventforthumainementlesestrangersamisquilesvontvisiter。'
Lery，however，seemedtothinkthat，inspiteoftheirpacificinclination，itwasnotprudenttoputtoomuchpowerintheirhands，forheremarks:
`Auresteparcequ'ilschargeyent，etremplisseyentleursmousquetsjusquesaubout……nousleursbaillionsmoitie/i。e。，lapoudre
decharbonbroye/。'Thismayhavebeenawiseprecaution，butheomitstostateifthe`charbonbroye'was`bailli'atthesamepriceasgoodpowder。AccordingtoAzara，whotakeshisfactspartlyfromthecontemporarywriters
Schmidel，AlvarNunez，RuyDiazdeGuzman，andBarcodelaCentenera
theGuaranisweredividedintonumeroustribes，asImbeguas，Caracaras，Tembues，Colistines，andmanyothers。Thesetribes，thoughapparentlyofacommonorigin，neverunited，buteachlivedseparatelyunderitsownchief。
Theirtownsweregenerallyeitherclosetoorinthemiddleofforests，orattheedgeofriverswherethereiswood。Theyallcultivatedpumpkins，beans，maize，manigroundnuts，sweetpotatoes，andmandioca；
buttheylivedlargelybythechase，andatemuchwildhoney。
Diazinhis`Argentina'lib。i。，chap。i。makesthemcannibals。
Azarabelievesthistohavebeenuntrue，asnotraditionsofcannibalismwerecurrentamongsttheGuaranisinhistime，i。e。，in1789
1801。
LiberalasAzarawas，andcarefulobserverofwhathesawhimself，Iamdisposedtobelievethetestimonyofsomanyeye
witnessesofthecustomsoftheprimitiveGuaranis，thoughnoneofthemhadtheadvantageenjoyedbyAzaraoflivingthreehundredyearsaftertheconquest。Itmaybe，ofcourse，thatthepowersofobservationwerenotsowelldevelopedinmankindinthebeginningofthesixteenthasattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，butthispointIleavetothosewhosebusinessitistoprovethatthehumanmindisinaprogressivestate。
However，FatherMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay'，affirmsmostpositivelythattheyusedtoeattheirprisonerstakeninwar。'
Azara，inhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay'，hasasimilarpassage:
`RecibebientodoIndiosilvestre，alestrangeroquevienedepaz。'
`Porlocomunrepartenpedazosdeestecuerpo，delqualpedazocozidoenmuchaaguahacenunasgachas`fritters'yesfiestamuycelebreparaellosquehacenconmuchascerimonias。'
TheirgeneralcharacteristicsseemtohavebeenmuchthesameasthoseofotherIndiansofAmerica。Forinstance，theykepttheirhairandteethtoanextremeoldage，theirsightwaskeen，theyseldomlookedyouinthefacewhilstspeaking，andtheirdispositionwascoldandreserved。Thetoneoftheirvoiceswaslow，solowthat，asAzarasays:`Lavoznuncaesgruesanisonora，yhablansiempremuybajo，singritaraunparaquejarsesilosmatan；
demaneraque，sicaminaunodiezpasosdelante，nolellamaelquelenecesita，sinoquevaa/alcanzarle。'ThisIhavemyselfobservedwhentravellingwithIndians，evenonhorseback。
TherewasonecharacteristicoftheGuaranisinwhichtheydifferedgreatlyfrommostoftheIndiantribesintheirvicinity，astheIndiansoftheChacoandthePampas，forallhistoriansalikeagreethattheyweremostunwarlike。ItisfromthischaracteristicthattheJesuitswereabletomakesuchacompleteconquestofthem，for，notwithstandingalltheirefforts，theyneverreallysucceededinpermanentlyestablishingthemselvesamongstanyofthetribesintheChacooruponthePampas。
ThenameGuaraniisvariouslyderived。PedrodeAngelis，inhis`ColecciondeObrasyDocumentos'，derivesitfrom`gua'，paint，and`ni'，signoftheplural，makingthesignificationoftheword`paintedones'or`paintedmen'。Demersay，inhis`HistoireduParaguay'，
