WereturnnowtothesequeloftheGalileocase。
　　HavinggainedtheirvictoryoverGalileo，livinganddead，havingusedittoscareintosubmissiontheprofessorsofastronomythroughoutEurope，conscientiouschurchmenexulted。Loudwastheirrejoicingthatthe“heresy。”the“infidelity“the“atheism“
　　involvedinbelievingthattheearthrevolvesaboutitsaxisandmovesaroundthesunhadbeencrushedbythegreattribunaloftheChurch，actinginstrictobediencetotheexpressedwillofonePopeandthewrittenorderofanother。Aswehaveseen，allbooksteachingthishatedbeliefwereputupontheIndexofbooksforbiddentoChristians，andthatIndexwasprefacedbyabullenforcingthiscondemnationupontheconsciencesofthefaithfulthroughouttheworld，andsignedbythereigningPope。
　　Thelossestotheworldduringthiscompletetriumphoftheologywereevenmoreseriousthanatfirstappears：onemustespeciallybementioned。TherewastheninEuropeoneofthegreatestthinkersevergiventomankind——ReneDescartes。
　　Mistakenthoughmanyofhisreasoningswere，theyborearichfruitageoftruth。Hehadalreadydoneavastwork。Histheoryofvortices——assumingauniformmaterialregulatedbyphysicallaws——asthebeginningofthevisibleuniverse，thoughitwasbutaprovisionalhypothesis，hadendedthewholeoldtheoryoftheheavenswiththevaultedfirmamentandthedirectionoftheplanetarymovementsbyangels，whichevenKeplerhadallowed。
　　Thescientificwarriorshadstirrednewlifeinhim，andhewasworkingoverandsummingupinhismightymindalltheresearchesofhistime。Theresultwouldhavemadeanepochinhistory。
　　HisaimwastocombineallknowledgeandthoughtintoaTreatiseontheWorld，andinviewofthishegaveelevenyearstothestudyofanatomyalone。ButthefateofGalileorobbedhimofallhope，ofallcourage；thebattleseemedlost；hegaveuphisgreatplanforever。[72]
　　[72]ForDescartes’sdiscouragement，seeHumboldt，Cosmos，London，1851，voliii，p。21；alsoLange，GeschichtedesMaterialismus，Englishtranslation，vol。i，pp。248，249，wherethelettersofDescartesaregiven，showinghisdespair，andtherelinquishmentofhisbestthoughtsandworksinordertopreservepeacewiththeChurch；alsoSaisset，DescartesetsesPrecurseurs，pp。100etseq。；alsoJolly，HistoireduMouvementintellectuelauXVISiecle，vol。i，p。390。
　　ButerelongitwasseenthatthistriumphoftheChurchwasinrealityaprodigiousdefeat。FromallsidescameproofsthatCopernicusandGalileowereright；andalthoughPopeUrbanandtheinquisitionheldGalileoinstrictseclusion，forbiddinghimeventoSPEAKregardingthedoublemotionoftheearth；andalthoughthiscondemnationof“allbookswhichaffirmthemotionoftheearth“waskeptontheIndex；andalthoughthepapalbullstillboundtheIndexandthecondemnationsinitontheconsciencesofthefaithful；andalthoughcollegesanduniversitiesunderChurchcontrolwerecompelledtoteachtheolddoctrine——itwasseenbyclear-sightedmeneverywherethatthisvictoryoftheChurchwasadisastertothevictors。
　　Newchampionspressedon。Campanella，fullofvagariesashewas，wrotehisApologyforGalileo，thoughforthatandotherheresies，religious，andpolitical，heseventimesunderwenttorture。
　　AndKeplercomes：heleadsscienceontogreatervictories。
　　Copernicus，greatashewas，couldnotdisentanglescientificreasoningentirelyfromthetheologicalbias：thedoctrinesofAristotleandThomasAquinasastothenecessarysuperiorityofthecirclehadvitiatedtheminorfeaturesofhissystem，andleftbreachesinitthroughwhichtheenemywasnotslowtoenter；butKeplerseestheseerrors，andbywonderfulgeniusandvigourhegivestotheworldthethreelawswhichbearhisname，andthisfortressofscienceiscomplete。Hethinksandspeaksasoneinspired。Hisbattleissevere。HeissolemnlywarnedbytheProtestantConsistoryofStuttgart“nottothrowChrist’skingdomintoconfusionwithhissillyfancies。”andassolemnlyorderedto“bringhistheoryoftheworldintoharmonywithScripture“：heissometimesabused，sometimesridiculed，sometimesimprisoned。ProtestantsinStyriaandWurtemberg，CatholicsinAustriaandBohemia，pressuponhimbutNewton，Halley，Bradley，andothergreatastronomersfollow，andtoscienceremainsthevictory。[73]
　　[73]ForCampanella，seeAmabile，FraTommasoCampanella，Naples，1882，especiallyvol。iii；alsoLibri，vol。iv，pp。149etseq。
