Ihaveseen，intheCordilleraoftheAndes，theevidentmarkswherestupendousmountainshavebeenbrokenintopieceslikesomuchthincrust，andthestratathrownontheirverticaledges；butneverdidanyscene，likethese“streamsofstones。”soforciblyconveytomymindtheideaofaconvulsion，ofwhichinhistoricalrecordswemightinvainseekforanycounterpart：
　　yettheprogressofknowledgewillprobablysomedaygiveasimpleexplanationofthisphenomenon，asitalreadyhasofthesolong-thoughtinexplicabletransportaloftheerraticboulders，whicharestrewedovertheplainsofEurope。
　　Ihavelittletoremarkonthezoologyoftheseislands。Ihavebeforedescribedthecarrion-vultureofPolyborus。Therearesomeotherhawks，owls，andafewsmallland-birds。Thewater-fowlareparticularlynumerous，andtheymustformerly，fromtheaccountsoftheoldnavigators，havebeenmuchmoreso。OnedayIobservedacormorantplayingwithafishwhichithadcaught。Eighttimessuccessivelythebirdletitspreygo，thendivedafterit，andalthoughindeepwater，broughtiteachtimetothesurface。IntheZoologicalGardensIhaveseentheottertreatafishinthesamemanner，muchasacatdoesamouse：IdonotknowofanyotherinstancewheredameNatureappearssowilfullycruel。Anotherday，havingplacedmyselfbetweenapenguinAptenodytesdemersaandthewater，I
　　wasmuchamusedbywatchingitshabits。Itwasabravebird；andtillreachingthesea，itregularlyfoughtanddrovemebackwards。Nothinglessthanheavyblowswouldhavestoppedhim；everyinchhegainedhefirmlykept，standingclosebeforemeerectanddetermined。Whenthusopposedhecontinuallyrolledhisheadfromsidetoside，inaveryoddmanner，asifthepowerofdistinctvisionlayonlyintheanteriorandbasalpartofeacheye。
　　Thisbirdiscommonlycalledthejackasspenguin，fromitshabit，whileonshore，ofthrowingitsheadbackwards，andmakingaloudstrangenoise，verylikethebrayingofanass；butwhileatsea，andundisturbed，itsnoteisverydeepandsolemn，andisoftenheardinthenight-time。Indiving，itslittlewingsareusedasfins；butontheland，asfrontlegs。
　　Whencrawling，itmaybesaidonfourlegs，throughthetussocksoronthesideofagrassycliff，itmovessoveryquicklythatitmighteasilybemistakenforaquadruped。Whenatseaandfishing，itcomestothesurfaceforthepurposeofbreathingwithsuchaspring，anddivesagainsoinstantaneously，thatIdefyanyoneatfirstsighttobesurethatitwasnotafishleapingforsport。
　　TwokindsofgeesefrequenttheFalklands。TheuplandspeciesAnasMagellanicaiscommon，inpairsandinsmallflocks，throughouttheisland。
　　Theydonotmigrate，butbuildonthesmalloutlyingislets。Thisissupposedtobefromfearofthefoxes：anditisperhapsfromthesamecausethatthesebirds，thoughverytamebyday，areshyandwildintheduskoftheevening。Theyliveentirelyonvegetablematter。
　　Therock-goose，socalledfromlivingexclusivelyonthesea-beachAnasantarctica，iscommonbothhereandonthewestcoastofAmerica，asfarnorthasChile。InthedeepandretiredchannelsofTierradelFuego，thesnow-whitegander，invariablyaccompaniedbyhisdarkerconsort，andstandingclosebyeachotheronsomedistantrockypoint，isacommonfeatureinthelandscape。
　　IntheseislandsagreatloggerheadedduckorgooseAnasbrachyptera，whichsometimesweighstwenty-twopounds，isveryabundant。Thesebirdswereinformerdayscalled，fromtheirextraordinarymannerofpaddlingandsplashinguponthewater，race-horses；butnowtheyarenamed，muchmoreappropriately，steamers。Theirwingsaretoosmallandweaktoallowofflight，butbytheiraid，partlyswimmingandpartlyflappingthesurfaceofthewater，theymoveveryquickly。Themannerissomethinglikethatbywhichthecommonhouse-duckescapeswhenpursuedbyadog；butIamnearlysurethatthesteamermovesitswingsalternately，insteadofbothtogether，asinotherbirds。Theseclumsy，loggerheadedducksmakesuchanoiseandsplashing，thattheeffectisexceedinglycurious。
