Theywerefilledwithwildfancies.Sometimes,theythoughttheyheardagreatbelltolling,deepdownintheearthundertheParliamentHouse;sometimes,theythoughttheyheardlowvoicesmutteringabouttheGunpowderPlot;onceinthemorning,theyreallydidhearagreatrumblingnoiseovertheirheads,astheydugandsweatedintheirmine.Everymanstoppedandlookedaghastathisneighbour,wonderingwhathadhappened,whenthatboldprowler,Fawkes,whohadbeenouttolook,cameinandtoldthemthatitwasonlyadealerincoalswhohadoccupiedacellarundertheParliamentHouse,removinghisstockintradetosomeotherplace.Uponthis,theconspirators,whowithalltheirdigginganddigginghadnotyetdugthroughthetremendouslythickwall,changedtheirplan;hiredthatcellar,whichwasdirectlyundertheHouseofLords;putsix-and-thirtybarrelsofgunpowderinit,andcoveredthemoverwithfagotsandcoals.ThentheyalldispersedagaintillSeptember,whenthefollowingnewconspiratorswereadmitted;SIREDWARDBAYNHAM,ofGloucestershire;SIREVERARD
　　DIGBY,ofRutlandshire;AMBROSEROOKWOOD,ofSuffolk;FRANCIS
　　TRESHAM,ofNorthamptonshire.Mostofthesewererich,andweretoassisttheplot,somewithmoneyandsomewithhorsesonwhichtheconspiratorsweretoridethroughthecountryandrousetheCatholicsaftertheParliamentshouldbeblownintoair.
　　ParliamentbeingagainproroguedfromthethirdofOctobertothefifthofNovember,andtheconspiratorsbeinguneasylesttheirdesignshouldhavebeenfoundout,ThomasWintersaidhewouldgoupintotheHouseofLordsonthedayoftheprorogation,andseehowmatterslooked.Nothingcouldbebetter.TheunconsciousCommissionerswerewalkingaboutandtalkingtooneanother,justoverthesix-and-thirtybarrelsofgunpowder.Hecamebackandtoldtherestso,andtheywentonwiththeirpreparations.Theyhiredaship,andkeptitreadyintheThames,inwhichFawkeswastosailforFlandersafterfiringwithaslowmatchthetrainthatwastoexplodethepowder.AnumberofCatholicgentlemennotinthesecret,wereinvited,onpretenceofahuntingparty,tomeetSirEverardDigbyatDunchurchonthefatalday,thattheymightbereadytoacttogether.Andnowallwasready.
　　But,now,thegreatwickednessanddangerwhichhadbeenallalongatthebottomofthiswickedplot,begantoshowitself.AsthefifthofNovemberdrewnear,mostoftheconspirators,rememberingthattheyhadfriendsandrelationswhowouldbeintheHouseofLordsthatday,feltsomenaturalrelenting,andawishtowarnthemtokeepaway.TheywerenotmuchcomfortedbyCatesby'sdeclaringthatinsuchacausehewouldblowuphisownson.LORD
　　MOUNTEAGLE,Tresham'sbrother-in-law,wascertaintobeinthehouse;andwhenTreshamfoundthathecouldnotprevailupontheresttodeviseanymeansofsparingtheirfriends,hewroteamysteriouslettertothislordandleftitathislodginginthedusk,urginghimtokeepawayfromtheopeningofParliament,'sinceGodandmanhadconcurredtopunishthewickednessofthetimes.'Itcontainedthewords'thattheParliamentshouldreceiveaterribleblow,andyetshouldnotseewhohurtthem.'Anditadded,'thedangerispast,assoonasyouhaveburnttheletter.'
　　TheministersandcourtiersmadeoutthathisSowship,byadirectmiraclefromHeaven,foundoutwhatthislettermeant.Thetruthis,thattheywerenotlongasfewmenwouldbeinfindingoutforthemselves;anditwasdecidedtolettheconspiratorsalone,untiltheverydaybeforetheopeningofParliament.Thattheconspiratorshadtheirfears,iscertain;for,Treshamhimselfsaidbeforethemall,thattheywereeveryonedeadmen;and,althoughevenhedidnottakeflight,thereisreasontosupposethathehadwarnedotherpersonsbesidesLordMounteagle.However,theywereallfirm;andFawkes,whowasamanofiron,wentdowneverydayandnighttokeepwatchinthecellarasusual.Hewasthereabouttwointheafternoonofthefourth,whentheLordChamberlainandLordMounteaglethrewopenthedoorandlookedin.'Whoareyou,friend?'saidthey.'Why,'saidFawkes,'IamMr.Percy'sservant,andamlookingafterhisstoreoffuelhere.''Yourmasterhaslaidinaprettygoodstore,'theyreturned,andshutthedoor,andwentaway.Fawkes,uponthis,postedofftotheotherconspiratorstotellthemallwasquiet,andwentbackandshuthimselfupinthedark,blackcellaragain,whereheheardthebellgotwelveo'clockandusherinthefifthofNovember.Abouttwohoursafterwards,heslowlyopenedthedoor,andcameouttolookabouthim,inhisoldprowlingway.Hewasinstantlyseizedandbound,byapartyofsoldiersunderSIRTHOMASKNEVETT.Hehadawatchuponhim,sometouchwood,sometinder,someslowmatches;andtherewasadarklanternwithacandleinit,lighted,behindthedoor.
　　Hehadhisbootsandspurson-toridetotheship,Isuppose-
　　anditwaswellforthesoldiersthattheytookhimsosuddenly.
　　Iftheyhadlefthimbutamoment'stimetolightamatch,hecertainlywouldhavetosseditinamongthepowder,andblownuphimselfandthem.
　　TheytookhimtotheKing'sbed-chamberfirstofall,andtheretheKingcausinghimtobeheldverytight,andkeepingagoodwayoff,askedhimhowhecouldhavethehearttointendtodestroysomanyinnocentpeople?'Because,'saidGuyFawkes,'desperatediseasesneeddesperateremedies.'ToalittleScotchfavourite,withafacelikeaterrier,whoaskedhimwithnoparticularwisdomwhyhehadcollectedsomuchgunpowder,hereplied,becausehehadmeanttoblowScotchmenbacktoScotland,anditwouldtakeadealofpowdertodothat.NextdayhewascarriedtotheTower,butwouldmakenoconfession.Evenafterbeinghorriblytortured,heconfessednothingthattheGovernmentdidnotalreadyknow;
　　thoughhemusthavebeeninafearfulstate-ashissignature,stillpreserved,incontrastwithhisnaturalhand-writingbeforehewasputuponthedreadfulrack,mostfrightfullyshows.Bates,averydifferentman,soonsaidtheJesuitshadhadtodowiththeplot,andprobably,underthetorture,wouldasreadilyhavesaidanything.Tresham,takenandputintheTowertoo,madeconfessionsandunmadethem,anddiedofanillnessthatwasheavyuponhim.Rookwood,whohadstationedrelaysofhisownhorsesallthewaytoDunchurch,didnotmounttoescapeuntilthemiddleoftheday,whenthenewsoftheplotwasalloverLondon.Ontheroad,hecameupwiththetwoWrights,Catesby,andPercy;andtheyallgallopedtogetherintoNorthamptonshire.ThencetoDunchurch,wheretheyfoundtheproposedpartyassembled.Finding,however,thattherehadbeenaplot,andthatithadbeendiscovered,thepartydisappearedinthecourseofthenight,andleftthemalonewithSirEverardDigby.Awaytheyallrodeagain,throughWarwickshireandWorcestershire,toahousecalledHolbeach,onthebordersofStaffordshire.TheytriedtoraisetheCatholicsontheirway,butwereindignantlydrivenoffbythem.AllthistimetheywerehotlypursuedbythesheriffofWorcester,andafastincreasingconcourseofriders.Atlast,resolvingtodefendthemselvesatHolbeach,theyshutthemselvesupinthehouse,andputsomewetpowderbeforethefiretodry.Butitblewup,andCatesbywassingedandblackened,andalmostkilled,andsomeoftheothersweresadlyhurt.Still,knowingthattheymustdie,theyresolvedtodiethere,andwithonlytheirswordsintheirhandsappearedatthewindowstobeshotatbythesheriffandhisassistants.CatesbysaidtoThomasWinter,afterThomashadbeenhitintherightarmwhichdroppedpowerlessbyhisside,'Standbyme,Tom,andwewilldietogether!'-whichtheydid,beingshotthroughthebodybytwobulletsfromonegun.JohnWright,andChristopherWright,andPercy,werealsoshot.RookwoodandDigbyweretaken:theformerwithabrokenarmandawoundinhisbodytoo.
