Wherequestionsareperfectlyequivalent，sothatthenegativeoftheoneamountstotheaffirmativeoftheother，andleavesnootheralternative，thedecisionoftheoneconcludesnecessarilytheother。4Grey157。Thusthenegativeofstrikingoutamountstotheaffirmativeofagreeing；
andtherefore，toputaquestiononagreeingafterthatonstrikingout，wouldbetoputthesamequestionineffecttwiceover。NotsoinquestionsofamendmentsbetweenthetwoHouses。Amotiontorecedebeingnegatived，doesnotamounttoapositivevotetoinsist，becausethereisanotheralternative，towit，toadhere。
AbilloriginatinginoneHouse，ispassedbytheotherwithanamendment。
AmotionintheoriginatingHousetoagreetotheamendmentisnegatived。
Doesthereresultfromthisavoteofdisagreement，ormustthequestionondisagreementbeexpresslyvoted？ThequestionsrespectingamendmentsfromanotherHouseare，1。Toagree。2。Disagree。3。Recede。4。Insist。
5。Adhere。1st。Toagree。
2nd。Todisagree。Eitheroftheseconcludestheothernecessarily:forthepositiveofeitherisexactlytheequivalentofthenegativeoftheother，andnootheralternativeremains。Oneithermotionamendmentstotheamendmentmaybeproposed，e。g。ifitbemovedtodisagree，thosewhoarefortheamendmenthavearighttoproposeamendments，andtomakeitasperfectastheycan，beforethequestionofdisagreeingisput。
3d。Torecede。Youmaytheneitherinsistoradhere。
4th。Toinsist。Youmaytheneitherrecedeoradhere。
5th。Toadhere。Youmaytheneitherrecedeorinsist。Consequentlythenegativeoftheseisnotequivalenttoapositivevotetheotherway。Itdoesnotraisesonecessaryanimplicationasmayauthorisethesecretarybyinferencetoenteranothervote:fortwoalternativesstillremain，eitherofwhichmaybeadoptedbytheHouse。SEC。XXXIX。
THEQUESTION。THEquestionistobeputfirstontheaffirmative，andthenonthenegativeside。
AftertheSpeakerhasputtheaffirmativepartofthequestion，anymemberwhohasnotspokenbeforetothequestion，mayriseandspeakbeforethenegativebeput。Becauseitisnofullquestiontillthenegativepartbeput。Scob。23。2Hats。73。
Butinsmallmatters，andwhichareofcourse，suchasreceivingpetitions，reports，withdrawingmotions，readingpapers，&；c。theSpeakermostcommonlysupposestheconsentoftheHouse，wherenoobjectionisexpressed，anddoesnotgivethemthetroubleofputtingthequestionformally。Scob。
22。2Hats。79，2，87。5Grey129。9Grey301。SEC。XL。
BILLS，THIRDREADING。TOpreventbillsfrombeingpassedbysurprise，theHouse，byastandingorder，directsthattheyshallnotbeputontheirpassagebeforeafixedhour，namingoneatwhichtheHouseiscommonlyfull。Hakew。153。
TheusageoftheSenateisnottoputbillsontheirpassagetillnoon。Abillreportedandpassedtothethirdreadingcannotonthatdaybereadthethirdtimeandpassed。Becausethiswouldbetopassontworeadingsinthesameday。
Atthethirdreading，theclerkreadsthebillanddeliversittotheSpeaker，whostatesthetitle，thatitisthethirdtimeofreadingthebill，andthatthequestionwillbewhetheritshallpass？Formerly，theSpeaker，orthosewhopreparedabill，preparedalsoabreviateorsummarystatementofitscontents，whichtheSpeakerreadwhenhedeclaredthestateofthebill，attheseveralreadings。Sometimeshowever，hereadthebillitself，especiallyonitspassage。Hakew。136，137，153。
Coke22，115。Latterly，insteadofthis，he，atthethirdreading，statesthewholecontentsofthebillverbatim，onlyinsteadofreadingtheformalparts，"Beitenacted，&；c。”hestatesthat"thepreamblerecitessoandso……the1stsectionenactsthat，&；c。the2dsectionenacts，&；c。”