thinksitprobablethatthewordisanalterationoftheword`guaranai'，i。e。，numerous。BarcodelaCentenera`Argentina'，booki。，cantoi。
saysthewordmeans`hornet'，andwasappliedonaccountoftheirsavageness。
Bethatasitmay，itiscertainthattheGuaranisdidnotatthetimeoftheconquest，anddonotnow，applythewordtothemselves，exceptwhentalkingSpanishortoaforeigner。Theword`aba'，Indianorman，ishowtheyspeakoftheirpeople，andtothelanguagetheyapplytheword`Abanee'。
`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites'，L。AlfredDemersay，Paris，1864。
`LaArgentina'，alongpoemorrhymingchroniclecontainedinthecollectionof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdeIndias'，ofGonzalesBarcia，Madrid，1749。
Inthesamewaytheword`Paraguay'isvariouslyderivedfromacorruptionoftheword`Payagua'thenameofanIndiantribe，and`y'，theGuaraniwordforwater，meaningriverofthePayaguas。
Others，again，deriveitfromaGuaraniwordmeaning`crown'，and`y'，water，andmakeitthecrownedriver，eitherfromthepalm
treeswhichcrownitsbanksorthefeathercrownswhichtheIndiansworeatthefirstconquest。Others，again，deriveitfromabirdcalledparaqua`Ortolidaparaqua'。Again，Angelis，inhiswork`SeriedelosSen~oresGobernadoresdelParaguay'lib。ii。，p。187，derivesitfromParagua，thenameofacelebratedIndianchiefatthetimeoftheconquest。Whatiscertainisthat`y'
istheGuaraniforwater，andthisissomethinginaderivation。
`Y'isperhapsashardtopronounceastheGaelic`luogh'，acalf，thenasal`gh'inArabic，ortheKaffirclicks，havingbothagutturalandanasalaspiration。Itisrarelyattemptedwithsuccessbyforeigners，evenwhenlongresidentinthecountry。ThoughParaguaywassocompletelythecountryoftheJesuitsinafter
times，theywerenotthefirstreligiousOrdertogothere。AlmostineveryinstancetheecclesiasticswhoaccompaniedthefirstconquerorsofAmericawereFranciscans。TheJesuitsaresaidtohavesenttwoprieststoBahiainBraziltenyearsaftertheirOrderwasfounded，butbothinBrazilandParaguaytheFranciscanswerebeforetheminpointoftime。
Lozano，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay'，comparesittoGreek，butinmyopinionfailstoestablishhiscase；but，then，sofewpeopleknowbothGreekandGuarani。
SanFranciscoSolano，thefirstecclesiasticwhorosetomuchnoteasamissionary，andwhomadehiscelebratedjourneythroughtheChacoin1588
89fromPerutoParaguay，wasaFranciscan。Thus，theFranciscanshadthehonourofhavingthefirstAmericansaintintheirranks。
Itisnoteworthy，though，thathewasrecalledfromParaguaybyhissuperiors，whoseemtohavehadnoveryexaltedopinionofhim。
HepassedthroughthewholeChaco，descendingthePilcomayotoitsjunctionwiththeParaguay，throughterritoriesbutlittleexploredevento
day。PerhapsthemostcompletedescriptionoftheChacoisthatofP。Lozano，withthefollowingcomprehensivetitle:
`DescripcionchorographicadeTerrenoRios，Arboles，yAnimalesdelosdilatadisimasProvinciasdelGranChaco，Gualamba，ydelosRitosyCostumbresdelainumerablesnacionesbarbarose/infidelesquelehabitan。ConuncabalRelacionHistoricadeloqueenelloshanobradoparaconquistarlasalgunosGobernadoresyMinistrosReales，ylosMisionerosJesuitasparareducirlosa\lafedelVerdaderoDios。'PorelPadrePedroLozano，delaCompan~iadeJesus，An~ode1733。EnCordobaporJosephSantosBalbas。
