20。Bract。Note-book，pl。1256：’EtRicardusdicitquodassisanondebetindefieriquiapredictuslohannesdeditterramillamcuidamuillanoipsiusRicardi，etipseuillanusreddiditterramillamdominosuosicutemptamcatallisdominisui，etquoditaingressumhabuitperuillanumilluminterramillamponitsesuperiuratam。’LiberAssisarum，ann。41。pl。4。f252。Showsthatthestatutedereligiosiscouldbeevadedbythelordenteringintohisvillain’sacquest。’Levesqued’ExesterportunAssisedeno。diss。versletenauntetPerseypurLeuesqueeneuidencedit，queunA。quefuitvilleineleEvesquecomededroitdesaEglisepurchaselestenementsaluyetsesheyresetmorustseisie，apresquemortentraB。comefitzetheire，surquepossessionpurcausedevilleinageentraLeuesque。Wich。Homedereligionnepuitpasrecovererperassiseterresititlededroitnesoittroueenluy，etouletitlequeesttrouueenLeuesqueestpurcausedelapurchacedesonvillein，enquelcasLeuesquenefuitcompellabledeentresilnustvolamespuitauereusesseruices，etlestatutevoitQuodterraeettenementaadmanummortuamnullomododeueniant，perqueilsemblequenousnepossomuspasdoneriudgementpurLeuesqueenceocas。Sanke：desonvilleinnepuitilpasleuersesseruices，neaccepterlesseparsamaine，caraceoqueieoentendparacceptaciondehomageoudefealtypersamaineilserraenfraunchi，perqueynecessiteluyarctedentre，etlestatutnestoitpasfaitmesderestreindrepurchausafairedenouel，etnonpasadefaireceoqefuitlaunciendroitdezeglises。Etsurceofuerentaiournesencommonbank，etillonquelejudgementdonepurLeuesquesansdifficultie，’etc。SeealsothereportofthesamecaseinY。B。
Mich。4IEdw。III，pl。8。f21。
21。Bracton，f25：’Si。stipulatussitservussibiipsi，etnondomino，idnonstatimacquiriturdomino，quamuisilludcorr。
Illesitsubvoluntateetpotestatesua，antequamdominusapprehensusfueritpossessionem。Quodquidemimpunefacerepoterit，sivoluerit，propterexceptionem，’etc。Fitz。Abr。Vill。
pl。22Pasch。35Edw。III：’Silevillenleroypurchasebiensouchatteuxlepropertedeeuxestenleroysaunsseisier。Mesauterestdeauterhome，etc。Messilpurchasterreleroydoitseisier，etc。CarThorp。ditqueterredemurtterretouttemps，mesbienscomeboefsouvachepuitestremange。’
22。Bracton，f25b：’Sicconstat，quodquisubpotestatealteriusfuerit，darepoterit。Sedqualiterhoccumipse，quiabaliispossidetur，nihilpossiderepossit？Ergovideturquodnihildarepossit，quianonpotestquisdarequodnonhabet，etnisifueritinpossessionereidandae。Respondeo，darepotestquiseisinamhabetqualemcunque，etservusdarepotest，’etc。Incaseofanexecutionfordebtduetothekingthegoodsofthevillainweretobetakenonlywhenthelord’sgoodswereexhausted。
Dialog。deScacc。Ii。14。p。229。
23。Bracton，f190：’Etnoncompetitalicuihujusmodiexceptiodevillenagio，praeterquamverodomino，nisiutrumqueprobet，scilicetquodvillanussitetteneatinvillenagio，cumperhocsequatur，quodadipsumnonpertineatquerelasiveassisa，sedadverumdominum，etideocaditassisaquantumadpersonamsuametnonquantumadpersonamdomini。’CfBritton，i。325。
24。Britton，i。199；Littleton，189；Bract。Note-book。pl。1025：
’AssisavenitrecogniturautrumunauirgataterrecumpertinenciislnR。sitliberaelemosinapertinensadecclesiamMagistriIohannisdeR。deR。anlaicumfeodumGaufridiBeieudehe。Quivenitetdicitquodnondebetindeassisafieriquiaantecessoressuifeoffati。gueruntaconquestuAnglieitaquodtenerentdeecclesiaillaetredderenteiperannumx。
solidos。IuratoresdicuntquodterraillaestfeodumeiusdemecclesieitaquodidemG。etantecessoressuisempertenueruntdeecclesia。EtdicuntquodidemGaufridusestnatiuusComitisWarenneetdeeotenetinuilenagioaliudtenementum。PosteauenitGaufridusetcognouitquodestuillanusComitisWarenne。
Posteaconcordatisunt，’etc。