　　ItwasthefifteenthofJanuary,beforethetrialofGuyFawkes,andsuchoftheotherconspiratorsaswereleftalive,cameon.
　　Theywereallfoundguilty,allhanged,drawn,andquartered:
　　some,inSt.Paul'sChurchyard,onthetopofLudgate-hill;some,beforetheParliamentHouse.AJesuitpriest,namedHENRYGARNET,towhomthedreadfuldesignwassaidtohavebeencommunicated,wastakenandtried;andtwoofhisservants,aswellasapoorpriestwhowastakenwithhim,weretorturedwithoutmercy.Hehimselfwasnottortured,butwassurroundedintheTowerbytamperersandtraitors,andsowasmadeunfairlytoconvicthimselfoutofhisownmouth.Hesaid,uponhistrial,thathehaddoneallhecouldtopreventthedeed,andthathecouldnotmakepublicwhathadbeentoldhiminconfession-thoughIamafraidheknewoftheplotinotherways.Hewasfoundguiltyandexecuted,afteramanfuldefence,andtheCatholicChurchmadeasaintofhim;somerichandpowerfulpersons,whohadhadnothingtodowiththeproject,werefinedandimprisonedforitbytheStarChamber;theCatholics,ingeneral,whohadrecoiledwithhorrorfromtheideaoftheinfernalcontrivance,wereunjustlyputundermoreseverelawsthanbefore;andthiswastheendoftheGunpowderPlot.
　　SECONDPART
　　HisSowshipwouldprettywillingly,Ithink,haveblowntheHouseofCommonsintotheairhimself;for,hisdreadandjealousyofitknewnoboundsallthroughhisreign.Whenhewashardpressedformoneyhewasobligedtoorderittomeet,ashecouldgetnomoneywithoutit;andwhenitaskedhimfirsttoabolishsomeofthemonopoliesinnecessariesoflifewhichwereagreatgrievancetothepeople,andtoredressotherpublicwrongs,heflewintoarageandgotridofitagain.AtonetimehewantedittoconsenttotheUnionofEnglandwithScotland,andquarrelledaboutthat.AtanothertimeitwantedhimtoputdownamostinfamousChurchabuse,calledtheHighCommissionCourt,andhequarrelledwithitaboutthat.Atanothertimeitentreatedhimnottobequitesofondofhisarchbishopsandbishopswhomadespeechesinhispraisetooawfultoberelated,buttohavesomelittleconsiderationforthepoorPuritanclergywhowerepersecutedforpreachingintheirownway,andnotaccordingtothearchbishopsandbishops;andtheyquarrelledaboutthat.Inshort,whatwithhatingtheHouseofCommons,andpretendingnottohateit;andwhatwithnowsendingsomeofitsmemberswhoopposedhim,toNewgateortotheTower,andnowtellingtherestthattheymustnotpresumetomakespeechesaboutthepublicaffairswhichcouldnotpossiblyconcernthem;andwhatwithcajoling,andbullying,andfighting,andbeingfrightened;theHouseofCommonswastheplagueofhisSowship'sexistence.Itwasprettyfirm,however,inmaintainingitsrights,andinsistingthattheParliamentshouldmakethelaws,andnottheKingbyhisownsingleproclamationswhichhetriedhardtodo;
　　andhisSowshipwassooftendistressedformoney,inconsequence,thathesoldeverysortoftitleandpublicofficeasiftheyweremerchandise,andeveninventedanewdignitycalledaBaronetcy,whichanybodycouldbuyforathousandpounds.
　　ThesedisputeswithhisParliaments,andhishunting,andhisdrinking,andhislyinginbed-forhewasagreatsluggard-
　　occupiedhisSowshipprettywell.Therestofhistimehechieflypassedinhuggingandslobberinghisfavourites.ThefirstofthesewasSIRPHILIPHERBERT,whohadnoknowledgewhatever,exceptofdogs,andhorses,andhunting,butwhomhesoonmadeEARLOF
　　MONTGOMERY.Thenext,andamuchmorefamousone,wasROBERTCARR,orKERforitisnotcertainwhichwashisrightname,whocamefromtheBordercountry,andwhomhesoonmadeVISCOUNTROCHESTER,andafterwards,EARLOFSOMERSET.ThewayinwhichhisSowshipdotedonthishandsomeyoungman,isevenmoreodioustothinkof,thanthewayinwhichthereallygreatmenofEnglandcondescendedtobowdownbeforehim.Thefavourite'sgreatfriendwasacertainSIRTHOMASOVERBURY,whowrotehislove-lettersforhim,andassistedhiminthedutiesofhismanyhighplaces,whichhisownignorancepreventedhimfromdischarging.ButthissameSirThomashavingjustmanhoodenoughtodissuadethefavouritefromawickedmarriagewiththebeautifulCountessofEssex,whowastogetadivorcefromherhusbandforthepurpose,thesaidCountess,inherrage,gotSirThomasputintotheTower,andtherepoisonedhim.
　　ThenthefavouriteandthisbadwomanwerepubliclymarriedbytheKing'spetbishop,withasmuchto-doandrejoicing,asifhehadbeenthebestman,andshethebestwoman,uponthefaceoftheearth.
　　But,afteralongersunshinethanmighthavebeenexpected-ofsevenyearsorso,thatistosay-anotherhandsomeyoungmanstartedupandeclipsedtheEARLOFSOMERSET.ThiswasGEORGE
　　VILLIERS,theyoungestsonofaLeicestershiregentleman:whocametoCourtwithalltheParisfashionsonhim,andcoulddanceaswellasthebestmountebankthateverwasseen.HesoondancedhimselfintothegoodgracesofhisSowship,anddancedtheotherfavouriteoutoffavour.Then,itwasallatoncediscoveredthattheEarlandCountessofSomersethadnotdeservedallthosegreatpromotionsandmightyrejoicings,andtheywereseparatelytriedforthemurderofSirThomasOverbury,andforothercrimes.But,theKingwassoafraidofhislatefavourite'spubliclytellingsomedisgracefulthingsheknewofhim-whichhedarklythreatenedtodo-thathewasevenexaminedwithtwomenstanding,oneoneithersideofhim,eachwithacloakinhishand,readytothrowitoverhisheadandstophismouthifheshouldbreakoutwithwhathehaditinhispowertotell.So,averylameaffairwaspurposelymadeofthetrial,andhispunishmentwasanallowanceoffourthousandpoundsayearinretirement,whiletheCountesswaspardoned,andallowedtopassintoretirementtoo.Theyhatedoneanotherbythistime,andlivedtorevileandtormenteachothersomeyears.
　　Whiletheseeventswereinprogress,andwhilehisSowshipwasmakingsuchanexhibitionofhimself,fromdaytodayandfromyeartoyear,asisnotoftenseeninanysty,threeremarkabledeathstookplaceinEngland.ThefirstwasthatoftheMinister,RobertCecil,EarlofSalisbury,whowaspastsixty,andhadneverbeenstrong,beingdeformedfromhisbirth.Hesaidatlastthathehadnowishtolive;andnoMinisterneedhavehad,withhisexperienceofthemeannessandwickednessofthosedisgracefultimes.ThesecondwasthatoftheLadyArabellaStuart,whoalarmedhisSowshipmightily,byprivatelymarryingWILLIAMSEYMOUR,sonofLORDBEAUCHAMP,whowasadescendantofKingHenrytheSeventh,andwho,hisSowshipthought,mightconsequentlyincreaseandstrengthenanyclaimshemightonedaysetuptothethrone.ShewasseparatedfromherhusbandwhowasputintheTowerandthrustintoaboattobeconfinedatDurham.Sheescapedinaman'sdresstogetawayinaFrenchshipfromGravesendtoFrance,butunhappilymissedherhusband,whohadescapedtoo,andwassoontaken.ShewentravingmadinthemiserableTower,anddiedthereafterfouryears.Thelast,andthemostimportantofthesethreedeaths,wasthatofPrinceHenry,theheirtothethrone,inthenineteenthyearofhisage.Hewasapromisingyoungprince,andgreatlyliked;aquiet,well-conductedyouth,ofwhomtwoverygoodthingsareknown:first,thathisfatherwasjealousofhim;
　　secondly,thathewasthefriendofSirWalterRaleigh,languishingthroughallthoseyearsintheTower,andoftensaidthatnomanbuthisfatherwouldkeepsuchabirdinsuchacage.OntheoccasionofthepreparationsforthemarriageofhissisterthePrincessElizabethwithaforeignprinceandanunhappymarriageitturnedout,hecamefromRichmond,wherehehadbeenveryill,togreethisnewbrother-in-law,atthepalaceatWhitehall.Thereheplayedagreatgameattennis,inhisshirt,thoughitwasverycoldweather,andwasseizedwithanalarmingillness,anddiedwithinafortnightofaputridfever.ForthisyoungprinceSirWalterRaleighwrote,inhisprisonintheTower,thebeginningofaHistoryoftheWorld:awonderfulinstancehowlittlehisSowshipcoulddotoconfineagreatman'smind,howeverlonghemightimprisonhisbody.
