buthewasafraidtomovewithoutEngland，towhomhemadeasuccessionofindirectapproaches。Thesenearlycametosomethingtowardsthecloseof1862。ItwasonOctober7ththatGladstonespokeatNewcastleaboutJeffersonDavishavingmadeanation。Yet，afterall，Englanddidn'tbudge，andthusheldNapoleonback。FromFranceintheendtheSouthgotneithershipsnorrecognition，inspiteofhisdeceitfulconnivanceanddesire；NapoleonflirtedawhilewithSlidell，butgrewcoldwhenhesawnochanceofEnglishcooperation。
　　BesidesJohnBrightandCobden，wehadotherEnglishfriendsofinfluenceandcelebrity:JohnStuartMill，ThomasHughes，GoldwinSmith，LeslieStephen，RobertGladstone，FredericHarrisonaresomeofthem。Allfromthefirstsupportedus。Allfromthefirstworkedandspokeforus。TheUnionandEmancipationSocietywasfounded。"YourCommittee，"saysitsfinalreportwhenthewarwasended，"haveissuedandcirculatedupwardsoffourhundredthousandbooks，pamphlets，andtracts……andnearlyfivehundredofficialandpublicmeetingshavebeenheld……"ThepresidentofthisSociety，Mr。Potter，spentthirtythousanddollarsinthecause，andatatimewhentimeswerehardandfortunesaswellascotton-spinnersindistressthroughourblockade。AnothermemberoftheSociety，Mr。
　　Thompson，writesofoneofthepublicmeetings:"……IaddressedacrowdedassemblyofunemployedoperativesinthetownofHeywood，nearManchester，andspoketothemfortwohoursabouttheSlaveholders'
　　Rebellion。Theywereunitedandvociferousintheexpressionoftheirwillingnesstosufferallhardshipsconsequentuponawantofcotton，iftherebythelibertyofthevictimsofSoutherndespotismmightbepromoted。AllhonortothehalfmillionofourworkingpopulationinLancashire，Cheshire，andelsewhere，whoarebearingwithheroicfortitudetheprivationwhichyourwarhasentaileduponthem!……Theirsublimeresignation，theirself-forgetfulness，theirobservanceoflaw，theirwhole-souledloveofthecauseofhumanfreedom，theirquickandclearperceptionofthemeritsofthequestionbetweentheNorthandtheSouth……areextortingtheadmirationofallclassesofthecommunity……"
　　HowmuchofallthisdoyoueverhearfromthepeoplewhoremembertheAlabama?
　　StrictlyinaccordwithBeecher'svividsummaryofthetrueEnglandinourCivilWar，aresomepassagesofaletterfromMr。JohnBigelow，whowasatthattimeourConsul-GeneralatParis，andwhoseimpressions，writtentoourSecretaryofState，Mr。Seward，onFebruary6，1863，areinterestingtocomparewithwhatBeechersaysinthatletter，fromwhichIhavealreadygivenextracts。
　　"Theanti-slaverymeetingsinEnglandarehavingtheireffectupontheGovernmentalready……ThePariscorrespondentoftheLondonPostalsocametomyhouseonWednesdayevening……Hesays……thatthereareaboutadozenpersonswhobytheirpositionandinfluenceovertheorgansofpublicopinionhaveproducedallthebadfeelingandtreacherouscon-
　　ductofEnglandtowardsAmerica。Theyarepeoplewho，asmembersoftheGovernmentintimespast，havebeenbulliedbytheU。S……TheyarenotentirelyignorantthattheclasswhoarenowtryingtooverthrowtheGovernmentweremainlyresponsibleforthebrutality，buttheythinkweasanationaredisposedtobully，andtheyaredisposedtoassistinanypolicythatmaydismemberandweakenus。Thesescarsofwoundedpride，however，havebeencarefullyconcealedfromthepublic，whothereforecannotbereadilymadetoseewhy，whenthePresidenthasdistinctlymadetheissuebetweenslavelaborandfreelabor，thatEnglandshouldnotgowiththeNorth。HesaysthesedozenpeoplewhoruleEnglandhateuscordially……"
　　Thereweremorethanadozen，agoodmanymore，asweknowfromCharlesandHenryAdams。ButreadonceagainthelastparagraphofBeecher'sletter，andnotehowitcorrespondswithwhatMr。BigelowsaysaboutthefeelingwhichourGovernmentforthirtyyears"inthehandsorundertheinfluenceofSouthernstatesmen"hadraisedagainstusbyitsbadmannerstoEuropeangovernments。ThiswastheharvestsownbyshirtsleevesdiplomacyandreapedbyMr。Adamsin1861。Onlysevenyearsbefore，wehadgratuitouslyoffendedfourcountriesatonce。ThreeofourforeignministerstwoofthemfromtheSouthhadmetatOstendandlateratAixintheinterestsofextendingslavery，andthere，inajointmanifesto，hadorderedSpaintosellusCuba，orwewouldtakeCubabyforce。OneofthethreewasourministertoSpain。Spainhadreceivedhimcourteouslyastherepresentativeofanationwithwhomshewasatpeace。
　　Itwaslikeringingthedoorbellofanacquaintance，beingshownintotheparlorandtellinghimhemustsellyouhisspoonsoryouwouldsnatchthem。Thisdoesn'tinclineyourneighbortolikeyou。But，ashasbeensaid，Mr。AdamswasanAmericanwhodidknowhowtobehave，andtherebyserveduswellinourhourofneed。
　　WeremembertheAlabamaandourEnglishenemies，weforgetBright，andCobden，andallourEnglishfriends；butLincolndidnotforgetthem。
　　Whenayoungman，afriendofBright's，anEnglishman，hadbeencaughthereinaplottoseizeavesselandmakeherintoanotherAlabama，JohnBrightaskedmercyforhim；andhereareLincoln'swordsinconsequence:
　　"whereasoneRuberywasconvictedonoraboutthetwelfthdayofOctober，1863，intheCircuitCourtoftheUnitedStatesfortheDistrictofCalifornia，ofengagingin，andgivingaidandcomforttotheexistingrebellionagainsttheGovernmentofthisCountry，andsentencedtotenyears'imprisonment，andtopayafineoftenthousanddollars；
　　"Andwhereas，thesaidAlfredRuberyisoftheimmatureageoftwentyyears，andofhighlyrespectableparentage；
　　"Andwhereas，thesaidAlfredRuberyisasubjectofGreatBritain，andhispardonisdesiredbyJohnBright，ofEngland；
