Itistruethatsofaraswealthgivestimeforidealendsandexercisetoidealenergies，wealthisbetterthanpovertyandoughttobechosen。Butwealthdoesthisinonlyaportionoftheactualcases。Elsewherethedesiretogainwealthandthefeartoloseitareourchiefbreedersofcowardiceandpropagatorsofcorruption。Therearethousandsofconjuncturesinwhichawealth-boundmanmustbeaslave，whilstamanforwhompovertyhasnoterrorsbecomesafreeman。Thinkofthestrengthwhichpersonalindifferencetopovertywouldgiveusifweweredevotedtounpopularcauses。Weneednolongerholdourtonguesorfeartovotetherevolutionaryorreformatoryticket。
　　Ourstocksmightfall，ourhopesofpromotionvanish，oursalariesstop，ourclubdoorscloseinourfaces；yet，whilewelived，wewouldimperturbablybearwitnesstothespirit，andourexamplewouldhelptosetfreeourgeneration。Thecausewouldneeditsfunds，butweitsservantswouldbepotentinproportionaswepersonallywerecontentedwithourpoverty。
　　Irecommendthismattertoyourseriouspondering，foritiscertainthattheprevalentfearofpovertyamongtheeducatedclassesistheworstmoraldiseasefromwhichourcivilizationsuffers。
　　IhavenowsaidallthatIcanusefullysayabouttheseveralfruitsofreligionastheyaremanifestedinsaintlylives，soI
　　willmakeabriefreviewandpasstomymoregeneralconclusions。
　　Ourquestion，youwillremember，isastowhetherreligionstandsapprovedbyitsfruits，astheseareexhibitedinthesaintlytypeofcharacter。Singleattributesofsaintlinessmay，itistrue，betemperamentalendowments，foundinnon-religiousindividuals。Butthewholegroupofthemformsacombinationwhich，assuch，isreligious，foritseemstoflowfromthesenseofthedivineasfromitspsychologicalcentre。Whoeverpossessesstronglythissensecomesnaturallytothinkthatthesmallestdetailsofthisworldderiveinfinitesignificancefromtheirrelationtoanunseendivineorder。Thethoughtofthisorderyieldshimasuperiordenominationofhappiness，andasteadfastnessofsoulwithwhichnoothercancompare。Insocialrelationshisserviceabilityisexemplary；heaboundsinimpulsestohelp。Hishelpisinwardaswellasoutward，forhissympathyreachessoulsaswellasbodies，andkindlesunsuspectedfacultiestherein。Insteadofplacinghappinesswherecommonmenplaceit，incomfort，heplacesitinahigherkindofinnerexcitement，whichconvertsdiscomfortsintosourcesofcheerandannulsunhappiness。Soheturnshisbackuponnoduty，howeverthankless；andwhenweareinneedofassistance，wecancountuponthesaintlendinghishandwithmorecertaintythanwecancountuponanyotherperson。Finally，hishumble-mindednessandhisascetictendenciessavehimfromthepettypersonalpretensionswhichsoobstructourordinarysocialintercourse，andhispuritygivesusinhimacleanmanforacompanion。
　　Felicity，purity，charity，patience，self-severity——thesearesplendidexcellencies，andthesaintofallmenshowstheminthecompletestpossiblemeasure。
　　But，aswesaw，allthesethingstogetherdonotmakesaintsinfallible。Whentheirintellectualoutlookisnarrow，theyfallintoallsortsofholyexcesses，fanaticismortheopathicabsorption，self-torment，prudery，scrupulosity，gullibility，andmorbidinabilitytomeettheworld。Bytheveryintensityofhisfidelitytothepaltryidealswithwhichaninferiorintellectmayinspirehim，asaintcanbeevenmoreobjectionableanddamnablethanasuperficialcarnalmanwouldbeinthesamesituation。Wemustjudgehimnotsentimentallyonly，andnotinisolation，butusingourownintellectualstandards，placinghiminhisenvironment，andestimatinghistotalfunction。
　　Nowinthematterofintellectualstandards，wemustbearinmindthatitisunfair，wherewefindnarrownessofmind，alwaystoimputeitasavicetotheindividual，forinreligiousandtheologicalmattersheprobablyabsorbshisnarrownessfromhisgeneration。Moreover，wemustnotconfoundtheessentialsofsaintliness，whicharethosegeneralpassionsofwhichIhavespoken，withitsaccidents，whicharethespecialdeterminationsofthesepassionsatanyhistoricalmoment。Inthesedeterminationsthesaintswillusuallybeloyaltothetemporaryidolsoftheirtribe。Takingrefugeinmonasterieswasasmuchanidolofthetribeinthemiddleages，asbearingahandintheworld’sworkisto-day。SaintFrancisorSaintBernard，weretheylivingto-day，wouldundoubtedlybeleadingconsecratedlivesofsomesort，butquiteasundoubtedlytheywouldnotleadtheminretirement。Ouranimositytospecialhistoricmanifestationsmustnotleadustogiveawaythesaintlyimpulsesintheiressentialnaturetothetendermerciesofinimicalcritics。