　　AndthismentionofSirWalterRaleigh,whohadmanyfaults,butwhonevershowedsomanymeritsasintroubleandadversity,maybringmeatoncetotheendofhissadstory.AfteranimprisonmentintheToweroftwelvelongyears,heproposedtoresumethoseoldseavoyagesofhis,andtogotoSouthAmericainsearchofgold.HisSowship,dividedbetweenhiswishtobeongoodtermswiththeSpaniardsthroughwhoseterritorySirWaltermustpasshehadlonghadanideaofmarryingPrinceHenrytoaSpanishPrincess,andhisavariciouseagernesstogetholdofthegold,didnotknowwhattodo.But,intheend,hesetSirWalterfree,takingsecuritiesforhisreturn;andSirWalterfittedoutanexpeditionathisowncoastand,onthetwenty-eighthofMarch,onethousandsixhundredandseventeen,sailedawayincommandofoneofitsships,whichheominouslycalledtheDestiny.Theexpeditionfailed;thecommonmen,notfindingthegoldtheyhadexpected,mutinied;aquarrelbrokeoutbetweenSirWalterandtheSpaniards,whohatedhimforoldsuccessesofhisagainstthem;andhetookandburntalittletowncalledSAINTTHOMAS.ForthishewasdenouncedtohisSowshipbytheSpanishAmbassadorasapirate;
　　andreturningalmostbroken-hearted,withhishopesandfortunesshattered,hiscompanyoffriendsdispersed,andhisbravesonwhohadbeenoneofthemkilled,hewastaken-throughthetreacheryofSIRLEWISSTUKELY,hisnearrelation,ascoundrelandaVice-
　　Admiral-andwasonceagainimmuredinhisprison-homeofsomanyyears.
　　HisSowshipbeingmightilydisappointedinnotgettinganygold,SirWalterRaleighwastriedasunfairly,andwithasmanyliesandevasionsasthejudgesandlawofficersandeveryotherauthorityinChurchandStatehabituallypractisedundersuchaKing.Afteragreatdealofprevaricationonallpartsbuthisown,itwasdeclaredthathemustdieunderhisformersentence,nowfifteenyearsold.So,onthetwenty-eighthofOctober,onethousandsixhundredandeighteen,hewasshutupintheGateHouseatWestminstertopasshislatenightonearth,andtherehetookleaveofhisgoodandfaithfulladywhowasworthytohavelivedinbetterdays.Ateighto'clocknextmorning,afteracheerfulbreakfast,andapipe,andacupofgoodwine,hewastakentoOldPalaceYardinWestminster,wherethescaffoldwassetup,andwheresomanypeopleofhighdegreewereassembledtoseehimdie,thatitwasamatterofsomedifficultytogethimthroughthecrowd.Hebehavedmostnobly,butifanythinglayheavyonhismind,itwasthatEarlofEssex,whoseheadhehadseenrolloff;
　　andhesolemnlysaidthathehadhadnohandinbringinghimtotheblock,andthathehadshedtearsforhimwhenhedied.Asthemorningwasverycold,theSheriffsaid,wouldhecomedowntoafireforalittlespace,andwarmhimself?ButSirWalterthankedhim,andsaidno,hewouldratheritweredoneatonce,forhewasilloffeverandague,andinanotherquarterofanhourhisshakingfitwouldcomeuponhimifhewerestillalive,andhisenemiesmightthensupposethathetrembledforfear.Withthat,hekneeledandmadeaverybeautifulandChristianprayer.Beforehelaidhisheadupontheblockhefelttheedgeoftheaxe,andsaid,withasmileuponhisface,thatitwasasharpmedicine,butwouldcuretheworstdisease.Whenhewasbentdownreadyfordeath,hesaidtotheexecutioner,findingthathehesitated,'Whatdostthoufear?Strike,man!'So,theaxecamedownandstruckhisheadoff,inthesixty-sixthyearofhisage.
　　Thenewfavouritegotonfast.Hewasmadeaviscount,hewasmadeDukeofBuckingham,hewasmadeamarquis,hewasmadeMasteroftheHorse,hewasmadeLordHighAdmiral-andtheChiefCommanderofthegallantEnglishforcesthathaddispersedtheSpanishArmada,wasdisplacedtomakeroomforhim.Hehadthewholekingdomathisdisposal,andhismothersoldalltheprofitsandhonoursoftheState,asifshehadkeptashop.Heblazedalloverwithdiamondsandotherpreciousstones,fromhishatbandandhisearringstohisshoes.Yethewasanignorantpresumptuous,swaggeringcompoundofknaveandfool,withnothingbuthisbeautyandhisdancingtorecommendhim.ThisisthegentlemanwhocalledhimselfhisMajesty'sdogandslave,andcalledhisMajestyYourSowship.HisSowshipcalledhimSTEENIE;itissupposed,becausethatwasanicknameforStephen,andbecauseSt.Stephenwasgenerallyrepresentedinpicturesasahandsomesaint.
　　HisSowshipwasdrivensometimestohiswits'-endbyhistrimmingbetweenthegeneraldislikeoftheCatholicreligionathome,andhisdesiretowheedleandflatteritabroad,ashisonlymeansofgettingarichprincessforhisson'swife:apartofwhosefortunehemightcramintohisgreasypockets.PrinceCharles-orashisSowshipcalledhim,BabyCharles-beingnowPRINCEOF
　　WALES,theoldprojectofamarriagewiththeSpanishKing'sdaughterhadbeenrevivedforhim;andasshecouldnotmarryaProtestantwithoutleavefromthePope,hisSowshiphimselfsecretlyandmeanlywrotetohisInfallibility,askingforit.ThenegotiationforthisSpanishmarriagetakesupalargerspaceingreatbooks,thanyoucanimagine,buttheupshotofitallis,thatwhenithadbeenheldoffbytheSpanishCourtforalongtime,BabyCharlesandSteeniesetoffindisguiseasMr.ThomasSmithandMr.JohnSmith,toseetheSpanishPrincess;thatBabyCharlespretendedtobedesperatelyinlovewithher,andjumpedoffwallstolookather,andmadeaconsiderablefoolofhimselfinagoodmanyways;thatshewascalledPrincessofWalesandthatthewholeSpanishCourtbelievedBabyCharlestobeallbutdyingforhersake,asheexpresslytoldthemhewas;thatBabyCharlesandSteeniecamebacktoEngland,andwerereceivedwithasmuchraptureasiftheyhadbeenablessingtoit;thatBabyCharleshadactuallyfalleninlovewithHENRIETTAMARIA,theFrenchKing'ssister,whomhehadseeninParis;thathethoughtitawonderfullyfineandprincelythingtohavedeceivedtheSpaniards,allthrough;andthatheopenlysaid,withachuckle,assoonashewassafeandsoundathomeagain,thattheSpaniardsweregreatfoolstohavebelievedhim.
　　Likemostdishonestmen,thePrinceandthefavouritecomplainedthatthepeoplewhomtheyhaddeludedweredishonest.TheymadesuchmisrepresentationsofthetreacheryoftheSpaniardsinthisbusinessoftheSpanishmatch,thattheEnglishnationbecameeagerforawarwiththem.AlthoughthegravestSpaniardslaughedattheideaofhisSowshipinawarlikeattitude,theParliamentgrantedmoneyforthebeginningofhostilities,andthetreatieswithSpainwerepubliclydeclaredtobeatanend.TheSpanishambassadorinLondon-probablywiththehelpofthefallenfavourite,theEarlofSomerset-beingunabletoobtainspeechwithhisSowship,slippedapaperintohishand,declaringthathewasaprisonerinhisownhouse,andwasentirelygovernedbyBuckinghamandhiscreatures.ThefirsteffectofthisletterwasthathisSowshipbegantocryandwhine,andtookBabyCharlesawayfromSteenie,andwentdowntoWindsor,gabblingallsortsofnonsense.TheendofitwasthathisSowshiphuggedhisdogandslave,andsaidhewasquitesatisfied.