　　"Now，therefore，beitknownthatI，AbrahamLincoln，PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，theseanddiversotherconsiderationsmethereuntomoving，andespeciallyasapublicmarkoftheesteemheldbytheUnitedStatesofAmericaforthehighcharacterandsteadyfriendshipofthesaidJohnBright，doherebygrantapardontothesaidAlfredRubery，thesametobeginandtakeeffectonthetwentiethdayofJanuary1864，onconditionthatheleavethecountrywithinthirtydaysfromandafterthatdate。"
　　ThusLincoln，becauseofBright；andbecauseofawordfromBrighttoCharlesSumneraboutthestarvingcotton-spinners，AmericanssentfromNewYorkthreeshipswithflourforthosefaithfulEnglishfriendsofours。
　　Andthen，atGenevain1872，EnglandpaidusforwhattheAlabamahaddone。ThisCourtofArbitrationgrewslowly；suggestedfirstbyMr。
　　ThomasBatchtoLincoln，whothoughtthemillenniumwasn'tquiteathandbutfavored"airingtheidea。"Theideawasnotairedeasily。CobdenwouldhavebroughtitupinParliament，butillnessanddeathovertookhim。Theideafoundbutfewotherfriends。AtlastHoraceGreeley"aired"
　　itinhispaper。OnOctober23，1863，Mr。AdamssaidtoLordJohnRussell，"IamdirectedtosaythatthereisnofairandequitableformofconventionalarbitramentorreferencetowhichtheUnitedStateswillnotbewillingtosubmit。"This，sometwoyearslater，Russellrecalled，sayinginreplytoastatementofourgrievancesbyAdams:"ItappearstoHerMajesty'sGovernmentthattherearebuttwoquestionsbywhichtheclaimofcompensationcouldbetested；theoneis，HavetheBritishGovernmentactedwithduediligence，or，inotherwords，ingoodfaithandhonesty，inthemaintenanceoftheneutralitytheyproclaimed?Theotheris，HavethelawofficersoftheCrownproperlyunderstoodtheforeignenlistmentact，whentheydeclined，inJune1862，toadvisethedetentionandseizureoftheAlabama，andonotheroccasionswhentheywereaskedtodetainotherships，buildingorfittinginBritishports?
　　ItappearstoHerMajesty'sGovernmentthatneitherofthesequestionscouldbeputtoaforeigngovernmentwithanyregardtothedignityandcharacteroftheBritishCrownandtheBritishNation。HerMajesty'sGovernmentarethesoleguardiansoftheirownhonor。Theycannotadmitthattheyhaveactedwithbadfaithinmaintainingtheneutralitytheyprofessed。ThelawofficersoftheCrownmustbeheldtobebetterinterpretersofaBritishstatutethananyforeignGovernmentcanbepresumedtobe……"Heconsentedtoacommission，butdrewthelineatanyprobingofEngland'sgoodfaith。
　　Wepersisted。In1868，LordWestbury，LordHighChancellor，declaredintheHouseofLordsthat"theanimuswithwhichtheneutralpowersactedwastheonlytruecriterion。"
　　Thisisthetestwhichweaskedshouldbeapplied。WequotedBritishremarksaboutus，Gladstone，forexample，asevidenceofunfriendlyandinsincereanimusonthepartofthoseattheheadoftheBritishGovernment。
　　Replyingtoourpressingthepointofanimus，theBritishGovernmentreassertedRussell'srefusaltorecognizeorentertainanyquestionofEngland'sgoodfaith:"first，becauseitwouldbeinconsistentwiththeself-respectwhicheverygovernmentisboundtofeel……"InMr。JohnBassettMoore'sHistoryofInternationalArbitration，Vol。I，pages496-497，orinpapersrelatingtotheTreatyofWashington，Vol。II，GenevaArbitration，page204……PartI，IntroductoryStatement，youwillfindthewholeofthis。WhatIgiveheresufficestoshowthepositionweourselvesandEnglandtookabouttheAlabamacase。Shebackeddown。Hergoodfaithwasputinissue，andshepaidourdirectclaims。Sheate"humblepie。"WehadtoeathumblepieintheaffairoftheTrent。Ithasbeendonesince。Itisnotpleasant，butitmaybebeneficial。
　　SuchisthestoryofthetrueEnglandandthetrueAmericain1861；thedividedNorthwithwhichLincolnhadtodeal，thedividedEnglandwhereourmanyfriendscoulddolittletocheckourinfluentialenemies，untilLincolncameoutplainlyagainstslavery。Ihavehadtocompressmuch，butIhaveomittednothingmaterial，ofwhichIamaware。ThefactswouldembarrassthosewhodeterminetoassertthatEnglandwasourundividedenemyduringourCivilWar，iffactseverembarrassedacomplex。ThoseafflictedwiththecomplexcankeeptheireyesupontheAlabamaandtheLondonTimes，andavertthemfromBright，andCobden，andthecotton-spinners，andtheUnionandEmancipationSociety，andQueenVictoria。Buttoanyreaderofthiswhosecomplexisnotincurable，orwhohasnone，Iwillputthisquestion:WhatopinionofthebrainsofanyEnglishmanwouldyouhaveifheformedhisideaoftheUnitedStatesexclusivelyfromthenewspapersofWilliamRandolphHearst。
　　ChapterXIII:BenefitsForgotInournextwar，ourwarwithSpainin1898，EnglandsavedusfromGermany。Shediditfromfirsttolast；herpositionwasunmistakable，andeverydeterminingactofherswasasourfriend。TheservicethatsherenderedusinwarningGermanytokeepoutofit，wasevengreaterthanhersuggestionofourMonroedoctrinein1823；forin1823sheputusonguardagainstmeditated，butremote，assaultfromEurope，whilein1898
　　sheactivelyavertedaseriousandimminentperil。AsthethreatofherfleethadobstructedNapoleonin1803，andtheHolyAlliancein1823，soin1898itblockedtheKaiser。Lateinthatyear，whenitwasallover，thedisappointedandbaffledKaiserwrotetoafriendofJosephChamberlain，"IfIhadhadalargerfleetIwouldhavetakenUncleSambythescruffoftheneck。"Haveyoueverreadwhatourownfleetwaslikeinthosedays?OrourArmy?LuckyitwasforusthatwehadtodealonlywithSpain。AndeventheSpanishfleetwouldhavebeenamuchgraveropponentinManilaBay，butforLordCromer。OnitswayfromSpainthroughtheSuezCanalaformidablepartofSpain'snavystoppedtocoalatPortSaid。Thereisalawaboutthecoalingofbelligerentwarshipsinneutralports。LordCromercouldhaveconstruedthatlawjustaswellagainstus。HisconstructionbroughtitaboutthatthoseSpanishshipscouldn'tgettoManilaBayintimetotakepartagainstAdmiralDewey。