ButintheSenateoftheUnitedStates，bothoftheseformalitiesaredispensedwith；thebreviatepresentingbutanimperfectviewofthebill，andbeingcapableofbeingmadetopresentafalseone:andthefullstatementbeinganuselesswasteoftime，immediatelyafterafullreadingbytheclerk；andespeciallyaseverymemberhasaprintedcopyinhishand。
Abillonthethirdreading，isnottobecommittedforthematterorbodythereof；buttoreceivesomeparticularclauseorproviso，ithathbeensometimessuffered，butasathingveryunusual。Hakew。156。
thus27El。1584。abillwascommittedonthethirdreading，havingbeenformerlycommittedonthesecond，butisdeclarednotusual。D'Ewes337。col。2，414，col。2。
Whenanessentialprovisionhasbeenomitted，ratherthanerasethebill，andrenderitsuspicious，theyaddaclauseonaseparatepaper，engrossedandcalledaryder，whichisreadandputtothequestionthreetimes。Elsynge'sMemorials59。6Grey335。1Blackst。183。Forexamplesofryderssee3Hats。121，122，124，126。Everyoneisatlibertytobringinaryderwithoutaskingleave。10Grey52。
Itislaiddownasageneralrule，thatamendmentsproposedatthesecondreadingshallbetwiceread，andthoseproposedatthethirdreadingthriceread；asalsoallamendmentsfromtheotherHouse。Town。col。19，23，24，25，26，27，28。
Itiswithgreat，andalmostinvinciblereluctance，thatamendmentsareadmittedatthisreading，whichoccasionerasuresorinterlineations。
Sometimesaprovisohasbeencutofffromabill；sometimeserased。9Grey513。
Thisistheproperstageforfillingupblanks；foriffilledupbefore，andnowalteredbyerasure，itwouldbepeculiarlyunsafe。
Athisreadingthebillisdebatedafresh，andforthemostpartismorespokento，atthistime，thanonanyoftheformerreadings。Hakew。
153。
Thedebateonthequestionwhetheritshouldbereadathirdtime？hasdiscoveredtoitsfriendsandopponentstheargumentsonwhicheachsiderelies，andwhichoftheseappeartohaveinfluencewiththeHouse；theyhavehadtimetomeetthemwithnewarguments，andtoputtheiroldonesintonewshapes。Theformervotehastriedthestrengthofthefirstopinionandfurnishedgroundstoestimatetheissue；andthequestionnowofferedforitspassage，isthelastoccasionwhichisevertobeofferedforcarryingorrejectingit。
Whenthedebateisended，theSpeaker，holdingthebillinhishand，putsthequestionforitspassage，bysaying，"Gentlemen，allyouwhoareofopinionthatthisbillshallpass，sayaye，"andaftertheansweroftheayes，"Allthoseofthecontraryopinionsayno。”Hakew。154。
Afterthebillispassed，therecanbenofurtheralterationofitinanypoint。Hakew。159。SEC。XLI。
DIVISIONOFTHEHOUSE。THEaffirmativeandnegativeofthequestionhavingbeenbothputandanswered，theSpeakerdeclareswhethertheyeasornayshaveitbythesound，ifhebehimselfsatisfied，anditstandsasthejudgmentoftheHouse。Butifhebenothimselfsatisfiedwhichvoiceisthegreater，orif，beforeanyothermembercomesintotheHouse，orbeforeanynewmotionmadeforitistoolateafterthatanymembershallriseanddeclarehimselfdissatisfiedwiththeSpeaker'sdecision，thentheSpeakeristodividetheHouse。Scob。24。2Hats。140。
WhentheHouseofCommonsisdivided，theonepartygoesforth，andtheotherremainsintheHouse。Thishasmadeitimportantwhichgoforth，andwhichremain；becausethelattergainalltheindolent，theindifferentandinattentive。Theirgeneralrulethereforeis，thatthosewhogivetheirvotesforthepreservationoftheordersoftheHouse，shallstayin，andthosewhoareforintroducinganynewmatteroralteration，orproceedingcontrarytotheestablishedcourse，aretogoout。Butthisruleissubjecttomanyexceptionsandmodifications。2Hats。134。1Rush。p。3，fol。92。Scob。43，52。Co。12，116。D'Ewes。
505。col。1。Mem。inHakew。25，29。aswillappearbythefollowingstatementofwhogoforth。
Petitionthatitbereceived，5Ayes。
Read。
Lieonthetable，Noes。
