SpeakingofGalileo’sbook，Polaccosaysthatit“smackedofCopernicanism。”andthat，“whenthiswasshowntotheInquisition，Galileowasthrownintoprisonandwascompelledtoutterlyabjurethebasenessofthiserroneousdogma。”
　　Astotheauthorityofthecardinalsintheirdecree，Polaccoassertsthat，sincetheyarethe“Pope’sCouncil“andhis“brothers。”theirworkisone，exceptthatthePopeisfavouredwithspecialdivineenlightenment。
　　HavingshownthattheauthorityoftheScriptures，ofpopes，andofcardinalsisagainstthenewastronomy，hegivesarefutationbasedonphysics。Heasks：“Ifweconcedethemotionoftheearth，whyisitthatanarrowshotintotheairfallsbacktothesamespot，whiletheearthandallthingsonithaveinthemeantimemovedveryrapidlytowardtheeast？Whodoesnotseethatgreatconfusionwouldresultfromthismotion？”
　　Nexthearguesfrommetaphysics，asfollows：“TheCopernicantheoryoftheearth’smotionisagainstthenatureoftheearthitself，becausetheearthisnotonlycoldbutcontainsinitselftheprincipleofcold；butcoldisopposedtomotion，andevendestroysit——asisevidentinanimals，whichbecomemotionlesswhentheybecomecold。”
　　Finally，heclinchesallwithapieceoftheologicalreasoning，asfollows：“SinceitcancertainlybegatheredfromScripturethattheheavensmoveabovetheearth，andsinceacircularmotionrequiressomethingimmovablearoundwhichtomove，……theearthisatthecentreoftheuniverse。”[66]
　　[66]ForChiaramonti’sbookandselectionsgiven，seeGeblerasabove，p。271。ForPolacco，seehisworkascited，especiallyAssertionesi，ii，vii，xi，xiii，lxxiii，clcccvii，andothers。
　　TheworkisintheWhiteLibraryatCornellUniversity。Thedateofitis1644。
　　ButanysketchofthewarfarebetweentheologyandscienceinthisfieldwouldbeincompletewithoutsomereferencetothetreatmentofGalileoafterhisdeath。HehadbeggedtobeburiedinhisfamilytombinSantaCroce；thisrequestwasdenied。Hisfriendswishedtoerectamonumentoverhim；this，too，wasrefused。PopeUrbansaidtotheambassadorNiccolinithat“itwouldbeanevilexamplefortheworldifsuchhonourswererenderedtoamanwhohadbeenbroughtbeforetheRomanInquisitionforanopinionsofalseanderroneous；whohadcommunicatedittomanyothers，andwhohadgivensogreatascandaltoChristendom。”Inaccordance，therefore，withthewishofthePopeandtheordersoftheInquisition，Galileowasburiedignobly，apartfromhisfamily，withoutfittingceremony，withoutmonument，withoutepitaph。NotuntilfortyyearsafterdidPierrozzidarewriteaninscriptiontobeplacedabovehisbones；
　　notuntilahundredyearsafterdidNellidaretransferhisremainstoasuitablepositioninSantaCroce，anderectamonumentabovethem。Eventhentheoldconscientioushostilityburstforth：theInquisitionwasbesoughttopreventsuchhonoursto“amancondemnedfornotoriouserrors“；andthattribunalrefusedtoallowanyepitaphtobeplacedabovehimwhichhadnotbeensubmittedtoitscensorship。Norhasthatoldconscientiousconsistencyinhatredyetfullyrelented：hardlyagenerationsincehasnotseensomeecclesiastic，likeMariniorDeBonaldorRallayeorDeGabriac，suppressingevidence，ortorturingexpressions，orinventingtheoriestoblackenthememoryofGalileoandsavethereputationoftheChurch。Nay，more：thereareschoolhistories，widelyused，which，inthesupposedinterestoftheChurch，misrepresentinthegrossestmannerallthesetransactionsinwhichGalileowasconcerned。
