Stillanotherdevelopmentofthetheologicalspirit，mixedwithprofessionalexclusivenessandmobprejudice，wroughtuntoldinjury。Eventothosewhohadbecomesofaremancipatedfromallegiancetofetichcuresastoconsultphysicians，itwasforbiddentoconsultthosewho，asarule，werethebest。FromaveryearlyperiodofEuropeanhistorytheJewshadtakentheleadinmedicine；theirshareinfoundingthegreatschoolsofSalernoandMontpellierwehavealreadynoted，andinallpartsofEuropewefindthemacknowledgedleadersinthehealingart。
　　TheChurchauthorities，enforcingthespiritofthetime，wereespeciallysevereagainstthesebenefactors：thatmenwhoopenlyrejectedthemeansofsalvation，andwhosesoulswereundeniablylost，shouldhealtheelectseemedaninsulttoProvidence；
　　preachingfriarsdenouncedthemfromthepulpit，andtherulersinstateandchurch，whilefrequentlysecretlyconsultingthem，openlyproscribedthem。
　　GregoryofTourstellsusofanarchdeaconwho，havingbeenpartiallycuredofdiseaseoftheeyesbySt。Martin，soughtfurtheraidfromaJewishphysician，withtheresultthatneitherthesaintnortheJewcouldhelphimafterward。PopesEugeneIV，NicholasV，andCalixtusIIIespeciallyforbadeChristianstoemploythem。TheTrullaneanCouncilintheeighthcentury，theCouncilsofBeziersandAlbyinthethirteenth，theCouncilsofAvignonandSalamancainthefourteenth，theSynodofBambergandtheBishopofPassauinthefifteenth，theCouncilofAvignoninthesixteenth，withmanyothers，expresslyforbadethefaithfultocallJewishphysiciansorsurgeons；suchgreatpreachersasJohnGeilerandJohnHeroltthunderedfromthepulpitagainstthemandallwhoconsultedthem。Aslateasthemiddleoftheseventeenthcentury，whentheCityCouncilofHall，inWurtemberg，gavesomeprivilegestoaJewishphysician“onaccountofhisadmirableexperienceandskill。”theclergyofthecityjoinedinaprotest，declaringthat“itwerebettertodiewithChristthantobecuredbyaJewdoctoraidedbythedevil。”
　　Still，intheirextremity，bishops，cardinals，kings，andevenpopes，insistedoncallinginphysiciansofthehatedrace。[316]
　　[316]Forthegeneralsubjectoftheinfluenceoftheologicalideauponmedicine，seeFort，HistoryofMedicalEconomyduringtheMiddleAges，NewYork，1883，chaps。xiiiandxviii；alsoColindePlancy，DictionnairedesReliques，passim；alsoRambaud，HistoiredelaCivilisationfrancaise，Paris，1885，vol。i，chap。
　　xviii；alsoSprengel，vol。ii，p。345，andelsewhere；alsoBaasandothers。ForproofsthattheSchoolofSalernowasnotfoundedbythemonks，Benedictineorother，butbylaymen，wholeftoutafacultyoftheologyfromtheirorganization，seeHaeser，LehrbuchderGeschichtederMedicin，vol。i，p。646；alsoBaas。Foraverystrongstatementthatmarriedprofessors，women，andJewswereadmittedtoprofessionalchairs，seeBaas，pp。208etseq。；alsosummarybyDr。Payne，articleintheEncyc。
　　Brit。Sprengel’soldtheorythattheschoolwasfoundedbyBenedictinesseemsnowentirelygivenup；seeHaeserandBassonthesubject；alsoDaremberg，LaMedecine，p。133。ForthecitationfromGregoryofTours，seehisHist。Francorum，lib。vi。
　　FortheeminenceofJewishphysiciansandproscriptionofthem，seeBeugnot，LesJuifsd’Occident，Paris，1824，pp。76-94；alsoBedarride，LesJuifsenFrance，enItalie，etenEspagne，chaps。
　　v，viii，x，andxiii；alsoRenouard，HistoiredelaMedecine，Paris，1846，tomei，p。439；alsoespeciallyLammert，Volksmedizin，etc。，inBayern，p。6，note。ForChurchdecreesagainstthem，seetheActaConciliorum，ed。Hardouin，vol。x，pp。
　　1634，1700，1870，1873，etc。FordenunciationsofthembyGeilerandothers，seeKotelmann，GesundheitspflegeimMittelalter，pp。
　　194，195。ForalistofkingsandpopeswhopersistedinhavingJewishphysiciansandforothercuriousinformationofthesort，seeProf。LeviofVercelli，CristianiedEbreinelMedioEvo，pp。
　　200-207；andforaveryvaluablesummary，seeLecky，HistoryofRationalisminEurope，vol。ii，pp。265-271。
　　VIII。FETICHCURESUNDERPROTESTANTISM——THEROYALTOUCH。
