Won'tyoukindlylendheryours？StephenlaughedandMoynihan，pleasedwiththeresult，murmuredagain:——
　　We'llhavefivebobeachwayonJohnAnthonyCollins——
　　Iamwaitingforyouranswer，saidMacCannbriefly——
　　Theaffairdoesn'tinterestmeintheleast，saidStephenwearily。
　　Youknowthatwell。Whydoyoumakeasceneaboutit？——
　　Good!saidMacCann，smackinghislips。Youareareactionary，then？——
　　Doyouthinkyouimpressme，Stephenasked，whenyouflourishyourwoodensword？——
　　Metaphors!saidMacCannbluntly。Cometofacts。Stephenblushedandturnedaside。MacCannstoodhisgroundandsaidwithhostilehumour:——
　　Minorpoets，Isuppose，areabovesuchtrivialquestionsasthequestionofuniversalpeace。
　　Cranlyraisedhisheadandheldthehandballbetweenthetwostudentsbywayofapeace-offering，saying:——
　　Paxsupertotumsanguinariumglobum。
　　Stephen，movingawaythebystanders，jerkedhisshoulderangrilyinthedirectionoftheTsar'simage，saying:——
　　Keepyouricon。IfwemusthaveaJesusletushavealegitimateJesus——
　　Byhell，that'sagoodone!saidthegipsystudenttothoseabouthim，that'safineexpression。Ilikethatexpressionimmensely。
　　Hegulpeddownthespittleinhisthroatasifheweregulpingdownthephraseand，fumblingatthepeakofhistweedcap，turnedtoStephen，saying:——
　　Excuseme，sir，whatdoyoumeanbythatexpressionyouutteredjustnow？
　　Feelinghimselfjostledbythestudentsnearhim，hesaidtothem:——
　　Iamcurioustoknownowwhathemeantbythatexpression。
　　HeturnedagaintoStephenandsaidinawhisper:——
　　DoyoubelieveinJesus？Ibelieveinman。Ofcourse，Idon'tknowifyoubelieveinman。Iadmireyou，sir。Iadmirethemindofmanindependentofallreligions。IsthatyouropinionaboutthemindofJesus？——
　　Goon，Temple，saidthestoutruddystudent，returning，aswashiswont，tohisfirstidea，thatpintiswaitingforyou-HethinksI'manimbecile，TempleexplainedtoStephen，becauseI'mabelieverinthepowerofmind。
　　CranlylinkedhisarmsintothoseofStephenandhisadmirerandsaid:——
　　Nosadmanumballumjocabimus。
　　Stephen，intheactofbeingledaway，caughtsightofMacCann'sflushedblunt-featuredface——
　　Mysignatureisofnoaccount，hesaidpolitely。Youarerighttogoyourway。Leavemetogomine——
　　Dedalus，saidMacCanncrisply，Ibelieveyou'reagoodfellowbutyouhaveyettolearnthedignityofaltruismandtheresponsibilityofthehumanindividual。
　　Avoicesaid:——
　　Intellectualcrankeryisbetteroutofthismovementthaninit。
　　Stephen，recognizingtheharshtoneofMacAlister'svoicedidnotturninthedirectionofthevoice。Cranlypushedsolemnlythroughthethrongofstudents，linkingStephenandTemplelikeacelebrantattendedbyhisministersonhiswaytothealtar。
　　TemplebenteagerlyacrossCranly'sbreastandsaid:——
　　DidyouhearMacAlisterwhathesaid？Thatyouthisjealousofyou。
　　Didyouseethat？IbetCranlydidn'tseethat。Byhell，Isawthatatonce。
　　Astheycrossedtheinnerhall，thedeanofstudieswasintheactofescapingfromthestudentwithwhomhehadbeenconversing。Hestoodatthefootofthestaircase，afootontheloweststep，histhreadbaresoutanegatheredabouthimfortheascentwithwomanishcare，noddinghisheadoftenandrepeating:——
　　Notadoubtofit，MrHackett!Veryfine!Notadoubtofit!
　　Inthemiddleofthehalltheprefectofthecollegesodalitywasspeakingearnestly，inasoftquerulousvoice，withaboarder。Ashespokehewrinkledalittlehisfreckledbrowandbit，betweenhisphrases，atatinybonepencil——
　　Ihopethematricmenwillallcome。Thefirstarts'menareprettysure。Secondarts，too。Wemustmakesureofthenewcomers。
　　TemplebentagainacrossCranly，astheywerepassingthroughthedoorway，andsaidinaswiftwhisper:——
　　Doyouknowthatheisamarriedman？hewasamarriedmanbeforetheyconvertedhim。Hehasawifeandchildrensomewhere。Byhell，Ithinkthat'sthequeerestnotionIeverheard!Eh？
　　Hiswhispertrailedoffintoslycacklinglaughter。ThemomenttheywerethroughthedoorwayCranlyseizedhimrudelybytheneckandshookhim，saying:——
　　Youflamingflounderingfool!I'lltakemydyingbiblethereisn'tabiggerbloodyape，doyouknow，thanyouinthewholeflamingbloodyworld!