　　TheSpanishWarrevealedthatourNavycouldhiteighttimesoutofahundred，andwasinotherrespectsunpreparedandutterlyinadequatetocopewithafirst-classpower。Inconsequenceofthis，andthecriticismsofourNavyDepartment，whichAdmiralSimsasayoungmanhadwritten，Roosevelttookthestepshedidinhisfirstterm。ThreeticklishtimesinthatSpanishWarEnglandstoodourfriendagainstGermany。Whenitbrokeout，GermanagentsapproachedMr。Balfour，proposingthatEnglandjoininaEuropeancombinationinSpain'sfavor。Mr。Balfour'srefusaliscommonknowledge，excepttothemonomaniacwithhiscomplex。NextcametheactionofLordCromer，andfinallythatmomentinManilaBaywhenEnglandtookherstandbyoursideandGermanysawshewouldhavetofightusboth，ifshefoughtatall。
　　IfyousawanyGermanorFrenchpapersatthetimeofourtroubleswithSpain，yousawundisguisedhostility。IfyouhavetalkedwithanyAmericanwhowasinParisduringthatAprilof1898，yourimpressionwillbemorevividstill。TherewasanoutburstofEuropeanhateforus。
　　Germany，France，andAustriaalllookedexpectantlytoEngland——andEnglanddisappointedtheirexpectations。TheBritishPresswasasmuchforusastheFrenchandGermanpresswerehostile；theLondonSpectatorsaid:"Wearenot，andwedonotpretendtobe，anagreeablepeople，butwhenthereistroubleinthefamily，weknowwhereourheartsare。"
　　InthosesamedayssomewhereaboutthethirdweekinApril，1898，attheBritishEmbassyinWashington，occurredasceneofsignificanceandinterest，whichhasprobablybeentoldlessoftenthanthatinterviewbetweenMr。BalfourandtheKaiser'semissaryinLondon。TheBritishAmbassadorwasstandingathiswindow，lookingoutattheGermanEmbassy，acrossthestreet。Withhimwasamemberofhisdiplomatichousehold。Thetwowatchedwhatwashappening。Onebyone，therepresentativesofvariousEuropeannationswereenteringthedooroftheGermanEmbassy。
　　"Doyouseethem?"saidtheAmbassador'scompanion；"they'llallbeintheresoon。There。That'sthelastofthem。""Ididn'tnoticetheFrenchAmbassador。""Yes，he'sgonein，too。""I'msurprisedatthat。I'msorryforthat。Ididn'tthinkhewouldbeoneofthem，"saidtheBritishambassador。"Now，I'lltellyouwhat。They'llallbecomingoverhereinalittlewhile。Iwantyoutowaitandbepresent。"Shortlythispredictionwasverified。OverfromtheGermanEmbassycamethewholecompanyonavisittotheBritishAmbassador，thathemightaddhissignaturetoadocumenttowhichtheyhadaffixedtheirs。Hereaditquietly。Wemayeasilyimagineitspurport，sinceweknowofthemeditatedEuropeancoalitionagainstusatshetimeofourwarwithSpain。ThentheBritishAmbassadorremarked:"IhavenoordersfrommyGovernmenttosignanysuchdocumentasthat。AndifIdidhave，Ishouldresignmypostratherthansignit。"Apause:Thecompanyfellsilent。
　　"ThenwhatwillyourExcellencydo?"inquiredonevisitor。"Ifyouwillalldomethehonorofcomingbackto-morrow，Ishallhaveanotherdocumentreadywhichallofuscansign。"ThatiswhathappenedtotheEuropeancoalitionatthisend。
　　Somefewyearslater，thatBritishAmbassadorcametodie；andtotheBritishEmbassyrepairedTheodoreRoosevelt。"Woulditbepossibleforustoarrange，"hesaid，"afuneralmorehonoredandmarkedthantheUnitedStateshaseveraccordedtoanyonenotacitizen?Ishouldlikeit。
　　And，"hesuddenlyadded，shakinghisfistattheGermanEmbassyovertheway，"I'dliketogrindalltheirnosesinthedirt。"
　　ConfrontedwiththeawkwardfactthatBritainwasalmostunanimouslywithus，fromMr。BalfourdownthroughtheBritishpresstotheBritishpeople，thosenationswhoseambassadorshadpaidsounsuccessfulacallattheBritishEmbassyhadtogiveitup。Theircoalitionnevercameoff。Suchathingcouldn'tcomeoffwithoutEngland，andEnglandsaidNo。
　　Next，LordCromer，atPortSaid，stretchedoutthearmofinternationallaw，andlaiditupontheSpanishfleet。Belligerentsmaylegallytakecoalenoughatneutralportstoreachtheirnearest"homeport。"ThatSpanishfleetwasonitswayfromSpaintoManilathroughtheSuezCanal。
　　Itcouldhavereachedthere，hadLordCromeralloweditcoalenoughtomakethenearesthomeportaheadofit——Manila。Buttherewasahomeportbehindit，stillnearer，namely，Barcelona。HeletittakecoalenoughtogetbacktoBarcelona。Thus，Englandagainsteppedin。
　　ThethirdtimewasinManilaBayitself，afterDewey'svictory，andwhilehewasinoccupationoftheplace。OncemoretheKaisertriedit，notdiscouragedbyhisfailurewithMr。BalfourandtheBritishGovernment。
　　HedesiredthePhilippinesforhimself；wehadnotyetacquiredthem；wewerepolicingthem，superintendingtheharbor，administeringwhateverhadfallentousfromSpain'sdefeat。TheKaisersent，underAdmiralDiedrich，asquadronstrongerthanDewey's。
　　DeweyindicatedwheretheGermanwastoanchor。"IamherebytheorderofhisMajestytheGermanEmperor，"saidDiedrich，andchosehisownplacetoanchor。HemadeitquiteplaininotherwaysthathewastakingnoordersfromAmerica。Dewey，soreporthasit，atlasttoldhimthat"ifhewantedafighthecouldhaveitatthedropofthehat。"ThenitwasthattheGermancalledontheEnglishAdmiral，Chichester，whowaslikewiseathand，anchoredinManilaBay。"Whatwouldyoudo，"inquiredDiedrich，"intheeventoftroublebetweenAdmiralDeweyandmyself?"