Rejectedafterrefusaltolieontable，Referredtoacommittee，orfartherproceeding，Ayes。
Bill，thatitbebroughtin，Ayes。
Read1stor2dtime，Engrossed，orread3dtime，Proceedingoneveryotherstage，Committed，Tocommitteeofthewhole，Noes。
Toaselectcommittee，Ayes。
Reportofbilltolieontable，Noes。
Benowread，Ayes。
Betakenintoconsideration3monthshence，30P。J。251。
Amendmentsbereada2dtime，Noes。
Clauseofferedonreportofbillberead2dtime，Ayes。
Forreceivingaclause，334。
Withamendmentsbeengrossed，395。
Thatabillbenowreada3dtime，Noes。398。
Receivearyder，Ayes。260。
Pass，259。
Beprinted，Committees。ThatAtakethechair，Noes。
Toagreetothewholeoranypartofreport，ThattheH。donowresolveintocommittee，291。
Speaker。Thathenowleavethechair，afterordertogointocommittee，Thatheissuewarrantforanewwrit，Member。Thatnonebeabsentwithoutleave，Witness。Thathebefurtherexamined，Ayes。344。
Previousquestion，Noes。
Blanks。Thattheybefilledwiththelargestsum，Ayes。
Amendments。ThatwordsstandpartofLords。
Thattheiramendmentbereada2dtime，Noes。
Messengerbereceived，Ordersofdaytobenowread，Ayes。
ifbefore2o'clock，Ifafter2o'clock，Noes。
Adjournment，tillthenextsittingday，ifAyes。
before4o'clock，ifafter4o'clock，Noes。
Overasittingdayunlessapreviousresolution，Ayes。
Overthe30thofJanuary，Noes。
ForsittingonSundayoranyotherday，notbeingasittingday，Ayes。Theonepartybeinggoneforth，theSpeakernamestwotellersfromtheaffirmative，andtwofromthenegativeside，whofirstcountthosesittingintheHouse，andreportthenumbertotheSpeaker。Thentheyplacethemselveswithinthedoor，twooneachside，andcountthosewhowentforth，astheycomein，andreportthenumbertotheSpeaker。Mem。inHakew。26。
Amistakeinthereportofthetellersmayberectifiedafterthereportmade。2Hats。145。note。
ButinbothHousesofCongress，alltheseintricaciesareavoided。
TheAyesfirstriseandarecounted，standingintheirplaces，bythePresidentorSpeaker。Thentheysit，andtheNoesriseandarecountedinlikemanner。
InSenate，iftheybeequallydivided，theVice-Presidentannounceshisopinion，whichdecides。
Theconstitutionhoweverhasdirectedthat"theYeasandNaysofthemembersofeitherHouseonanyquestionshall，atthedesireofonefifthofthosepresent，beenteredonthejournal。”Andagain，thatinallcasesofreconsideringabill，disapprovedbythePresident，andreturnedwithhisobjections，"thevotesofbothHousesshallbedeterminedbyTeasandNays，andthenamesofthepersonsvotingforandagainstthebill，shallbeenteredonthejournalsofeachHouserespectively。”
Bythe11thruleoftheSenate，whentheTeasandNaysshallbecalledforbyonefifthofthememberspresent，eachmembercalledupon，shall，unlessforspecialreasonshebeexcusedbytheSenate，declareopenlyandwithoutdebate，hisassentordissenttothequestion。IntakingtheTeasandNays，anduponthecalloftheHouse，thenamesofthemembersshallbetakenalphabetically。
WhenitisproposedtotakethevotebyTeasandNays，thePresidentorSpeakerstates，that"thequestionis，whethere。g。thebillshallpass？
thatitisproposedthattheTeasandNaysshallbeenteredonthejournal。
Thosethereforewhodesireitwillrise。”Ifhefindsanddeclaresthatonefifthhaverisen，hethenstatesthat"thosewhoareofopinionthatthebillshallpassaretoanswerintheaffirmative，thoseofthecontraryopinioninthenegative。”Theclerkthencallsoverthenamesalphabetically，notestheTeaorNayofeach，andgivesthelisttothePresidentorSpeaker，whodeclarestheresult。InSenate，iftherebeanequaldivision，thesecretarycallsontheVice-President，andnoteshisaffirmativeornegative，whichbecomesthedecisionoftheHouse。