　　Templewriggledinhisgrip，laughingstillwithslycontent，whileCranlyrepeatedflatlyateveryrudeshake:——
　　Aflamingflaringbloodyidiot!
　　Theycrossedtheweedygardentogether。Thepresident，wrappedinaheavyloosecloak，wascomingtowardsthemalongoneofthewalks，readinghisoffice。Attheendofthewalkhehaltedbeforeturningandraisedhiseyes。Thestudentssaluted，Templefumblingasbeforeatthepeakofhiscap。Theywalkedforwardinsilence。AstheynearedthealleyStephencouldhearthethudsoftheplayers'handsandthewetsmacksoftheballandDavin'svoicecryingoutexcitedlyateachstroke。
　　ThethreestudentshaltedroundtheboxonwhichDavinsattofollowthegame。Temple，afterafewmoments，sidledacrosstoStephenandsaid:——
　　Excuseme，Iwantedtoaskyou，doyoubelievethatJean-JacquesRousseauwasasincereman？
　　Stephenlaughedoutright。Cranly，pickingupthebrokenstaveofacaskfromthegrassathisfeet，turnedswiftlyandsaidsternly:——
　　Temple，IdeclaretothelivingGodifyousayanotherword，doyouknow，toanybodyonanysubject，I'llkillyousuperspottum——
　　Hewaslikeyou，Ifancy，saidStephen，anemotionalman——
　　Blasthim，cursehim!saidCranlybroadly。Don'ttalktohimatall。
　　Sure，youmightaswellbetalking，doyouknow，toaflamingchamber-potastalkingtoTemple。Gohome，Temple。ForGod'ssake，gohome——
　　Idon'tcareadamnaboutyou，Cranly，answeredTemple，movingoutofreachoftheupliftedstaveandpointingatStephen。He'stheonlymanIseeinthisinstitutionthathasanindividualmind——
　　Institution!Individual!criedCranly。Gohome，blastyou，foryou'reahopelessbloodyman——
　　I'manemotionalman，saidTemple。That'squiterightlyexpressed。
　　AndI'mproudthatI'manemotionalist。
　　Hesidledoutofthealley，smilingslyly。Cranlywatchedhimwithablankexpressionlessface——
　　Lookathim!hesaid。Didyoueverseesuchago-by-the-wall？
　　Hisphrasewasgreetedbyastrangelaughfromastudentwholoungedagainstthewall，hispeakedcapdownonhiseyes。Thelaugh，pitchedinahighkeyandcomingfromaSomuscularframe，seemedlikethewhinnyofanelephant。Thestudent'sbodyshookalloverand，toeasehismirth，herubbedbothhishandsdelightedlyoverhisgroins——
　　Lynchisawake，saidCranly。
　　Lynch，foranswer，straightenedhimselfandthrustforwardhischest——
　　Lynchputsouthischest，saidStephen，asacriticismoflife。
　　Lynchsmotehimselfsonorouslyonthechestandsaid:——
　　Whohasanythingtosayaboutmygirth？
　　Cranlytookhimatthewordandthetwobegantotussle。Whentheirfaceshadflushedwiththestruggletheydrewapart，panting。StephenbentdowntowardsDavinwho，intentonthegame，hadpaidnoheedtothetalkoftheothers——
　　Andhowismylittletamegoose？heasked。Didhesign，too？
　　Davidnoddedandsaid:——
　　Andyou，Stevie？
　　Stephenshookhishead——
　　You'reaterribleman，Stevie，saidDavin，takingtheshortpipefromhismouth，alwaysalone——
　　Nowthatyouhavesignedthepetitionforuniversalpeace，saidStephen，IsupposeyouwillburnthatlittlecopybookIsawinyourroom。
　　AsDavindidnotanswer，Stephenbegantoquote:——
　　Longpace，fianna!Rightincline，fianna!Fianna，bynumbers，salute，one，two!——
　　That'sadifferentquestion，saidDavin。I'manIrishnationalist，firstandforemost。Butthat'syouallout。You'reabornsneerer，Stevie——