　　TheReformationmadenosuddenchangeinthesacredtheoryofmedicine。Luther，asiswellknown，againandagainascribedhisowndiseasesto“devils’spells。”declaringthat“Satanproducesallthemaladieswhichafflictmankind，forheistheprinceofdeath。”andthat“hepoisonstheair“；butthat“nomaladycomesfromGod。”FromthatdaydowntothefaithcuresofBoston，OldOrchard，andamongthesectof“PeculiarPeople“inourowntime，weseetheresultsamongProtestantsofseekingthecauseofdiseaseinSatanicinfluenceanditscureinfetichism。
　　YetLuther，withhissturdycommonsense，brokeawayfromonebeliefwhichhasinterferedwiththeevolutionofmedicinefromthedawnofChristianityuntilnow。Whenthattroublesomedeclaimer，Carlstadt，declaredthat“whosofallssickshallusenophysic，butcommithiscasetoGod，prayingthatHiswillbedone。”Lutherasked，“Doyoueatwhenyouarehungry？”andtheanswerbeingintheaffirmative，hecontinued，“Evensoyoumayusephysic，whichisGod’sgiftjustasmeatanddrinkis，orwhateverelseweuseforthepreservationoflife。”Henceitwas，doubtless，thattheProtestantcitiesofGermanyweremorereadythanotherstoadmitanatomicalinvestigationbyproperdissections。[317]
　　[317]ForLuther’sbeliefandhisanswertoCarlstadt，seehisTableTalk，especiallyinHazlitt’sedition，pp。250-257；alsohisletterspassim。Forrecent“faithcures。”seeDr。Buckley’sarticlesonFaithHealingandKindredPhenomena，inTheCentury，1886。ForthegreaterreadinessofProtestantcitiestofacilitatedissections，seeToth，AndreasVesalius，p。33。
　　Perhapsthebest-knowndevelopmentofatheologicalviewintheProtestantChurchwasthatmainlyevolvedinEnglandoutofaFrenchgermoftheologicalthought——abeliefintheefficacyoftheroyaltouchinsundrydiseases，especiallyepilepsyandscrofula，thelatterbeingconsequentlyknownastheking’sevil。
　　Thismodeofcurebegan，sofarashistorythrowslightuponit，withEdwardtheConfessorintheeleventhcentury，andcamedownfromreigntoreign，passingfromtheCatholicsainttoProtestantdebaucheesupontheEnglishthrone，withever-increasingmiraculousefficacy。
　　Testimonytotherealityofthesecuresisoverwhelming。Asasimplematteroffact，therearenomiraclesofhealinginthehistoryofthehumanracemorethoroughlyattestedthanthosewroughtbythetouchofHenryVIII，Elizabeth，theStuarts，andespeciallyofthatchosenvessel，CharlesII。ThoughElizabethcouldnotbringherselffullytobelieveintherealityofthesecures，Dr。Tooker，theQueen’schaplain，afterwardDeanofLichfield，testifiesfullyofhisownknowledgetothecureswroughtbyher，asalsodoesWilliamClowes，theQueen’ssurgeon。
　　Fuller，inhisChurchHistory，givesanaccountofaRomanCatholicwhowasthuscuredbytheQueen’stouchandconvertedtoProtestantism。SimilartestimonyexistsastocureswroughtbyJamesI。CharlesIalsoenjoyedthesamepower，inspiteofthepublicdeclarationagainstitsrealitybyParliament。InonecasetheKingsawapatientinthecrowd，toofarofftobetouched，andsimplysaid，“Godblesstheeandgranttheethydesire“；whereupon，itisasserted，theblotchesandhumoursdisappearedfromthepatient’sbodyandappearedinthebottleofmedicinewhichheheldinhishand；atleastsosaysDr。JohnNicholas，WardenofWinchesterCollege，whodeclaresthisofhisownknowledgetobeeverywordofittrue。
　　ButthemostincontrovertibleevidenceofthismiraculousgiftisfoundinthecaseofCharlesII，themostthoroughlycynicaldebaucheewhoeversatontheEnglishthronebeforetheadventofGeorgeIV。Hetouchednearlyonehundredthousandpersons，andtheoutlayforgoldmedalsissuedtotheafflictedontheseoccasionsroseinsomeyearsashighastenthousandpounds。
　　JohnBrown，surgeoninordinarytohisMajestyandtoSt。
