16。Harl。MSS。639，f69，b：’InquisiciofactapertotamsocamdeBadefeuddicitquodsialiquisservusdominimorituretplureshabueritfilios，sitotaterrafueritmollondprimogenitusdeiureetconsuetudinedebeteamretinere；sitotafueritvillanaiunior；simaiorparsfueritmollondprimogenitus，ismaiorparsfueritvillanaiunioreamoptinebit。’
　　17。IcannotsurrenderthispointcfStevenson，l。c。。ThatBoroughEnglishexistedinmanyfreeboroughsandamongfreesokemenistrue，ofcourse，andthereithadnothingtodowithservilestatus。Itwouldhavebeenwrongtotreatthecustomofinheritanceasasuretestfromageneralpointofview。Butasamatteroffactitwastreatedassuchatestfromalocalpointofviewbymany，ifnotmost，manorialarrangements。IreferagaintotheCasefromtheNote-bookofBracton，pl。1062。Thelordisadducingasproofofapleaofvillainage：’Hocbenepatet，quiapostnatusfiliussemperhabuitterrampatrissuisicutaliivillanidepatria。’Ihavesaidalreadythatthesuccessionoftheyoungestsonappearswithmerchet，reeveship，etc。，asaservilecustom。
　　RamseyCartularyRollsSeries，i。267：’Decemhidae，exquibuspersona，liberietcensuariitenenttreshidasetdimidiam，etvillanitenentsexhidas。’
　　DomesdayBook，i。204；RamseyCartulary，i。270，330-40。
　　RochesterCartularyThorpe，2，a：’GavelmannideSuthflete。’CottonMSS。TiberiusB。ii，andClaudiusC。xi。
　　CottonMSS。ClaudiusC。xi，f49，a：’Dehundredariisetliberetenentibus。Philippusdeinsulatenet16acrasdewaraetdebetsectasadcuriamElyensemetadcuriamdeWilburtoneetinquolibethundredopertotumannum，’etc。Foramoredetaileddiscussionofthepositionofhundredors，seeAppendix。
　　InthedescriptionofAstonandCote，asubmanorofBampton，Oxfordshire，hundredariiarementionedinRot。Hundr。ii。689。
　　Leg。HenriciI，c。7。ThepointhasbeenlatelyelucidatedbyMaitland，SuitolsoftheCountyCourt，Eng。Hist。Rev。，July1888，andRound，ArchaeologicalReview，iv。
　　GloucesterCart。iii。193：’EtdicuntquodpredictusThomasetsociisuisubscriptidebentaquietarevillamdequolibethundredoCyrencestriaeetdeRespethatepraeterquamadvisumfranciplegiibisinanno。’RamseyInqu。，CottonMSS。GalbaE。x，35：’Sequebaturcomitatumethundredumprodominicoabbatis。’
　　Madox，Hist。oftheExchequer，i。74：’ServieteisnominatiminomnibusplacitisadquaeconvenientersummonituseritetaddefensionemtotiusvillaeEstoneaderitinhundredisetscyrisinquibuseritquantumpoterit。’WarwickshireHundr。Roll，Q。R。
　　Misc。Books，No。29，f。73，a：’Serianciaadcomitatumethundredum。’RamseyCart。i。438：’J。R。tenetdimidiamhydamdeveterifeoffamentoetnonredditperannumaliquemcensumabbati，quiaestunadequattuorvirgatisquaedefendunttotamvillatamdesectacomitatusethundrediperannum。’
　　GloucesterCart。iii。77：’HenricusdeMarwentte。netunamvirgataetcontinentem48acras。etfacitforinseca[scrvitia]，scil。sectascomitatushundredi，etaliaforinseca。’CfCart。ofShaftesbury，65：’……defendebatterramsuamdeomnibusforinsecisavcncionibus。’
　　Seebohm，VillageCommunity，37，38，。Scrutton，CommonFields，39。
　　SeetheinstancescollectedbyMaitland，IntroductiontoRollsofManorialCourts，SeldenSoc。，Ser。II，p。xxix，note2。
　　Maitland，op。c。
　　Afewinstancesamongmany：GloucesterCart。iii49：