　　HehadgiventhePrinceandthefavouritealmostunlimitedpowertosettleanythingwiththePopeastotheSpanishmarriage;andhenow,withaviewtotheFrenchone,signedatreatythatallRomanCatholicsinEnglandshouldexercisetheirreligionfreely,andshouldneverberequiredtotakeanyoathcontrarythereto.Inreturnforthis,andforotherconcessionsmuchlesstobedefended,HenriettaMariawastobecomethePrince'swife,andwastobringhimafortuneofeighthundredthousandcrowns.
　　HisSowship'seyesweregettingredwitheagerlylookingforthemoney,whentheendofagluttonouslifecameuponhim;and,afterafortnight'sillness,onSundaythetwenty-seventhofMarch,onethousandsixhundredandtwenty-five,hedied.Hehadreignedtwenty-twoyears,andwasfifty-nineyearsold.IknowofnothingmoreabominableinhistorythantheadulationthatwaslavishedonthisKing,andtheviceandcorruptionthatsuchabarefacedhabitoflyingproducedinhiscourt.Itismuchtobedoubtedwhetheronemanofhonour,andnotutterlyself-disgraced,kepthisplacenearJamestheFirst.LordBacon,thatableandwisephilosopher,astheFirstJudgeintheKingdominthisreign,becameapublicspectacleofdishonestyandcorruption;andinhisbaseflatteryofhisSowship,andinhiscrawlingservilitytohisdogandslave,disgracedhimselfevenmore.But,acreaturelikehisSowshipsetuponathroneislikethePlague,andeverybodyreceivesinfectionfromhim.
　　CHAPTERXXXIII-ENGLANDUNDERCHARLESTHEFIRST
　　BABYCHARLESbecameKINGCHARLESTHEFIRST,inthetwenty-fifthyearofhisage.Unlikehisfather,hewasusuallyamiableinhisprivatecharacter,andgraveanddignifiedinhisbearing;but,likehisfather,hehadmonstrouslyexaggeratednotionsoftherightsofaking,andwasevasive,andnottobetrusted.Ifhiswordcouldhavebeenreliedupon,hishistorymighthavehadadifferentend.
　　Hisfirstcarewastosendoverthatinsolentupstart,Buckingham,tobringHenriettaMariafromParistobehisQueen;uponwhichoccasionBuckingham-withhisusualaudacity-madelovetotheyoungQueenofAustria,andwasveryindignantindeedwithCARDINAL
　　RICHELIEU,theFrenchMinister,forthwartinghisintentions.TheEnglishpeoplewereverywelldisposedtoliketheirnewQueen,andtoreceiveherwithgreatfavourwhenshecameamongthemasastranger.But,sheheldtheProtestantreligioningreatdislike,andbroughtoveracrowdofunpleasantpriests,whomadeherdosomeveryridiculousthings,andforcedthemselvesuponthepublicnoticeinmanydisagreeableways.Hence,thepeoplesooncametodislikeher,andshesooncametodislikethem;andshedidsomuchallthroughthisreigninsettingtheKingwhowasdotinglyfondofheragainsthissubjects,thatitwouldhavebeenbetterforhimifshehadneverbeenborn.
　　Now,youaretounderstandthatKingCharlestheFirst-ofhisowndeterminationtobeahighandmightyKingnottobecalledtoaccountbyanybody,andurgedonbyhisQueenbesides-
　　deliberatelysethimselftoputhisParliamentdownandtoputhimselfup.Youarealsotounderstand,thateveninpursuitofthiswrongideaenoughinitselftohaveruinedanykinghenevertookastraightcourse,butalwaystookacrookedone.
　　HewasbentuponwarwithSpain,thoughneithertheHouseofCommonsnorthepeoplewerequiteclearastothejusticeofthatwar,nowthattheybegantothinkalittlemoreaboutthestoryoftheSpanishmatch.ButtheKingrushedintoithotly,raisedmoneybyillegalmeanstomeetitsexpenses,andencounteredamiserablefailureatCadiz,intheveryfirstyearofhisreign.AnexpeditiontoCadizhadbeenmadeinthehopeofplunder,butasitwasnotsuccessful,itwasnecessarytogetagrantofmoneyfromtheParliament;andwhentheymet,innoverycomplyinghumour,the,Kingtoldthem,'tomakehastetolethimhaveit,oritwouldbetheworseforthemselves.'Notputinamorecomplyinghumourbythis,theyimpeachedtheKing'sfavourite,theDukeofBuckingham,asthecausewhichheundoubtedlywasofmanygreatpublicgrievancesandwrongs.TheKing,tosavehim,dissolvedtheParliamentwithoutgettingthemoneyhewanted;andwhentheLordsimploredhimtoconsiderandgrantalittledelay,hereplied,'No,notoneminute.'Hethenbegantoraisemoneyforhimselfbythefollowingmeansamongothers.
　　HeleviedcertaindutiescalledtonnageandpoundagewhichhadnotbeengrantedbytheParliament,andcouldlawfullybeleviedbynootherpower;hecalledupontheseaporttownstofurnish,andtopayallthecostforthreemonthsof,afleetofarmedships;andherequiredthepeopletouniteinlendinghimlargesumsofmoney,therepaymentofwhichwasverydoubtful.Ifthepoorpeoplerefused,theywerepressedassoldiersorsailors;ifthegentryrefused,theyweresenttoprison.Fivegentlemen,namedSIR
　　THOMASDARNEL,JOHNCORBET,WALTEREARL,JOHNHEVENINGHAM,andEVERARDHAMPDEN,forrefusingweretakenupbyawarrantoftheKing'sprivycouncil,andweresenttoprisonwithoutanycausebuttheKing'spleasurebeingstatedfortheirimprisonment.Thenthequestioncametobesolemnlytried,whetherthiswasnotaviolationofMagnaCharta,andanencroachmentbytheKingonthehighestrightsoftheEnglishpeople.HislawyerscontendedNo,becausetoencroachupontherightsoftheEnglishpeoplewouldbetodowrong,andtheKingcoulddonowrong.Theaccommodatingjudgesdecidedinfavourofthiswickednonsense;andherewasafataldivisionbetweentheKingandthepeople.
　　Forallthis,itbecamenecessarytocallanotherParliament.Thepeople,sensibleofthedangerinwhichtheirlibertieswere,choseforitthosewhowerebestknownfortheirdeterminedoppositiontotheKing;butstilltheKing,quiteblindedbyhisdeterminationtocarryeverythingbeforehim,addressedthemwhentheymet,inacontemptuousmanner,andjusttoldtheminsomanywordsthathehadonlycalledthemtogetherbecausehewantedmoney.TheParliament,strongenoughandresoluteenoughtoknowthattheywouldlowerhistone,caredlittleforwhathesaid,andlaidbeforehimoneofthegreatdocumentsofhistory,whichiscalledthePETITIONOFRIGHT,requiringthatthefreemenofEnglandshouldnolongerbecalledupontolendtheKingmoney,andshouldnolongerbepressedorimprisonedforrefusingtodoso;further,thatthefreemenofEnglandshouldnolongerbeseizedbytheKing'sspecialmandateorwarrant,itbeingcontrarytotheirrightsandlibertiesandthelawsoftheircountry.AtfirsttheKingreturnedananswertothispetition,inwhichhetriedtoshirkitaltogether;but,theHouseofCommonsthenshowingtheirdeterminationtogoonwiththeimpeachmentofBuckingham,theKinginalarmreturnedananswer,givinghisconsenttoallthatwasrequiredofhim.Henotonlyafterwardsdepartedfromhiswordandhonouronthesepoints,overandoveragain,but,atthisverytime,hedidthemeananddissemblingactofpublishinghisfirstanswerandnothissecond-merelythatthepeoplemightsupposethattheParliamenthadnotgotthebetterofhim.
