Southall’scontention，seeBrugsch，EgyptofthePharoahs。Forthetwosidesofthequestionwhetherinthelowergradesofsavagerythereisreallyanyrecognitionofasuperiorpower，oranythingwhichcanbecalled，inanyacceptedsense，religion，compareQuatrefageswithLubbock，inworksalreadycited。ForastrikingbutratheradcaptandumefforttoshowthatthereisamoralandreligioussenseintheverylowestofAustraliantribes，seeoneofthediscoursesofArchbishopVaughnonScienceandReligion，Baltimore，1879。Foroneoutofmultitiudesofstrikingandinstructiveresemblancesinancientstoneimplementsandthosenowinuseamongsundrysavagetribes，seecomparisonbetweenoldScandanavianarrowheadsandthoserecentlybroughtfromTierradelFuego，inNilsson，asabove，especiallyinPlateV。Forabriefandadmirablestatementoftheargumentsonbothsides，seeSirJ。Lubbock’sDundeepaper，givenintheappendixtotheAmericaneditionofhisOriginofCivilization，etc。ForthegeneralargumentreferredtobetweenWhatelyandtheDukeofArgyllononeside，andLubbockontheother，seeLubbock’sDundeepaperasabovecited；Tylor，EarlyHistoryofMankind，especiallyp。193；andtheDukeofArgyll，PrimevalMan，partiv。
Fordifficultiesofsavagesinarithmetic，seeLubbock，asabove，pp。459etseq。Foraverytemperateandjudicialviewofthewholequestion，seeTylorasabove，chaps。viiandxiii。Forabriefsummaryofthescientificpositionregardingthestagnationanddeteriorationofraces，resultinginthestatementthatsuchdeterioration“innowaycontradictsthetheorythatcivilizationitselfisdevelopedfromlowtohighstages。”seeTylor，Anthropology，chap。i。Forstrikingexamplesofthetestimonyoflanguagetoupwardprogress，seeTylor，chap。xii。
CHAPTERX。
THE“FALLOFMAN“ANDHISTORY。
Thehistoryofart，especiallyasshownbyarchitecture，inthenoblestmonumentsofthemostenlightenednationsofantiquity；
givesabundantproofsoftheupwardtendencyofmanfromtherudestandsimplestbeginnings。ManycolumnsofearlyEgyptiantemplesortombsarebutbundlesofNilereedsslightlyconventionalizedinstone；thetemplesofGreece，includingnotonlytheearliestforms，buttheParthenonitself，whileinpartsshowinganevolutionoutofEgyptianandAssyrianarchitecture，exhibitfrequentreminiscencesandevenimitationsofearlierconstructionsinwood；themedievalcathedrals，whileevolvedoutofRomanandByzantinestructures，constantlyshowunmistakablesurvivalsofprehistoricconstruction。[195]
[195]Astoevolutioninarchitecture，andespeciallyofGreekformsandornamentsoutofEgyptianandAssyrian，withsurvivalsinstonearchitectureofformsobtainedinEgyptwhenreedswereused，andinGreecewhenwoodconstructionprevailed，seeFergusson’sHandbookofArchitecture，vol。i，pp。100，228，233，andelsewhere；alsoOtfriedMuller，AncientArtanditsRemains，Englishtranslation，London，1852，pp。219，passim。Foraverybriefbutthoroughstatement，seeA。Magnard’spaperintheProceedingsoftheAmericanOrientalSociety，October，1889，entitledReminiscencesofEgyptinDoricArchitecture。Onthegeneralsubject，seeHommel，Babylonien，ch。i，andMeyer，Alterthum，i，S199。
So，too，generalhistoryhascomein，illustratingtheunknownfromtheknown：thedevelopmentofmanintheprehistoricperiodfromhisdevelopmentwithinhistorictimes。Nothingismoreevidentfromhistorythanthefactthatweakerbodiesofmendrivenoutbystrongerdonotnecessarilyrelapseintobarbarism，butfrequentlyrise，evenunderthemostunfavourablecircumstances，toacivilizationequalorsuperiortothatfromwhichtheyhavebeenbanished。Outofverymanyexamplesshowingthislawofupwarddevelopment，afewmaybetakenastypical。
TheSlavs，whosanksolowunderthepressureofstrongerracesthattheygavethemodernworldanewwordtoexpressthemosthopelessservitude，havedevelopedpowerfulcivilizationspeculiartothemselves；the，barbariantribeswhoagesagotookrefugeamidthesand-banksandmorassesofHolland，havedevelopedoneoftheworld’sleadingcentresofcivilization；
