Itisasourceofhonestpridetohisdescendantthathisbill，whichwashonestlypaid，asitseemstohavebeenhonorablyearned，amountedtothehandsometotalofsevenpoundsandtwoshillings。
　　Letmeaddthatherepeatedlyprescribesplaster，oneofwhichwasveryprobablythe“Dr。Oliver“thatsoothedmyinfantgriefs，andforwhichIblushtosaythatmyveneratedancestorreceivedfromGoodmanHancockthepainfullyexiguoussumofnopounds，noshillings，andsixpence。
　　Ihaveillustratedthepracticeofthefirstcentury，fromthetwomanuscriptsIhaveexamined，asgivinganimpartialideaofitsevery-daymethods。TheGovernor，JohannesSecundus，itisfairtoremember，wasanamateurpractitioner，whilemyancestorwasaprofessedphysician。ComparingtheirmodesoftreatmentwiththemanyscientificfolliesstillprevailingintheOldWorld，andstillmorewiththeextraordinarytheologicalsuperstitionsofthecommunityinwhichtheylived，weshallfindreason，Ithink，toconsidertheartofhealingasinacomparativelycreditablestateduringthefirstcenturyofNewEngland。
　　InadditiontotheevidenceastomethodsoftreatmentfurnishedbythemanuscriptsIhavecited，Isubjointhefollowingdocument，towhichmyattentionwascalledbyDr。Shurtleff，ourpresentMayor。
　　Thisisaletterofwhichtheoriginalistobefoundinvol。lxix。
　　page10ofthe“Archives“preservedattheStateHouseinBoston。Itwillbeseenthatwhatthesurgeonwantedconsistedchieflyofopiates，stimulants，cathartics，plasters，andmaterialsforbandages。Thecomplexandvariedformulaehavegivenplacetosimplerandoftenmoreeffectiveformsofthesameremedies；butthelistandthemannerinwhichitismadeoutareproofsofthegoodsenseandschoolingofthesurgeon，who，itmaybenoted，wasinsuchhastethatheneglectedallhisstops。Hemightwellbeinahurry，asontheverydayuponwhichhewrote，agreatbodyofIndians——
　　supposedtobesixorsevenhundred——appearedbeforeHatfield；andtwenty-fiveresoluteyoungmenofHadley，fromwhichtownhewrote，crossedtheriveranddrovethemaway。
　　HADLYMay30：76
　　MrRAWSONSrWhatwehaverecdbyTho：HoueythepastmonthisnotthecheifestofourwantsasyouhaveloveforpoorwoundedIprayletusnotwantforthesefollowingmedicinesifyouhavenotaspeedyconveyanceofthemIpraysendonpurposetheyarethosethingsmentionedinmyformerletterbuttopreventfuturemistakesIhavewrotethemattlargeweehavegreatwantwiththegreatesthaltandspeedletusbesupplyed。
　　SrYrSertWILLLOCHS
　　EndorsedMr。LockesLetterRecdfromtheGovernor13Jane&acquaintedyeCouncilwithitbutcouldnotobtaineanythingtobesentinanswerthereto13June1676
　　Ihavegivensomeideaofthechiefremediesusedbyourearlierphysicians，whichwerebothGalenicandchemical；thatis，vegetableandmineral。They，ofcourse，employedtheusualperturbingmedicineswhichMontaignesaysarethechiefrelianceoftheircraft。
　　Therewere，doubtless，individualpractitionerswhoemployedspecialremedieswithexceptionalboldnessandperhapssuccess。Mr。Eliotisspokenof，inaletterofWilliamLeetetoWinthrop，Junior，asbeingunderMr。Greenland’smercurialadministrations。Thelatterwasprobablyenoughoneofthesespecialists。