　　ThatpestilentBuckingham,togratifyhisownwoundedvanity,hadbythistimeinvolvedthecountryinwarwithFrance,aswellaswithSpain.Forsuchmiserablecausesandsuchmiserablecreaturesarewarssometimesmade!Buthewasdestinedtodolittlemoremischiefinthisworld.Onemorning,ashewasgoingoutofhishousetohiscarriage,heturnedtospeaktoacertainColonelFRYERwhowaswithhim;andhewasviolentlystabbedwithaknife,whichthemurdererleftstickinginhisheart.Thishappenedinhishall.Hehadhadangrywordsup-stairs,justbefore,withsomeFrenchgentlemen,whowereimmediatelysuspectedbyhisservants,andhadacloseescapefrombeingsetuponandkilled.Inthemidstofthenoise,therealmurderer,whohadgonetothekitchenandmighteasilyhavegotaway,drewhisswordandcriedout,'Iamtheman!'HisnamewasJOHNFELTON,aProtestantandaretiredofficerinthearmy.Hesaidhehadhadnopersonalill-willtotheDuke,buthadkilledhimasacursetothecountry.Hehadaimedhisblowwell,forBuckinghamhadonlyhadtimetocryout,'Villain!'andthenhedrewouttheknife,fellagainstatable,anddied.
　　ThecouncilmadeamightybusinessofexaminingJohnFeltonaboutthismurder,thoughitwasaplaincaseenough,onewouldthink.
　　Hehadcomeseventymilestodoit,hetoldthem,andhediditforthereasonhehaddeclared;iftheyputhimupontherack,asthatnobleMARQUISOFDORSETwhomhesawbeforehim,hadthegoodnesstothreaten,hegavethatmarquiswarning,thathewouldaccuseHIMashisaccomplice!TheKingwasunpleasantlyanxioustohavehimracked,nevertheless;butasthejudgesnowfoundoutthattorturewascontrarytothelawofEngland-itisapitytheydidnotmakethediscoveryalittlesooner-JohnFeltonwassimplyexecutedforthemurderhehaddone.Amurderitundoubtedlywas,andnotintheleasttobedefended:thoughhehadfreedEnglandfromoneofthemostprofligate,contemptible,andbasecourtfavouritestowhomithaseveryielded.
　　Averydifferentmannowarose.ThiswasSIRTHOMASWENTWORTH,aYorkshiregentleman,whohadsatinParliamentforalongtime,andwhohadfavouredarbitraryandhaughtyprinciples,butwhohadgoneovertothepeople'ssideonreceivingoffencefromBuckingham.
　　TheKing,muchwantingsuchaman-for,besidesbeingnaturallyfavourabletotheKing'scause,hehadgreatabilities-madehimfirstaBaron,andthenaViscount,andgavehimhighemployment,andwonhimmostcompletely.
　　AParliament,however,wasstillinexistence,andwasNOTtobewon.OnthetwentiethofJanuary,onethousandsixhundredandtwenty-nine,SIRJOHNELIOT,agreatmanwhohadbeenactiveinthePetitionofRight,broughtforwardotherstrongresolutionsagainsttheKing'schiefinstruments,andcalledupontheSpeakertoputthemtothevote.TothistheSpeakeranswered,'hewascommandedotherwisebytheKing,'andgotuptoleavethechair-which,accordingtotherulesoftheHouseofCommonswouldhaveobligedittoadjournwithoutdoinganythingmore-whentwomembers,namedMr.HOLLISandMr.VALENTINE,heldhimdown.Asceneofgreatconfusionaroseamongthemembers;andwhilemanyswordsweredrawnandflashingabout,theKing,whowaskeptinformedofallthatwasgoingon,toldthecaptainofhisguardtogodowntotheHouseandforcethedoors.Theresolutionswerebythattime,however,voted,andtheHouseadjourned.SirJohnEliotandthosetwomemberswhohadheldtheSpeakerdown,werequicklysummonedbeforethecouncil.AstheyclaimedittobetheirprivilegenottoansweroutofParliamentforanythingtheyhadsaidinit,theywerecommittedtotheTower.TheKingthenwentdownanddissolvedtheParliament,inaspeechwhereinhemadementionofthesegentlemenas'Vipers'-whichdidnotdohimmuchgoodthateverI
　　haveheardof.
　　Astheyrefusedtogaintheirlibertybysayingtheyweresorryforwhattheyhaddone,theKing,alwaysremarkablyunforgiving,neveroverlookedtheiroffence.WhentheydemandedtobebroughtupbeforethecourtofKing'sBench,heevenresortedtothemeannessofhavingthemmovedaboutfromprisontoprison,sothatthewritsissuedforthatpurposeshouldnotlegallyfindthem.Atlasttheycamebeforethecourtandweresentencedtoheavyfines,andtobeimprisonedduringtheKing'spleasure.WhenSirJohnEliot'shealthhadquitegivenway,andhesolongedforchangeofairandsceneastopetitionforhisrelease,theKingsentbacktheanswerworthyofhisSowshiphimselfthatthepetitionwasnothumbleenough.Whenhesentanotherpetitionbyhisyoungson,inwhichhepatheticallyofferedtogobacktoprisonwhenhishealthwasrestored,ifhemightbereleasedforitsrecovery,theKingstilldisregardedit.WhenhediedintheTower,andhischildrenpetitionedtobeallowedtotakehisbodydowntoCornwall,theretolayitamongtheashesofhisforefathers,theKingreturnedforanswer,'LetSirJohnEliot'sbodybeburiedinthechurchofthatparishwherehedied.'AllthiswaslikeaverylittleKingindeed,Ithink.
　　Andnow,fortwelvelongyears,steadilypursuinghisdesignofsettinghimselfupandputtingthepeopledown,theKingcallednoParliament;butruledwithoutone.Iftwelvethousandvolumeswerewritteninhispraiseasagoodmanyhavebeenitwouldstillremainafact,impossibletobedenied,thatfortwelveyearsKingCharlestheFirstreignedinEnglandunlawfullyanddespotically,seizeduponhissubjects'goodsandmoneyathispleasure,andpunishedaccordingtohisunbridledwillallwhoventuredtoopposehim.ItisafashionwithsomepeopletothinkthatthisKing'scareerwascutshort;butImustsaymyselfthatIthinkheranaprettylongone.
　　WILLIAMLAUD,ArchbishopofCanterbury,wastheKing'sright-handmaninthereligiouspartoftheputtingdownofthepeople'sliberties.Laud,whowasasincereman,oflargelearningbutsmallsense-forthetwothingssometimesgotogetherinverydifferentquantities-thoughaProtestant,heldopinionssonearthoseoftheCatholics,thatthePopewantedtomakeaCardinalofhim,ifhewouldhaveacceptedthatfavour.Helookeduponvows,robes,lightedcandles,images,andsoforth,asamazinglyimportantinreligiousceremonies;andhebroughtinanimmensityofbowingandcandle-snuffing.Healsoregardedarchbishopsandbishopsasasortofmiraculouspersons,andwasinveterateinthelastdegreeagainstanywhothoughtotherwise.Accordingly,heofferedupthankstoHeaven,andwasinastateofmuchpiouspleasure,whenaScotchclergyman,namedLEIGHTON,waspilloried,whipped,brandedinthecheek,andhadoneofhisearscutoffandoneofhisnostrilsslit,forcallingbishopstrumperyandtheinventionsofmen.HeoriginatedonaSundaymorningtheprosecutionofWILLIAMPRYNNE,abarristerwhowasofsimilaropinions,andwhowasfinedathousandpounds;whowaspilloried;
　　whohadhisearscutoffontwooccasions-oneearatatime-andwhowasimprisonedforlife.HehighlyapprovedofthepunishmentofDOCTORBASTWICK,aphysician;whowasalsofinedathousandpounds;andwhoafterwardshadHISearscutoff,andwasimprisonedforlife.Theseweregentlemethodsofpersuasion,somewilltellyou:Ithink,theywererathercalculatedtobealarmingtothepeople.