　　’RadulfusdeE。tenetunamvirgatamterraecontinentem48acrasetredditindeperannumnonreditumaliquem，sedsequeturcomitatumWarwiciethundredumdeKingtoneprodomino，etcuriamdeCliffordeproomniservitio。’Therearefourother，virgatariiliberi，besidesthisone。DomesdayofSt。Paul’sCamdenSoc。，30：’Thomasarkariustenetivvirgataspro28solidisetdebetfaceresectamsireethundredi。’Heisafreeholder。WorcesterCart。CamdenSoc。，64，C：’DeliberisRicardusdeSalfordtenetdimidiamhidamdepriore，quamThomasdeRuppetenuitdeeo，etfacitregaleservitiumtantum，etdebetessecoramjusticiariisitinerantibusprodefensionevillaeadcustumsuum。’TheEly，hundredarii，aredistinguishedfromthevillains，andformbythemselvesagroupwhichranksnexttothe’liberetenentes’orwiththem。
　　33。Ramsey，Inqu。CottonMSS。Galba，E。x，f52：’Ecclesiaipsiusvillepossidetdimidiamhidamliberametpresbiterdebetessequartuseorumquisequunturcomitatumethundredumcumcustamentosuo。’Cf40，54。insteadofattendingseparatelythepriestcomestobeincludedamongthefourhundredors。
　　34。Britton，i。177sqq。SeeMaitland’sIntrod。toManorialRolls，p。xxvii。
　　35。Maitland，op。c。pp。xxix，xxx。
　　36。Leg。HenriciI。c。8。Cf。ElyRegister，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi，52，a：’etliberetenentessuiquitenentpersocagiumdebentunamsectamadfrendlesehundred，scil。addiemSabbatiproximumpostfestumSt。Michaelis。Theexpression，friendless，ispeculiar。ItappearsinotherinstancesintheElySurveys。Mayitnotmean，thatallthefreetenants，eventhesmallones，hadtoattendandcouldnotberepresentedbytheirfellowsor’friends’？
　　37。GlastonburyCart。，WoodMSS。，i。f233，a：’etN。etG。
　　veniuntetdefenduntvimetiniuriamettalemsectamqualemabeisexigitetbenecognoscuntquodperattornatossuosdebentipsifacereduassectasperannumadduoslagedaios。sedsialiquislatrofueritibiiudicandustuncdebentliberihominessuietprepositiuelseruientessuidebentinteresseadpredictumhundredumadfaciendumiudiciumetnonipsiinpropriapersonasua。’CfMalmesburyCart。RollsSer。，ii……178；’ItemrecognouitsectamadhundredumdeMalmesburiapersevelpersufficientemattornatumsuum。ItemrecognouitetconcessitquodomnesliberihominessuideEstleyesequanturdehundredoinhundredumapudMalmesburiamsicutaliquotemporepredecessorumsuorumfacereconsueverunt。’
　　38。Thismaypossiblyaccountforthecuriousfact，thatineverymanortherearesometenantscalled，Freeman，’，Frankleyn，’andthelike。Theyseemtobetheretokeepupthenecessarytraditionofthefreeelement。Forinstance：EynshamCart。MSS。
　　oftheChapterofChristChurch，Oxford，xxix。f4，a：’IohannesFremandeShyffordtenetunamvirgatampercartam。facitsectamadcomitatumethundredumethacdecausatenettenementumsuum。’
　　CfCoramRege27HenryIII，m。3：’DicuntquodnonestaliquisliberhomoineodemmanerionisiWillelmusfiliusRadulfiquirespondetinfracorpuscomitatus。’Thefactiswellknowntoallthosewhohavehadanythingtodowithmanorialrecords。
　　Cf。Maitland，SuitorsoftheCountyCourt，EngHist。Review，July，1888。
　　Isitnotpossibletoexplainbythe，hundredor，thefollowingdifficultpassageinDomesday，ii。100？’HugodeMontfortinvasittresliberoshomines。unusexhisjacetadfeudumSanctiPetrideWestmonasteriotestiinoniohundredi，sedfuitliberatusHugoniinnumerosuorumhundredorumcorr。
　　hundredariorum？utdicuntsuihomines。’ItistruethatthetermdoesnotoccurelsewhereinDomesday，butthereadingasitstandsappearsveryclumsy，andtheemendationproposedwouldseemtheeasiestwaytogetoutofthedifficulty。