25。Example，Fitz。Abr。Villen。16。TheproperreplytosuchapleaisshownbyBract。Note-book，pl。1833：’EtIohannesdicitquodhoceinocerenondebet，quiaquicquididemdicatdeuillenagio，ipsemetutliberhomosinecontradiccionedominisuiterramillamdeditIohannidelFridpatriistiusIohannisprohomagioetseruiciosuo。ConsideratumestquodpredictusIohannesrecuperauitseisinamsuam，etRicherusinmisericordia。’
LiberAssis。ann。43。pl。I。f265givesthecontrarydecision：
’Lassiseagardeetprise，perquelilfuittrouequil[ledefendant]fuitvilleinalCounte。mestrouefuitousterqueleCountenefutunquesseisiedelaterre，neonquesclaimariensenlaterre，ettrouefuitqueleplaintiffuitseisieetdisseisie。Etsurceo，lequelleplaintifrecouerer，OuquelebriefabateroitsontajornesdeuanteuxmesmesaWestminster。A
quejourperopiniondelaCourtlebriefeabatu，perqueleplaintiffuitnonsue，’etc。
26。AdifferentviewistakenbyStubbs，i。484。
27。Digby，RealProperty，3rded。p。128。ImaysayatoncethatIfailtoseeanyconnexionbetweencopyholdtenureandanyexpressagreementsbetweenlordandvillain。
28。Bracton，192b：’Siautemdominusitadederitsinemanumissione，servoetheredibussuistenendumlibere，presumipoteritdehocquodservumvoluitesseliberum，cumaliterservusheredeshaberenonpossitnisicumlibertateetitacontradominumexcipientemdevillenagiocompetiteireplicatio。’Cf23
bandBritton，i。247；Fleta，238；Littleton，secs。205，207。
29。Bracton，24b：’Siauteminchartahoctantumcontineatur，habendumettenendumtalicumsitservusperliberumservitiumhuiusmodiverbanonfaciuntservumliberumnecdanteiliberumtenementum。Quiatenementumnichilconfertnecdetrahitpersonae，nisipraecedat，utdictumest，homagiumvelmanumissio，velquodtantundemvaletdeconcessionedomini，scilicetquodvillanuslibereteneatetquieteetperliberumservitium，sibiethaeredibussuis。Siautemhocsolumdicatur，quodteneatperliberumservitium[sibietheredibussuis]，siejectusfueritaquocunquenonrecuperetperassisamnouedisseisine，utliberumtenementum，quiadominocompetitassisaetnonvillano。Sitamendominusipsumejecerit，quaeritur，ancontradominumagerepossitdeconventione，cumprimafacienonhabetpersonamstandiinjudicioadhoc，quoddominusteneateiconventionem，videturquodsic，propterfactumdominisui，utsiagatdeconventione，etdominusexcipiatdeservitute，replicarepoteritdefactodominisui，sicutsupradiciturdefeoffamento。Necdebentjurajuvaredominumcontravoluntatemsuam，quiasemelvoluitconventionem，etquamvisdamnumsentiat，nontamenfiteiinjuriaetexquoprudenteretscientercontraxitcumservosuo，taciterenunciavitexceptionemvillenagii。’
30。Thefreeholdwouldbegivenandstill，nonrecuperetperassisamno。diss。quiadominocompetitassisaetnonvillano。’
31。Seemyarticle，’TheTextofBracton，’intheLawQuarterlyReview，i。189，etsqq。；andMaitland，IntroductiontotheNote-bookofBracton，26sqq。
32。TheCambridgeMSS。havebeeninspectedformebyMrMaitland。
33。Comp。Bracton，f194b：’Quiaexquomentionemfecitdeheredibuspraesumiturvehementer，quoddominusvoluitservumesseliberumquodquidemnonesset，sideheredibusmentionemnonfecerit。’
34。Bracton，f208b：’Estetiamvillenagiumnonitapurum，siveconcedaturliberohominivelvillanoexconventionetenendumprocertisservitiisetconsuetudinibusnominatisetexpressis，quamvisservitiaetconsuetudinessuntvillanae。Etundesiliberejectusfueritvelvillanusmanumissusvelalienatuscorr。
alienusbestMSS。recuperarenonpoteruntutliberumtenementum，cumsitvillenagiumetcaditassisa，vertiturtameninjuratamadinquirendumdeconventioneproptervoluntatemdimittentisetconsensum，quiasiquaerentesintalicasurecuperarintvillenagium，noneritpropterhocdominolnjuriatumpropteripsiusvoluntatemetconsensum，etcontravoluntatemsuamjuraeinonsubveniunt，quiasidominuspotestvillanummanumittereetfeoffaremultofortiuspoteritriquandamconventionemfacere，etquiasipotestidquodplusest，potestmultofortiusidquodminusest。’Wehavehereanotherdifficultywiththetext。Thewordingissocloselyalliedtothepassageon24b。