　　Sanctasimplicitas！TheChurchhasnoworseenemiesthanthosewhodeviseandteachtheseperversions。Theyaresimplyrootingout，inthelongrun，fromthemindsofthemorethoughtfulscholars，respectforthegreatorganizationwhichsuchwritingsaresupposedtoserve。[67]
　　[67]ForthepersecutionsofGalileo’smemoryafterhisdeath，seeGeblerandWohwill，butespeciallyTh。Martin，p。243andchaps。ixandx。Fordocumentaryproofs，seeL’Epinois。ForacollectionoftheslanderoustheoriesinventedagainstGalileo，seeMartin，finalchaptersandappendix。BoththeseauthorsaredevotedtotheChurch，butunlikeMonsignorMarini，aretoouprighttoresorttothepiousfraudofsuppressingdocumentsorinterpolatingpretendedfacts。
　　TheProtestantChurchwashardlylessenergeticagainstthisnewastronomythanthemotherChurch。ThesacredscienceofthefirstLutheranReformerswastransmittedasapreciouslegacy，andinthenextcenturywasmademuchofbyCalovius。HisgreatlearninganddeterminedorthodoxygavehimtheLutheranleadership。Utterlyrefusingtolookatascertainedfacts，hecitedtheturningbackoftheshadowuponKingHezekiah’sdialandthestandingstillofthesunforJoshua，deniedthemovementoftheearth，anddenouncedthewholenewviewasclearlyopposedtoScripture。TothisdayhisargumentsarerepeatedbysundryorthodoxleadersofAmericanLutheranism。
　　AstotheotherbranchesoftheReformedChurch，wehavealreadyseenhowCalvinists，Anglicans，and，indeed，Protestantsectariansgenerally，opposedthenewtruth。[68]
　　[68]ForClovius，seeZoeckler，Geschichte，vol。i，pp。684and763。ForCalvinandTurretin，seeShields，TheFinalPhilosophy，pp。60，61。
　　InEngland，amongthestrictchurchmen，thegreatDr。SouthdenouncedtheRoyalSocietyas“irreligious。”andamongthePuritanstheeminentJohnOwendeclaredthatNewton’sdiscoverieswere“builtonfalliblephenomenaandadvancedbymanyarbitrarypresumptionsagainstevidenttestimoniesofScripture。”EvenMiltonseemstohavehesitatedbetweenthetwosystems。AtthebeginningoftheeighthbookofParadiseLosthemakesAdamstatethedifficultiesofthePtolemaicsystem，andthenbringsforwardanangeltomaketheusualorthodoxanswers。Later，MiltonseemstoleantowardtheCopernicantheory，for，referringtotheearth，hesays：
　　“OrshefromwesthersilentcourseadvanceWithinoffensivepace，thatspinningsleepsOnhersoftaxle，whileshefacesevenAndbearstheesoftwiththesmoothairalong。”
　　Englishorthodoxycontinuedtoassertitself。In1724JohnHutchinson，professoratCambridge，publishedhisMoses’
　　Principia，asystemofphilosophyinwhichhesoughttobuildupacompletephysicalsystemoftheuniversefromtheBible。InthisheassaultedtheNewtoniantheoryas“atheistic。”andledthewayforsimilarattacksbysuchChurchteachersasHorne，DuncanForbes，andJonesofNayland。Butonefargreaterthantheseinvolvedhimselfinthisview。ThatsamelimitationofhisreasonbythesimplestatementsofScripturewhichledJohnWesleytodeclarethat，“unlesswitchcraftistrue，nothingintheBibleistrue。”ledhim，whilegivingupthePtolemaictheoryandacceptinginageneralwaytheCopernican，tosuspectthedemonstrationsofNewton。Happily，hisinbornnobilityofcharacterliftedhimaboveanybitternessorpersecutingspirit，oranyimpositionofdoctrinaltestswhichcouldpreventthosewhocameafterhimfromfindingtheirwaytothetruth。
　　Butinthemidstofthisvastexpanseoftheologicerrorsignsofrightreasonbegantoappear，bothinEnglandandAmerica。