　　Inthemoneypartoftheputtingdownofthepeople'sliberties,theKingwasequallygentle,assomewilltellyou:asIthink,equallyalarming.Heleviedthosedutiesoftonnageandpoundage,andincreasedthemashethoughtfit.Hegrantedmonopoliestocompaniesofmerchantsontheirpayinghimforthem,notwithstandingthegreatcomplaintsthathad,foryearsandyears,beenmadeonthesubjectofmonopolies.HefinedthepeoplefordisobeyingproclamationsissuedbyhisSowshipindirectviolationoflaw.HerevivedthedetestedForestlaws,andtookprivatepropertytohimselfashisforestright.Aboveall,hedeterminedtohavewhatwascalledShipMoney;thatistosay,moneyforthesupportofthefleet-notonlyfromtheseaports,butfromallthecountiesofEngland:havingfoundoutthat,insomeancienttimeorother,allthecountiespaidit.Thegrievanceofthisshipmoneybeingsomewhattoostrong,JOHNCHAMBERS,acitizenofLondon,refusedtopayhispartofit.ForthistheLordMayororderedJohnChamberstoprison,andforthatJohnChambersbroughtasuitagainsttheLordMayor.LORDSAY,also,behavedlikearealnobleman,anddeclaredhewouldnotpay.But,thesturdiestandbestopponentoftheshipmoneywasJOHNHAMPDEN,agentlemanofBuckinghamshire,whohadsatamongthe'vipers'intheHouseofCommonswhentherewassuchathing,andwhohadbeenthebosomfriendofSirJohnEliot.ThiscasewastriedbeforethetwelvejudgesintheCourtofExchequer,andagaintheKing'slawyerssaiditwasimpossiblethatshipmoneycouldbewrong,becausetheKingcoulddonowrong,howeverhardhetried-andhereallydidtryveryhardduringthesetwelveyears.Sevenofthejudgessaidthatwasquitetrue,andMr.Hampdenwasboundtopay:fiveofthejudgessaidthatwasquitefalse,andMr.Hampdenwasnotboundtopay.So,theKingtriumphedashethought,bymakingHampdenthemostpopularmaninEngland;wheremattersweregettingtothatheightnow,thatmanyhonestEnglishmencouldnotenduretheircountry,andsailedawayacrosstheseastofoundacolonyinMassachusettsBayinAmerica.ItissaidthatHampdenhimselfandhisrelationOLIVERCROMWELLweregoingwithacompanyofsuchvoyagers,andwereactuallyonboardship,whentheywerestoppedbyaproclamation,prohibitingseacaptainstocarryoutsuchpassengerswithouttheroyallicense.ButO!itwouldhavebeenwellfortheKingifhehadletthemgo!ThiswasthestateofEngland.IfLaudhadbeenamadmanjustbrokeloose,hecouldnothavedonemoremischiefthanhedidinScotland.InhisendeavoursinwhichhewassecondedbytheKing,theninpersoninthatpartofhisdominionstoforcehisownideasofbishops,andhisownreligiousformsandceremoniesupontheScotch,herousedthatnationtoaperfectfrenzy.Theyformedasolemnleague,whichtheycalledTheCovenant,forthepreservationoftheirownreligiousforms;theyroseinarmsthroughoutthewholecountry;
　　theysummonedalltheirmentoprayersandsermonstwiceadaybybeatofdrum;theysangpsalms,inwhichtheycomparedtheirenemiestoalltheevilspiritsthateverwereheardof;andtheysolemnlyvowedtosmitethemwiththesword.AtfirsttheKingtriedforce,thentreaty,thenaScottishParliamentwhichdidnotansweratall.ThenhetriedtheEARLOFSTRAFFORD,formerlySirThomasWentworth;who,asLORDWENTWORTH,hadbeengoverningIreland.He,too,hadcarrieditwithaveryhighhandthere,thoughtothebenefitandprosperityofthatcountry.
　　StraffordandLaudwereforconqueringtheScottishpeoplebyforceofarms.Otherlordswhoweretakenintocouncil,recommendedthataParliamentshouldatlastbecalled;towhichtheKingunwillinglyconsented.So,onthethirteenthofApril,onethousandsixhundredandforty,thatthenstrangesight,aParliament,wasseenatWestminster.ItiscalledtheShortParliament,foritlastedaverylittlewhile.Whilethememberswerealllookingatoneanother,doubtfulwhowoulddaretospeak,MR.PYMaroseandsetforthallthattheKinghaddoneunlawfullyduringthepasttwelveyears,andwhatwasthepositiontowhichEnglandwasreduced.Thisgreatexampleset,othermemberstookcourageandspokethetruthfreely,thoughwithgreatpatienceandmoderation.TheKing,alittlefrightened,senttosaythatiftheywouldgranthimacertainsumoncertainterms,nomoreshipmoneyshouldberaised.Theydebatedthematterfortwodays;andthen,astheywouldnotgivehimallheaskedwithoutpromiseorinquiry,hedissolvedthem.
　　ButtheyknewverywellthathemusthaveaParliamentnow;andhebegantomakethatdiscoverytoo,thoughratherlateintheday.
　　Wherefore,onthetwenty-fourthofSeptember,beingthenatYorkwithanarmycollectedagainsttheScottishpeople,buthisownmensullenanddiscontentedliketherestofthenation,theKingtoldthegreatcounciloftheLords,whomhehadcalledtomeethimthere,thathewouldsummonanotherParliamenttoassembleonthethirdofNovember.ThesoldiersoftheCovenanthadnowforcedtheirwayintoEnglandandhadtakenpossessionofthenortherncounties,wherethecoalsaregot.Asitwouldneverdotobewithoutcoals,andastheKing'stroopscouldmakenoheadagainsttheCovenanterssofullofgloomyzeal,atrucewasmade,andatreatywithScotlandwastakenintoconsideration.MeanwhilethenortherncountiespaidtheCovenanterstoleavethecoalsalone,andkeepquiet.
　　WehavenowdisposedoftheShortParliament.WehavenexttoseewhatmemorablethingsweredonebytheLongone.
　　SECONDPART
　　THELongParliamentassembledonthethirdofNovember,onethousandsixhundredandforty-one.ThatdayweektheEarlofStraffordarrivedfromYork,verysensiblethatthespiritedanddeterminedmenwhoformedthatParliamentwerenofriendstowardshim,whohadnotonlydesertedthecauseofthepeople,butwhohadonalloccasionsopposedhimselftotheirliberties.TheKingtoldhim,forhiscomfort,thattheParliament'shouldnothurtonehairofhishead.'But,ontheverynextdayMr.Pym,intheHouseofCommons,andwithgreatsolemnity,impeachedtheEarlofStraffordasatraitor.Hewasimmediatelytakenintocustodyandfellfromhisproudheight.
　　Itwasthetwenty-secondofMarchbeforehewasbroughttotrialinWestminsterHall;where,althoughhewasveryillandsufferedgreatpain,hedefendedhimselfwithsuchabilityandmajesty,thatitwasdoubtfulwhetherhewouldnotgetthebestofit.Butonthethirteenthdayofthetrial,PymproducedintheHouseofCommonsacopyofsomenotesofacouncil,foundbyyoungSIRHARRY
　　VANEinaredvelvetcabinetbelongingtohisfatherSecretaryVane,whosatatthecouncil-tablewiththeEarl,inwhichStraffordhaddistinctlytoldtheKingthathewasfreefromallrulesandobligationsofgovernment,andmightdowithhispeoplewhateverheliked;andinwhichhehadadded-'YouhaveanarmyinIrelandthatyoumayemploytoreducethiskingdomtoobedience.'
　　Itwasnotclearwhetherbythewords'thiskingdom,'hehadreallymeantEnglandorScotland;buttheParliamentcontendedthathemeantEngland,andthiswastreason.AtthesamesittingoftheHouseofCommonsitwasresolvedtobringinabillofattainderdeclaringthetreasontohavebeencommitted:inpreferencetoproceedingwiththetrialbyimpeachment,whichwouldhaverequiredthetreasontobeproved.
　　So,abillwasbroughtinatonce,wascarriedthroughtheHouseofCommonsbyalargemajority,andwassentuptotheHouseofLords.
　　WhileitwasstilluncertainwhethertheHouseofLordswouldpassitandtheKingconsenttoit,PymdisclosedtotheHouseofCommonsthattheKingandQueenhadbothbeenplottingwiththeofficersofthearmytobringupthesoldiersandcontroltheParliament,andalsotointroducetwohundredsoldiersintotheTowerofLondontoeffecttheEarl'sescape.TheplottingwiththearmywasrevealedbyoneGEORGEGORING,thesonofalordofthatname:abadfellowwhowasoneoftheoriginalplotters,andturnedtraitor.TheKinghadactuallygivenhiswarrantfortheadmissionofthetwohundredmenintotheTower,andtheywouldhavegotintoo,butfortherefusalofthegovernor-asturdyScotchmanofthenameofBALFOUR-toadmitthem.Thesemattersbeingmadepublic,greatnumbersofpeoplebegantoriotoutsidetheHousesofParliament,andtocryoutfortheexecutionoftheEarlofStrafford,asoneoftheKing'schiefinstrumentsagainstthem.ThebillpassedtheHouseofLordswhilethepeoplewereinthisstateofagitation,andwaslaidbeforetheKingforhisassent,togetherwithanotherbilldeclaringthattheParliamentthenassembledshouldnotbedissolvedoradjournedwithouttheirownconsent.TheKing-notunwillingtosaveafaithfulservant,thoughhehadnogreatattachmentforhim-wasinsomedoubtwhattodo;buthegavehisconsenttobothbills,althoughheinhisheartbelievedthatthebillagainsttheEarlofStraffordwasunlawfulandunjust.TheEarlhadwrittentohim,tellinghimthathewaswillingtodieforhissake.Buthehadnotexpectedthathisroyalmasterwouldtakehimathiswordquitesoreadily;for,whenheheardhisdoom,helaidhishanduponhisheart,andsaid,'PutnotyourtrustinPrinces!'