　　Thereisanotherclassofremedieswhichappearstohavebeenemployedoccasionally，but，onthewhole，issolittleprominentastoimplyagooddealofcommonsenseamongthemedicalpractitioners，ascomparedwiththesuperstitionsprevailingaroundthem。IhavesaidthatIhavecaughtthegoodGovernor，nowandthen，prescribingtheelectuaryofmillipedes；butheisentirelyexcusedbythealmostincrediblefactthattheywereretainedinthemateriamedicasolateaswhenRees’sCyclopaediawaspublished，andwetherefindthedirectionsformerlygivenbytheCollegeofEdinburghfortheirpreparation。Onceortwicewehavefoundhimadmittingstillmoreobjectionablearticlesintohismateriamedica；indoingwhich，Iamsorrytosaythathecouldpleadgraveandlearnedauthority。Buttheseinstancesareveryrareexceptionsinamedicalpracticeofmanyyears，whichis，onthewhole，veryrespectable，consideringthetimeandcircumstances。
　　Someremediesofquestionablethoughnotodiouscharacterappearoccasionallytohavebeenemployedbytheearlypractitioners，buttheyweresuchasstillhadthesupportofthemedicalprofession。
　　GovernorJohnWinthrop，thefirst，sendsforEastIndianbezoar，withothercommoditiesheiswritingfor。GovernorEndicottsendshimonehehadofMr。Humfrey。Ihopeitwasgenuine，fortheycheatedinfamouslyinthematterofthisconcretion，whichoughttocomeoutofananimal’sstomach，buttherealhistoryofwhichresembleswhatissometimestoldofmodernsausages。
　　Thereisafamouslaw-caseofJamestheFirst’stime，inwhichagoldsmithsoldahundredpounds’worthofwhathecalledbezoar，whichwasprovedtobefalse，andthepurchasergotaverdictagainsthim。GovernorEndicottalsosendsWinthropaunicorn’shorn，whichwasthepropertyofacertainMrs。Beggarly，who，inspiteofhername，seemstohavebeenrichinmedicalknowledgeandpossessions。
　　ThefamousThomasBartholinuswroteatreatiseonthevirtuesofthisfabulous-soundingremedy，whichwaspublishedin1641，andrepublishedin1678。
　　The“antimonialcup，“adrinkingvesselmadeofthatmetal，which，likeourquassia-woodcups，mightbefilledandemptiedinsaeculasaeculorumwithoutexhaustingitsvirtues，ismentionedbyMatthewCradock，inalettertotheelderWinthrop，butinadoubtfulway，asitwasthought，hesays，tohaveshortenedthedaysofSirNathanielRiche；andWinthrophimself，asIthink，referstoitsuse，callingitsimply“thecup。“AnantimonialcupisincludedintheinventoryofSamuelSeabury，whodied1680，andisvaluedatfiveshillings。°
　　Thereisatreatiseentitled“TheUniversallRemedy，ortheVertuesoftheAntimoniallCup，ByJohnEvans，MinisterandPreacherofGod’sWord，London，1634，“inourownSociety’slibrary。
　　Oneotherspecialremedydeservesnotice，becauseofnativegrowth。
　　IdonotknowwhenCulver’sroot，LeptandraVirginicaofourNationalPharmacopoeia，becamenoted，butCottonMather，writingin1716toJohnWinthropofNewLondon，speaksofitasfamousforthecureofconsumptions，andwishestogetsomeofit，throughhismediation，forKatharine，hiseldestdaughter。Hegetsit，andgivesittothe“poordamsel，“whoislanguishing，ashesays，andwhodiesthenextmonth，——allthesooner，Ihavelittledoubt，forthisuncertainandviolentdrug，withwhichthemeddlesomepedanttormentedherinthatspiritofwell-meantbutrestlessquackery，whichcouldtouchnothingwithoutmakingmischief，notevenaquotation，andyetprovedatlengththemeansofbringingagreatblessingtoourcommunity，asweshallseebyandby；sodoesProvidenceuseourveryvanitiesandinfirmitiesforitswisepurposes。
　　Externally，IfindthepractitionersonwhomIhavechieflyreliedusedtheplastersofParacelsus，ofmelilot，diachylon，andprobablydiaphoenicon，allwellknowntotheoldpharmacopoeias，andsomeofthemtothemodernones，——tosaynothingof“myyellowsalve，“ofGovernorJohn，thesecond，forthecompositionofwhichwemustapplytohisrespecteddescendant。