　　NoteworthyisitthatCottonMather，bitteraswashisorthodoxyregardingwitchcraft，accepted，in1721，themodernastronomyfully，withallitsconsequences。
　　InthefollowingyearcameanevenmorestrikingevidencethatthenewscientificideasweremakingtheirwayinEngland。In1722ThomasBurnetpublishedthesixtheditionofhisSacredTheoryoftheEarth。Inthisheargues，asusual，toestablishthescripturaldoctrineoftheearth’sstability；butinhisprefacehesoundsaremarkablewarning。HementionsthegreatmistakeintowhichSt。AugustineledtheChurchregardingthedoctrineoftheantipodes，andsays，“Ifwithinafewyearsorinthenextgenerationitshouldproveascertainanddemonstrablethattheearthismoved，asitisnowthatthereareantipodes，thosethathavebeenzealousagainstit，andengagedtheScriptureinthecontroversy，wouldhavethesamereasontorepentoftheirforwardnessthatSt。Augustinewouldnow，ifhewerestillalive。”
　　Fortunately，too，ProtestantismhadnosuchpowertoopposethedevelopmentoftheCopernicanideasastheolderChurchhadenjoyed。Yetthereweresomethingsinitswarfareagainstscienceevenmoreindefensible。In1772thefamousEnglishexpeditionforscientificdiscoverysailedfromEnglandunderCaptainCook。GreatestbyfarofallthescientificauthoritieschosentoaccompanyitwasDr。Priestley。SirJosephBankshadespeciallyinvitedhim。ButtheclergyofOxfordandCambridgeinterfered。PriestleywasconsideredunsoundinhisviewsoftheTrinity；itwasevidentlysuspectedthatthismightvitiatehisastronomicalobservations；hewasrejected，andtheexpeditioncrippled。
　　TheorthodoxviewofastronomylingeredoninotherbranchesoftheProtestantChurch。InGermanyevenLeibnitzattackedtheNewtoniantheoryofgravitationontheologicalgrounds，thoughhefoundsomelittleconsolationinthinkingthatitmightbeusedtosupporttheLutherandoctrineofconsubstantiation。
　　InHollandtheCalvinisticChurchwasatfirststrenuousagainstthewholenewsystem，butwepossessacomicalproofthatCalvinismeveninitsstrongholdswaspowerlessagainstit；forin1642BlaerpublishedatAmsterdamhisbookontheuseofglobes，and，inordertobeonthesafeside，devotedonepartofhisworktothePtolemaicandtheothertotheCopernicanscheme，leavingthebenevolentreadertotakehischoice。[69]
　　[69]FortheattitudeofLeibnetz，Hutchinson，andtheothersnamedtowardtheNewtoniantheory，seeLecky，HistoryofEnglandintheEighteenthCentury，chap。ix。ForJohnWesley，seehisCompendiumofNaturalPhilosophy，beingaSurveyoftheWisdomofGodintheCreation，London，1784。SeealsoLeslieStephen，EighteenthCentury，vol。ii，p。413。ForOwen，seehisWorks，vol。xix，p。310。ForCottonMather’sview，seeTheChristianPhilosopher，London，1721，especiallypp。16and17。ForthecaseofPriestley，seeWeld，HistoryoftheRoyalSociety，vol。
　　ii，p。56，forthefactsandtheadmirableletterofPriestleyuponthisrejection。ForBlaer，seehisL’UsagedesGlobes，Amsterdam，1642。
　　NorhaveeffortstorenewthebattleintheProtestantChurchbeenwantingintheselatterdays。TheattemptintheChurchofEngland，in1864，tofetterscience，whichwasbroughttoridiculebyHerschel，Bowring，andDeMorgan；theassemblageofLutheranclergyatBerlin，in1868，toprotestagainst“sciencefalselysocalled。”areexamplesofthese。Fortunately，tothelattercamePastorKnak，andhisdenunciationsoftheCopernicantheoryasabsolutelyincompatiblewithabeliefintheBible，dissolvedthewholeassemblageinridicule。