IntheHouseofCommons，everymembermustgivehisvotetheonewayortheother。Scob。24。AsitisnotpermittedtoanyonetowithdrawwhoisintheHousewhenthequestionisput，norisanyonetobetoldinthedivisionwhowasnotinwhenthequestionwasput。2Hats。
140。
ThislastpositionisalwaystruewhenthevoteisbyYeasandNays；
wherethenegativeaswellasaffirmativeofthequestionisstatedbythePresidentathesametime，andthevoteofbothsidesbeginsandproceedsparipassu。Itistruealsowhenthequestionisputintheusualway，ifthenegativehasalsobeenput。Butifithasnot，thememberentering，oranyothermember，mayspeak，andevenproposeamendments，bywhichthedebatemaybeopenedagain，andthequestionbegreatlydeferred。Andassomewhohaveansweredaye，mayhavebeenchangedbythenewarguments，theaffirmativemustbeputoveragain。Ifthenthememberenteringmay，byspeakingafewwords，occasionarepetitionofthequestion，itwouldbeuselesstodenyitonhissimplecallforit。
WhiletheHouseistelling，nomembermayspeak，ormoveoutofhisplace；foritanymistakebesuspected，itmustbetoldagain。Mem。inHakew。26。2Hats。143。
Ifanydifficultyarisesinpointoforderduringthedivision，theSpeakeristodecideperemptorily，subjecttothefuturecensureoftheHouseifirregular。Hesometimespermitsoldexperiencedmemberstoassisthimwiththeiradvice，whichtheydo，sittingintheirseats，covered，toavoidtheappearanceofdebate；butthiscanonlybewiththeSpeaker'sleave，elsethedivisionmightlastseveralhours。2Hats。143。
Thevoiceofthemajoritydecides。Forthelexmajorispartisisthelawofallcouncils，elections，&；c。wherenototherwiseexpresslyprovided。Hakew。93。ButiftheHousebeequallydivided，"semperpresumaturpronegante；"thatis，theformerlawisnottobechangedbutbyamajority。Town。col。134。
ButintheSenateoftheUnitedStates，theVice-Presidentdecides，whentheHouseisdivided。ConstitutionUnitedStatesI。3。
WhenfromcountingtheHouseonadivision，itappearsthatthereisnotaquorum，themattercontinuesexactlyinthestateinwhichitwasbeforethedivision，andmustberesumedatthatpointonanyfutureday。
2Hats。126。
1606，May1，Onaquestionwhetheramemberhavingsaidyea，mayafterwardssitandchangehisopinion？aprecedentwasrememberedbytheSpeaker，ofMr。Morris，attorneyofthewardsin39Eliz。whoinlikecasechangedhisopinion。Mem。inHakew。27。SEC。XLII。
TITLE。AFTERthebillhaspassed，andnotbeforethetitlemaybeamended，andistobefixedbyaquestion；
andthebillisthensenttotheotherHouse。SEC。XLIII。
RECONSIDERATION。WHENaquestionhasbeenoncemadeandcarriedintheaffirmative，ornegative，itshallbeinorderforanymemberofthemajority，tomoveforthereconsiderationthereof。Rule22。
1798，January。Abillonitssecondreading，beingamended，andonthequestionwhetheritshallbereadathirdtimenegatived，wasrestoredbyadecisiontoreconsiderthatquestion。Herethevotesofnegativeandreconsideration，likepositiveandnegativequantitiesinequation，destroyoneanother，andareasiftheywereexpungedfromthejournals。Consequentlythebillisopenforamendment，justsofarasitwasthemomentprecedingthequestionforthethirdreading。Thatistosay，allpartsofthebillareopenforamendment，exceptthoseonwhichvoteshavebeenalreadytakeninitspresentstage。Soalsoitmayberecommitted。
Therulepermittingareconsiderationofaquestionaffixingtoitnolimitationoftimeorcircumstance，itmaybeaskedwhetherthereisnolimitation？If，afterthevote，thepaperonwhichitispassedhasbeenpartedwith，therecanbenoreconsideration:asifavotehasbeenforthepassageofabill，andthebillhasbeensenttotheotherHouse。
