Thedutiesheredescribedpresentonlyavariationofthecommon’week-work’ofthepeasant，itsapplicationtoacertainkindoflabour。Theycouldonoccasionbereplacedbysomeotherwork，7*orthelordmightlosethemifthetimeassignedforthemwasquiteunsuitableforwork。8*Thereisanotherformofploughingcalledgafol-earth，whichhasnoreferencetoanyparticulartime-limits。Apatchofthelord’slandisassignedtothehomageforcultivation，andeverytenantgetshisshareintheworkaccordingtothesizeofhisholding。Gafol-earthisnotonlyploughedbutmostlysownbythepeasantry。9*
　　Athirdspeciesofploughing-dutyistheso-calledaverearth。
　　orgrass-earth。Thisobligationariseswhenthepeasantswantmorepasturethantheyareentitledtousebytheircustomaryrightsofcommon。Thelordmaygrantthepermissiontousethepasturereservedforhim，andexactsploughingsinreturnaccordingtothenumberofheadsofcattlesenttothepasturage。10*Sometimesthesameimpositionisleviedwhenmorecattlearesenttothecommonsthanaholdinghasarighttodriveonthem。11*ItisnotimpossiblethatinsomecasestheveryuseofrightsofcommonWasmadedependentontheperformanceofsuchduties。12*Akindredexactionwasimposedfortheuseofthemeadows。13*Localvariationshave，ofcourse，tobetakenlargelyintoaccountinallsuchmatters：thedistinctionbetweengafol-earthandgrass-earth，forinstance，thoughdrawnverysharplyinmostcases，getssomewhatconfusedinothers。
　　Manorialrecordsmentionafourthvarietyofploughingworkunderthenameofben-earth，precariaecarucarum。Thisisextraworkinoppositiontothecommonploughingsdescribedbefore。14*Itisassumedthatthesubjectpopulationisreadytohelpthelordforthetillageofhisland，evenbeyondthecustomarydutiesimposedonit。Itsendsitsploughsthreeorfourtimesayear’outoflove，’and’fortheasking。’Itmaybeconjecturedhowagreeablethisdutymusthavebeeninreality，andindeedbythesideofitscommondenominations，asboon-workandasked-work，wefindmuchroughertermsinthespeechofsomedistricts——itisdeemedunlawenearthandgodlesebene。15*Itmustbesaid，however，thatthelordgenerallyprovidedfoodontheseoccasions，andevenwentsofarastopayforsuchextrawork。
　　Otherexpressionsoccurincertainlocalities，whicharesometimesdifficultofexplanation。Lentenearth，16*inthemanorsofElyMinster，meansevidentlyanextraploughinginLent。ThesameElyrecordsexhibitaploughingcalledFilstnertheorFilsingerthe，17*whichmaybeidenticalwiththeLentenearthjustmentioned：afastnyngseed18*occursatanyratewhichseemsconnectedwiththeploughingunderdiscussion。ThesameextraworkinLentiscalledTywe19*intheCustumalofBleadon，Somersetshire。Whentheploughing-workispaidforitmayreceivethenameofpenyearth。20*TheGloucestersurveyspeaksoftheextracultivationofanacrecalledRadacre，andtheElysurveysofanextrarood’deRytnesse。’21*Idonotventuretosuggestanexplanationfortheselastterms；andI
　　neednotsaythatitwouldbeeasytocollectamuchgreaternumberofsuchtermsinlocalusefromthemanorialrecords。Itissufficientformypurposetomarkthechiefdistinctions。
　　Alltheotherlabour-servicesareperformedmoreorlessonthesamesystemastheploughings，withthefundamentaldifferencethatthenumberofmenengagedinthemhastobereckonedwithmorethanthenumberofbeasts。Theextentsareespeciallyfullofdetailsintheirdescriptionsofreapingormowingcornandgrass；theprocessofthrashingisalsomentioned，thoughmorerarely。Inthecaseofmeadowsmederipe
　　sometimestheirdimensionsaremadethebasisofcalculation，sometimesthenumberofwork-dayswhichhavetobeemployedinordertocutthegrass。22*Astothecorn-harvest，everyholdinghasitsnumberofacresassignedtoit，23*orelseitisenactedthateveryhousehastosendsomanyworkmenduringacertainnumberofdays。24*Ifitissaidthatsuchandsuchatenantisboundtoworkonthelord’sfieldatharvest-timewithtwenty-eightmen，itdoesnotmeanthathehastosendoutsuchanumbereverytime，butthathehastofurnishanamountofworkequivalenttothatperformedbytwenty-eightgrown-uplabourersinone，day。Itmaybedividedintofourteendays’workoftwolabourers，orintosevendays’offour，andsoforth。
