Exch。Q。R。Treas。Rec。20/68：’ItemdebentdominoadfestumStiMichaelisauxiliumadplacitumsuumetadforinsecumservitium。’
　　GloucesterCart。iii。180：’Etdabitproterra6denariosadauxilium。Dabitetiamauxiliumproaveriissuissecundumnumerumeorundem。’iii。50：’Etdabitauxiliumsecundumnumerumanimalium。’iii。208：’Etsiimpositumfueriteidemquodintaxationeauxiliialiquodanimalconcelaverit，potestcogiadsacramentumpraestandumetsesuperhocpurgandum。Etsipervicinossuosconvictusfueritsuperhoc，puniendusestprovoluntatedomini。’
　　GloucesterCart。iii。203：’。omnesisticonsuetudinariideColnedantincommuniadauxilium46solidos8denarios。，RochesterCustumal，4，a：’DeomnibusdecemjugisdebentscotareaddonumdominivilleetadserviciumdominiRegis。’
　　DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，64：’DicuntquodmaneriumdeBerlingedefenditseversusregemproduabushidisetdimidia。
　　Reddunt。prohidagiobaillivohundredideReilee31denarioset13denariosdeWardpeni，dequibusdominicumredditde20acris2
　　den。etobolemprohidagioet2denariosproWardpeni。’
　　Exch。Esch。UltraTrentam，1/49：’Procornagiodefeodismilitum17sol。8den。’
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。65：’IndieStiMartinidebetdimidiamdainamfrumentidecheriset。’
　　DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，66：’BeatrixrelictaOsbertiCassetenet15acrasetafestoStiMichaelisusqueadVinculaqualibetseptimanadebet3operacionesnisifestumimpedierit；quodsifestumferiabileeveneritinseptimanadieluneetaliuddiemercurii，unumfestumeriteiutile，aliuddomino。Quodsifestumeveneriteademseptimanadieveneris，additoaliofestoinaliaseptimanaveniente，dividenturilliduodiesinterdominumetoperariumutsupradictumest。’
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。64：’AfestoStiPetriadVinculadebentqualibetebdomadametereuelaliudopusfacereusqueadfestumStiMichaelisnisifestumintercurrat，dielune，diemartisetdiemercurii。’Ibid。62：’AbHoccadeiusqueadfestumStiJohannisqualibetebdomadaarabitdimidiamacram，sipossitpropterduritiem。’
　　84。GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。59：’WillelmusfiliusOsanoretenetunamvirgatameodemservitio，sednonpotestperficereservitium。’
　　85。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，51：’Etomnesaliisimiliteroperabuntursiveplusteneantsiveminus，proracione5acrarum。’
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。104：’W。deH。tenetunamvirgatamprodimidiavirgata。proaliaviigatafacitsicutproquartapartedimidiehide。’
　　86。GloucesterCart。iii。199：’EtsciendumquoddominuspotesteligereutrumvoluerithabereservitiumpredictumdeJohanneSpere，uelquodduplicetservitiumR。deA。inferiusinterakermannosscripti。’
　　Rot。Hundr。ii。757，a：’Setistitenentesmemoratiutasseruntadaliasconsuetudinesetservitiaantiquitusesseconsueverunt。’
　　E。g。acomparisonoftheinquestscontainedintheRamseyCartularypublishedintheRollsSerieswiththeearlierextentscontainedinCottonMS。，Galba，E。x，andwiththeHundredRollsofHuntingdonshireandCambridgeshire，willsupporttheopinionexpressedinthetext。
　　Seebohm，VillageCommunity。
　　ThemeaningoftheexpressionmaybegatheredfromthefollowingextractsfromtheRamseyCartulary，i。358：’DieautemJovisproximaantePaschaetdieJoviscontrafestumStiBenedictiquodcunqueopussibifueritinjunctumoperabitur。’Cf357：’Etsiopusfuerit，faciethayamincampis，habentemlongitudinemduarumperticarum，etallocabitureiproopereuniusdiei。Etdiequocarriarefenumdebet，ducetunamcarrectatamdomidealiofenoAbbatis，uelaliudcarriagiumcumcarrectafaciet，sisibifueritinjunctum。’361：’AgulaautemAugustiusqueadfestumSanctiMichaelisqualibetseptimanaoperabiturperunumdiemintegrum，qualecunqueopussibipraecipiatur。’365：