　　ThuswefindinSouthAmericathreebirdswhichusetheirwingsforotherpurposesbesidesflight；thepenguinsasfins，thesteameraspaddles，andtheostrichassails：andtheApteryzofNewZealand，aswellasitsgiganticextinctprototypetheDeinornis，possessonlyrudimentaryrepresentativesofwings。Thesteamerisabletodiveonlytoaveryshortdistance。Itfeedsentirelyonshell-fishfromthekelpandtidalrocks：hencethebeakandhead，forthepurposeofbreakingthem，aresurprisinglyheavyandstrong：theheadissostrongthatIhavescarcelybeenabletofractureitwithmygeologicalhammer；andalloursportsmensoondiscoveredhowtenaciousthesebirdswereoflife。Whenintheeveningplumingthemselvesinaflock，theymakethesameoddmixtureofsoundswhichbull-frogsdowithinthetropics。
　　InTierradelFuego，aswellasintheFalklandIslands，Imademanyobservationsonthelowermarineanimals，[11]buttheyareoflittlegeneralinterest。Iwillmentiononlyoneclassoffacts，relatingtocertainzoophytesinthemorehighlyorganizeddivisionofthatclass。SeveralgeneraFlustra，Eschara，Cellaria，Crisia，andothers
　　agreeinhavingsingularmoveableorganslikethoseofFlustraavicularia，foundintheEuropeanseasattachedtotheircells。Theorgan，inthegreaternumberofcases，verycloselyresemblestheheadofavulture；
　　butthelowermandiblecanbeopenedmuchwiderthaninarealbird’sbeak。
　　Theheaditselfpossessesconsiderablepowersofmovement，bymeansofashortneck。Inonezoophytetheheaditselfwasfixed，butthelowerjawfree：inanotheritwasreplacedbyatriangularhood，withabeautifully-fittedtrap-door，whichevidentlyansweredtothelowermandible。Inthegreaternumberofspecies，eachcellwasprovidedwithonehead，butinotherseachcellhadtwo。
　　Theyoungcellsattheendofthebranchesofthesecorallinescontainquiteimmaturepolypi，yetthevulture-headsattachedtothem，thoughsmall，areineveryrespectperfect。Whenthepolypuswasremovedbyaneedlefromanyofthecells，theseorgansdidnotappearintheleastaffected。
　　Whenoneofthevulture-likeheadswascutofffromthecell，thelowermandibleretaineditspowerofopeningandclosing。Perhapsthemostsingularpartoftheirstructureis，thatwhenthereweremorethantworowsofcellsonabranch，thecentralcellswerefurnishedwiththeseappendages，ofonlyone-fourththesizeoftheoutsideones。Theirmovementsvariedaccordingtothespecies；butinsomeIneversawtheleastmotion；whileothers，withthelowermandiblegenerallywideopen，oscillatedbackwardsandforwardsattherateofaboutfivesecondseachturn，othersmovedrapidlyandbystarts。Whentouchedwithaneedle，thebeakgenerallyseizedthepointsofirmly，thatthewholebranchmightbeshaken。
　　Thesebodieshavenorelationwhateverwiththeproductionoftheeggsorgemmules，astheyareformedbeforetheyoungpolypiappearinthecellsattheendofthegrowingbranches；astheymoveindependentlyofthepolypi，anddonotappeartobeinanywayconnectedwiththem；andastheydifferinsizeontheouterandinnerrowsofcells，Ihavelittledoubt，thatintheirfunctions，theyarerelatedrathertothehornyaxisofthebranchesthantothepolypiinthecells。Thefleshyappendageatthelowerextremityofthesea-pendescribedatBahiaBlancaalsoformspartofthezoophyte，asawhole，inthesamemannerastherootsofatreeformpartofthewholetree，andnotoftheindividualleaforflower-buds。
　　InanotherelegantlittlecorallineCrisia？，eachcellwasfurnishedwithalong-toothedbristle，whichhadthepowerofmovingquickly。Eachofthesebristlesandeachofthevulture-likeheadsgenerallymovedquiteindependentlyoftheothers，butsometimesallonbothsidesofabranch，sometimesonlythoseononeside，movedtogethercoinstantaneously，sometimeseachmovedinregularorderoneafteranother。Intheseactionsweapparentlybeholdasperfectatransmissionofwillinthezoophyte，thoughcomposedofthousandsofdistinctpolypi，asinanysingleanimal。Thecase，indeed，isnotdifferentfromthatofthesea-pens，which，whentouched，drewthemselvesintothesandonthecoastofBahiaBlanca。Iwillstateoneotherinstanceofuniformaction，thoughofaverydifferentnature，inazoophytecloselyalliedtoClytia，andthereforeverysimplyorganized。Havingkeptalargetuftofitinabasinofsalt-water，whenitwasdarkIfoundthatasoftenasIrubbedanypartofabranch，thewholebecamestronglyphosphorescentwithagreenlight：IdonotthinkIeversawanyobjectmorebeautifullyso。Buttheremarkablecircumstancewas，thattheflashesoflightalwaysproceededupthebranches，fromthebasetowardstheextremities。