　　Thomas’sHospital，andauthorofmanylearnedworksonsurgeryandanatomy，publishedaccountsofsixtycuresduetothetouchofthismonarch；andSergeant-SurgeonWisemandevotesanentirebooktoprovingtherealityofthesecures，saying，“ImyselfhavebeenfrequentwitnesstomanyhundredsofcuresperformedbyhisMajesty’stouchalonewithoutanyassistanceofchirurgery，andthesemanyofthemhadtyredouttheendeavoursofablechirurgeonsbeforetheycamethither。”Yetitisespeciallyinstructivetonotethat，whileinnootherreignweresomanypeopletouchedforscrofula，andinnoneweresomanycuresvouchedfor，innootherreigndidsomanypeopledieofthatdisease：thebillsofmortalityshowthisclearly，andthereasondoubtlessisthegeneralsubstitutionofsupernaturalforscientificmeansofcure。Thisisbutoneoutofmanyexamplesshowingthehavocwhichascientifictestalwaysmakesamongmiraclesifmenallowittobeapplied。
　　ToJamesIIthesamepowercontinued；andifitbesaid，inthewordsofLordBacon，that“imaginationisnextofkintomiracle——aworkingfaith。”somethingelseseemsrequiredtoaccountforthetestimonyofDr。Heylintocureswroughtbytheroyaltouchuponbabesintheirmothers’arms。Myth-makingandmarvel-mongeringwereevidentlyatworkhereasinsomanyotherplaces，andsogreatwasthefameofthesecuresthatwefind，intheyearbeforeJameswasdethroned，apauperatPortsmouth，NewHampshire，petitioningtheGeneralAssemblytoenablehimtomakethevoyagetoEnglandinorderthathemaybehealedbytheroyaltouch。
　　Thechangeintheroyalsuccessiondoesnotseemtohaveinterferedwiththemiracle；for，thoughWilliamIIIevidentlyregardedthewholethingasasuperstition，andononeoccasionissaidtohavetouchedapatient，sayingtohim，“Godgiveyoubetterhealthandmoresense。”Whistonassuresusthatthispersonwashealed，notwithstandingWilliam’sincredulity。
　　AstoQueenAnne，Dr。DanielTurner，inhisArtofSurgery，relatesthatseveralcasesofscrofulawhichhadbeenunsuccessfullytreatedbyhimselfandDr。CharlesBernard，sergeant-surgeontoherMajesty，yieldedafterwardtotheefficacyoftheQueen’stouch。NaturallydoesCollier，inhisEcclesiasticalHistory，sayregardingthesecasesthattodisputethem“istocometotheextremeofscepticism，todenyoursensesandbeincredulouseventoridiculousness。”Testimonytotherealityofthesecuresisindeedoverwhelming，andamultitudeofmostsoberscholars，divines，anddoctorsofmedicinedeclaredtheevidenceabsolutelyconvincing。ThattheChurchofEnglandacceptedthedoctrineoftheroyaltouchiswitnessedbythespecialserviceprovidedinthePrayer-BookofthatperiodforoccasionswhentheKingexercisedthisgift。Theceremonywasconductedwithgreatsolemnityandpomp：duringthereadingoftheserviceandthelayingonoftheKing’shands，theattendantbishoporpriestrecitedthewords，“Theyshalllaytheirhandsonthesick，andtheyshallrecover“；afterwardcamespecialprayers，theEpistleandGospel，withtheblessing，andfinallyhisMajestywashedhisroyalhandsingoldenvesselswhichhighnoblemenheldforhim。
　　InFrance，too，theroyaltouchcontinued，withsimilartestimonytoitsefficacy。OnacertainEasterSunday，thatpiousking，LouisXIV，touchedaboutsixteenhundredpersonsatVersailles。
　　Thiscurativepowerwas，then，acknowledgedfarandwide，byCatholicsandProtestantsalike，upontheContinent，inGreatBritain，andinAmerica；anditdescendednotonlyinspiteofthetransitionoftheEnglishkingsfromCatholicismtoProtestantism，butinspiteofthetransitionfromthelegitimatesovereigntyoftheStuartstotheillegitimatesuccessionoftheHouseofOrange。Andyet，withinafewyearsafterthewholeworldheldthisbelief，itwasdead；ithadshrivelledawayinthegrowingscientificlightatthedawnoftheeighteenthcentury。[318]
　　[318]Fortheroyaltouch，seeBecket，FreeandImpartialInquiryintotheAntiquityandEfficacyofTouchingfortheKing’sEvil，1772，citedinPettigrew，p。128，andelsewhere；alsoScoffern，ScienceandFolkLore，London，1870，pp。413andfollowing；alsoAdams，TheHealingArt，London，1887，vol。i，pp。53-60；andespeciallyLecky，HistoryofEuropeanMorals，vol。i，chapteronTheConversionofRome；alsohisHistoryofEnglandintheEighteenthCentury，vol。i，chap。i。Forcuriousdetailsregardingthemodeofconductingtheceremony，seeEvelyn’sDiary；alsoLecky，asabove。FortheroyaltouchinFrance，andforaclaimtoitspossessioninfeudaltimesbycertainnoblefamilies，seeRambaud，Hist。delaCiv。francaise，p。375。