　　ThemostinimicalcriticofthesaintlyimpulseswhomIknowisNietzsche。Hecontraststhemwiththeworldlypassionsaswefindtheseembodiedinthepredaceousmilitarycharacter，altogethertotheadvantageofthelatter。Yourbornsaint，itmustbeconfessed，hassomethingabouthimwhichoftenmakesthegorgeofacarnalmanrise，soitwillbeworthwhiletoconsiderthecontrastinquestionmorefully。
　　Dislikeofthesaintlynatureseemstobeanegativeresultofthebiologicallyusefulinstinctofwelcomingleadership，andglorifyingthechiefofthetribe。Thechiefisthepotential，ifnottheactualtyrant，themasterful，overpoweringmanofprey。Weconfessourinferiorityandgrovelbeforehim。Wequailunderhisglance，andareatthesametimeproudofowningsodangerousalord。Suchinstinctiveandsubmissivehero-worshipmusthavebeenindispensableinprimevaltriballife。Intheendlesswarsofthosetimes，leaderswereabsolutelyneededforthetribe’ssurvival。Iftherewereanytribeswhoownednoleaders，theycanhaveleftnoissuetonarratetheirdoom。Theleadersalwayshadgoodconsciences，forconscienceinthemcoalescedwithwill，andthosewholookedontheirfacewereasmuchsmittenwithwonderattheirfreedomfrominnerrestraintaswithaweattheenergyoftheiroutwardperformances。
　　Comparedwiththesebeakedandtalonedgraspersoftheworld，saintsareherbivorousanimals，tameandharmlessbarn-yardpoultry。Therearesaintswhosebeardyoumay，ifyouevercareto，pullwithimpunity。Suchamanexcitesnothrillsofwonderveiledinterror；hisconscienceisfullofscruplesandreturns；
　　hestunsusneitherbyhisinwardfreedomnorhisoutwardpower；
　　andunlesshefoundwithinusanaltogetherdifferentfacultyofadmirationtoappealto，weshouldpasshimbywithcontempt。
　　Inpointoffact，hedoesappealtoadifferentfaculty。
　　Reenactedinhumannatureisthefableofthewind，thesun，andthetraveler。Thesexesembodythediscrepancy。Thewomanlovesthemanthemoreadmiringlythestormierheshowshimself，andtheworlddeifiesitsrulersthemoreforbeingwillfulandunaccountable。Butthewomaninturnsubjugatesthemanbythemysteryofgentlenessinbeauty，andthesainthasalwayscharmedtheworldbysomethingsimilar。Mankindissusceptibleandsuggestibleinoppositedirections，andtherivalryofinfluencesisunsleeping。Thesaintlyandtheworldlyidealpursuetheirfeudinliteratureasmuchasinreallife。
　　ForNietzschethesaintrepresentslittlebutsneakingnessandslavishness。Heisthesophisticatedinvalid，thedegenerateparexcellence，themanofinsufficientvitality。Hisprevalencewouldputthehumantypeindanger。
　　“Thesickarethegreatestdangerforthewell。Theweaker，notthestronger，arethestrong’sundoing。ItisnotFEARofourfellow-man，whichweshouldwishtoseediminished；forfearrousesthosewhoarestrongtobecometerribleinturnthemselves，andpreservesthehard-earnedandsuccessfultypeofhumanity。Whatistobedreadedbyusmorethananyotherdoomisnotfear，butratherthegreatdisgust，notfear，butratherthegreatpity——disgustandpityforourhumanfellows……TheMORBIDareourgreatestperil——notthe’bad’men，notthepredatorybeings。Thosebornwrong，themiscarried，thebroken——
　　theyitis，theWEAKESTwhoareunderminingthevitalityoftherace，poisoningourtrustinlife，andputtinghumanityinquestion。Everylookofthemisasigh——’WouldIweresomethingother！IamsickandtiredofwhatIam。’Inthisswamp-soilofself-contempt，everypoisonousweedflourishes，andallsosmall，sosecret，sodishonest，andsosweetlyrotten。Hereswarmthewormsofsensitivenessandresentment，heretheairsmellsodiouswithsecrecy，withwhatisnottobeacknowledged；hereiswovenendlesslythenetofthemeanestofconspiracies，theconspiracyofthosewhosufferagainstthosewhosucceedandarevictorious；
　　heretheveryaspectofthevictoriousishated——asifhealth，success，strength，pride，andthesenseofpowerwereinthemselvesthingsvicious，forwhichoneoughteventuallytomakebitterexpiation。Oh，howthesepeoplewouldthemselvesliketoinflicttheexpiation，howtheythirsttobethehangmen！Andallthewhiletheirduplicityneverconfessestheirhatredtobehatred。