　　"ThatisasecretknownonlytoAdmiralDeweyandme，"saidtheEnglishman。Plainertalkcouldhardlybe。Diedrich，thoughaGerman，understoodit。Hereturnedtohisflagship。WhathesawnextmorningwastheBritishcruiserinanewplace，interposedbetweenDeweyandhimself。
　　Oncemore，heunderstood；andheandhissquadronsailedoff；anditwassoonafterthisincidentthatthedisappointedKaiserwrotethat，ifonlyhisfleethadbeenlarger，hewouldhavetakenusbythescruffoftheneck。
　　TellthesethingstothenextmanyouheartalkingaboutGeorgeIIIortheAlabama。Youmaymeethiminfrontofabulletinboard，orinadrawing-room。Heisamongstuseverywhere，inthestreetandinthehouse。Hemaybeapaidpropagandistormerelyasillyignorantpuppet。
　　Butwhateverheis，hewillnotfindmuchtosayinresponse，unlessitbevain，sterilechatter。Truecome-backwillfailhimasitfailedthatmanbythebulletinboardwhoasked，"WhatisEnglanddoing，anyhow?"andhisneighboranswered，"Herfleet'skeepingtheKaiseroutofyourfrontyard。"
　　ChapterXIV:EnglandtheSlacker!
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　Letushavethesedisregardedfactsalso。FromtheshelvesofhistoryI
　　havepulleddownanddisplayedthefactswhichourschooltextbookshavesuppressed；IhavetoldtheeventswhereinEnglandhasstoodourtimelyfriendthroughoutacentury；eventswhichourimplantedprejudiceleadsustoignore，ortoforget；eventswhichshowthatanyonewhosaysEnglandisourhereditaryenemymightjustaboutaswellsaytwicetwoisfive。
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　Theygoonaskingit。Thepropagandists，thepromptedpuppets，thepaidparrotsofthepress，goonsayingtheseeightsenselesswordsbecausetheyareeasytosay，sincethemanwhocananswerthemisgenerallynotthere:toeverymanwhoisaresponsiblemasteroffactswehave——well，howmany?——irresponsibleshoutersinthiscountry。Whatisyourexperience?Howoftenisityourluck——asitwasmineinfrontofthebulletinboard——toseeafraudorafoolpromptlyandsatisfactorilyputinhisplace?Makeupyourmindthatwhereveryouhearanypersonwhatsoever，maleorfemale，cleanorunclean，dressedinjeans，ordressedinsilksandlaces，inquirewhatEngland"didinthewar，anyhow?
　　"suchpersoneithershirksknowledge，orelseisafraudorafool。TellthemwhatthemansaidinthestreetabouttheKaiserandourfrontyard，butdon'tstopthere。TellthemthatinMay，1918，Englandwassendingmenoffiftyandboysofeighteenandahalftothefront；thatinAugust，1918，everythirdmaleavailablebetweenthoseyearswasfighting，thateightandahalfmillionmenforarmyandnavywereraisedbytheBritishEmpire，ofwhichIreland'ssharewastwoandthreetenthspercent，Walesthreeandseventenths，Scotland'seightandthreetenths，andEngland'smorethansixtypercent；andthatthis，takenproportionatelytoourgreaterpopulationwouldhaveamountedtoaboutthirteenmillionAmericans，Whenthewarstarted，theBritishEmpiremaintainedthreesoldiersoutofevery2600ofthepopulation；herentirearmy，regularestablishment，reserveandterritorialforces，amountedtosevenhundredthousandmen。Ourcasualtieswerethreehundredandtwenty-twothousand，onehundredandeighty-two。ThecasualtiesintheBritishArmywerethreemillion，forty-ninethousand，ninehundredandseventy-one——amillionmorethanwesent——andofthesesixhundredandfifty-eightthousand，sevenhundredandfour，werekilled。OfherNavy，thirty-threethousandthreehundredandsixty-onewerekilled，sixthousandfourhundredandfivewoundedandmissing；ofhermerchantmarinefourteenthousandsixhundredandsixty-onewerekilled；atotalofforty-eightthousandkilled——ortenpercentofallinactiveservice。
　　Someofthoseofthemerchantmarinewhoescapeddrowningthroughtorpedoesandmineswentbacktoseaafterbeingtorpedoedfive，six，andseventimes。
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　Throughfourfrightfulyearsshefoughtwithsplendor，shesufferedwithsplendor，sheheldonwithsplendor。ThesecondbattleofYpresisbutonedropintheseaofherepiccourage；yetitwouldfillfullacantoofapoem。SospentwasBritain'ssingleline，sowornandthin，thatafterallthemenavailablewerebrought，gapsremained。Nomoreammunitionwascomingtothesemen，thelastroundshadbeenserved。Wetthrough，heavywithmud，theywereshelledforthreedaystopreventsleep。Manycameatlasttosleepstanding；andbeingjoggedawakewhenofficersofthelinepasseddownthetrenches，wouldsaluteandinstantlybeasleepagain。Onthefourthday，withtheKaisercometowatchthemcrumble，threelinesofHuns，waveafterwaveofGermany'spickedtroops，fellandbrokeuponthissinglelineofBritish——anditheld。TheKaiser，hadheknownoftheexhaustedammunitionandthemoundeddead，couldhavewalkedunarmedtotheChannel。Butheneverknew。
　　SurgeonsbeingscantierthanmenatYpres，onewithacompoundfractureofthethighhadhimselfproppedup，andthusalldayworkedonthewoundedatthefront。Heknewitmeantdeathforhim。Thedayover，heletthemcarryhimtotherear，andthere，fromblood-poisoning，hedied。
　　Thusthroughfourfrightfulyears，theBritishmettheirdutyandtheirdeath。
　　ThereisthegreatstoryofthelittlepennysteamersoftheThames——astorylostamidthegiganticwhole。Whowilltellitright?Whowillmakethisdropofperfectvalorshineinproseorverseforfutureeyestosee?ImagineaHobokenferryboat，becausehercountryneededher，startingforSanFranciscoaroundCapeHorn，andgettingthere。SometenorelevenpennysteamersundertheirownsteamstartedfromtheThamesdowntheChannel，acrosstheBayofBiscay，pastGibraltar，andthroughthesubmarinedMediterraneanfortheRiverTigris。BoatsofshallowdraughtwereurgentlyneededontheRiverTigris。Fourorfivereachedtheirdestination。Wherearetherest?