　　Whenyoumakethenextrebellionwithhurleysticks，saidStephen，andwanttheindispensableinformer，tellme。Icanfindyouafewinthiscollege——
　　Ican'tunderstandyou，saidDavin。OnetimeIhearyoutalkagainstEnglishliterature。NowyoutalkagainsttheIrishinformers。Whatwithyournameandyourideas-AreyouIrishatall？——
　　ComewithmenowtotheofficeofarmsandIwillshowyouthetreeofmyfamily，saidStephen——
　　Thenbeoneofus，saidDavin。Whydon'tyoulearnIrish？Whydidyoudropoutoftheleagueclassafterthefirstlesson？——
　　Youknowonereasonwhy，answeredStephen。Davintosshisheadandlaughed——
　　Oh，comenow，hesaid。IsitonaccountofthatcertainyoungladyandFatherMoran？Butthat'sallinyourownmind，Stevie。Theywereonlytalkingandlaughing。
　　StephenpausedandlaidafriendlyhanduponDavin'sshoulder——
　　Doyouremember，hesaid，whenwekneweachotherfirst？Thefirstmorningwemetyouaskedmetoshowyouthewaytothematriculationclass，puttingaverystrongstressonthefirstsyllable。Youremember？Thenyouusedtoaddressthejesuitsasfather，youremember？Iaskmyselfaboutyou:Isheainnocentashisspeech？——
　　I'masimpleperson，saidDavin。Youknowthat。WhenyoutoldmethatnightinHarcourtStreetthosethingsaboutyourprivatelife，honesttoGod，Stevie，Iwasnotabletoeatmydinner。Iwasquitebad。Iwasawakealongtimethatnight。Whydidyoutellmethosethings？——
　　Thanks，saidStephen。YoumeanIamamonster——
　　No，saidDavin。ButIwishyouhadnottoldme。
　　AtidebegantosurgebeneaththecalmsurfaceofStephen'sfriendliness——
　　Thisraceandthiscountryandthislifeproducedme，hesaidIshallexpressmyselfasIam——
　　Trytobeoneofus，repeatedDavin。InheartyouareanIrishmanbutyourprideistoopowerful——
　　MyancestorsthrewofftheirlanguageandtookanotherStephensaid。
　　Theyallowedahandfulofforeignerstosubjectthem。DoyoufancyIamgoingtopayinmyownlifeandpersondebtstheymade？Whatfor？——
　　Forourfreedom，saidDavin——
　　Nohonourableandsincereman，saidStephen，hasgivenuptoyouhislifeandhisyouthandhisaffectionsfromthedaysofTonetothoseofParnell，butyousoldhimtotheenemyorfailedhiminneedorreviledhimandlefthimforanother。Andyouinvitemetobeoneofyou。I'dseeyoudamnedfirst——
　　Theydiedfortheirideals，Stevie，saidDavin。Ourdaywillcomeyet，believeme。
　　Stephen，followinghisownthought，wassilentforaninstant——
　　Thesoulisborn，hesaidvaguely，firstinthosemomentsItoldyouof。Ithasaslowanddarkbirth，moremysteriousthanthebirthofthebody。Whenthesoulofamanisborninthiscountrytherearenetsflungatittoholditbackfromflight。Youtalktomeofnationality，language，religion。Ishalltrytoflybythosenets。
　　Davinknockedtheashesfromhispipe——
　　Toodeepforme，Stevie，hesaid。Butaman'scountrycomesfirst。
　　Irelandfirst，Stevie。Youcanbeapoetoramysticafter——
　　DoyouknowwhatIrelandis？askedStephenwithcoldviolence。Irelandistheoldsowthateatsherfarrow。
　　Davinrosefromhisboxandwenttowardstheplayers，shakinghisheadsadly。ButinamomenthissadnesslefthimandhewashotlydisputingwithCranlyandthetwoplayerswhohadfinishedtheirgame。Amatchoffourwasarranged，Cranlyinsisting，however，thathisballshouldbeused。Heletitreboundtwiceorthricetohishandandstruckitstronglyandswiftlytowardsthebaseofthealley，exclaiminginanswertoitsthud:——
　　Yoursoul!