　　ZurGenealogiederMoral，DritteAbhandlung，SectionI
　　haveabridged，andinoneplacetransposed，asentence。
　　PoorNietzsche’santipathyisitselfsicklyenough，butweallknowwhathemeans，andheexpresseswelltheclashbetweenthetwoIdeals。Thecarnivorous-minded“strongman。”theadultmaleandcannibal，canseenothingbutmouldinessandmorbidnessinthesaint’sgentlenessandself-severity，andregardshimwithpureloathing。Thewholefeudrevolvesessentiallyupontwopivots：Shalltheseenworldortheunseenworldbeourchiefsphereofadaptation？andmustourmeansofadaptationinthisseenworldbeaggressivenessornon-resistance？
　　Thedebateisserious。Insomesenseandtosomedegreebothworldsmustbeacknowledgedandtakenaccountof；andintheseenworldbothaggressivenessandnon-resistanceareneedful。Itisaquestionofemphasis，ofmoreorless。Isthesaint’stypeorthestrong-man’stypethemoreideal？
　　Ithasoftenbeensupposed，andevennow，Ithink，itissupposedbymostpersons，thattherecanbeoneintrinsicallyidealtypeofhumancharacter。Acertainkindofman，itisimagined，mustbethebestmanabsolutelyandapartfromtheutilityofhisfunction，apartfromeconomicalconsiderations。Thesaint’stype，andtheknight’sorgentleman’stype，havealwaysbeenrivalclaimantsofthisabsoluteideality；andintheidealofmilitaryreligiousordersbothtypeswereinamannerblended。
　　Accordingtotheempiricalphilosophy，however，allidealsaremattersofrelation。Itwouldbeabsurd，forexample，toaskforadefinitionof“theidealhorse。”solongasdraggingdraysandrunningraces，bearingchildren，andjoggingaboutwithtradesmen’spackagesallremainasindispensabledifferentiationsofequinefunction。Youmaytakewhatyoucallageneralall-roundanimalasacompromise，buthewillbeinferiortoanyhorseofamorespecializedtype，insomeoneparticulardirection。Wemustnotforgetthisnowwhen，indiscussingsaintliness，weaskifitbeanidealtypeofmanhood。Wemusttestitbyitseconomicalrelations。
　　IthinkthatthemethodwhichMr。SpencerusesinhisDataofEthicswillhelptofixouropinion。Idealityinconductisaltogetheramatterofadaptation。Asocietywhereallwereinvariablyaggressivewoulddestroyitselfbyinnerfriction，andinasocietywheresomeareaggressive，othersmustbenon-resistant，ifthereistobeanykindoforder。Thisisthepresentconstitutionofsociety，andtothemixtureweowemanyofourblessings。Buttheaggressivemembersofsocietyarealwaystendingtobecomebullies，robbers，andswindlers；andnoonebelievesthatsuchastateofthingsaswenowliveinisthemillennium。Itismeanwhilequitepossibletoconceiveanimaginarysocietyinwhichthereshouldbenoaggressiveness，butonlysympathyandfairness——anysmallcommunityoftruefriendsnowrealizessuchasociety。Abstractlyconsidered，suchasocietyonalargescalewouldbethemillennium，foreverygoodthingmightberealizedtherewithnoexpenseoffriction。Tosuchamillennialsocietythesaintwouldbeentirelyadapted。
　　Hispeacefulmodesofappealwouldbeefficaciousoverhiscompanions，andtherewouldbenooneextanttotakeadvantageofhisnon-resistance。Thesaintisthereforeabstractlyahighertypeofmanthanthe“strongman。”becauseheisadaptedtothehighestsocietyconceivable，whetherthatsocietyeverbeconcretelypossibleornot。Thestrongmanwouldimmediatelytendbyhispresencetomakethatsocietydeteriorate。Itwouldbecomeinferiorineverythingsaveinacertainkindofbellicoseexcitement，deartomenastheynoware。
　　Butifweturnfromtheabstractquestiontotheactualsituation，wefindthattheindividualsaintmaybewellorilladapted，accordingtoparticularcircumstances。Thereis，inshort，noabsolutenessintheexcellenceofsainthood。Itmustbeconfessedthatasfarasthisworldgoes，anyonewhomakesanout-and-outsaintofhimselfdoessoathisperil。Ifheisnotalargeenoughman，hemayappearmoreinsignificantandcontemptible，forallhissaintship，thanifhehadremainedaworldling。[223]AccordinglyreligionhasseldombeensoradicallytakeninourWesternworldthatthedevoteecouldnotmixitwithsomeworldlytemper。Ithasalwaysfoundgoodmenwhocouldfollowmostofitsimpulses，butwhostoppedshortwhenitcametonon-resistance。Christhimselfwasfierceuponoccasion。
　　Cromwells，StonewallJacksons，Gordons，showthatChristianscanbestrongmenalso。