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　During1917-1918Britain'sarmiesheldtheenemyinthreecontinentsandonsixfronts，andcooperatedwithherAlliesontwomorefronts。Herdead，thosesixhundredandfifty-eightthousanddead，laybytheTigris，theZambesi，theAEgean，andacrosstheworldtoFlanders'fields。BetweenMarch21standApril17th，1918，theHunsintheirdriveused127
　　divisions，andofthese102wereconcentratedagainsttheBritish。ThatwasinFlanders。Britain，atthesametimeshewasfightinginFlanders，hadalsoatvarioustimessharedinthefightinginRussia，Kiaochau，NewGuinea，Samoa，Mesopotamia，Palestine，Egypt，theSudan，Cameroons，Togoland，EastAfrica，SouthWestAfrica，Saloniki，Aden，Persia，andthenorthwestfrontierofIndia。BritainclearedtwelvehundredthousandsquaremilesoftheenemyinGermancolonies。WhilefightinginMesopotamia，hersoldierswerereconstructingatthesametime。Theyreclaimedandcultivatedmorethan1100squaremilesoflandthere，whichproducedinconsequenceenoughfoodtosavetwomilliontonsofshippingannuallyfortheAllies。InPalestineandMesopotamiaalone，Britishtroopsin1917took23，590prisoners。In1918，inPalestinefromSeptember18thtoOctober7th，theytook79，000prisoners。
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　With"French'scontemptiblelittlearmy"shesavedFranceatthestart——
　　butI'llskipthat——excepttomentionthatonedivisionlost10，000outof12，000men，and350outof400officers。AtZeebruggeandOstend——donotforgettheVindictive——shedealtwithsubmarinesinAprilandMay，1918——butI'llskipthat；Icannotsetdownallthatshedid，eitheratthestart，ornearingthefinish，oratanyparticularmomentduringthosefouryearsandthreemonthsthatshewashelpingtoholdGermanyofffromthethroatoftheworld；itwouldmakeaverythickbook。ButI
　　amgivingyouenough，Ithink，wherewithtoanswertheignorant，andthefrauds，andthefools。Tellthemthatfrom1916to1918GreatBritainincreasedhertillageareabyfourmillionacres:wheat39percent，barley11，oats35，potatoes50——inspiteoftheshortageoflabor。Sheusedwoundedsoldiers，collegeboysandgirls，boyscouts，refugees，andsheproducedthebiggestgraincropinfiftyyears。Shestartedfourteenhundredthousandnewwargardens；mostofthosewhoworkedthemhadworkedalreadyalongdayinamunitionfactory。Thesedevotedworkersincreasedthepotatocropin1917bythreemilliontons——andthusreleasedBritishprovisionshipstocarryoursoldiersacross。InthatBostonspeechwhichoneofmycorrespondentsreferredto，ourSecretaryoftheNavydidnotmentionthis。Mentionityourself。Andtellthemabouttheboyscoutsandthewomen。Fifteenthousandoftheboyscoutsjoinedthecolors，andoverfiftythousandoftheyoungermembersservedinvariouswaysathome。
　　OfEngland'swomensevenmillionwereengagedinworkonmunitionsandothernecessariesandapparatusofwar。TheterribletestofthatsecondbattleofYpres，towhichIhavemadebriefallusionabove，wroughtanindustrialrevolutioninthemanufactureofshells。Theenergyofproductionroseataratewhichmaybeindicatedbytwoorthreecomparisons:In1917asmanyheavyhowitzershellswereturnedoutinasingledayasinthewholefirstyearofthewar，asmanymediumshellsinfivedays，andasmanyfield-gunshellsineightdays。Orinotherwords，45timesasmanyfield-gunshells，73timesasmanymedium，and365timesasmanyheavyhowitzershells，wereturnedoutin1917asinthefirstyearofthewar。Theseshellsweremanufacturedinbuildingstotalingfifteenmilesinlength，fortyfeetinbreadth，withmorethantenthousandmachinetoolsdrivenbyseventeenmilesofshaftingwithanenergyoftwenty-fivethousandhorse-powerandaweeklyoutputofovertenthousandtons'weightofprojectiles——allthislargelyworkedbythewomenofEngland。Whilethefleethadincreaseditspersonnelfrom136，000toabout400，000，and2，000，000menbyJuly，1915，hadvoluntarilyenlistedinthearmybeforeEnglandgaveupherbirthrightandacceptedcompulsoryservice，thewomenofEnglandlefttheirordinarylivestofabricatethenecessariesofwar。Theyworkedathomewhiletheirhusbands，brothers，andsonsfoughtanddiedonsixbattlefrontsabroad——sixhundredandfifty-eightthousanddied，remember；doyourememberthenumberofAmericanskilledinaction?——lessthanthirty-sixthousand；——thoseEnglishwomenworkedon，sevenmillionsofthematleast，onmilkcarts，motor-busses，elevators，steamengines，andinmakingammunition。Neverbeforehadanywomanworkedonmorethan150ofthe500differentprocessesthatgotothemakingofmunitions。TheynowhandledT。N。T。，andfulminateofmercury，moredeadlystill；helpedbuildguns，guncarriages，andthree-and-a-halftonarmycannons；workedoverheadtravelingcranesformovingtheboilersofbattleships:turnedlathes，madeeverypartofanaeroplane。Andwhowerethesesevenmillionwomen?Theeldestdaughterofadukeandthedaughterofageneralwondistinctioninadvancedmunitionwork。TheonlydaughterofanoldArmyfamilybrokedownafterayear'sworkinabasehospitalinFrance，wasorderedsixmonths'restathome，butaftertwomonthsenteredamunitionfactoryasanordinaryemployeeandafterninemonths'workhadlostbutfiveminutesworkingtime。ThemotherofsevenenlistedsonswentintomunitionsnottobebehindtheminservingEngland，andoneofthemwrotehershewasprobablykillingmoreGermansthananyofthefamily。Thestewardessofatorpedoedpassengershipwasamongthefewsurvivors。