　　TheKing,whonevercouldbestraightforwardandplain,throughonesingledayorthroughonesinglesheetofpaper,wrotealettertotheLords,andsentitbytheyoungPrinceofWales,entreatingthemtoprevailwiththeCommonsthat'thatunfortunatemanshouldfulfilthenaturalcourseofhislifeinacloseimprisonment.'Inapostscripttotheverysameletter,headded,'Ifhemustdie,itwerecharitytoreprievehimtillSaturday.'Iftherehadbeenanydoubtofhisfate,thisweaknessandmeannesswouldhavesettledit.Theverynextday,whichwasthetwelfthofMay,hewasbroughtouttobebeheadedonTowerHill.
　　ArchbishopLaud,whohadbeensofondofhavingpeople'searscroppedoffandtheirnosesslit,wasnowconfinedintheTowertoo;andwhentheEarlwentbyhiswindowtohisdeath,hewasthere,athisrequest,togivehimhisblessing.TheyhadbeengreatfriendsintheKing'scause,andtheEarlhadwrittentohiminthedaysoftheirpowerthathethoughtitwouldbeanadmirablethingtohaveMr.Hampdenpubliclywhippedforrefusingtopaytheshipmoney.However,thosehighandmightydoingswereovernow,andtheEarlwenthiswaytodeathwithdignityandheroism.ThegovernorwishedhimtogetintoacoachattheTowergate,forfearthepeopleshouldtearhimtopieces;buthesaiditwasallonetohimwhetherhediedbytheaxeorbythepeople'shands.So,hewalked,withafirmtreadandastatelylook,andsometimespulledoffhishattothemashepassedalong.Theywereprofoundlyquiet.Hemadeaspeechonthescaffoldfromsomenoteshehadpreparedthepaperwasfoundlyingthereafterhisheadwasstruckoff,andoneblowoftheaxekilledhim,intheforty-ninthyearofhisage.
　　Thisboldanddaringact,theParliamentaccompaniedbyotherfamousmeasures,alloriginatingaseventhisdidintheKing'shavingsogrosslyandsolongabusedhispower.ThenameofDELINQUENTSwasappliedtoallsheriffsandotherofficerswhohadbeenconcernedinraisingtheshipmoney,oranyothermoney,fromthepeople,inanunlawfulmanner;theHampdenjudgmentwasreversed;thejudgeswhohaddecidedagainstHampdenwerecalledupontogivelargesecuritiesthattheywouldtakesuchconsequencesasParliamentmightimposeuponthem;andonewasarrestedashesatinHighCourt,andcarriedofftoprison.Laudwasimpeached;theunfortunatevictimswhoseearshadbeencroppedandwhosenoseshadbeenslit,werebroughtoutofprisonintriumph;andabillwaspasseddeclaringthataParliamentshouldbecalledeverythirdyear,andthatiftheKingandtheKing'sofficersdidnotcallit,thepeopleshouldassembleofthemselvesandsummonit,asoftheirownrightandpower.Greatilluminationsandrejoicingstookplaceoverallthesethings,andthecountrywaswildlyexcited.ThattheParliamenttookadvantageofthisexcitementandstirredthemupbyeverymeans,thereisnodoubt;butyouarealwaystorememberthosetwelvelongyears,duringwhichtheKinghadtriedsohardwhetherhereallycoulddoanywrongornot.
　　AllthistimetherewasagreatreligiousoutcryagainsttherightoftheBishopstositinParliament;towhichtheScottishpeopleparticularlyobjected.TheEnglishweredividedonthissubject,and,partlyonthisaccountandpartlybecausetheyhadhadfoolishexpectationsthattheParliamentwouldbeabletotakeoffnearlyallthetaxes,numbersofthemsometimeswaveredandinclinedtowardstheKing.
　　Ibelievemyself,thatif,atthisoralmostanyotherperiodofhislife,theKingcouldhavebeentrustedbyanymannotoutofhissenses,hemighthavesavedhimselfandkepthisthrone.But,ontheEnglisharmybeingdisbanded,heplottedwiththeofficersagain,ashehaddonebefore,andestablishedthefactbeyondalldoubtbyputtinghissignatureofapprovaltoapetitionagainsttheParliamentaryleaders,whichwasdrawnupbycertainofficers.
　　WhentheScottisharmywasdisbanded,hewenttoEdinburghinfourdays-whichwasgoingveryfastatthattime-toplotagain,andsodarklytoo,thatitisdifficulttodecidewhathiswholeobjectwas.SomesupposethathewantedtogainovertheScottishParliament,ashedidinfactgainover,bypresentsandfavours,manyScottishlordsandmenofpower.SomethinkthathewenttogetproofsagainsttheParliamentaryleadersinEnglandoftheirhavingtreasonablyinvitedtheScottishpeopletocomeandhelpthem.WithwhateverobjecthewenttoScotland,hedidlittlegoodbygoing.AttheinstigationoftheEARLOFMONTROSE,adesperatemanwhowastheninprisonforplotting,hetriedtokidnapthreeScottishlordswhoescaped.AcommitteeoftheParliamentathome,whohadfollowedtowatchhim,writinganaccountofthisINCIDENT,asitwascalled,totheParliament,theParliamentmadeafreshstiraboutit;were,orfeignedtobe,muchalarmedforthemselves;
　　andwrotetotheEARLOFESSEX,thecommander-in-chief,foraguardtoprotectthem.
　　ItisnotabsolutelyprovedthattheKingplottedinIrelandbesides,butitisveryprobablethathedid,andthattheQueendid,andthathehadsomewildhopeofgainingtheIrishpeopleovertohissidebyfavouringariseamongthem.Whetherorno,theydidriseinamostbrutalandsavagerebellion;inwhich,encouragedbytheirpriests,theycommittedsuchatrocitiesuponnumbersoftheEnglish,ofbothsexesandofallages,asnobodycouldbelieve,butfortheirbeingrelatedonoathbyeye-
　　witnesses.WhetheronehundredthousandortwohundredthousandProtestantsweremurderedinthisoutbreak,isuncertain;but,thatitwasasruthlessandbarbarousanoutbreakaseverwasknownamonganysavagepeople,iscertain.
　　TheKingcamehomefromScotland,determinedtomakeagreatstruggleforhislostpower.Hebelievedthat,throughhispresentsandfavours,Scotlandwouldtakenopartagainsthim;andtheLordMayorofLondonreceivedhimwithsuchamagnificentdinnerthathethoughthemusthavebecomepopularagaininEngland.ItwouldtakeagoodmanyLordMayors,however,tomakeapeople,andtheKingsoonfoundhimselfmistaken.
　　Notsosoon,though,butthattherewasagreatoppositionintheParliamenttoacelebratedpaperputforthbyPymandHampdenandtherest,called'THEREMONSTRANCE,'whichsetforthalltheillegalactsthattheKinghadeverdone,butpolitelylaidtheblameofthemonhisbadadvisers.Evenwhenitwaspassedandpresentedtohim,theKingstillthoughthimselfstrongenoughtodischargeBalfourfromhiscommandintheTower,andtoputinhisplaceamanofbadcharacter;towhomtheCommonsinstantlyobjected,andwhomhewasobligedtoabandon.Atthistime,theoldoutcryabouttheBishopsbecamelouderthanever,andtheoldArchbishopofYorkwassonearbeingmurderedashewentdowntotheHouseofLords-beinglaidholdofbythemobandviolentlyknockedabout,inreturnforveryfoolishlyscoldingashrillboywhowasyelpingout'NoBishops!'-thathesentforalltheBishopswhowereintown,andproposedtothemtosignadeclarationthat,astheycouldnolongerwithoutdangertotheirlivesattendtheirdutyinParliament,theyprotestedagainstthelawfulnessofeverythingdoneintheirabsence.ThistheyaskedtheKingtosendtotheHouseofLords,whichhedid.ThentheHouseofCommonsimpeachedthewholepartyofBishopsandsentthemofftotheTower:
　　Takingnowarningfromthis;butencouragedbytherebeingamoderatepartyintheParliamentwhoobjectedtothesestrongmeasures,theKing,onthethirdofJanuary,onethousandsixhundredandforty-two,tooktherasheststepthateverwastakenbymortalman.