　　’EtoperaturquaelibetvirgataafestoSanctiMichaelisusqueadfestumTranslationisSanctiBenedictiqualibetseptimanatribusdiebus。quodcumqueopuspraeceptumfuerit；videlicet，siflagellareoportet，flagellabitinfravillamvigintiquatuorgarbasdefrumentoetsiligini，dehordeotrigintagarbas，deavenatrigintagarbas。Extravillamflagellabitdefrumentovigintigarbas，deavenavigintiquatuorgarbas。Necexibitextrahundredumadflagellandumnisiexgratia。Quodcunquealiudgenusoperis。ballivusvoluerit；praeterquaminbosco，faceredebeat，operabiturtotadiesiubisisecaredebeat，operabiturusqueadnonam；etsipascereeumdominusvoluerit，operabiturusqueadvesperam。Sidebeatspinasvelvirgascolligere，colligetunumfesciculum，etportabitusqueadcuriamproopereuniusdiei。Inquadragesimaautemnullumgenusoperisfacietadcibumpropriumusquenonamnisiquodherciabittotadie。’Itseemsquiteclearthatthelordhasinsomecasesthechoicebetweendifferentkindsofwork，buttheamounttoberequiredissettledonceforall。WhenwefindintheGlastonburyInquisitionof1189thesentence，’operabiturquodcumqueeipraeceptumfueritsicutneth，’itmeansevident，thatthepeasant’swork，whateveritis，issettledaccordingtothestandardoftheneat’sholding。
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。41：’Etherciatsemelsinemensuraaliquaeiassignatacumhocquodhabetincarruca。’
　　PlacitorumAbbreviatio，p。212：’AliacartaeiusdemeidemEliefactaetheredibussuisdedictabovataterreunacumdictoRogerovillanosuoetsectaetsequelasua。’RamseyCart。i。355：
　　’PriordeSanctoIvonehabetingressuminunavirgataterraeperHenricumdeKylevile，inquatressuntmansiones，etunusprocaeterisfacitservitiumdebitummanerio。’
　　93。RamseyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Galba，E。x。f49：’Quicumqueacceperit。promercedesua18denariosdebetoperaricumdominosuotribusdiebusveldareunumdenarium。’CfRot。Hundr。ii。
　　781，b：’Servi：DabitadexenlliumcontraNatale6panes。etvenitadprandiumdominipropredictoexenniosextamanusivoluerit。’。See，forinstance，thebeginningofthedescriptionofDorsetshire。
　　Exch。Q。R。Min。Acc。Bk。587，T。P。R。8109：’SciendumquodtenentesAbbatisdeOsoluestoneinDoningtonetBykercumpertinentiisfueruntsemelinannoprovoluntateAbbatisadcuriamsuamtenendumibidemetinvenienteidemAbbatiettotifamiliesuequamsecumduxeritomnianecessariasufficientiainadventusuoperunumdiemintegrumetnoctemsequentem，velnoctemprecedentemetdiemsequenteminesculentisetpoculentistamvinoquamcervisia，fenoetprebendaproequiseorumetequiscarucariorumsalemquerencium，unacumcandelaetceteriscostisomnimodisinternecessariacomputandis。EtsiabbasnonveneritfacientfinemcumcelerariosivolueritvelcumaliiquemAbbasnomineSuomiseritadminus20solidis。EtsiisquinomineAbbatismissusibidemfuitetfinemrecusault，procurabiturutpremittitur。Etsialiquiddenecessariisinadministrandodefuerit，omnestenentesquicomestumcontribueredebentdiecrastinoinplenacuriasupernecessariorumdefectupersenescallumcalumpniabunturetgraviteramerciabuntur。Ettalisfuitconsuetudoabantiquoethabeturquolibetannoprocertoredditu，etdequoPetrusdeThedingworthquondamAbbasdeOsoluestoneetpredecessoressuiatemporequononextatmemoriasubformapredictafueruntseisiti。’
　　99。Seeaboutthispoint，Hale’sIntroduction。Itisgenerallyverygoodonthesubjectofthefarm。
　　DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，21：’Potestwainagiumfiericumtribuscaruciisoctocapitumcumconsuetudinibusvillate。’
　　TheTemplar’sBookof1185attheRecordOfficeQ。R。Misc。
　　Books，N。16isalreadyarentalinsubstance。
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。117：’Nigelluscapellanustenetunamvir。gatam，sedillavirgatanonsoletadoperacionemredigi。Cumdominusvolueritoperabitursicutalie。’Rot。Hundr。
　　ii。815，a：’。dabit8solidosperannumprooperibussuisquisolidipoteruntmutariinaliudserviciumadvaloremprovoluntatedomini。’
　　GlastonburyInqu。of1189，p。29：’G。deP。tenetunummesuagiumettresacrasetdimidiampro2solidisetfacitsicuthominesdeMeraquandosuntadgabulum。Hoctenementumnonsoletesseadopus。’116：’Levivaviduatenetdimidiamhidam；Unamvirgatamteneteodemservitio；aliamtenetprogabuloetnonpotestadoperationemponisicutalia。’