　　Reachingland，shegotajobatacapstanlathe。ThosewerethesevenmillionwomenofEngland——daughtersofdukes，torpedoedstewardesses，andeverythingbetween。
　　Sevenhundredthousandofthesewereengagedonmunitionworkproper。
　　Theydidfrom60to70percentofallthemachineworkonshells，fuses，andtrenchwarfaresupplies，and1450ofthemweretrainedmechanicstotheRoyalFlyingCorps。Theywereemployeduponpracticallyeveryoperationinfactory，infoundry，inlaboratory，andchemicalworks，ofwhichtheywerephysicallycapable；inmakingofgauges，forgingbillets，makingfuses，cartridges，bullets——"lookwhattheycando，"saidaforeman，"ladiesfromhomeswheretheysataboutandwerewaitedupon。"
　　Theyalsomadeopticalglass；drilledandtappedintheshipyards；
　　renewedelectricwiresandfittings，woundarmatures；lacqueredguardsforlampsandradiatorfronts；repairedjunctionandsectionboxes，firecontrolinstruments，automaticsearchlights。"Wecanhardlybelieveoureyes，"saidanotherforeman，"whenweseetheheavystuffbroughttoandfromtheshopsinmotorlorriesdrivenbygirls。Beforethewaritwasallcartedbyhorsesandmen。Thegirlsdothejoballright，though，andtheonlythingtheyevercomplainaboutisthattheirtoesgetcold。"
　　Theyworkedwithouthesitationfromtwelvetofourteenhoursaday，oranight，forsevendaysaweek，andwiththevoluntarysacrificeofpublicholidays。
　　Thatisnotall，ornearlyall，thatthewomenofEnglanddid——Iskiptheirwelfarework，recreationwork，nursing——butitisenoughwherewithtoanswertheignorant，orthefraud，orthefool。
　　WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
　　OnAugust8，1914，LordKitcheneraskedfor100，000volunteers。Hehadthemwithinfourteendays。InthefirstweekofSeptember170，000menenrolled，30，000inasingleday。Elevenmonthslater，twomillionhadenlisted。Tenmonthslater，fivemillionandforty-onethousandhadvoluntarilyenrolledintheArmyandNavy。
　　In1914BritainhadinherRoyalNavalAirService64aeroplanesand800
　　airmen。In1917shehadmanythousandaeroplanesand42，000airmen。InherRoyalFlyingCorpsshehadin1914，66planesand100men；in1917，severalthousandplanesandmenbytensofthousands。Inthefirstninemonthsof1917Britishairmenbroughtdown876enemymachinesanddrovedown759outofcontrol。FromJuly，1917，toJune，1918，4102enemymachinesweredestroyedorbroughtdownwithalossof1213machines。
　　BesidesfinancingherownwarcostsshehadbyOctober，1917，loanedeighthundredmilliondollarstotheDominionsandfivebillionfivehundredmilliontotheAllies。Sheraisedfivebillioninthirtydays。Inthefirsteightmonthsof1918shecontributedtothevariousformsofwarloanattheaveragerateofonehundredandtwenty-fourmillion，eighthundredthousandaweek。
　　Isthatenough?EnoughtoshowwhatEnglanddidintheWar?No，itisnotenoughforsuchpeopleascontinuetoaskwhatshedid。Nothingwouldsufficethesepersons。DuringtheearlierstagesoftheWaritwaspossiblethatthequestioncouldbeaskedhonestly——thoughneverintelligently——becausethefactsandfigureswerenotatthattimealwaysaccessible。Theywerestillpilingup，theywerescatteredabout，mentionofthemwasincidentalandfugitive，theycouldbemissedbyanybodywhowasnotdiligentlyalerttofindthem。To-dayitisquiteotherwise。Thefactsandfigureshavebeencompiled，arranged，publishedinaccessibleandconvenientform；thereforeto-day，themanorwomanwhopersistsinaskingwhatEnglanddidinthewarisnothonestbutdishonestormentallyspotted，anddoesnotwanttobeanswered。Theydon'twanttoknow。Thequestionismerelyacamouflageoftheirspite，andwereeveryitemgivenofthegiganticandmagnificentcontributionthatEnglandmadetothedefeatoftheKaiserandallhisworks，itwouldnotstoptheirevilmouths。NotforthemamIheresettingforthapartofwhatEnglanddid；itisfortheconvenienceofthehonestAmerican，whodoeswanttoknow，thatmycollectionoffactsismadefromthevarioussourceswhichhemaynothavethetimeorthemeanstolookupforhimself。ForhisbenefitIaddsomeparticularsconcerningtheBritishNavywhichkepttheKaiseroutofourfrontyard。
　　AdmiralMahansaidinhisbook——andhewasanAmericanofwhoseknowledgeandwisdomCongressseemstohaveknownnothingandcaredless——"WhydoEnglishinnatepoliticalconceptionsofpopularrepresentativegovernment，ofthebalanceoflawandliberty，prevailinNorthAmericafromtheArcticCircletotheGulfofMexico，fromtheAtlantictothePacific?BecausethecommandoftheseaatthedecisiveerabelongedtoGreatBritain。"WehaveseenthatthedecisiveerawaswhenNapoleon'smouthwateredforLouisiana，andwhenEnglandtookherstandbehindtheMonroeDoctrine。