　　ImaybeexcusedforagainreferringtotheStoneleighReg。f32，d：’QuidamtenenteseiusdemmaneriitenentterrasettenementasuainSokemanniainfeodoethereditatedequaquidemtenuratalishabeturetomnetemporehabebaturconsuetudovidelicetquodquandoaliquistenenseiusdemtenureterramsuamalicuialienarevolueritveniatincuriamcoramipsoAbbateveleiussenescalloetpervergamsursumreddatinmanumdominiterramsicalienandamadopusilliusquiterramillamoptinebit。EtsialiquisterramaliquamhuiusmoditenureinframaneriumpredictumpercartamvelsinecartaabsquelicentiadictiAbbatisalienaveritaliterquampersursumreddicionemincuriainformapredicta，quodterrasicextracuriaalienatadominodictimaneriieritforisfactainperpetuum。’
　　43。Madox，Exch。i。724，e：’MonstraveruntRegihominesettenentesdesocadeOswaldKirkeinCom。Nottinghamiae，quodcumsokailladudumfuissetantiquumdominicumcoronaeAngliaeetdominusHenricusquondamRexAngliaeprogenitorRegissocamillamcumpertinenciisdedissetetconcessissetHenricodeHastynggeshabendamettenendamadcommunemlegem。AclicethominesettenentespredictietantecessoressuihominesettenentesdeSocaillainterhominescommunitatiscomitatusNottinghamiaeetnoncumtenentibusdeantiquisdominicisCoronaeRegisatemporeescambiipredictitalliariconsueverunt，assessorestamentallagiiRegisindominicisinComitatuNottinghamiaepraedicto。eosunacumillisdedominicisRegispraedictistalliarifecerunt。’Cf428，b，c。
　　44。Rot。Hundr。ii。6o8，a：’Liberitenentes。liberisokemanni。’Cf752，a。
　　45。Inquisit。postmortem53HenryIII，n。4RecordOffice：
　　’Liberetenentesadvoluntatem。liberetenentesinsocagio。
　　liberetenentespercartam。’Rot。Hundr。ii。47I，a。SeeAppendixx。
　　46。Warwicksh。Hund。Roll。Q。R。Misc。books，xxix。p。44，b：
　　’tenensperantiquamtenuramsinecarta。’GloucesterCart。iii。
　　67：’deliberistenentibusdicuntquodhaeredesO。G。tenenttresvirgatasterraedeantiquatenura。’Cfiii。47，69。ChristChurchCart。，Canterbury，Add。MSS。6159，p。70……’istitenentantiquodominico。istitenentantiquumtenementum。inferiusnotatisuntoper。arii。’DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，46，47：’deantiquahereditate。’CfPollock，Land-laws2nded，p。2O9。
　　57。ElyInqu。，CottonMS。，Claudius，C。xi。50，b：’Totavillatatamliberi，quamaliidebentfacere40perticatassuperCalcetumdeAlderhe[Aldreth’sCauseway]sineciboetopere。’CfDomesdayofSt。Paul’s，75。
　　58。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，76，77。，Rot。Hundr。ii。764，b。
　　59。DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，32：’Omnesistiliberetenentesmetuntetarantadprecariasdominietadcibumeiussineforisfacto。’Thegeneralruleis，thatfreeholdersjoinonlyintheboon-worksprecariaeandnotintheregularweek-work。Butsocmenarefoundengagedinthislatteralso。
　　ElyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi。f266：’Defeodismilitumetliberetenentibus。heriet。relevium。sednondabittallagiumetgersumam。’167b：’herietum。relevium。
　　pannagium。tallagium……RamseyCart。i。297。
　　GloucesterCart。iii。49and46；BattleCart。，Augm。Off。
　　Misc。Books，N。57，f10，b。
　　ElyInqu。，CottonMSS。，Claudius，C。xi。f186，b……，Omnescustumariipreterliberosquinondantgersumamprofiliisetfiliabus。
　　64。BurySt。Edmund’sRegistrumAlbum，Cambr。Univ。，Ee。iii。6o，f154，b。，Etnotaquodsiprepositushundredicapiatgersumam。