　　StephenstoodwithLynchtillthescorebegantorise。Thenhepluckedhimbythesleevetocomeaway。Lynchobeyed，saying:——
　　Letusekego，asCranlyhasit。
　　Stephensmiledatthisside-thrust。
　　Theypassedbackthroughthegardenandoutthroughthehallwherethedodderingporterwaspinningupahallnoticeintheframe。AtthefootofthestepstheyhaltedandStephentookapacketofcigarettesfromhispocketandofferedittohiscompanion——
　　Iknowyouarepoor，hesaid——
　　Damnyouryellowinsolence，answeredLynch。
　　ThissecondproofofLynch'sculturemadeStephensmileagain——
　　ItwasagreatdayforEuropeanculture，hesaid，whenyoumadeupyourmindtoswearinyellow。
　　Theylittheircigarettesandturnedtotheright。AfterapauseStephenbegan:——
　　Aristotlehasnotdefinedpityandterror。Ihave。IsayLynchhaltedandsaidbluntly:——
　　Stop!Iwon'tlisten!Iamsick。IwasoutlastnightonayellowdrunkwithHoranandGoggins。
　　Stephenwenton:——
　　Pityisthefeelingwhicharreststhemindinthepresenceofwhatsoeverisgraveandconstantinhumansufferingsandunitesitwiththehumansufferer。Terroristhefeelingwhicharreststhemindinthepresenceofwhatsoeverisgraveandconstantinhumansufferingsandunitesitwiththesecretcause——
　　Repeat，saidLynch。
　　Stephenrepeatedthedefinitionsslowly——
　　Agirlgotintoahansomafewdaysago，hewenton，inLondon。Shewasonherwaytomeethermotherwhomshehadnotseenformanyyears。
　　Atthecornerofastreettheshaftofalorryshiveredthewindowofthehansomintheshapeofastar。Alongfineneedleoftheshiveredglasspiercedherheart。Shediedontheinstant。Thereportercalleditatragicdeath。Itisnot。Itisremotefromterrorandpityaccordingtothetermsofmydefinitions——
　　Thetragicemotion，infact，isafacelookingtwoways，towardsterrorandtowardspity，bothofwhicharephasesofit。YouseeIusethewordarrest。Imeanthatthetragicemotionisstatic。Orratherthedramaticemotionis。Thefeelingsexcitedbyimproperartarekinetic，desireorloathing。Desireurgesustopossess，togotosomething；loathingurgesustoabandon，togofromsomething。Theartswhichexcitethem，pornographicalordidactic，arethereforeimproperarts。TheestheticemotionIusedthegeneraltermisthereforestatic。Themindisarrestedandraisedabovedesireandloathing——
　　Yousaythatartmustnotexcitedesire，saidLynch。ItoldyouthatonedayIwrotemynameinpencilonthebacksideoftheVenusofPraxitelesintheMuseum。Wasthatnotdesire？——
　　Ispeakofnormalnatures，saidStephen。Youalsotoldmethatwhenyouwereaboyinthatcharmingcarmeliteschoolyouatepiecesofdriedcowdung。
　　Lynchbrokeagainintoawhinnyoflaughterandagainrubbedbothhishandsoverhisgroinsbutwithouttakingthemfromhispockets——
　　O，Idid!Idid!hecried。
　　Stephenturnedtowardshiscompanionandlookedathimforamomentboldlyintheeyes。Lynch，recoveringfromhislaughter，answeredhislookfromhishumbledeyes。ThelongslenderflattenedskullbeneaththelongpointedcapbroughtbeforeStephen'smindtheimageofahoodedreptile。
　　Theeyes，too，werereptile-likeinglintandgaze。Yetatthatinstant，humbledandalertintheirlook，theywerelitbyonetinyhumanpoint，thewindowofashrivelledsoul，poignantandself-embittered——
　　Asforthat，Stephensaidinpoliteparenthesis，weareallanimals。
　　Ialsoamananimal——
　　Youare，saidLynch——
　　Butwearejustnowinamentalworld，Stephencontinued。Thedesireandloathingexcitedbyimproperestheticmeansarereallynotestheticemotionsnotonlybecausetheyarekineticincharacterbutalsobecausetheyarenotmorethanphysical。Ourfleshshrinksfromwhatitdreadsandrespondstothestimulusofwhatitdesiresbyapurelyreflexactionofthenervoussystem。Oureyelidclosesbeforeweareawarethattheflyisabouttoenteroureye——