Thisbookdidnotappearinaclandestinemanner，forithad:
1。Censura，porC。dePalmas。2。LicenciadelaReligion，porGeronymodeHuro/za，ProvincialdelosJesuitasdeAndalucia。
3。LicenciadelOrdinarioporelDr。DonFranciscoMiguelMoreno，pormandadodelSr。ProvisorAlonsoJosephGomezdeLara。
4。AprobaciondelRdo。P。DiegoVasquez。5。PrivelegiodesuMajestadporDonMiguelFernandezMorillo。6。Fe/deCorrectorporelLicenciado，DonManuelGarciaAlesson，CorrectorGeneraldesuMajestadwhoaddsinanote，`estelibrocorrespondea\suoriginal'。
7。SumodeTassa，asfollows:`Tassaronlossen~oresdelConsejoestelibroa\seismaravediscadapliego。'
Palma，inthefirst`censura'，saysthathehadreaditseveraltimes`conrepetidacomplacencia'，andthat，thoughitwas`breveenvolumen'
ithas484quartopages，thatitwasalsoshortinitsconcisestyle，keptcloselytotherulesofhistory，andwas`muycopiosaenladoctrina'。
Charlevoixremarks`HistoryofParaguay'`thatitseemsasifProvidence，ingrantinghimmiraculouspowers，hadforgottentheothernecessarystepstomakethemeffective。'Thathereallyhadthesepowersseemsstrange，butSanFranciscoSolanonarratesofhimselfthat，inpassingthroughtheChaco，helearnedthelanguagesofseveralofthetribes，and`preachedtothemintheirowntonguesofthebirth，death，andtransfigurationofChrist，themysteriesoftheTrinity，Transubstantiation，andAtonement；thatheexplainedtothemthesymbolsoftheChurch，thePapalsuccessionfromSt。Peterdownwards，andthathecatechizedtheIndiansbythousands，tensandhundredsofthousands，andthattheycameintearsandpenitencetoacknowledgetheirbelief。'
Ofcourse，to
dayitisdifficulttocontrovertthesestatements，evenifinclinedtodoso；butthelanguagesspokenbytheChacoIndiansareamongstthemostdifficulttolearnofanyspokenbythehumanrace，somuchsothatFatherDobrizhoffer，inhis`HistoryoftheAbipones'，says`thatthesoundsproducedbytheIndiansoftheChacoresemblednothinghuman，sodotheysneeze，andstutter，andcough。'
InsuchalanguagetheAthanasianCreeditselfwouldbepuzzlingtoaneophyte。
HealsosaysthatseveraloftheJesuitswhohadlabouredforyearsamongsttheIndianscouldnevermastertheirdialects，andwhentheypreachedtheIndiansreceivedtheirwordswithshoutsoflaughter。Thisthegoodpriestattributedtothepresenceofa`mockingdevil'whopossessedthem。Itmaybethatthemockingdevilwasbutasenseofhumour，thepossessionofwhich，evenamongstgoodChristians，hasbeenknowntogiveoffence。
Butbethisasitmay，SanFranciscodeSolanoremainedtwoyearsatAsuncion，thoughwhilsthelivedtherehispowersofspeechaccordingtotheJesuits
seemtohavebeendiminished，andheheldnocommunicationwiththeIndiansintheirownlanguages。Itmaybethat，likeSt。Paul，hepreferredtospeak，whennotwithIndians，fivewordswithhisunderstandingratherthantenthousandinanunknowntongue。
AtthetimeofthefirstconquestParaguaywasalmostentirelypeopledbytheGuaranirace。Itdoesnotappearthattheirnumberwaseververygreat，perhapsnotexceedingamillioninthewholecountry。FromthewritingsofMontoya，Guevara，Lozano，andtheothermissionariesofthetime，itiscertainthattheyhadattainedtonoveryhighdegreeofcivilization，thoughtheywerecertainlymoreadvancedthantheirneighboursintheGranChaco。
Itismostprobablethattheyhadnotasinglestone