　　AdmiralSimssaidinthesecondinstallmentofhisnarrativeTheVictoryatSea，publishedinTheWorld'sWorkforOctober，1919，atpage619:
　　"……Letussupposeforamomentthatanearthquake，orsomeothergreatnaturaldisturbance，hadengulfedtheBritishfleetatScapaFlow。TheworldwouldthenhavebeenatGermany'smercyandallthedestroyerstheAlliescouldhaveputupontheseawouldhaveavailedthemnothing，fortheGermanbattleshipsandbattlecruiserscouldhavesunkthemordriventhemintotheirports。ThenAlliedcommercewouldhavebeentheprey，notonlyofthesubmarines，whichcouldhaveoperatedwiththeutmostfreedom，butoftheGermansurfacecraftaswell。InafewweekstheBritishfoodsupplieswouldhavebeenexhausted。TherewouldhavebeenanearlyendtothesoldiersandmunitionswhichBritainwasconstantlysendingtoFrance。TheUnitedStatescouldhavesentnoforcestotheWesternfront，andtheresultwouldhavebeenthesurrenderwhichtheAlliesthemselves，inthespringof1917，regardedasanotremotepossibility。AmericawouldthenhavebeencompelledtofacetheGermanpoweralone，andtofaceitlongbeforewehadhadanopportunitytoassembleourresourcesandequipourarmies。Theworldwaspreservedfromallthesecalamitiesbecausethedestroyerandtheconvoysolvedtheproblemofthesubmarines，andbecausebackoftheseagenciesofvictorylayAdmiralBeatty'ssquadrons，holdingatarm'slengththeGermansurfaceshipswhilethesecomparativelyfragilecraftweresavingthelibertiesoftheworld。"
　　Yes。TheHighSeasFleetofGermany，costingheronebillionfivehundredmilliondollars，wasbottledup。FivemillionfivehundredthousandtonsofGermanshippingandonemilliontonsofAustrianshippingweredrivenofftheseasorcaptured；overseatradeandoverseacolonieswerecutoff。TwomillionoverseaHunsoffightingagewerehinderedfromjoiningtheenemy。OceancommerceandcommunicationwerestoppedfortheHunsandsecuredtotheAllies。In1916，2100minesweresweptupand89minesweeperslost。Theseminesweepersandpatrolboatsnumbered12in1914，and3300by1918。TopatroltheseasBritishshipshadtosteameightmillionmilesinasinglemonth。Duringthefouryearsofthewartheytransportedoverseamorethanthirteenmillionmenlosingbut2700
　　throughenemyactionaswellastransportingtwomillionhorsesandmules，fivehundredthousandvehicles，twenty-fivemilliontonsofexplosives，fifty-onemilliontonsofoilandfuel，onehundredandthirtymilliontonsoffoodandothermaterialsfortheuseoftheAllies。Inonemonththreehundredandfifty-fivethousandmenwerecarriedfromEnglandtoFrance。
　　ItwasafterourpresentSecretaryoftheNavy，inhisspeechinBostontowhichallusionhasbeenmade，hadgivenournavyallandtheBritishnavynoneofthecreditofconveyingoursoldiersoverseas，thatAdmiralSimsrepairedthesingularoblivionoftheSecretary。WeAmericansshouldknowthetruth，hesaid。Wehadnotbeentooaccuratelyinformed。Wedidnotseemtohavebeentoldbyanybody，forinstance，thatofthefivethousandanti-submarinecraftoperatingdayandnightintheinfestedwaters，wehad160，or3percent；thatofthemillionandahalftroopswhichhadgoneoverfromhereinafewmonths，GreatBritainbroughtovertwothirdsandescortedhalf。
　　"IwouldlikeAmericanpaperstopayparticularattentiontothefactthatthereareabout5000anti-submarinecraftintheoceanto-day，cuttingoutmines，escortingtroopships，andmakingitpossibleforustogoaheadandwinthiswar。TheycandothisbecausetheBritishGrandFleetissopowerfulthattheGermanHighSeasFleethastostayathome。
　　TheBritishGrandFleetisthefoundationstoneofthecauseofthewholeoftheAllies。"
　　ThusAdmiralSims。
　　ThatispartofwhatEnglanddidinthewar。
　　Note——TheauthorexpressesthanksandacknowledgmenttoPearson'sMagazineforpermissiontousethepassagesquotedfromthearticlesbyAdmiralSims。
　　ChapterXV:RudeBritannia，CrudeColumbiaItmayhavebeentenyearsago，itmayhavebeenfifteen——andjusthowlongitwasbeforethewarmakesnomatter——thatIreceivedaninvitationtojoinasocietyforthepromotionofmorefriendlyrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandEngland。
　　"No，indeed，"Isaidtomyself。
　　EvenasIreadthenote，hostilityroseinme。Refusalsprangtomylipsbeforemyreasonhadactedatall。IrememberedGeorgeIII。IrememberedtheCivilWar。Theancientgrudge，theanti-Englishcomplex，hadbeeninstantlysetfermentinginme。Nothingcouldbetterdiscloseitslurkingpersistencethanmyvirtuallyautomaticexclamation，"No，indeed!"IknewsomethingaboutEngland'sfriendlyacts，aboutVenezuela，andManilaBay，andEdmundBurke，andJohnBright，andtheQueen，andtheLancashirecottonspinners。Andmorethanthishistoricknowledge，IknewlivingEnglishpeople，menandwomen，amongwhomIcounteddearandevenbelovedfriends。Iknewalso，justaswellasAdmiralMahanknew，andotherAmericansbythehundredsofthousandshaveknownandknowatthismoment，thatallthebestwehaveandare——law，ethics，loveofliberty——
　　allofitcamefromEngland，grewinEnglandfirst，ripenedfromtheseedofwhichwearemerelyonegreatharvest，plantedherebyEngland。AndyetIinstantlyexclaimed，"No，indeed!"