　　Notalways，saidLynchcritically——
　　Inthesameway，saidStephen，yourfleshrespondedtothestimulusofanakedstatue，butitwas，Isay，simplyareflexactionofthenerves。
　　Beautyexpressedbytheartistcannotawakeninusanemotionwhichiskineticorasensationwhichispurelyphysical。Itawakens，oroughttoawaken，orinduces，oroughttoinduce，anestheticstasis，anidealpityoranidealterror，astasiscalledforth，prolonged，andatlastdissolvedbywhatIcalltherhythmofbeauty——
　　Whatisthatexactly？askedLynch——
　　Rhythm，saidStephen，isthefirstformalestheticrelationofparttopartinanyestheticwholeorofanestheticwholetoitspartorpartsorofanyparttotheestheticwholeofwhichitisapart——
　　Ifthatisrhythm，saidLynch，letmehearwhatyoucallbeauty；
　　and，pleaseremember，thoughIdideatacakeofcowdungonce，thatIadmireonlybeauty。
　　Stephenraisedhiscapasifingreeting。Then，blushingslightly，helaidhishandonLynch'sthicktweedsleeve——
　　Weareright，hesaid，andtheothersarewrong。Tospeakofthesethingsandtotrytounderstandtheirnatureand，havingunderstoodit，totryslowlyandhumblyandconstantlytoexpress，topressoutagain，fromthegrossearthorwhatitbringsforth，fromsoundandshapeandcolourwhicharetheprisongatesofoursoul，animageofthebeautywehavecometounderstand-thatisart。
　　Theyhadreachedthecanalbridgeand，turningfromtheircourse，wentonbythetrees。Acrudegreylight，mirroredinthesluggishwaterandasmellofwetbranchesovertheirheadsseemedtowaragainstthecourseofStephen'sthought——
　　Butyouhavenotansweredmyquestion，saidLynch。Whatisart？Whatisthebeautyitexpresses？——
　　ThatwasthefirstdefinitionIgaveyou，yousleepy-headedwretch，saidStephen，whenIbegantotrytothinkoutthematterformyself。Doyourememberthenight？CranlylosthistemperandbegantotalkaboutWicklowbacon——
　　Iremember，saidLynch。Hetoldusaboutthemflamingfatdevilsofpigs——
　　Art，saidStephen，isthehumandispositionofsensibleorintelligiblematterforanestheticend。Yourememberthepigsandforgetthat。Youareadistressingpair，youandCranly。
　　Lynchmadeagrimaceattherawgreyskyandsaid:——
　　IfIamtolistentoyourestheticphilosophygivemeatleastanothercigarette。Idon'tcareaboutit。Idon'tevencareaboutwomen。Damnyouanddamneverything。Iwantajoboffivehundredayear。Youcan'tgetmeone。
　　Stephenhandedhimthepacketofcigarettes。Lynchtookthelastonethatremained，sayingsimply:——
　　Proceed!——
　　Aquinas，saidStephen，saysthatisbeautifultheapprehensionofwhichpleases。
　　Lynchnodded——
　　Irememberthat，hesaid，Pulcrasuntquaevisaplacent-
　　Heusesthewordvisa，saidStephen，tocoverestheticapprehensionsofallkinds，whetherthroughsightorhearingorthroughanyotheravenueofapprehension。Thisword，thoughitisvague，isclearenoughtokeepawaygoodandevilwhichexcitedesireandloathing。Itmeanscertainlyastasisandnotakinesis。Howaboutthetrue？Itproducesalsoastasisofthemind。Youwouldnotwriteyournameinpencilacrossthehypotenuseofaright-angledtriangle——
　　No，saidLynch，givemethehypotenuseoftheVenusofPraxiteles——
　　Statictherefore，saidStephen。Plato，Ibelieve，saidthatbeautyisthesplendouroftruth。Idon'tthinkthatithasameaning，butthetrueandthebeautifulareakin。Truthisbeheldbytheintellectwhichisappeasedbythemostsatisfyingrelationsoftheintelligible；beautyisbeheldbytheimaginationwhichisappeasedbythemostsatisfyingrelationsofthesensible。Thefirststepinthedirectionoftruthistounderstandtheframeandscopeoftheintellectitself，tocomprehendtheactitselfofintellection。Aristotle'sentiresystemofphilosophyrestsuponhisbookofpsychologyandthat，Ithink，restsonhisstatementthatthesameattributecannotatthesametimeandinthesameconnexionbelongtoandnotbelongtothesamesubject。Thefirststepinthedirectionofbeautyistounderstandtheframeandscopeoftheimagination，tocomprehendtheactitselfofestheticapprehension。Isthatclear？——