Butwherethepaperremains，asonabillrejected；when，orunderwhatcircumstancesdoesitceasetobesusceptibleofreconsideration？Thisremainstobesettled；unlessasensethattherightofreconsiderationisarighttowastethetimeoftheHouseinrepeatedagitationsofthesamequestion，sothatitshallneverknowwhenaquestionisdonewith，shouldinducethemtoreformthisanomalousproceeding。
InParliament，aquestiononcecarried，cannotbequestionedagainatthesamesession；butmuststandasthejudgmentoftheHouse。Town。
col。67。Mem。inHakew。33。Andabilloncerejected，anotherofthesamesubstancecannotbebroughtinagainthesamesession。Hakew。158。6Grey392。Butthisdoesnotextendtopreventputtingthesamequestionindifferentstagesofabill；becauseeverystageofabillsubmitsthewholeandeverypartofittotheopinionoftheHouse，asopenforamendment，eitherbyinsertionoromission，thoughthesameamendmenthasbeenacceptedorrejectedinaformerstage。Soinreportsofcommittees，e。g。reportofanaddress，thesamequestionisbeforetheHouse，andopenforfreediscussion。Town。col。26。2Hats。98，100，101。
SoordersoftheHouse，orinstructionstocommitteesmaybedischarged。
Soabill，beguninoneHouse，senttotheother，andthererejected，mayberenewedagaininthatother，passedandsentback。Ib。92。3Hats。161。Orif，insteadofbeingrejected，theyreaditonceandlayitaside，oramendit，andputitoffamonth，theymayorderinanothertothesameeffect，withthesameoradifferenttitle。Hakew。97，98。
Diversexpedientsareusedtocorrecttheeffectsofthisrule；asbypassinganexplanatoryact，ifanythinghasbeenomittedorillexpressed，3Hats。278。oranacttoenforce，andmakemoreeffectualanact，&；c。ortorectifymistakesinanact，&；c。oracommitteeononebillmaybeinstructedtoreceiveaclausetorectifythemistakesofanother。
Thus，June24，1685，aclausewasinsertedinabillforrectifyingamistakecommittedbyaclerkinengrossingabillofsupply。2Hats。194，6。Orthesessionmaybeclosedforone，two，threeormoredays，andanewonecommenced。Butthenallmattersdependingmustbefinished，ortheyfall，andaretobegindenovo。2Hats。94，to98。Orapartofthesubjectmaybetakenupbyanotherbill，ortakenupinadifferentway。6Grey304，316。
Andincasesofthelastmagnitude，thisrulehasnotbeensostrictlyandverballyobservedastostopindispensableproceedingsaltogether。
2Hats。92，98。Thuswhentheaddressonthepreliminariesofpeacein1782hadbeenlostbyamajorityofone，onaccountoftheimportanceofthequestion，andsmallnessofthemajority，thesamequestioninsubstance，thoughwithsomewordsnotinthefirst，andwhichmightchangetheopinionofsomemembers，wasbroughtonagainandcarried；asthemotivesforitwerethoughttooutweightheobjectionofform。2Hats。99，100。
Asecondbillmaybepassedtocontinueanactofthesamesession；
ortoenlargethetimelimitedforitsexecution。2Hats。95，98。
Thisisnotincontradictiontothefirstact。SEC。XLIV。
BILLSSENTTOTHEOTHERHOUSE。ALLbillspassedinSenateshall，beforetheyaresenttotheHouseofRepresentatives，beexaminedbythecommitteesrespectively，whobroughtinsuchbills，ortowhomthesamehavebeenlastcommittedinSenate。Rule23。
AbillfromtheotherHouseissometimesorderedtolieonthetable。
2Hats。97。
WhenbillspassedinoneHouseandsenttotheother，aregroundedonspecialfactsrequiringproof，itisusualeitherbymessage，orataconference，toaskthegroundsandevidence；andthisevidence，whetherarisingoutofpapers，orfromtheexaminationofwitnesses，isimmediatelycommunicated。
3Hats。48。SEC。XLV。
AMENDMENTSBETWEENTHEHOUSES。WHENeitherHouse，e。g。theHouseofCommons，sendsabilltotheother，theothermaypassitwithamendments。
Theregularprogressioninthiscaseis，thattheCommonsdisagreetotheamendment；theLordsinsistonit；theCommonsinsistontheirdisagreement；
theLordsadheretotheiramendment；theCommonsadheretotheirdisagreement。