Chapter11
　　ConcerningGovernment“Now，“saidI，“IhavecometothepointofaskingquestionswhichI
　　supposewillbedryforyoutoansweranddifficultforyoutoexplain；butIhaveforeseenforsometimepastthatImustaskthem，willInillI。Whatkindofagovernmenthaveyou？Hasrepublicanismfinallytriumphed？orhaveyoucometoameredictatorship，whichsomepersonsinthenineteenthcenturyusedtoprophesyastheultimateoutcomeofdemocracy？Indeed，thislastquestiondoesnotseemsoveryunreasonable，sinceyouhaveturnedyourParliamentHouseintoadung-market。OrwheredoyouhouseyourpresentParliament？“
　　Theoldmanansweredmysmilewithaheartylaugh，andsaid:“Well，well，dungisnottheworstkindofcorruption；fertilitymaycomeofthat，whereasmeredearthcamefromtheotherkind，ofwhichthosewallsonceheldthegreatsupporters。Now，dearguest，letmetellyouthatourpresentparliamentwouldbehardtohouseinoneplace，becausethewholepeopleisourparliament。“
　　“Idon'tunderstand，“saidI。
　　“No，Isupposenot，“saidhe。“Imustnowshockyoubytellingyouthatwehavenolongeranythingwhichyou，anativeofanotherplanet，wouldcallagovernment。“
　　“Iamnotsomuchshockedasyoumightthink，“saidI，“asIknowsomethingaboutgovernments。Buttellme，howdoyoumanage，anehowhaveyoucometothisstateofthings？“
　　Saidhe:“Itistruethatwehavetomakesomearrangementsaboutouraffairs，concerningwhichyoucanaskpresently；anditisalsotruethateverybodydoesnotalwaysagreewiththedetailsofthesearrangements；but，further，itistruethatamannomoreneedsanelaboratesystemofgovernment，withitsarmy，navy，andpolice，toforcehimtogivewaytothewillofthemajorityofhis_equals_，thanhewantsasimilarmachinerytomakehimunderstandthathisheadandastonewallcannotoccupythesamespaceatthesamemoment。Doyouwantfurtherexplanation？“
　　“Well，yes，Ido，“quothI。
　　OldHammondsettledhimselfinhischairwithalookofenjoymentwhichratheralarmedme，andmademedreadascientificdiquisition:
　　soIsighedandabided。Hesaid:
　　“Isupposeyouknowprettywellwhattheprocessofgovernmentwasinthebadoldtimes？“
　　“Iamsupposedtoknow，“saidI。
　　HammondWhatwasthegovernmentofthosedays？WasitreallytheParliamentoranypartofit？
　　INo。
　　H。WasnottheParliamentontheonesideakindofwatch-committeesittingtoseethattheinterestsoftheUpperClassestooknohurt；
　　andontheothersideasortofblindtodeludethepeopleintosupposingthattheyhadsomeshareinthemanagementoftheirownaffairs？
　　IHistoryseemstoshowusthis。
　　H。Towhatextentdidthepeoplemanagetheirownaffairs？
　　IIjudgefromwhatIhaveheardthatsometimestheyforcedtheParliamenttomakealawtolegalizesomealterationwhichhadalreadytakenplace。
　　H。Anythingelse？
　　IIthinknot。AsIaminformed，ifthepeoplemadeanyattempttodealwiththe_cause_oftheirgrievances，thelawsteppedinandsaid，thisissedition，revolt，orwhatnot，andslewortorturedtheringleadersofsuchattempts。
　　H。IfParliamentwasnotthegovernmentthen，northepeopleeither，whatwasthegovernment？
　　ICanyoutellme？
　　H。IthinkweshallnotbefarwrongifwesaythatgovernmentwastheLaw-Courts，backedupbytheexecutive，whichhandledthebruteforcethatdeludedpeopleallowedthemtousefortheirownpurposes；
　　Imeanthearmy，navy，andpolice。
　　IReasonablemenmustneedsthinkyouareright。
　　H。NowastothoseLaw-Courts。Weretheyplacesoffairdealingaccordingtotheideaoftheday？Hadapoormanagoodchanceofdefendinghispropertyandpersoninthem？