　　Butwhatisbeauty？askedLynchimpatiently。Outwithanotherdefinition。
　　Somethingweseeandlike!IsthatthebestyouandAquinascando？——
　　Letustakewoman，saidStephen——Letustakeher!saidLynchfervently——
　　TheGreek，theTurk，theChinese，theCopt，theHottentot，saidStephen，alladmireadifferenttypeoffemalebeauty。Thatseemstobeamazeoutofwhichwecannotescape。Isee，however，twowaysout。Oneisthishypothesis:
　　thateveryphysicalqualityadmiredbymeninwomenisindirectconnexionwiththemanifoldfunctionsofwomenforthepropagationofthespecies。
　　Itmaybeso。Theworld，itseems，isdrearierthanevenyou，Lynch，imagined。
　　FormypartIdislikethatwayout。Itleadstoeugenicsratherthantoesthetic。Itleadsyououtofthemazeintoanewgaudylecture-roomwhereMacCann，withonehandonTheOrionofSpeciesandtheotherhandonthenewtestament，tellsyouthatyouadmiredthegreatflanksofVenusbecauseyoufeltthatshewouldbearyouburlyoffspringandadmiredhergreatbreastsbecauseyoufeltthatshewouldgivegoodmilktoherchildrenandyours——
　　ThenMacCannisasulphur-yellowliar，saidLynchenergetically——
　　Thereremainsanotherwayout，saidStephen，laughing——
　　Towit？saidLynch——
　　Thishypothesis，Stephenbegan。
　　AlongdrayladenwitholdironcameroundthecornerofSirPatrickDun'shospitalcoveringtheendofStephen'sspeechwiththeharshroarofjangledandrattlingmetal。Lynchclosedhisearsandgaveoutoathafteroathtillthedrayhadpassed。Thenheturnedonhisheelrudely。
　　Stephenturnedalsoandwaitedforafewmomentstillhiscompanion'sill-humourhadhaditsvent——
　　Thishypothesis，Stephenrepeated，istheotherwayout:that，thoughthesameobjectmaynotseembeautifultoallpeople，allpeoplewhoadmireabeautifulobjectfindinitcertainrelationswhichsatisfyandcoincidewiththestagesthemselvesofallestheticapprehension。Theserelationsofthesensible，visibletoyouthroughoneformandtomethroughanother，mustbethereforethenecessaryqualitiesofbeauty。Now，wecanreturntoouroldfriendsaintThomasforanotherpennyworthofwisdom。
　　Lynchlaughed——
　　Itamusesmevastly，hesaid，tohearyouquotinghimtimeaftertimelikeajollyroundfriar。Areyoulaughinginyoursleeve？——
　　MacAlister，answeredStephen，wouldcallmyesthetictheoryappliedAquinas。Sofarasthissideofestheticphilosophyextends，Aquinaswillcarrymeallalongtheline。Whenwecometothephenomenaofartisticconception，artisticgestation，andartisticreproductionIrequireanewterminologyandanewpersonalexperience——
　　Ofcourse，saidLynch。AfterallAquinas，inspiteofhisintellect，wasexactlyagoodroundfriar。Butyouwilltellmeaboutthenewpersonalexperienceandnewterminologysomeotherday。Hurryupandfinishthefirstpart——
　　Whoknows？saidStephen，smiling。PerhapsAquinaswouldunderstandmebetterthanyou。Hewasapoethimself。HewroteahymnforMaundyThursday。
　　ItbeginswiththewordsPangelinguagloriosi。Theysayitisthehighestgloryofthehymnal。Itisanintricateandsoothinghymn。Ilikeit；butthereisnohymnthatcanbeputbesidethatmournfulandmajesticprocessionalsong，theVexillaRegisofVenantiusFortunatus。
　　Lynchbegantosingsoftlyandsolemnlyinadeepbassvoice:ImpletasuntquaeconcinitDavidfidelicarmineDicendonationibusRegnavitalignoDeus——That'sgreat!hesaid，wellpleased。Greatmusic!