　　InitsrecentdealingswithmodernastronomythewisdomoftheCatholicChurchinthemorecivilizedcountrieshaspreventeditsyieldingtosomeastoundingerrorsintowhichonepartoftheProtestantChurchhasfallenheedlessly。
　　ThoughvariousleadersintheolderChurchhavecommittedtheabsurderrorofallowingatext-bookandsundryreviewarticlestoappearwhichgrosslymisstatetheGalileoepisode，withthecertaintyofultimatelyunderminingconfidenceinherteachingsamonghermorethoughtfulyoungmen，shehaskeptclearofthefollyofcontinuingtotieherinstruction，andtheacceptanceofoursacredbooks，toanadoptionofthePtolemaictheory。
　　NotsowithAmericanLutheranism。In1873waspublishedinSt。
　　Louis，atthepublishinghouseoftheLutheranSynodofMissouri，aworkentitledAstronomischeUnterredung，theauthorbeingwellknownasalatepresidentofaLutheranTeachers’Seminary。
　　Noattackonthewholemodernsystemofastronomycouldbemorebitter。Onthefirstpageoftheintroductiontheauthor，afterstatingthetwotheories，asks，“Whichisright？”andsays：“Itwouldbeverysimpletomewhichisright，ifitwereonlyaquestionofhumanimport。ButthewiseandtruthfulGodhasexpressedhimselfonthismatterintheBible。TheentireHolyScripturesettlesthequestionthattheearthistheprincipalbodyHauptkorperoftheuniverse，thatitstandsfixed，andthatsunandmoononlyservetolightit。”
　　TheauthorthengoesontoshowfromScripturethefolly，notonlyofCopernicusandNewton，butofalonglineofgreatastronomersinmorerecenttimes。Hedeclares：“Letnooneunderstandmeasinquiringfirstwheretruthistobefound——intheBibleorwiththeastronomers。No；Iknowthatbeforehand——thatmyGodneverlies，nevermakesamistake；outofhismouthcomesonlytruth，whenhespeaksofthestructureoftheuniverse，oftheearth，sun，moon，andstars……
　　“BecausethetruthoftheHolyScriptureisinvolvedinthis，thereforetheabovequestionisofthehighestimportancetome……ScientistsandothersleanuponthemiserablereedRohrstabthatGodteachesonlytheorderofsalvation，butnottheorderoftheuniverse。”
　　Verynoteworthyisthefactthatthislatesurvivalofanancientbeliefbasedupontext-worshipisfound，notintheteachingsofanyzealouspriestofthemotherChurch，butinthoseofaneminentprofessorinthatbranchofProtestantismwhichclaimsspecialenlightenment。[70]
　　[70]FortheamusingdetailsoftheattemptintheEnglishChurchtorepressscience，andofthewayinwhichitwasmet，seeDeMorgan，Paradoxes，p。42。ForPastorKnakandhisassociates，seetheRevuedesDeuxMondes，1868。OftherecentLutheranworksagainsttheCopernicanastronomy，seeespeciallyAstronomischeUnterredungzwischeneinemLiebhaberderAstronomieundmehrerenberuhmtenAstronomerderNeuzeit，byJ。C。W。L。，St。Louis，1873。
　　NorhasthewarfareagainstthedeadchampionsofsciencebeencarriedonbytheolderChurchalone。
　　Onthe10thofMay，1859，AlexandervonHumboldtwasburied。Hislabourshadbeenamongthegloriesofthecentury，andhisfuneralwasoneofthemostimposingthatBerlinhadeverseen。
　　Amongthosewhohonouredthemselvesbytheirpresencewastheprinceregent，afterwardtheEmperorWilliamI；butoftheclergyitwasobservedthatnonewerepresentsavetheofficiatingclergymanandafewregardedasunorthodox。[71]
　　[71]SeeBruhnsandLassell，LifeofHumboldt，London，1873，vol。
　　ii，p。411。