　　BurySt。Edmund’sReg。，Harl。MSS。3977，f82，d：’Omnesliberietnonliberidabuntfestivalesexceptisillisliberisquihabentresidentessubillos。’GlastonburyCart，WoodMSS。i。f176，b：’AbbasetconventusremiseruntR。deW……omniacarriagia。necnonetillascustodiasquaepredictusR。etantecessoressuipersonaliterfacereconsueveruntcumvirgasuasuperbederipasipsorum。etsuperarrurasprecariasqueeifieridebentinmaneriodePultone。’
　　CustumalsofBattleAbbeyCamd。Soc。，p。122
　　BlackBookofPeterboroughCamdenSer。，164：’InScotereetScaletoyssuntundecimcarrucataeadgeldumRegiset24
　　plenariivillani。Plenariivillanioperanturduobusdiebusinebdomada。Etibisunt29sochemannietoperanturunodieinebdomadapertotumannumetinAugustoduobusdiebus。Etistivillanietomnessochemannihabent21carrucasetomnesarantunaviceadhyvernageetunaadtremeis。’
　　TheLord，HisServantsandFreeTenantsDescriptionsofEnglishruralarrangementsintheagewearestudyingalwayssupposethecountrytobedividedintomanors，andeachofthesemanorstoconsistofacentralportioncalledthedemesne，andofaclusterofholdingsindifferenttributaryrelationstothiscentralportion。WhetherwetaketheDomesdaySurvey，ortheHundredRolls，ortheCustumalofsomemonasticinstitution，ortheextentoflandsbelongingtosomedeceasedlaylord，weshallagainandagainmeetthesametypicalarrangement。Idonotsaythattherearenoinstancesswervingfromthisbeatentrack，andthatotherarrangementsneverappearinourrecords。StillthegeneralsystemisfoundtobesuchasI
　　havejustmentioned，andaverypeculiarsystemitis，equallydifferentfromtheancientlatifundiaormodernplantationscultivatedbygangsoflabourersworkingonalargescaleandfordistantmarkets，frompeasantownershipscatteredintosmallandself-dependenthouseholds，andevenfromtheconjunctionbetweengreatpropertyandfarmstakenonleaseandmanagedasseparateunitsofcultivation。
　　Thecharacteristicfeatureofthemedievalsystemisthecloseconnexionbetweenthecentralanddominantpartandthedependentbodiesarrangedaroundit。Wehavehadoccasiontospeakinsomedetailofthesetributarybodies——itistimetoseehowthelord’sdemesnewhichactedastheircentrewasconstituted。
　　Bractonmentionsasthedistinguishingtraitofthedemesne，thatitissetasideforthelord’sownuse，andministerstothewantsofhishousehold。1*ThereforeitissometimescalledinEnglish’BoardLands。’Thedefinitionisnotcomplete，however；
　　becausealllandoccupiedbytheownerhimselfmustbeincludedunderthenameofdemesne，althoughitsproducemaybedestinednotforhispersonaluse，butforthemarket。’Boardlands’areonlyonespeciesofdomanialland，soalsoarethe’Husfelds’
　　mentionedinacharterquotedbyMadox。2*Thislasttermonlypointstoitsrelationtothehouse，thatisthemanorialhouse。
　　Andbothdenominationsarenoteworthyfortheirveryincompleteness，whichtestifiesindirectlytotherestrictedareaandtothemodestaimsofdomanialcultivation。Usuallyitliesinimmediateconnexionwiththemanorialhouse，andproducesalmostexclusivelyforhomeconsumption。
　　Thisisespeciallytrueastothearable，whichgenerallyformsthemostimportantpartofthewholedemesneland。Thereisnoexitforacorntrade，andthereforeeverybodyraisescornforhisownuse，andpossiblyforaveryrestrictedlocalmarket。
　　Evengreatmonastichousesholdonly300or400acresinthehomefarm；veryrarelythenumberrisesto600，andathousandacresofarableinonemanorisathingalmostunheardof。3*
　　Husbandryonalargescaleappearsonlynowandtheninplaceswheresheep-farmingprevails，inWiltshireforinstance。
　　Exceptionalvalueissetonthedemesnewhenfisheriesareconnectedwithitorsaltfoundonit。4*
　　ThefollowingdescriptionofBockynginEssex，5*amanorbelongingtotheChapterofChristChurch，Canterbury，mayserveasanexampleofthedistributionandrelativevalueofdemesnesoil。Thecartularyfromwhichitisdrawnwascompiledin1309。
　　Themanorialhouseandclosecoverfiveacres。Thegrasswithinitsprecinctswhichmayserveasfoodforcattleisvaluedat8d。ayear。Cornisalsosoldtheretothevalueof12d。ayear，sometimesmoreandsometimesless，accordingtothequantitysown。Theorchardprovidesfruitandvegetablesworth13s。4d。ayear；thedutyleviedfromtheswinegives6d。
　　Thepigeon-houseisworth4d。