　　Fromundus，speakingofKepler’sexplanation，says，“Vixteneoebullientemrisum。”ThisisalmostequaltotheNewYorkChurchJournal，speakingofJohnStuartMillas“thatsmallsciolist。”
　　andoftheprefacetoDr。Draper’sgreatworkas“chippering。”
　　Howajournal，generallysofairinitstreatmentofsuchsubjects，cancondescendtosuchweaponsisoneofthewondersofmodernjournalism。ForthepersecutionofKepler，seeHeller，GeschichtederPhysik，vol。i，pp。281etseq；alsoReuschle，KeplerunddieAstronomie，Frankfurta。M。，1871，pp。87etseq。
　　Thereisapoeticjusticeinthefactthatthesetwolast-namedbookscomefromWurtembergprofessors。SeealsoTheNew-EnglanderforMarch，1884，p。178。
　　Yetthisdidnotendthewar。Duringtheseventeenthcentury，inFrance，afterallthesplendidproofsaddedbyKepler，noonedaredopenlyteachtheCopernicantheory，andCassini，thegreatastronomer，neverdeclaredforit。In1672theJesuitFatherRicciolideclaredthattherewerepreciselyforty-nineargumentsfortheCopernicantheoryandseventy-sevenagainstit。Evenafterthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury——longafterthedemonstrationsofSirIsaacNewton——Bossuet，thegreatBishopofMeaux，theforemosttheologianthatFrancehaseverproduced，declareditcontrarytoScripture。
　　Nordidmattersseemtoimproverapidlyduringthatcentury。InEngland，JohnHutchinson，aswehaveseen，publishedin1724hisMoses’PrincipiamaintainingthattheHebrewScripturesareaperfectsystemofnaturalphilosophy，andareopposedtotheNewtoniansystemofgravitation；and，aswehavealsoseen，hewasfollowedbyalonglistofnotedmenintheChurch。InFrance，twoeminentmathematicianspublishedin1748aneditionofNewton’sPrincipia；but，inordertoavertecclesiasticalcensure，theyfeltobligedtoprefixtoitastatementabsolutelyfalse。Threeyearslater，Boscovich，thegreatmathematicianoftheJesuits，usedthesewords：“Asforme，fullofrespectfortheHolyScripturesandthedecreeoftheHolyInquisition，I
　　regardtheearthasimmovable；nevertheless，forsimplicityinexplanationIwillargueasiftheearthmoves；foritisprovedthatofthetwohypothesestheappearancesfavourthisidea。”
　　InGermany，especiallyintheProtestantpartofit，thewarwasevenmorebitter，anditlastedthroughthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury。EminentLutherandoctorsofdivinityfloodedthecountrywithtreatisestoprovethattheCopernicantheorycouldnotbereconciledwithScripture。Inthetheologicalseminariesandinmanyoftheuniversitieswhereclericalinfluencewasstrongtheyseemedtosweepallbeforethem；andyetatthemiddleofthecenturywefindsomeoftheclearest-headedofthemawareofthefactthattheircausewaslost。[74]
　　[74]ForCassini’sposition，seeHenriMartin，HistoiredeFrance，vol。xiii，p。175。ForRiccioli，seeDaunou，EtudesHistoriques，vol。ii，p。439。ForBoussuet，seeBertrand，p。41。
　　ForHutchinson，seeLyell，PrinciplesofGeology，p。48。ForWesley，seehiswork，alreadycited。AstoBoscovich，hisdeclaration，mentionedinthetext，wasin1746，butin1785heseemedtofeelhispositioninviewofhistory，andapologizedabjectly；Bertrand，pp。60，61。SeealsoWhewell’snoticeofLeSueurandJacquier’sintroductiontotheireditionofNewton’sPrincipia。ForthestruggleinGermany，seeZoeckler，GeschichtederBeziehungenzwischenTheologieundNaturwissenschaft，vol。ii，pp。45etseq。
　　In1757themostenlightenedperhapsinthewholelineofthepopes，BenedictXIV，tookupthematter，andtheCongregationoftheIndexsecretlyallowedtheideasofCopernicustobetolerated。Yetin1765Lalande，thegreatFrenchastronomer，triedinvainatRometoinducetheauthoritiestoremoveGalileo’sworksfromtheIndex。EvenatadatefarwithinourownnineteenthcenturytheauthoritiesofmanyuniversitiesinCatholicEurope，andespeciallythoseinSpain，excludedtheNewtoniansystem。In1771thegreatestofthemall，theUniversityofSalamanca，beingurgedtoteachphysicalscience，refused，makinganswerasfollows：“Newtonteachesnothingthatwouldmakeagoodlogicianormetaphysician；andGassendiandDescartesdonotagreesowellwithrevealedtruthasAristotledoes。”