builttown，orevenahouse，orthatsuchathingexistedsouthofNewGranada，totheeastwardoftheAndes，forwemaytakethedescriptioninSchmidel's`HistoryoftheCasadelGranMoxo'eitherasamistakeorasastorywhichhehadheardfromsomePeruvianIndianofthepalacesoftheIncas。
Atanyrate，noremainsofstone
builthouses，stilllessofpalaces，areknowntohavebeenfoundinBrazilorParaguay。
ThisraceatonetimespreadfromtheOrinocototheriverPlate，andeveninthecaseofitsoffshoot，theChiriguanas，crossedtothewestbankoftheParaguay。PadreRuizMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay'，cap。i。，speakingoftheGuaranirace，says:`DominaambosmareseldelsurportodoelBrasilycin~iendoelPeruconlosdosmasgrandesriosqueconoceelorbequesoneldelaPlata，cuyabocaenBuenos
Ayresesdeochentaleguas，yelgranMaran~on，a\elinferiorennadaequepasabienvecinodelaciudaddeCuzco。'
BarcodelaCentenera，in`LaArgentina'，cantov。，alsorefersto`LaCasadelGranMoxo'。Itwassituated`enunalaguna'，andwas`todadepiedralabrada'。
To
dayalltheGuaraniswhoarestillunconqueredliveintheimpenetrableforestsoftheNorthofParaguayorintheBrazilianprovinceofMattoGrosso。
TheirlimitstothesouthextendtoneartheruinedmissionsofJesusandTrinidad。Bypreference，theyseemtodwellaboutthesourcesoftheIgatimi，anaffluentoftheParana，andinthechainofmountainsknowneitherasSanJoseorMbaracayu。
TheParaguayansgenerallyrefertothemasMontesesdwellersinthewoods，andsometimesasCaaguas。Theypresentalmostthesamecharacteristicsastheydidatthediscoveryofthecountry，andwanderinthewoodsastheJesuitsdescribethemasdoingthreehundredyearsago。
Oliveincolour，ratherthicklyset，ofmediumheight，thinbeards，andgenerallylittlehairuponthebody，theirtypehasremainedunchanged。
ThedifferenceinstatureamongsttheGuaranisislessnoticeablethanamongstEuropeans。TheirlanguageispoorerthantheGuaranispokenbytheParaguayans，andthepronunciationbothmorenasalandguttural。
Theirnumeralsonlyextendtofour，aswasthecaseatthetimeofthediscovery。
Theirnumeralsarefourinnumber`petei^，mocoi^，mbohapi=，ira^ndi='；
afterthistheyaresaidtocountinSpanishinthesamewayasdotheGuarani
speakingParaguayans。MuchhasbeenwrittenontheGuaranitonguebymanyauthors，butperhapsthe`Gramatica'，`Tesoro'，andthe`Vocabulario'ofPadreAntonioRuizMontoya，publishedatMadridin1639and1640，remainthemostimportantworksonthelanguage。PadreSigismundihasleftacuriousworkinGuaranionthemedicinalplantsofParaguay。Beforethewarof1866
70
severalMS。copiesweresaidtoexistinthatcountry。
SeeDuGratz's`Re/publiqueduParaguay'，cap。iv。，p。214。
Liketheirforefathers，theyseldomuniteinlargenumbers，andpaylittlehonourorobediencetotheirchiefs，whodifferinnorespect，eitherinarms，dress，orposition，fromtheordinarytribesmen。
InBraziltheyareconfinedtothesouthernportionoftheprovinceofSanPaulo，andarecalledbytheBraziliansBugres
thatis，slaves。
Amoreunfittingnameitwouldhavebeenimpossibletohitupon，asalleffortstocivilizethemhaveprovedabortive，andto
daytheystillrangetheforests，attackingsmallpartiesoftravellers，andburningisolatedfarm
houses。TheBraziliansassertthattheyarecannibals，butlittleisknownpositivelyastothis。
WhathasalteredthemsoentirelyfromtheoriginalGuaranisofthetimeoftheconquest，whoweresoeasilysubdued，itishardtoconjecture。Onethingiscertain:thattheexamplegiventhembytheChristiansettlershasevidentlynotbeensuchastoinducethemtoleavetheirwildlifeandenterintothebondsofcivilization。