thewretchedpeasantswhoaboutthefifthcenturytookrefugefrominvadinghordesamongthelagoonsandmudbanksofVenetia，developedapowerinart，arms，andpoliticswhichisamongthewondersofhumanhistory；thePuritans，drivenfromthecivilizationofGreatBritaintotheunfavourableclimate，soil，andcircumstancesofearlyNewEngland，——theHuguenots，drivenfromFrance，acountryadmirablyfittedforthehighestgrowthofcivilization，tovariouscountriesfarlessfittedforsuchgrowth，——theIrishpeasantry，driveninvastnumbersfromtheirownislandtootherpartsoftheworldonthewholelessfittedtothem——allareproofsthat，asarule，bodiesofmenonceenlightened，whendriventounfavourableclimatesandbroughtunderthemostdepressingcircumstances，notonlyretainwhatenlightenmenttheyhave，butgoonincreasingit。Besidesthese，wehavesuchcasesasthoseofcriminalsbanishedtovariouspenalcolonies，fromwhosedescendantshasbeendevelopedabettermorality；andofpirates，likethoseoftheBounty，whosedescendants，inaremotePacificisland，becamesober，steadycitizens。Thousandsofexamplesshowtheprevalenceofthissamerule——thatmeninmassesdonotforgetthemaingainsoftheircivilization，andthat，inspiteofdeteriorations，theirtendencyisupward。
Anotherclassofhistoricfactsalsotestifiesinthemoststrikingmannertothissameupwardtendency：thedeclineanddestructionofvariouscivilizationsbrilliantbuthopelesslyvitiated。Thesecatastrophesareseenmoreandmoretobebutstepsin，thisdevelopment。Thecrumblingawayofthegreatancientcivilizationsbasedupondespotism，whetherthedespotismofmonarch，priest，ormob——thedeclineandfallofRomancivilization，forexample，which，inhismostremarkablegeneralization，GuizothasshowntohavebeennecessarytothedevelopmentoftherichercivilizationofmodernEurope；theterriblestruggleandlossoftheCrusades，whichonceappearedtobeamerecatastrophe，butarenowseentohavebroughtin，withthedownfalloffeudalism，thebeginningsofthecentralizing，civilizingmonarchicalperiod；theFrenchRevolution，oncethoughtamereoutburstofdiabolicpassion，butnowseentobeanundulydelayedtransitionfromthemonarchicaltotheconstitutionalepoch：allshowthatevenwidespreaddeteriorationanddecline——often，indeed，thegreatestpoliticalandmoralcatastrophes——sofarfromleadingtoafallofmankind，tendinthelongruntoraisehumanitytohigherplanes。
Thus，then，Anthropologyanditshandmaids，Ethnology，Philology，andHistory，havewroughtout，beyondadoubt，proofsoftheupwardevolutionofhumanitysincetheappearanceofmanuponourplanet。
Norhavetheseresearchesbeenconfinedtoprogressinman’smaterialcondition。Farmoreimportantevidenceshavebeenfoundofupwardevolutioninhisfamily，social，moral，intellectual，andreligiousrelations。ThelightthrownonthissubjectbysuchmenasLubbock，Tylor，HerbertSpencer，Buckle，Draper，MaxMuller，andamultitudeofothers，despitemistakes，haltings，stumblings，andoccasionalfollowingofdelusivepaths，isamongthegreatestgloriesofthecenturynowending。Fromalltheseinvestigatorsintheirvariousfields，holdingnobriefforanysystemsacredorsecular，butseekingtruthastruth，comesthesamegeneraltestimonyoftheevolutionofhigheroutoflower。
Theprocesshasbeenindeedslowandpainful，butthisdoesnotprovethatitmaynotbecomemorerapidandlessfruitfulinsorrowashumanitygoeson。[196]
[196]Astothegoodeffectsofmigration，seeWaitz，IntroductiontoAnthropology，London，1863，p。345。
While，then，itisnotdeniedthatmanyinstancesofretrogressioncanbefound，theconsentingvoiceofunbiasedinvestigatorsinalllandshasdeclaredmoreandmorethatthebeginningsofourracemusthavebeenlowandbrutal，andthatthetendencyhasbeenupward。Tocombatthisconclusionbyexamplesofdeclineanddeteriorationhereandtherehasbecomeimpossible：aswelltrytoprovethat，becauseintheMississippithereareeddiesinwhichthecurrentsflownorthward，thereisnomainstreamflowingsouthward；orthat，becausetreesdecayandfall，thereisnolawofupwardgrowthfromgermtotrunk，branches，foliage，andfruit。
Averystrikingevidencethatthetheologicaltheoryhadbecomeuntenablewasseenwhenitsmainsupporterinthescientificfield，VonMartius，inthefullripenessofhispowers，publiclydeclaredhisconversiontothescientificview。
Yet，whilethetendencyofenlightenedhumanthoughtinrecenttimesisunmistakable，thestruggleagainsttheolderviewisnotyetended。ThebitternessoftheAbbeHamardinFrancehasbeencarriedtosimilarandevengreaterextremesamongsundryProtestantbodiesinEuropeandAmerica。Thesimpletruthofhistorymatesitanecessity，unpleasantthoughitbe，tochronicletwotypicalexamplesintheUnitedStates。