　　TheyturnedintoLowerMountStreet。Afewstepsfromthecornerafatyoungman，wearingasilkneckcloth，salutedthemandstopped——
　　Didyouheartheresultsoftheexams？heasked。Griffinwasplucked。
　　HalpinandO'Flynnarethroughthehomecivil。MoonangotfifthplaceintheIndian。O'Shaughnessygotfourteenth。TheIrishfellowsinClark'sgavethemafeedlastnight。Theyallatecurry。
　　Hispallidbloatedfaceexpressedbenevolentmaliceand，ashehadadvancedthroughhistidingsofsuccess，hissmallfat-encircledeyesvanishedoutofsightandhisweakwheezingvoiceoutofhearing。
　　InreplytoaquestionofStephen'shiseyesandhisvoicecameforthagainfromtheirlurking-places——
　　Yes，MacCullaghandI；hesaid。He'stakingpuremathematicsandI'mtakingconstitutionalhistory。Therearetwentysubjects。I'mtakingbotanytoo。YouknowI'mamemberofthefieldclub。
　　Hedrewbackfromtheothertwoinastatelyfashionandplacedaplumpwoollen-glovedhandonhisbreastfromwhichmutteredwheezinglaughteratoncebrokeforth——
　　Bringusafewturnipsandonionsthenexttimeyougoout，saidStephendrily，tomakeastew。
　　Thefatstudentlaughedindulgentlyandsaid:——
　　Weareallhighlyrespectablepeopleinthefieldclub。LastSaturdaywewentouttoGlenmalure，sevenofus——
　　Withwomen，Donovan？saidLynch。
　　Donovanagainlaidhishandonhischestandsaid:——
　　Ourendistheacquisitionofknowledge。Thenhesaidquickly:——
　　Ihearyouarewritingsomeessaysaboutesthetics。Stephenmadeavaguegestureofdenial——
　　GoetheandLessing，saidDonovan，havewrittenalotonthatsubject，theclassicalschoolandtheromanticschoolandallthat。TheLaocooninterestedmeverymuchwhenIreadit。Ofcourseitisidealistic，German，ultra-profound。
　　Neitheroftheothersspoke。Donovantookleaveofthemurbanely——
　　Imustgo，hesaidsoftlyandbenevolently，Ihaveastrongsuspicion，amountingalmosttoaconviction，thatmysisterintendedtomakepancakestodayforthedinneroftheDonovanfamily——
　　Goodbye，Stephensaidinhiswake。Don'tforgettheturnipsformeandmymate。
　　Lynchgazedafterhim，hislipcurlinginslowscorntillhisfaceresembledadevil'smask:——
　　Tothinkthatthatyellowpancake-eatingexcrementcangetagoodjob，hesaidatlength，andIhavetosmokecheapcigarettes!
　　TheyturnedtheirfacestowardsMerrionSquareandwentforalittleinsilence——
　　TofinishwhatIwassayingaboutbeauty，saidStephen，themostsatisfyingrelationsofthesensiblemustthereforecorrespondtothenecessaryphasesofartisticapprehension。Findtheseandyoufindthequalitiesofuniversalbeauty。Aquinassays:Adpulcritudinemtriarequirunturintegritas，consonantia，claritas。Itranslateitso:Threethingsareneededforbeauty，wholeness，harmony，andradiance。Dothesecorrespondtothephasesofapprehension？Areyoufollowing？——
　　Ofcourse，Iam，saidLynch。IfyouthinkIhaveanexcrementitiousintelligencerunafterDonovanandaskhimtolistentoyou。
　　Stephenpointedtoabasketwhichabutcher'sboyhadslunginvertedonhishead——
　　Lookatthatbasket，hesaid——
　　Iseeit，saidLynch——
　　Inordertoseethatbasket，saidStephen，yourmindfirstofallseparatesthebasketfromtherestofthevisibleuniversewhichisnotthebasket。Thefirstphaseofapprehensionisaboundinglinedrawnabouttheobjecttobeapprehended。Anestheticimageispresentedtouseitherinspaceorintime。Whatisaudibleispresentedintime，whatisvisibleispresentedinspace。But，temporalorspatial，theestheticimageisfirstluminouslyapprehendedasselfboundedandselfcontainedupontheimmeasurablebackgroundofspaceortimewhichisnotit。Youapprehendeditasonething。Youseeitasonewhole。Youapprehenditswholeness。
　　Thatisintegritas——
　　Bull'seye!saidLynch，laughing。Goon——
　　Then，saidStephen，youpassfrompointtopoint，ledbyitsformallines；youapprehenditasbalancedpartagainstpartwithinitslimits；
　　youfeeltherhythmofitsstructure。Inotherwords，thesynthesisofimmediateperceptionisfollowedbytheanalysisofapprehension。Havingfirstfeltthatitisonethingyoufeelnowthatitisathing。
　　Youapprehenditascomplex，multiple，divisible，separable，madeupofitsparts，theresultofitspartsandtheirsum，harmonious。Thatisconsonantia——
　　Bull'seyeagain!saidLynchwittily。Tellmenowwhatisclaritasandyouwinthecigar——