　　Harvest-timeisthemostpressingtimeintheyearforruralwork；itisespeciallyimportantnottolosetheopportunitypresentedbyfineweathertomowandgarnerinthecropbeforerain，andtheremaybeonlyafewdaysofsuchweatheratcommand。Forthisreasonextralabourischieflyrequiredduringthisseason，andthevillagepeoplearefrequentlyaskedtogiveextrahelpinconnexionwithit。Thesystemofprecariaeisevenmoredevelopedontheseoccasionsthaninthecaseofploughing。25*Alltheforcesofthevillagearestrainedtogothroughthetask；allthehouseswhichopenonthestreetsendtheirlabourers，26*andinmostcasestheentirepopulationhastojoininthework，withtheexceptionofthehousewivesandperhapsofthemarriageabledaughters。27*Thelandlordtreatstheharvesterstofoodinordertomaketheseexertionssomewhatmorepalatabletothem。28*These’love-meals’aregraduatedaccordingtoasetsystem。Ifthemenarecalledoutonlyonce，theygettheirfoodandnodrink：theseare’dryrequests。’Iftheyaremadetogoasecondtime，aleisservedtothemprecariaecerevisiae。Themutualobligationsoflordsandtenantryaresettledveryminutely；29*thelattermayhavetomowaparticularacrewiththeobjectofsaying’thanks’forsomeconcessiononthepartofthelord。30*Thesamekindof’requests’areinuseformowingthemeadows。Thedutiesofthepeasantsdifferagreatdealaccordingtosizeoftheirholdingsandtheirsocialposition。Thegreaternumberhaveofcoursetoworkwithscytheandsickle，butthemorewealthyarecalledupontosupervisetherest，torideaboutwithrodsintheirhands。31*Ontheotherhand，apoorwomanholdsamessuage，andneeddonomorethancarrywatertothemowers。32*
　　Averyimportantitemintheworknecessaryformedievalhusbandrywasthebusinessofcarryingproducefromonepartofthecountrytotheother。Themanorsofagreatlordwereusuallydispersedinseveralcounties，andeveninthecaseofsmalllandownersitwasnotveryeasytoarrangearegularcommunicationwiththemarket。Theobligationtoprovidehorsesandcartsgainsinimportanceaccordingly。33*Theseaveragiaarelaidoutforshortandlongdistances，andthepeasantshavetotaketheirturnatthemoneaftertheother。34*TheywereboundtocarrycorntoLondonorBristolaccordingtothesizeoftheirholdings。35*Specialimportancewasattachedtothecarriageofthe’farm，’thatisoftheproductsdesignedfortheconsumptionofthelord。36*Insomesurveyswefindthequalificationthatthepeasantsarenotobligedtocarryanythingbutsuchmaterialasmaybeputonthefire，i。e。usedinthekitchen。37*Inthemanoritselftherearemanycarriagedutiestobeperformed：cartsarerequiredforthegrain，orforspreadingthedung。Theworkofloadingandoffollowingthecartsisimposedonthosewhoarenotabletoprovidetheimplements。38*Andalongsideofthedutiesofcarriagebyhorsesoroxenwefindthecorrespondingmanualduty。The’averagiumsuperdorsumsuum’fallsonthesmalltenantwhodoesnotowneitherhorsesoroxen。39*Suchsmallpeoplearealsomadetodrivetheswineorgeesetothemarket。40*Thelordandhischiefstewardsmustlooksharpafterthedistributionofthesedutiesinordertopreventwealthytenantsfrombeingputtolightdutiesthroughtheprotectionofthebailiffs，whomaybebribedforthepurpose。41*
　　Itwouldbehardtoimagineanykindofagriculturalworkwhichisnotimposedonthepeasantryinthesemanorialsurveys。
　　Thetenantsmindthelord’sploughs，constructhousesandboothsforhim，repairhedgesanddykes，workinvineyards，washandshearthesheep，42*etc。Insomecasesthelabourhastobeundertakenbythem，notintheregularrunoftheirservices，butbyspecialagreement，asitwere，inconsiderationofsomeparticularrightorpermissiongrantedtothem。43*Alsoithappensfromtimetotimethatthepeopleofonemanorhavetoperformsomeservicesinanother，forinstance，becausetheyusepastureinthatothermanor。44*Such’forinsec’labourmaybedueevenfromtenantsofastrangelord。Bythesideofpurelyagriculturaldutieswefindsuchasarerequiredbythepoliticalorjudicialorganisationofthemanor。Peasantsareboundtoguardandhangthieves，tocarrysummonsesandorders，toserveatthecourtsofthesuperiorlordandoftheking。45*