Intheyear1875aleaderinAmericanindustrialenterpriseendowedatthecapitalofaSouthernStateauniversitywhichborehisname。Itwasgivenintothehandsofoneofthereligioussectsmostpowerfulinthatregion，andabishopofthatsectbecameitspresident。ToitschairofGeologywascalledAlexanderWinchell，ascholarwhohadalreadywoneminenceasateacherandwriterinthatfield，aprofessorgreatlybelovedandrespectedinthetwouniversitieswithwhichhehadbeenconnected，andamemberofthesectwhichtheinstitutionoflearningabovereferredtorepresented。
ButhisrelationstothisSoutherninstitutionweredestinedtobebrief。ThathislecturesattheVanderbiltUniversitywerelearned，attractive，andstimulating，evenhisenemieswereforcedtoadmit；buthewassoonfoundtobelievethattherehadbeenmenearlierthantheperiodassignedtoAdam，andeventhatallthehumanracearenotdescendedfromAdam。HisdesirewastoreconcilescienceandScripture，andhewasnowtreatedbyaMethodistEpiscopalBishopinTennesseejustas，twocenturiesbefore，LaPeyrerehadbeentreated，forasimilareffort，byaRomanCatholicvicar-generalinBelgium。Thepublicationofaseriesofarticlesonthesubject，contributedbytheprofessortoaNorthernreligiousnewspaperatitsownrequest，broughtmatterstoaclimax；for，thearticleshavingfallenunderthenoticeofaleadingSouthwesternorganofthedenominationcontrollingtheVanderbiltUniversity，theresultwasamostbitterdenunciationofProf。Winchellandofhisviews。ShortlyafterwardtheprofessorwastoldbyBishopMcTyeirethat“ourpeopleareoftheopinionthatsuchviewsarecontrarytotheplanofredemption。”andwasrequestedbythebishoptoquietlyresignhischair。Tothistheprofessormadethefittingreply：
“Iftheboardoftrusteeshavethemanlinesstodismissmeforcause，anddeclarethecause，Ipreferthattheyshoulddoit。
Nopoweronearthcouldpersuademetoresign。”
“Wedonotpropose。”saidthebishop，withquitegratuitoussuggestiveness，“totreatyouastheInquisitiontreatedGalileo。”
“Butwhatyouproposeisthesamething。”rejoinedDr。Winchell。
“Itisecclesiasticalproscriptionforanopinionwhichmustbesettledbyscientificevidence。”
Twenty-fourhourslaterDr。Winchellwasinformedthathischairhadbeenabolished，anditsduties，withitssalary，addedtothoseofacolleague；thepublicweregiventounderstandthatthereasonswerepurelyeconomic；thebanishedscholarwasheapedwithofficialcompliments，evidentlyinhopethathewouldkeepsilence。
SuchwasnotDr。Winchell’sview。Inafranklettertotheleadingjournaloftheuniversitytownhestatedthewholematter。Theintolerance-hatingpressofthecountry，religiousandsecular，didnotholditspeace。Invaintheauthoritiesoftheuniversitywaitedforthestormtoblowover。Itwasevident，atlast，thatadefencemustbemade，andalocalorganofthesect，whichundertheeditorshipofafellow-professorhadalwaystreatedDr。Winchell’sviewswiththeluminousinaccuracywhichusuallycharacterizesaprofessor’sideasofarival’steachings，assumedthetask。Inthearticleswhichfollowed，theusualscientifichypothesesastothecreationweredeclaredtobe“absurd。”“vagueandunintelligible。”“preposterousandgratuitous。”Thisnewchampionstatedthat“theobjectionsdrawnfromthefossiliferousstrataandthelikearemetbyreferencetotheanalogyofAdamandEve，whopresentedthephenomenaofadultswhentheywerebutadayold，andbytheFloodofNoahandothercataclysms，which，withtheconstantchangeofNature，aresufficienttoaccountforthephenomenainquestion“！
UnderinspirationofthissorttheTennesseeConferenceofthereligiousbodyincontroloftheuniversityhadalready，inOctober，1878，givenutterancetoitsopinionofunsanctifiedscienceasfollows：“Thisisanageinwhichscientificatheism，havingdivesteditselfofthehabilimentsthatmostadornanddignifyhumanity，walksabroadinshamelessdenudation。Thearrogantandimpertinentclaimsofthis`science，falselysocalled，’havebeensoboisterousandpersistent，thattheunthinkingmasshavebeensadlydeluded；butouruniversityalonehashadthecouragetolayitsyoungbutvigoroushanduponthemaneofuntamedSpeculationandsay，`Wewillhavenomoreofthis。’“Itisaconsolationtoknowhowtheresult，thusdevoutlysought，hasbeenachieved；forinthe“ode“sungatthelayingofthecorner-stoneofanewtheologicalbuildingofthesameuniversity，inMay，1880，weread：
“ScienceandRevelationhereInperfectharmonyappear，GuidingyoungfeetalongtheroadThroughgraceandNatureuptoGod。”