　　TheauthorsIfindquotedareBarbette’sSurgery，CamerariusonGout，andWecherus，ofallwhomnoticesmaybefoundinthepagesofHallerandVanderlinden；also，Reed’sSurgery，andNicholasCulpeper’sPracticeofPhysicandAnatomy，thelastasbelongingtoSamuelSeabury，chirurgeon，beforementioned。NicholasCulpeperwasashrewdcharlatan，andasimpudentavarletaseverprescribedforacolic；butknewverywellwhathewasabout，andbadgerstheCollegewithgreatvigor。AcopyofSpigelius’sfamousAnatomy，intheBostonAthenaeum，hasthenamesofIncreaseandSamuelMatherwritteninit，andwasdoubtlessearlyoverhauledbytheyouthfulCotton，whoreferstothegreatanatomist’ssingulardeath，amonghiscuriousstoriesinthe“Magnalia，“andquoteshimamongnearlyahundredauthorswhomhecitesinhismanuscript“TheAngelofBethesda。“Dr。
　　JohnClark’s“booksandinstruments，withseveralchirurgerymaterialsinthecloset，“awerevaluedinhisinventoryatsixtypounds；Dr。MatthewFuller，whodiedin1678，leftalibraryvaluedattenpounds；andasurgeon’schestanddrugsvaluedatsixteenpounds。’
　　Hereweleavethefirstcenturyandallattemptsatanyfurtherdetailedaccountsofmedicineanditspractitioners。ItisnecessarytoshowinabriefglancewhathadbeengoingoninEuropeduringthelatterpartofthatcentury，thefirstquarterofwhichhadbeenmadeillustriousinthehistoryofmedicalsciencebythediscoveryofthecirculation。
　　CharlesBarbeyrac，aProtestantinhisreligion，wasapractitionerandteacherofmedicineatMontpellier。Hiscreedwasinthewayofhisobtainingoffice；buttheyoungmenfollowedhisinstructionswithenthusiasm。Religiousandscientificfreedombreedinandin，untilitbecomeshardtotellthefamilyofonefromthatoftheother。Barbeyracthrewoverboardtheoldcomplexmedicalfarragosofthepharmacopoeias，ashischurchhaddisburdeneditselfofthepopishceremonies。
　　AmongthestudentswhofollowedhisinstructionsweretwoEnglishmen：
　　oneofthem，JohnLocke，afterwardsauthorofan“EssayontheHumanUnderstanding，“threeyearsyoungerthanhisteacher；theother，ThomasSydenham，fiveyearsolder。BothreturnedtoEngland。Locke，whosemedicalknowledgeisbornewitnesstobySydenham，hadthegoodfortunetoformacorrectopiniononadiseasefromwhichtheEarlofShaftesburywassuffering，whichledtoanoperationthatsavedhislife。Lessfelicitouswashisexperiencewithacertainancillaculinariavirgo，——whichIamafraidwouldinthosedayshavebeentranslatedkitchen-wench，insteadofladyoftheculinarydepartment，——whoturnedhimoffaftershehadgottiredofhim，andcalledinanotherpractitioner。[LockeandSydenham，p。124。ByJohnBrown，M。D。Edinburgh，1866。]Thishelped，perhaps，tospoilapromisingdoctor，andmakeanimmortalmetaphysician。Atanyrate，Lockelaiddowntheprofessionalwigandcane，andtooktootherstudies。
　　ThenameofThomasSydenhamisasdistinguishedinthehistoryofmedicineasthatofJohnLockeinphilosophy。AsBarbeyracwasfoundinoppositiontotheestablishedreligion，asLocketooktherationalsideagainstorthodoxBishopStillingfleet，soSydenhamwentwithParliamentagainstCharles，andwasneveradmittedaFellowbytheCollegeofPhysicians，which，afterhewasdead，placedhisbustintheirhallbythesideofthatofHarvey。