　　Well，havingbeeninflictedwiththeanti-Englishcomplexmyself，I
　　understanditallthebetterinothers，andambeggingthemtocounteractitasIhavedone。YouwillrecollectthatIsaidattheoutsetoftheseobservationsthat，asIsawit，ourprejudicewasfoundeduponthreecausesfairlyseparate，althoughtheyoftenmeltedtogether。WithtwoofthesecausesIhavenowdealt——theschoolhistories，andcertainactsandpoliciesofEngland'sthroughoutourrelationswithher。Thethirdcause，Isaid，wascertaintraitsoftheEnglishandourselveswhichhaveproducedpersonalfriction。AnAmericandoesorsayssomethingwhichangersanEnglishman，whothereupongoesaboutthinkingandsaying，"ThoseinsufferableYankees!"AnEnglishmandoesorsayssomethingwhichangersanAmerican，whothereupongoesaboutthinkingandsaying，"ToHellwithEngland!"Eachmakesthewell-nighuniversal——butnonethelessperfectlyridiculous——blunderofdamningawholepeoplebecauseoneofthemhasrubbedhimthewrongway。Nothingcouldshowupmoreforciblyandvividlythishumanweaknessforgeneralizingfrominsufficientdata，thantheincidentinLondonstreetswhichIpromisedtotellyouinfullwhenweshouldreachthetimeforit。Thetimeisnow。
　　InahospitalatnogreatdistancefromSanFrancisco，awoundedAmericansoldiersaidtoonewhosatbesidehim，thatneverwouldhegotoEuropetofightanybodyagain——excepttheEnglish。Themhewouldliketofight；
　　andtotheastonishedvisitorhetoldhisreason。He，itappeared，wasoneofourAmericanswhomarchedthroughLondonstreetsonthatdaywhentheeyesofLondonlookedforthefirsttimeupontheYankeesatlastarrivedtobearahandtoEnglandandherAllies。Fromthemobcameacertaintaunt:"Yousillyass。"
　　Itwas，asyouwillobserve，anunflatteringinterpretationofournationalinitials，U。S。A。OfcourseitwasenoughtomakeaproperAmericandoughboyentirely"hotunderthecollar。"Tothisreadingofournationalinitialsournationalreadinessretortedinkindatanearlydate:A。E。F。meantAfterEnglandFailed。Butwhy，monthsandmonthsafterwards，wheneverythingwasover，didthatfoolishdoughboyinthehospitalhugthislonethingtohismemory?Itwastheactofanunthinkingfew。Didn'thenoticewhattherestofLondonwasdoingthatday?Didn'therememberthatsheflewtheUnionJackandtheStarsandStripestogetherfromeverysymbolicpinnacleofcreedandgovernmentthatroseabovehercontinentofstreetsanddwellingstothesky?
　　Couldn'thefeelthatEngland，hisoldenemyandoldmother，bowedandstrickenandstruggling，wasopeningherarmstohimwide?She'sapersonwhohideshertearsevenfromherself；butitseemstomethat，withadropofimaginationandhalfadropofthought，hemighthavediscoveredayearandahalfafterafewstreetroughshadinsultedhim，thattheywerenotallEngland。Withtwodropsofthoughtitmightevenhaveultimatelystruckhimthatherewecame，late，verylate，indeed，onlyjustintime，fromacountryuntouched，unafflicted，unbombed，safe，becauseofEngland'sships，totired，broken，bleedingEngland；andthatthesightofus，sojaunty，sofresh，soinnocentofsufferingandbereavement，shouldhavebeenforathoughtlessmomentgallingtounthinkingbrains?
　　IamperfectlysurethatifsuchconsiderationsasthesewerelaidbeforeanyAmericansoldierwhostillsmartedunderthattauntinLondonstreets，hisgoodAmericansense，whichisourbestpossession，wouldgraspandacceptthethinginitstrueproportions。Hewouldn'twanttoblotanEmpireoutbecauseahandfulofmuckerscalledhimnames。OfthisIamperfectlysure，becauseinParisstreetsitwasmyhappylotfourmonthsaftertheArmisticetotalkwithmanyAmericansoldiers，amongwhomsomefeltsoreabouttheFrench。NotoneofthesebutsawwithhisgoodAmericansense，directlyIpointedcertainfactsouttohim，thathishostilegeneralizationhadbeenunjust。But，toquotetheoft-quotedMr。Kipling，thatisanotherstory。
　　AnAmericanregimentjustarrivedinFrancewasencampedforpurposesoftrainingandexperiencenextaBritishregimentcomebackfromthefronttorest。Thestreetsofthetwocampswereadjacent，andtheTommieswalkedouttowatchtheYankeespeggingdowntheirtents。
　　"Aw，"theysaid，"wotashymeyou'vebroughtnobodyalongtotuckyouin。"
　　Theymadeothersimilarremarks；commentedunfavorablyuponthealignment；"Youwereabitlateincoming，"theysaid。Ofcourseourboyshadanswers，andtothesetheTommieshadfurtheranswers，andthisencounterofwitsverynaturallyledtoaresultwhichcouldnotpossiblyhavebeenhappier。Idon'tknowwhattheTommiesexpectedtheYankeestodo。Isupposetheywereasignorantofournatureasweoftheirs，andthattheyentertainedpreconceivednotions。Theysuddenlyfoundthatwewere，onceagaintoquoteMr。Kipling，"bachelorsinbarricksmostremarkablelike"themselves。AnAmericanfirstsergeanthitaBritishfirstsergeant。Instantlyathousandmenweremilling。Forthirtyminutestheykeptatit。Warriorsreeledtogetherandfellandroseandgotitintheneckandthejawandtheeyeandthenose——andallthewhiletheBritishandAmericanofficers，splendidlydiscreet，sawnoneofit。
　　Britishsoldierswerecarriedbacktotheirstreets，stillfighting，bungedYankeesstaggeredeverywhere——butnotanofficersawanyofit。
　　Blackeyesthenextday，andothertokens，veryplainlyshowedwhohadbeenatthisparty。ThereafteramuchbetterfeelingprevailedbetweenTommiesandYanks。
　　AmorepeacefulcontactproducedexcellentconsequencesatanencampmentofAmericansinEngland。TheAmericanshadbroughtoveranidea，apparently，thattheEnglishwere"easy。"Theytrieditoninsundryways，butendedbythediscoverythat，whileengageduponthisenterprise，theyhadbeeninsundrywaysquitecompletely"done"
　　themselves。ThisgavethemarespectfortheirEnglishcousinswhichtheyhadneverfeltbefore。
　　Hereisanothertale，similarinmoral。ThisoccurredatBrest，inFrance。IntheYhutsatanEnglishlady，oneofthehostesses。TohercameayoungAmericanmarinewithwhomshealreadyhadsomeacquaintance。
　　Thisledhimtoaskforheradvice。Hesaidtoherthatashispermissionwasofonlyseventy-twohours，hewantedtobeaseconomicalofhistimeashecouldandseeeverythingbestworthwhileforhimtoseeduringhisleave。Wouldshe，therefore，tellhimwhatthingsinPariswerethemostinterestingandinwhatorderhehadbesttakethem?Sherepliedwithanothersuggestion；whynot，shesaid，askforpermissionforEngland?