Diaz，inthe`Argentina'，thinkstheCaribsoftheWestIndieswereGuaranis，andtheJesuitsoftenrefertothemunderthatname。
ThispointwouldbeeasilysetatrestbyexaminingifanyGuaraniwordsremaininthedialectoftheCaribsoftheMosquitocoast。
Astotheirrelativenumbersatthetimeofthefoundationofthemissions，itismostdifficulttojudge。Atnoonetimedoesthepopulationofthethirtytownsseemtohaveexceededonehundredandthirtythousand。
SeeDemersay，`HistoireduParaguay'，p。324，fornamesofGuaranitribes。
AlfredMauryalso，inhis`LaTerreetl'HommeAme/ricain'，p。392，speaksof`lerameaubrasilio
guaranin，ouCara/ibe，quis'etendaitjadisdepuislesPetites
Antillesjusqu'auParaguay。'
D'Orbignyinhis`L'HommeAmericain'，estimatestheGuaranisofBrazilatonehundredandfiftythousand。
Humboldtcitestwohundredandsixty
ninethousandastheprobablenumberofIndiansofeverykindintheBrazilianEmpire。
TheViscountdeItabayanaaBrazilianwriterfixesthenumberattwohundredandfiftythousandtothreehundredthousand。
VelosodeOliveiraputsitateighthundredthousand；
andlaterstatisticiansrangebetweenonemillionfivehundredthousandandseventoeighthundredthousand。
ThenumbersgivenofIndiansbytheSpanishconquerorsarealmostalwaysgrosslyoverstated，fromthewishtheynotunnaturallyhadtomagnifytheimportanceoftheirconquestsandtoenhancetheirexploitsintheeyesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。
StruckbythetractablecharacteroftheGuaranis，MendozabegantobuildafortonAugust15，1537whichisthedayoftheAssumption，andthenamehegavetohisfortwasAsuncion，whichafterwardsbecamethecapitalofParaguay。
EspinosareturnedtoCorpusChristi，andafterwardstoBuenosAyres，whereasmallforcehadstillremained。Thisforce，tiredoftheceaselessbattleswiththeQuerandis，orPampaIndians，embarkedforAsuncion。
Irala，afterwaitingformanymonthsatFortOlimpo，returnedtoAsuncion，wherehefoundRuizdeGalanactingasGovernor。Adisputeatoncearosebetweenthem，andIrala，afterhavingbeenimprisoned，wasallowedtoreturntoFortOlimpo。HerehefoundthePayaguaIndiansinrebellion，andinthebattlewhichensuedheisreportedtohaveslainsevenofthemwithhisownhand。HestillmaintainedafitfulsearchforJuandeAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。
Fewmodern`conquerors'inAfricaseemtohaveengagedinpersonalcombatwiththenatives。EvenofMr。RhodesitisnotsetdownthathehaskilledmanyMatabelewithhisownhands。Timeschange，notalwaysforthebetteringofthings。
GalanreturnedtoBuenosAyres，and，stoppingatCorpusChristi，tookoccasiontofalluponthefriendlyandunsuspectingTimbuIndiansandmassacreaquantityofthem。Whyhedidsoisquiteuncertain，fortheTimbueshadbeeninthehabitofsupplyingthefortofCorpusChristiwithprovisions；itmaybethatthequalityoftheprovisionswasinferior，butneitherRuizDiaznorSchmidelinformsusonthepoint。
Galan，afterhis`victory'，re
embarkedforBuenosAyres，leavingAntoniodeMendozaincommandwithahundredmen。
Oneday，whenaboutthehalfoftheforcewashunting，theIndiansfelluponitandcutitofftothelastman；
butfortheopportunearrivaloftwovesselsthefortwouldhavebeendestroyed。However，manySpaniardswereslain，andAntoniodeMendozaamongstthem。