　　WhatSydenhamdidformedicinewasbrieflythishestudiedthecourseofdiseasescarefully，andespeciallyasaffectedbytheparticularseason；topatientswithfeverhegaveairandcoolingdrinks，insteadofsmotheringandheatingthem，withtheideaofsweatingouttheirdisease；heorderedhorsebackexercisetoconsumptives；he，likehisteacher，usedfewandcomparativelysimpleremedies；hedidnotgiveanydrugatall，ifhethoughtnonewasneeded，butletwellenoughalone。Hewasasensibleman，inshort，whoappliedhiscommonsensetodiseaseswhichhehadstudiedwiththebestlightofsciencethathecouldobtain。
　　Theinfluenceofthereformheintroducedmusthavebeenmoreorlessfeltinthiscountry，butnotmuchbeforethebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury，ashisgreatworkwasnotpublisheduntil1675，andtheninLatin。Iverystronglysuspectthattherewasnotsomuchtoreforminthesimplepracticeofthephysiciansofthenewcommunity，astherewasinthatofthelearnedbig-wigsofthe“College，“whovaluedtheirremediestoomuchinproportiontotheircomplexity，andtheextravagantandfantasticingredientswhichwenttotheirmaking。
　　DuringthememorablecenturywhichbredandboretheRevolution，themedicalprofessiongavegreatnamestoourhistory。ButJohnBrooksbelongedtotheState，andJosephWarrenbelongstothecountryandmankind，andtospeakofthemwouldleadmebeyondmylimited——
　　subject。TherewouldbelittlepleasureindwellingonthenameofBenjaminChurch；andasforthemedicalpoliticians，likeElishaCookeintheearlypartofthecentury，orCharlesJarvis，thebaldeagleofBoston，initslateryears，whethertheirpracticewasheroicornot，theirpatientswere，forheisaboldmanwhotrustsonethatismakingspeechesandcoaxingvoters，tomeddlewiththeinternalpoliticsofhiscorporealrepublic。
　　Onegreateventstandsoutinthemedicalhistoryofthiseighteenthcentury；namely，theintroductionofthepracticeofinoculationforsmall-pox。SixepidemicsofthiscomplainthadvisitedBostoninthecourseofahundredyears。“Prayershadbeenaskedinthechurchesformorethanahundredsickinasingleday，andthismanytimes。
　　Aboutathousandpersonshaddiedinatwelvemonth，wearetold，and，aswemayinfer，chieflyfromthiscause。
　　In1721，thisdisease，afterarespiteofnineteenyears，againappearedasanepidemic。InthatyearitwasthatCottonMather，browsing，aswashiswont，onalltheprintedfodderthatcamewithinreachofhisever-grindingmandibles，cameuponanaccountofinoculationaspractisedinTurkey，containedinthe“PhilosophicalTransactions。“Hespokeofittoseveralphysicians，whopaidlittleheedtohisstory；fortheyknewhismedicalwhims，andhadprobablybeenbored，aswesaynow-a-days，manyofthem，withlisteningtohis“AngelofBethesda，“andsatiatedwithhisspeculationsontheNishmathChajim。
　　TheReverendMather，——Iuseamodeofexpressionheoftenemployedwhenspeakingofhishonoredbrethren，——theReverendMatherwasrightthistime，andtheirreverentdoctorswholaughedathimwerewrong。
　　Oneonlyoftheirnumberdisputeshisclaimtogivingthefirstimpulsetothepractice，inBoston。Thisiswhatthatpersonsays：
　　“TheSmall-PoxspreadinBoston，NewEngland，A。1721，andtheReverendDr。CottonMather，havinghadtheuseoftheseCommunicationsfromDr。WilliamDouglass“thatis，thewriterofthesewords；surreptitiously，withouttheknowledgeofhisInformer，thathemighthavethehonourofaNewfanglednotion，setsanUndauntedOperatortowork，andinthisCountryabout290wereinoculated。“