　　IItisacommonplacethatevenrichmenlookeduponalawsuitasadiremisfortuneeveniftheygainedthecase；andasforapoorone——why，itwasconsideredamiracleofjusticeandbeneficenceifapoormanwhohadoncegotintotheclutchesofthelawescapedprisonorutterruin。
　　H。Itseems，then，myson，thatthegovernmentbylaw-courtsandpolice，whichwastherealgovernmentofthenineteenthcentury，wasnotagreatsuccesseventothepeopleofthatday，livingunderaclasssystemwhichproclaimedinequalityandpovertyasthelawofGodandthebondwhichheldtheworldtogether。
　　ISoitseems，indeed。
　　H。Andnowthatallthisischanged，andthe“rightsofproperty，“
　　whichmeantheclenchingthefistonapieceofgoodsandcryingouttotheneighbours，Youshan'thavethis！——nowthatallthishasdisappearedsoutterlythatitisnolongerpossibleeventojestuponitsabsurdity，issuchaGovernmentpossible？
　　IItisimpossible。
　　H。Yes，happily。Butforwhatotherpurposethantheprotectionoftherichfromthepoorthestrongfromtheweak，didthisGovernmentexist？
　　IIhaveheardthatitwassaidthattheirofficewastodefendtheirowncitizensagainstattackfromothercountries。
　　H。Itwassaid；butwasanyoneexpectedtobelievethis？Forinstance，didtheEnglishGovernmentdefendtheEnglishcitizenagainsttheFrench？
　　ISoitwassaid。
　　H。TheniftheFrenchhadinvadedEnglandandconqueredit，theywouldnothaveallowedtheEnglishworkmentolivewell？
　　I，laughingAsfarasIcanmakeout，theEnglishmastersoftheEnglishworkmensawtothat:theytookfromtheirworkmenasmuchoftheirlivelihoodastheydared，becausetheywanteditforthemselves。
　　H。ButiftheFrenchhadconquered，wouldtheynothavetakenmorestillfromtheEnglishworkmen？
　　IIdonotthinkso；forinthatcasetheEnglishworkmenwouldhavediedofstarvation；andthentheFrenchconquestwouldhaveruinedtheFrench，justasiftheEnglishhorsesadncattlehaddiedofunder-feeding。Sothatafterall，theEnglish_workmen_wouldhavebeennoworseofffortheconquest:theirFrenchmasterscouldhavegotnomorefromthemthantheirEnglishmastersdid。
　　H。Thisistrue；andwemayadmitthatthepretensionsofthegovernmenttodefendthepoor_i。e。_theusefulpeopleagainstothercountriescometonothing。Butthatisbutnatural；forwehaveseenalreadythatitwasthefunctionofthegovernmenttoprotecttherichagainstthepoor。Butdidnotthegovernmentdefenditsrichmenagainstothernations？
　　IIdonotremembertohaveheardthattherichneededdefence；
　　becauseitissaidthatevenwhentwonationswereatwar，therichmenofeachnationgambledwitheachotherprettymuchasusual，andevensoldeachotherweaponswherewithtokilltheirowncountrymen。
　　H。Inshort，itcomestothis，thatwhereastheso-calledgovernmentofprotectionofpropertybymeansofthelaw-courtsmeantdestructionofwealth，thisdefenceofthecitizensofonecountryagainstthoseofanothercountrybymeansofwarorthethreatofwarmeantprettymuchthesamething。
　　IIcannotdenyit。
　　H。Thereforethegovernmentreallyexistedforthedestructionofwealth？
　　ISoitseems。Andyet——
　　H。Yetwhat？
　　IThereweremanyrichpeopleinthosetimes。
　　H。Youseetheconsequencesofthatfact？
　　IIthinkIdo。Buttellmewhattheywere。
　　H。Ifthegovernmenthabituallydestroyedwealth，thecountrymusthavebeenpoor？
　　IYes，certainly。
　　H。Yetamidstthispovertythepersonsforthesakeofwhomthegovernmentexistedinsistedonbeingrichwhatevermighthappen？
　　ISoitwas。
　　H。What_must_happenifinapoorcountrysomepeopleinsistonbeingrichattheexpenseofothers？