　　Inconsequenceofthegreatvarietyoftheselabour-servicestheyhadtobereducedtosomechiefandplainsubdivisionsforpurposesofageneraloversight。Threemainclassesareverynoticeablenotwithstandingallvarietythearaturae，averagia，andianuoperationes。Theselastarealsocalledhand-dainaeordaywerke，46*。andtherecordsgivesometimestheexactvaluationoftheworktobeperformedduringadayineverykindoflabour。Sometimesallthedifferentclassesareaddedupunderoneheadforageneralreckoning，andwithoutanydistinctionastoworkperformedbyhandorwiththehelpofhorseorox，AmongthemanorsofChristChurch，Canterbury，47*forinstance，wefindatBorle’1480work-daysdividedinto44weeksoflabourfromthevirgaters，88fromthecotters，320fromthetoftersholdingsmalltenementsinthefields。’InBockyngthework-daysof52weeksarereckonedtobe3222。Itmustbeadded，thatwhensuchageneralsummingupappears，itismostlytobetakenasanindicationthattheoldsystembasedonlabourinkindismoreorlessshaken。Theaimofthrowingtogetherthedifferentclassesofworkistogetageneralvaluationofitsworth，andsuchavaluationinmoneyiscommonlyplacedbythesideofthereckoning。Thesingleday-workyieldssometimesonlyonepennyoralittlemore，andthelandlordisgladtoexchangethiscumbrousandcheapcommodityformoney-rents，evenforsmallones。
　　Wemustnowproceedtoexaminethedifferentformsassumedbypaymentsinkindandmoney：theypresentacloseparalleltothemanyvarietiesoflabour-service。Thirteenth-centurydocumentsarefullofallusionstopaymentsinkind-thatmostarchaicformofarrangingtherelationsbetweenalordandhissubjects。Thepeasantsgivecornunderdifferentnames，andforvariousreasons：asgavelseed，inadditiontothemoney-rentpaidfortheirland。48*asfoddercorn，ofoatsforthefeedingofhorses49*；asgathercorn，whichamanorialservanthastocollectorgatherfromtheseveralhomesteads。50*ascorn-bole，abestsheafleviedatharvest-time。51*Ofotherprovendersuppliedtothelord’shouseholdhoneyisthemostcommon，bothincombsandinaliquidform，52*Aleissometimesbrewedforthesamepurpose，andsometimesmaltandbraseumfurnishedasmaterialtobeusedinthemanorialfarm，53*Animalsarealsogiveninrent，mostlysheep，lambs，andsucking-pigs，Themodeofselectionispeculiarinsomecases。IntheChristChurchCanterburymanorofMoncktoneachsulunghastorendertwolambs，andthelord’sservanthastherighttotakethosewhichhepleases，whereupontheownergetsareceipt，evidentlyinviewofsubsequentcompensationfromtheotherco-ownersofthesulung。54*Ifnosuitablelambistobefound，eightpencearepaidinsteadofitasmailmala，ononeoftheestatesofGloucesterAbbeyafreemanhastocomeonSt。Peter’sandPaul’sdaywithalambofthevalueof12d。，andbesides，12penceinmoneyaretobehunginapurseontheanimal’sneck。55*
　　Poultryisbroughtalmosteverywhere，buttheseprestationsareverydifferentintheirorigin。Themostcommonreasonforgivingcaponsisthenecessityforgettingthewarrantyofthelord：56*Inthissensethereceiptandpaymentoftherentconstituteanacknowledgmentonthepartofthelordthatheisboundtoprotecthismen，andonthepartofthepeasantthatheisthelord’svillain。Woodhens’aregivenforlicencetotakealoadofwoodinaforest；similarprestationsoccurinconnexionwithpastureandwiththeuseofamoorforturbary。57*AtEasterthepeasantrygreettheirprotectorsbybringingeggs：inWalton，amanorofSt。Paul’s，London，thecustomissaidtoexistinhonourofthelord，andatthefreediscretionofthetenants。58*Besidesallthosethingswhichmaybe’putonthefireandeaten，’rentsinkindsometimestaketheshapeofsomeobjectforpermanentuse，especiallyofsomeimplementnecessaryfortheconstructionoftheplough。59*
　　Triflingrents，consistingofflowersorrootsofginger，aresometimesimposedwiththeobjectoftestifyingtothelord’sseignory；butthepayersofsuchrentsaregenerallyfreeholders。60*IneednotdwelllongontheenumerationofallthestrangeprestationswhichexistedduringtheMiddleAges，andpartlycamedowntoourowntime：anyreadercuriousaboutthemwillfindanenormousmassofinterestingmaterialinHazlitt’s’TenuresofLandandCustomsofManors。’