　　Theconnotationoftheword，Stephensaid，israthervague。Aquinasusesatermwhichseemstobeinexact。Itbaffledmeforalongtime。Itwouldleadyoutobelievethathehadinmindsymbolismoridealism，thesupremequalityofbeautybeingalightfromsomeotherworld，theideaofwhichthematterisbuttheshadow，therealityofwhichitisbutthesymbol。Ithoughthemightmeanthatclaritasistheartisticdiscoveryandrepresentationofthedivinepurposeinanythingoraforceofgeneralizationwhichwouldmaketheestheticimagea'universalone，makeitoutshineitsproperconditions。Butthatisliterarytalk。Iunderstanditso。Whenyouhaveapprehendedthatbasketasonethingandhavethenanalyseditaccordingtoitsformandapprehendeditasathingyoumaketheonlysynthesiswhichislogicallyandestheticallypermissible。Youseethatitisthatthingwhichitisandnootherthing。Theradianceofwhichhespeaksinthescholasticquidditas，thewhatnessofathing。Thissupremequalityisfeltbytheartistwhentheestheticimageisfirstconceivedinhisimagination。ThemindinthatmysteriousinstantShelleylikenedbeautifullytoafadingcoal。Theinstantwhereinthatsupremequalityofbeauty，theclearradianceoftheestheticimage，isapprehendedluminouslybythemindwhichhasbeenarrestedbyitswholenessandfascinatedbyitsharmonyistheluminoussilentstasisofestheticpleasure，aspiritualstateveryliketothatcardiacconditionwhichtheItalianphysiologistLuigiGalvani，usingaphrasealmostasbeautifulasShelley's，calledtheenchantmentoftheheart。
　　Stephenpausedand，thoughhiscompaniondidnotspeak，feltthathiswordshadcalleduparoundthemathought-enchantedsilence——
　　WhatIhavesaid，hebeganagain，referstobeautyinthewidersenseoftheword，inthesensewhichthewordhasintheliterarytradition。
　　Inthemarketplaceithasanothersense。Whenwespeakofbeautyinthesecondsenseofthetermourjudgementisinfluencedinthefirstplacebytheartitselfandbytheformofthatart。Theimage，itisclear，mustbesetbetweenthemindorsensesoftheartisthimselfandthemindorsensesofothers。Ifyoubearthisinmemoryyouwillseethatartnecessarilydividesitselfintothreeformsprogressingfromonetothenext。Theseformsare:thelyricalform，theformwhereintheartistpresentshisimageinimmediaterelationtohimself；theepicalform，theformwhereinhepresentshisimageinmediaterelationtohimselfandtoothers；thedramaticform，theformwhereinhepresentshisimageinimmediaterelationtoothers——
　　Thatyoutoldmeafewnightsago，saidLynch，andwebeganthefamousdiscussion——
　　Ihaveabookathome，saidStephen，inwhichIhavewrittendownquestionswhicharemoreamusingthanyourswere。InfindingtheanswerstothemIfoundthetheoryofestheticwhichIamtryingtoexplain。HerearesomequestionsIsetmyself:Isachairfinelymadetragicorcomic？
　　IstheportraitofMonaLisagoodifIdesiretoseeit？Ifnot，whynot？——
　　Whynot，indeed？saidLynch，laughing——
　　Ifamanhackinginfuryatablockofwood，Stephencontinued，makethereanimageofacow，isthatimageaworkofart？Ifnot，whynot？——
　　That'salovelyone，saidLynch，laughingagain。Thathasthetruescholasticstink——
　　Lessing，saidStephen，shouldnothavetakenagroupofstatuestowriteof。Theart，beinginferior，doesnotpresenttheformsIspokeofdistinguishedclearlyonefromanother。Eveninliterature，thehighestandmostspiritualart，theformsareoftenconfused。Thelyricalformisinfactthesimplestverbalvestureofaninstantofemotionarhythmicalcrysuchasagesagocheeredonthemanwhopulledattheoarordraggedstonesupaslope。Hewhouttersitismoreconsciousoftheinstantofemotionthanofhimselfasfeelingemotion。Thesimplestepicalformisseenemergingoutoflyricalliteraturewhentheartistprolongsandbroodsuponhimselfasthecentreofanepicaleventandthisformprogressestillthecentreofemotionalgravityisequidistantfromtheartisthimselfandfromothers。Thenarrativeisnolongerpurelypersonal。Thepersonalityoftheartistpassesintothenarrationitself，flowingroundandroundthepersonsandtheactionlikeavitalsea。ThisprogressyouwillseeeasilyinthatoldEnglishballadTurpinHerowhichbeginsinthefirstpersonandendsinthethirdperson。Thedramaticformisreachedwhenthevitalitywhichhasflowedandeddiedroundeachpersonfillseverypersonwithsuchvitalforcethatheorsheassumesaproperandintangibleestheticlife。Thepersonalityoftheartist，atfirstacryoracadenceoramoodandthenafluidandlambentnarrative，finallyrefinesitselfoutofexistence，impersonalizesitself，sotospeak。Theestheticimageinthedramaticformislifepurifiedinandreprojectedfromthehumanimagination。Themysteryofesthetic，likethatofmaterialcreation，isaccomplished。Theartist，liketheGodofcreation，remainswithinorbehindorbeyondorabovehishandiwork，invisible，refinedoutofexistence，indifferent，paringhisfingernails。