justquoted，andthelastsentencesseemtoindicatesoclearlythatthecaseofaprivilegedvillainishereopposedtomanumissionandfeoffment，thatthe’villanusmanumissusvelalienus’looksquiteoutofplace。Isitalatergloss？Evenifitisretained，however，thepassagepointstoaverymateriallimitationofthelord’spower。Theholdinginquestioncancertainlynotbedescribedasbeingheld’atwill’。Tomethewordsinquestionlooklikeaglossoranaddition，althoughveryprobablytheywereinsertedearly，perhapsbyBractonhimself，whofounditdifficulttomaintainconsistentlyavillain’scontractualrightsagainstthelord。AnothersolutionofthedifficultyissuggestedtomebySirFrederickPollock。Hethinks’villanusmanumissusvelalienus，correct，andlaysstressOnthefact，thatpersonalconditiondoesnotmatterinthiscase：thateventhoughthetenantbefreeorquoadthatlordasgoodasfree，theassizeliesnotandthereshallonlybeanactiononthecovenant。Ifweacceptthisexplanationwhichsavesthewordsundersuspicion，weshallhavetofaceanotherdifficulty：thetextwouldturnfromvillanussuustovillanusalienusandbacktovillanussuus
withoutanyintimationthatthesubjectunderdiscussionhadbeenaltered。
35。Thelaterpracticeiswellknown。Anyagreementwithabondmanledtoaforfeitureofthelord’srights。Itmaybeseenataglancethatsuchcouldnothavebeentheoriginaldoctrine。
Otherwisewhyshouldtheoldbookslaysuchstressonthementionofheirs？
36。BesidesthecasefromtheNote-bookwhichIdiscussinthetext，Bracton，f199，isinpoint：’Itemestoquodvillanusteneatperliberumservitiumsibitantum，nullafactamentionedeheredibus，sicumejectusfueritproferatassisam，etcumobjectafueritexceptiovillenagii，replicetquodlibereteneatetpetatassisam，nonvalebitreplicatio，exquonullamentiofactaestdeheredibus，quialiberumtenementuminhoccasunonmutatstatum，sifueritsubpotestatedominiconstitutus。UtineodemitinereinultimoitinereMartinidePateshullincomitatuEssex，assisanouedisseisine，siRadulphusdeGoggenhal。’Thevillainfailsinhisassizeandtherehasbeennomanumission，stillitseemsadmittedthatinthiscasethevillainhasacquiredliberumtenementumbythelord’sact。Howcanthisbeexceptonthesuppositionthatthereisacovenantenforceablebythevillainagainstthelord？
37。Bract。Note-book，pl。1814：’NotaquodfiliusvillanirecuperatperassisamnoUedisseisineterramquampatersuustenuitinvillenagioquiadominusvillaniillamdeditfiliosuopercartamsuameciamsinemanumissione。’
38。F。W。Maitlandtellsme，thatConcanen’sReportofRowev。
BrentondescribesbondconventionersinCornwall。
39。Bracton，f6：’Etinhoclegemhabentcontradominos，quodstarepossuntinjudiciocontraeosdevitaetmembrisproptersaevitiamdominorum，velpropterintollerabileminjuriam，utsieosdestruant，quodsalvumnonpossiteisessewaynagiumsuum。
[Hocautemverumestdeillisservis；quitenentdeantiquodominicocoronae，seddealiissecusest，quiaquandocunqueplacueritdomino，auferrepoteritavillanosuowaynagiumsuumetomniabonasua。]Expeditenimreipublicaenequisresuamaleutatur。’
42。CoramRege，15Edw。I，m。18：’。licethabeantaliaaveriaperquedistringipossentdistringiteosperaveriadecarucissuisquodestcontrastatutumdominiRegis。’RecordOffice。
43。Spence，EquitableJurisdiction，i。136。
44。TheMirrorofJustices，p。110，followsBrittoninthismatter。Thiscuriousbookisaltogetherveryinterestingonthesubjectofvilleinage，butasitsinformationisofaverypeculiarstamp，Ihavenotattemptedtouseitcurrentlyonthesamelevelwithotherauthorities。IpreferdiscussingitbyitselfinApp。III。
45。Bracton，f26b，200。CfBract。Note-book，pl。141：’Dicitquodtunctemporisscilicetinitinereiusticiariorumtenuitipsequamdamterraminuillenagiumquamemerat，ettunccoguouitquodterraillafuituillenagium，etprecisedefenditquodnunquamcognouitseesseuillanum。’
46。Britton，ii。13；Y。B。20/21Edw。I，p。41：’Karnentplusneitadire，jeotenklestenementsenvileynagedeleDeenetc。
keneitadirekejeotenklestenements。alavolunteleDeenetc。’