　　Ofhisownaccordandwithoutadvice,hesenttheAttorney-GeneraltotheHouseofLords,toaccuseoftreasoncertainmembersofParliamentwhoaspopularleaderswerethemostobnoxioustohim;
　　LORDKIMBOLTON,SIRARTHURHASELRIG,DENZILHOLLIS,JOHNPYMtheyusedtocallhimKingPym,hepossessedsuchpowerandlookedsobig,JOHNHAMPDEN,andWILLIAMSTRODE.Thehousesofthosemembershecausedtobeentered,andtheirpaperstobesealedup.
　　Atthesametime,hesentamessengertotheHouseofCommonsdemandingtohavethefivegentlemenwhoweremembersofthatHouseimmediatelyproduced.TothistheHouserepliedthattheyshouldappearassoonastherewasanylegalchargeagainstthem,andimmediatelyadjourned.
　　Nextday,theHouseofCommonssendintotheCitytolettheLordMayorknowthattheirprivilegesareinvadedbytheKing,andthatthereisnosafetyforanybodyoranything.Then,whenthefivemembersaregoneoutoftheway,downcomestheKinghimself,withallhisguardandfromtwotothreehundredgentlemenandsoldiers,ofwhomthegreaterpartwerearmed.Theseheleavesinthehall;
　　andthen,withhisnephewathisside,goesintotheHouse,takesoffhishat,andwalksuptotheSpeaker'schair.TheSpeakerleavesit,theKingstandsinfrontofit,looksabouthimsteadilyforalittlewhile,andsayshehascomeforthosefivemembers.
　　Noonespeaks,andthenhecallsJohnPymbyname.Noonespeaks,andthenhecallsDenzilHollisbyname.Noonespeaks,andthenheaskstheSpeakeroftheHousewherethosefivemembersare?TheSpeaker,answeringonhisknee,noblyrepliesthatheistheservantofthatHouse,andthathehasneithereyestosee,nortonguetospeak,anythingbutwhattheHousecommandshim.Uponthis,theKing,beatenfromthattimeevermore,repliesthathewillseekthemhimself,fortheyhavecommittedtreason;andgoesout,withhishatinhishand,amidsomeaudiblemurmursfromthemembers.
　　Nowordscandescribethehurrythataroseoutofdoorswhenallthiswasknown.ThefivemembershadgoneforsafetytoahouseinColeman-street,intheCity,wheretheywereguardedallnight;andindeedthewholecitywatchedinarmslikeanarmy.Atteno'clockinthemorning,theKing,alreadyfrightenedatwhathehaddone,cametotheGuildhall,withonlyhalfadozenlords,andmadeaspeechtothepeople,hopingtheywouldnotshelterthosewhomheaccusedoftreason.Nextday,heissuedaproclamationfortheapprehensionofthefivemembers;buttheParliamentmindeditsolittlethattheymadegreatarrangementsforhavingthembroughtdowntoWestminsteringreatstate,fivedaysafterwards.TheKingwassoalarmednowathisownimprudence,ifnotforhisownsafety,thathelefthispalaceatWhitehall,andwentawaywithhisQueenandchildrentoHamptonCourt.
　　ItwastheeleventhofMay,whenthefivememberswerecarriedinstateandtriumphtoWestminster.Theyweretakenbywater.Therivercouldnotbeseenfortheboatsonit;andthefivememberswerehemmedinbybargesfullofmenandgreatguns,readytoprotectthem,atanycost.AlongtheStrandalargebodyofthetrain-bandsofLondon,undertheircommander,SKIPPON,marchedtobereadytoassistthelittlefleet.Beyondthem,cameacrowdwhochokedthestreets,roaringincessantlyabouttheBishopsandthePapists,andcryingoutcontemptuouslyastheypassedWhitehall,'WhathasbecomeoftheKing?'WiththisgreatnoiseoutsidetheHouseofCommons,andwithgreatsilencewithin,Mr.PymroseandinformedtheHouseofthegreatkindnesswithwhichtheyhadbeenreceivedintheCity.Uponthat,theHousecalledthesheriffsinandthankedthem,andrequestedthetrain-bands,undertheircommanderSkippon,toguardtheHouseofCommonseveryday.Then,camefourthousandmenonhorsebackoutofBuckinghamshire,offeringtheirservicesasaguardtoo,andbearingapetitiontotheKing,complainingoftheinjurythathadbeendonetoMr.
　　Hampden,whowastheircountymanandmuchbelovedandhonoured.
　　WhentheKingsetoffforHamptonCourt,thegentlemenandsoldierswhohadbeenwithhimfollowedhimoutoftownasfarasKingston-
　　upon-Thames;nextday,LordDigbycametothemfromtheKingatHamptonCourt,inhiscoachandsix,toinformthemthattheKingacceptedtheirprotection.This,theParliamentsaid,wasmakingwaragainstthekingdom,andLordDigbyfledabroad.TheParliamentthenimmediatelyappliedthemselvestogettingholdofthemilitarypowerofthecountry,wellknowingthattheKingwasalreadytryinghardtouseitagainstthem,andthathehadsecretlysenttheEarlofNewcastletoHull,tosecureavaluablemagazineofarmsandgunpowderthatwasthere.Inthosetimes,everycountyhaditsownmagazinesofarmsandpowder,foritsowntrain-bandsormilitia;so,theParliamentbroughtinabillclaimingtherightwhichuptothistimehadbelongedtotheKing
　　ofappointingtheLordLieutenantsofcounties,whocommandedthesetrain-bands;also,ofhavingalltheforts,castles,andgarrisonsinthekingdom,putintothehandsofsuchgovernorsasthey,theParliament,couldconfidein.ItalsopassedalawdeprivingtheBishopsoftheirvotes.TheKinggavehisassenttothatbill,butwouldnotabandontherightofappointingtheLordLieutenants,thoughhesaidhewaswillingtoappointsuchasmightbesuggestedtohimbytheParliament.WhentheEarlofPembrokeaskedhimwhetherhewouldnotgivewayonthatquestionforatime,hesaid,'ByGod!notforonehour!'anduponthisheandtheParliamentwenttowar.
　　HisyoungdaughterwasbetrothedtothePrinceofOrange.Onpretenceoftakinghertothecountryofherfuturehusband,theQueenwasalreadygotsafelyawaytoHolland,theretopawntheCrownjewelsformoneytoraiseanarmyontheKing'sside.TheLordAdmiralbeingsick,theHouseofCommonsnownamedtheEarlofWarwicktoholdhisplaceforayear.TheKingnamedanothergentleman;theHouseofCommonstookitsownway,andtheEarlofWarwickbecameLordAdmiralwithouttheKing'sconsent.TheParliamentsentordersdowntoHulltohavethatmagazineremovedtoLondon;theKingwentdowntoHulltotakeithimself.Thecitizenswouldnotadmithimintothetown,andthegovernorwouldnotadmithimintothecastle.TheParliamentresolvedthatwhateverthetwoHousespassed,andtheKingwouldnotconsentto,shouldbecalledanORDINANCE,andshouldbeasmuchalawasifhedidconsenttoit.TheKingprotestedagainstthis,andgavenoticethattheseordinanceswerenottobeobeyed.TheKing,attendedbythemajorityoftheHouseofPeers,andbymanymembersoftheHouseofCommons,establishedhimselfatYork.TheChancellorwenttohimwiththeGreatSeal,andtheParliamentmadeanewGreatSeal.TheQueensentoverashipfullofarmsandammunition,andtheKingissuedletterstoborrowmoneyathighinterest.TheParliamentraisedtwentyregimentsoffootandseventy-fivetroopsofhorse;andthepeoplewillinglyaidedthemwiththeirmoney,plate,jewellery,andtrinkets-themarriedwomenevenwiththeirwedding-rings.EverymemberofParliamentwhocouldraiseatrooporaregimentinhisownpartofthecountry,dresseditaccordingtohistasteandinhisowncolours,andcommandedit.Foremostamongthemall,OLIVERCROMWELLraisedatroopofhorse-thoroughlyinearnestandthoroughlywellarmed-whowere,perhaps,thebestsoldiersthateverwereseen.