　　Vengeanceuponthedeadalsohascontinuedfarintoourowncentury。Onthe5thofMay，1829，agreatmultitudeassembledatWarsawtohonourthememoryofCopernicusandtounveilThorwaldsen’sstatueofhim。
　　Copernicushadlivedapious，Christianlife；hehadbeenbelovedforunostentatiousChristiancharity；withhisreligiousbeliefnofaulthadeverbeenfound；hewasacanonoftheChurchatFrauenberg，andoverhisgravehadbeenwrittenthemosttouchingofChristianepitaphs。Naturally，then，thepeopleexpectedareligiousservice；allwasunderstoodtobearrangedforit；theprocessionmarchedtothechurchandwaited。Thehourpassed，andnopriestappeared；nonecouldbeinducedtoappear。Copernicus，gentle，charitable，pious，oneofthenoblestgiftsofGodtoreligionaswellastoscience，wasevidentlystillundertheban。Fiveyearsafterthat，hisbookwasstillstandingontheIndexofbooksprohibitedtoChristians。
　　TheeditionoftheIndexpublishedin1819wasasinexorabletowardtheworksofCopernicusandGalileoasitspredecessorshadbeen；butintheyear182Ocameacrisis。CanonSettele，ProfessorofAstronomyatRome，hadwrittenanelementarybookinwhichtheCopernicansystemwastakenforgranted。TheMasteroftheSacredPalace，Anfossi，ascensorofthepress，refusedtoallowthebooktobeprintedunlessSettelerevisedhisworkandtreatedtheCopernicantheoryasmerelyahypothesis。OnthisSetteleappealedtoPopePiusVII，andthePopereferredthemattertotheCongregationoftheHolyOffice。Atlast，onthe16thofAugust，182O，itwasdecidedthatSettelemightteachtheCopernicansystemasestablished，andthisdecisionwasapprovedbythePope。Thisarousedconsiderablediscussion，butfinally，onthe11thofSeptember，1822，thecardinalsoftheHolyInquisitiongraciouslyagreedthat“theprintingandpublicationofworkstreatingofthemotionoftheearthandthestabilityofthesun，inaccordancewiththegeneralopinionofmodernastronomers，ispermittedatRome。”ThisdecreewasratifiedbyPiusVII，butitwasnotuntilthirteenyearslater，in1835，thattherewasissuedaneditionoftheIndexfromwhichthecondemnationofworksdefendingthedoublemotionoftheearthwasleftout。
　　Thiswasnotamomenttoosoon，for，asifthepreviousproofshadnotbeensufficient，eachofthemotionsoftheearthwasnowabsolutelydemonstratedanew，soastoberecognisedbytheordinaryobserver。Theparallaxoffixedstars，shownbyBesselaswellasothernotedastronomersin1838，clinchedforeverthedoctrineoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesun，andin1851thegreatexperimentofFoucaultwiththependulumshowedtothehumaneyetheearthinmotionarounditsownaxis。Tomakethemattercomplete，thisexperimentwaspubliclymadeinoneofthechurchesatRomebytheeminentastronomer，FatherSecchi，oftheJesuits，in1852——justtwohundredandtwentyyearsaftertheJesuitshaddonesomuchtosecureGalileo’scondemnation。[75]
　　[75]ForgoodstatementsofthefinalactionoftheChurchinthematter，seeGebler；alsoZoeckler，ii，352。SeealsoBertrand，Fondateursdel’Astronomiemoderne，p。61；Flammarion，ViedeCopernic，chap。ix。Astothetimewhenthedecreeofcondemnationwasrepealed，therehavebeenvariouspiousattemptstomakeitearlierthanthereality。Artaud，p。307，citedinanapologeticarticleintheDublinReview，September，1865，saysthatGalileo’sfamousdialoguewaspublishedin1714，atPadua，entire，andwiththeusualapprobations。Thesamearticlealsodeclaresthatin1818，theecclesiasticaldecreeswererepealedbyPiusVIIinfullConsistory。Whewellacceptsthis；butCantu，anauthorityfavourabletotheChurch，acknowledgesthatCopernicus’sworkremainedontheIndexaslateas1835Cantu，Histoireuniverselle，vol。xv，p。483；andwiththisTh。Martin，notlessfavourabletotheChurch，butexceedinglycarefulastothefacts，agrees；andthemosteminentauthorityofall，Prof。
　　Reusch，ofBonn，inhisDerIndexdervorbotenenBucher，Bonn，1885，vol。ii，p。396，confirmstheabovestatementinthetext。
　　ForaclearstatementofBradley’sexquisitedemonstrationoftheCopernicantheorybyreasoningsupontherapidityoflight，etc。，andFoucault’sexhibitionoftherotationoftheearthbythependulumexperiment，seeHoefer，Histoiredel’Astronomie，pp。
　　492etseq。FormorerecentproofsoftheCopernicantheory，bythediscoveriesofBunsen，Bischoff，Benzenberg，andothers，seeJevons，PrinciplesofScience。