Afterthisbattle，inwhichSantiagoissaidtohaveappearedonthetopoftheprincipaltowerofthefortdressedinwhitewithadrawnswordinhishand，GalanandEspinosareturnedtoAsuncion，takingwiththemtheremainderoftheinhabitantsofBuenosAyres。
AtAsunciontheyfoundthatIralahadagainreturnedwithouthavingdiscoveredtracesofAyolas。IralawaselectedGovernorunderaclauseintheroyalletterspatentwhichprovidedforthecaseofAyolasnotreturning。HisfirstactwastoorderthecompleteevacuationofBuenosAyres。AnItalianvessel，whichwasgoingtoPeruwithcolonists，havingbeendrivenintotheriverPlate，unitedwiththeremainsofthecolonistsatBuenosAyresandproceededtoAsuncion。
Santiago，asindutybound，usuallyappearedwheneverSpaniardswerehardpressed。FewwritershadthecourageofBernalDiaz，whoofasimilarappearancesaid:`ButI，sinnerthatIwas，wasnotworthytoseehim；whomIdidseeandrecognisewasFranciscodeMorlaonhischestnuthorse'BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadeNuevaEspan~a'，cap。xxxiv。，p。141；
Madrid，1795。
Curiouslyenough，theremnantsofseveralexpeditionsthusjoinedtofoundthefirstpermanentcityintheterritoriesoftheriverPlate；
notatBuenosAyres，butathousandmilesawayintheinteriorofthecountry，whereitseemedlittleprobablethattheirattemptwouldprovesuccessful。
TopresideovertheheterogeneouselementsofwhichAsuncionwascomposed，DomingoMartinezdeIralawaschosen。HewasaBiscayan，amemberofthatancientracewhichneitherRomansnorMoorswereeverabletosubdue。Nothingisknownabouthisantecedents。NotimprobablyhewasasonofoneoftheinnumerablesmallgentlemenwithwhomtheBasqueprovincesusedtoswarm。Almosteveryhouseinthelittletownsevento
dayhasitscoatofarmsoverthedoor。Everyinhabitantclaimedtobeanobleman，andinthereignofCharlesV。theyfurnishedmanysoldiersofreputeinthewarsofEuropeandAmerica。
ThesystemofIralawastoconciliateratherthansubduethenatives。
Isolatedfromhelpofeverykind，thelengthofthevoyagefromSpainprecludingallideaofspeedysuccourinarebellion，itwastheonlycoursehecouldpursue。
Fromtheveryfirstheencouragedthesoldierstomarrywomenofthecountry，thuscreatingtieswhichboundthemtotheland。
TwoFranciscanfriarssetaboutatoncetolearnthelanguageandpreachtothepeople。TheyalsoseemtohaveendeavouredtoreducetheGuaranilanguagetowriting。So，fromseveralcircumstances，theearlyhistoryofParaguaywasverydifferentfromthatofeveryotherSpanishpossessioninAmerica。ToalltheothersSpanishwomenseemtohavegoneingreaterorinsmallernumbers。ToParaguay，atthefoundationofAsuncion，itseemsthathardlyanywomenwent。
ThusitwillbeseenthattheFranciscanswereatworkinthecountrylongbeforethearrivaloftheJesuits。Itmaybeonthisaccountthattheybecamesuchbitterenemiesofthelatercomers。
Sothereadifferentstateofsocietyarosetothat，forexample，inChileorinMexico。InboththosecountriesfewSpaniardsevermarriednativewomen。Thosewhodidsowereeithermembersofthehighestclass
whosometimes，butrarely，marriedIndianwomenofpositionfrommotivesofpolicy
orelsethelowestclassofSpaniards；
inthiscase，afterageneration，theirchildrenbecamepracticallyIndians。InParaguayitwasquitethecontrary，andthegrandchildrenofIndianmothersandSpanishfatherswerealmostreckonedSpaniards，andthenextgenerationalwaysso。
Washburne，inhis`HistoryofParaguay'p。32，cap。i。，vol。i。，pointsoutthecontrastbetweentheeffectsofthetreatmentmetedoutbyPenntotheIndiansinPennsylvaniaandthatbyIralainParaguay。