　　dealiquolibero，dominushabebitmedietatem。’SuffolkCourtRolls，3Bodleian：’gersumasieveneritfiliivelfilie，finemfacietinhundredo，sedcelerariushabebitmedietatemfinis。’
　　RochesterCart。Thorpe，19a：’Dominusnondebetaliquemoperarium。injusteetsinejudicioaterraSuaejicere。’Ibid。
　　10，a：’incrastinoSanctiMartininonponeteosdominusadoperasineconsensueorundem。’BlackBookofSt。Augustine，CottonMSS。’Faustina，A。i。f185，d：’ConsuetudinesvillanorumdePlumstedVillanideP。tenentquatuorjugaetdebentindeararequatuoracrasetseminare。etdebentmetereinautumpno8
　　acrasdeivernagiovel4acrasdealioblado……Etdebentfalcare2acrasprati……ItemdebentduoaveragiaperannumaPlumstedadNewentonetnihildebentaverareadtuncnisiresquesuntadopusconventusetqueponidebentsuperripam。’
　　NotebookofBracton，pl。1334：’。etconsuetudoestquoduxoresmaritorumdefunctorumhabeantfrancumbancumsuumdeterrissokemannorum。’Rot。Hundr。i。201，202：’habentetvenduntmaritagiasokemannorumaliterquamdeberent，quiainKancianonestwarda。’
　　CfElton，TenuresofKent。
　　NotebookofBracton，pl。1419：’etipsiveniuntetdicuntquidnunquamcartamillamfecitnecfacerepotuitquiauillanusfuitetterramsuamdefendiditperfurcamctflagellum。’
　　Seebohm，VillageCommunity，103；followedbyScrutton，CommonsandCommonFields，38；andAshley，EconomicHistory，i。
　　ThePeasantryoftheFeudalAge。Conclusions。
　　Ihavedividedmyanalysisoftheconditionofthefeudalpeasantryintotwopartsaccordingtoaprincipleforciblysuggested，asIthink，bythematerialathand。TherecordsoftrialsintheKing’sCourt，andthedoctrinesoflawyersbasedonthem，cannotbetreatedinthesamewayasthesurveyscompiledfortheuseofmanorialadministration。Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweenthetwosetsofdocumentsastomethodandpointofview。Inthecaseoflegalrecordsamethodofdialecticexaminationcouldbefollowed。Legalrulesarealwaysmoreorlessconnectedbetweenthemselves，andtheinvestigatorhastofindout，first，fromtheapplicationofwhatprinciplestheyflow，andtofindout，secondly，whetherfundamentalcontradictionsdiscloseafusionofheterogeneouselements。Thestudyofmanorialdocumentshadtoproceedbywayofclassification，toestablishinwhatbroadclassesthelocalvariationsoftermsandnotionsarrangethemselves，andwhatvariationsofdailylifethesegroupsorclassesrepresent。
　　Itisnotstrange，ofcourse，thatthingsshouldassumeasomewhatdifferentaspectaccordingtothepointofviewfromwhichtheyaredescribed。Legalclassificationneednotgointodetailswhichmaybeveryimportantforpurposesofmanorialadministration；neitherthesizeoftheholdingsnorthecomplexvariationsofserviceshavetobelookedtoincaseswherethelawofstatusisconcerned。Stillitmaybetakenforgrantedthatthedistinctionsandrulesfollowedbythecourtshadtoconforminageneralwaywithmatter-of-factconditions。Lawyersnaturallydisregardedminutesubdivisions，buttheirbroadclasseswerenotinventedatfancy；theytookthemfromlifeastheydidthefewtraitstheychosefromamongmanyastestsforthepurposeoflayingdownclearandconvenientrules。Ageneralconformityisapparentineverypoint。AtthesametimethereisundoubtedlyanoppositionbetweenthecurialifImayusethattermandthemanorialtreatmentofstatusandtenure，whichdoesnotresolveitselfintoadifferencebetweenbroadprincipleanddetails。Justbecausethelawyerhastokeeptodistinctrules，hewilloftenbebehindhisageandsometimesinadvanceofit。