　　Theexaminationofthesecompoundanimalswasalwaysveryinterestingtome。Whatcanbemoreremarkablethantoseeaplant-likebodyproducinganegg，capableofswimmingaboutandofchoosingaproperplacetoadhereto，whichthensproutsintobranches，eachcrowdedwithinnumerabledistinctanimals，oftenofcomplicatedorganizations？Thebranches，moreover，aswehavejustseen，sometimespossessorganscapableofmovementandindependentofthepolypi。Surprisingasthisunionofseparateindividualsinacommonstockmustalwaysappear，everytreedisplaysthesamefact，forbudsmustbeconsideredasindividualplants。Itis，however，naturaltoconsiderapolypus，furnishedwithamouth，intestines，andotherorgans，asadistinctindividual，whereastheindividualityofaleaf-budisnoteasilyrealised；
　　sothattheunionofseparateindividualsinacommonbodyismorestrikinginacorallinethaninatree。Ourconceptionofacompoundanimal，whereinsomerespectstheindividualityofeachisnotcompleted，maybeaided，byreflectingontheproductionoftwodistinctcreaturesbybisectingasingleonewithaknife，orwhereNatureherselfperformsthetaskofbisection。Wemayconsiderthepolypiinazoophyte，orthebudsinatree，ascaseswherethedivisionoftheindividualhasnotbeencompletelyeffected。
　　Certainlyinthecaseoftrees，andjudgingfromanalogyinthatofcorallines，theindividualspropagatedbybudsseemmoreintimatelyrelatedtoeachother，thaneggsorseedsaretotheirparents。Itseemsnowprettywellestablishedthatplantspropagatedbybudsallpartakeofacommondurationoflife；anditisfamiliartoeveryone，whatsingularandnumerouspeculiaritiesaretransmittedwithcertainty，bybuds，layers，andgrafts，whichbyseminalpropagationneveroronlycasuallyreappear。
　　[1]ThedessertsofSyriaarecharacterized，accordingtoVolneytom。i。p。351，bywoodybushes，numerousrats，gazellesandhares。InthelandscapeofPatagonia，theguanacoreplacesthegazelle，andtheagoutithehare。
　　[2]Inoticedthatseveralhoursbeforeanyoneofthecondorsdied，allthelice，withwhichitwasinfested，crawledtotheoutsidefeathers。Iwasassuredthatthisalwayshappens。
　　[3]London’sMagazineofNat。Hist。，vol。vii。
　　[4]Fromaccountspublishedsinceourvoyage，andmoreespeciallyfromseveralinterestinglettersfromCapt。Sulivan，R。
　　N。，employedonthesurvey，itappearsthatwetookanexaggeratedviewofthebadnessoftheclimateontheseislands。ButwhenIreflectonthealmostuniversalcoveringofpeat，andonthefactofwheatseldomripeninghere，Icanhardlybelievethattheclimateinsummerissofineanddryasithaslatelybeenrepresented。
　　[5]Lesson’sZoologyoftheVoyageoftheCoquille，tom。i。p。168。Alltheearlyvoyagers，andespeciallyBougainville，distinctlystatethatthewolf-likefoxwastheonlynativeanimalontheisland。
　　Thedistinctionoftherabbitasaspecies，istakenfrompeculiaritiesinthefur，fromtheshapeofthehead，andfromtheshortnessoftheears。
　　ImayhereobservethatthedifferencebetweentheIrishandEnglishharerestsuponnearlysimilarcharacters，onlymorestronglymarked[6]Ihavereason，however，tosuspectthatthereisafield-mouse。ThecommonEuropeanratandmousehaveroamedfarfromthehabitationsofthesettlers。Thecommonhoghasalsorunwildononeislet；allareofablackcolour：theboarsareveryfierce，andhavegreattrunks。
　　[7]The“culpeu“istheCanisMagellanicusbroughthomebyCaptainKingfromtheStraitofMagellan。ItiscommoninChile。
　　[8]Pernety，VoyageauxIslesMalouines，p。526。
　　[9]“Nousn’avonspasetemoinssaisisd’etonnementalavuedel’innombrablequantitedepierresdetoutsgrandeurs，bouleverseeslesunessurlesautres，etcependentrangees，commesiellesavoienteteamonceleesnegligemmentpourremplirdesravins。Onneselassoitpasd’admirerleseffetsprodigieuxdelanature。”——Pernety，p。526。