　　IUnutterablepovertyfortheothers。Allthismisery，then，wascausedbythedestructivegovernmentofwhichwehavebeenspeaking？
　　H。Nay，itwouldbeincorrecttosayso。Thegovernmentitselfwasbutthenecessaryresultofthecareless，aimlesstyrannyofthetimes；itwasbutthemachineryoftyranny。Nowtyrannyhascometoanend，andwenolongerneedsuchmachinery；wercouldnotpossiblyuseitsincewearefree。Thereforeinyoursenseofthewordwehavenogovernment。Doyouunderstandthisnow？
　　IYes，Ido。ButIwillaskyousomemorequestionsastohowyouasfreemenmanageyouraffairs。
　　H。Withallmyheart。Askaway。
　　Chapter12
　　ConcerningtheArrangementofLife“Well，“Isaid，“aboutthose`arrangements'whichyouspokeofastakingtheplaceofgovernment，couldyougivemeanyaccountofthem？“
　　“Neighbour，“hesaid，“althoughwehavesimplifiedourlivesagreatdealfromwhattheywere，andhavegotridofmanyconventionalitiesandmanyshamwants，whichusedtogiveourforefathersmuchtrouble，yetourlifeistoocomplexformetotellyouindetailbymeansofwordshowitisarranged；youmustfindthatoutbylivingamongstus。
　　ItistruethatIcanbettertellyouwhatwedon'tdothanwhatwedodo。
　　“Well？“saidI。
　　“Thisisthewaytoputit，“saidhe:“Wehavebeenlivingforahundredandfiftyyears，atleast，moreorlessinourpresentmanner，andatraditionorhabitoflifehasbeengrowingonus；andthathabithasbecomeahabitofactingonthewholeforthebest。Itiseasyforustolivewithoutrobbingeachother。Itwouldbepossibleforustocontendwithandrobeachother，butitwouldbeharderforusthanrefrainingfromstrifeandrobbery。Thatisinshortthefoundationofourlifeandourhappiness。“
　　“Whereasintheolddays，“saidI，“itwasveryhardtolivewithoutstrifeandrobbery。That'swhatyoumean，isn'tit，bygivingmethenegativesideofyourgoodconditions？“
　　“Yes，“hesaid，“itwassohard，thatthosewhohabituallyactedfairlytotheirneighbourswerecelebratedassaintsandheroes，andwerelookeduptowiththegreatestreverence。
　　“Whiletheywerealive？“saidI。
　　“No，“saidhe，“aftertheyweredead。“
　　“Butastothesedays，“Isaid；“youdon'tmeantotellmethatnooneevertransgressesthishabitofgoodfellowship？“
　　“Certainlynot，“saidHammond，“butwhenthetransgressionsoccur，everybody，transgressorsandall，knowthemforwhattheyare；theerrorsoffriends，notthehabitualactionsofpersonsdrivenintoenmityagainstsociety。“
　　“Isee，“saidI；“youmeanthatyouhaveno`criminal'classes。“
　　“Howcouldwehavethem，“saidhe，“sincethereisnorichclasstobreedenemiesagainstthestatebymeansoftheinjusticeofthestate？“
　　SaidI:“IthoughtthatIunderstoodfromsomethingthatfellfromyoualittlewhileagothatyouhadabolihedcivillaw。Isthatso，literally？“
　　“Itabolisheditself，myfriend，“saidhe。“AsIsaidbefore，thecivillaw-courtswereupheldforthedefenceofpivateproperty；fornobodyeverpretendedthatitwaspossibletomakepeopleactfairlytoeachotherbymeansofbruteforce。Well，privatepropertybeingabolished，allthelawsandallthelegal`crimes'whichithadmanufacturedofcoursecametoanend。Thoushaltnotsteal，hadtobetranslatedinto，Thoushaltworkinordertolivehappily。Isthereanyneedtoenforcethatcommandmentbyviolence？“
　　“Well，“saidI，“thatisunderstood，andIagreewithit；buthowaboutthecrimesofviolence？wouldnottheiroccurrenceandyouadmitthattheyoccurmakecriminallawnecessary？“
　　Saidhe:“Inyoursenseoftheword，wehavenocriminallaweither。
　　Letuslookatthemattercloser，andseewhencecrimesofviolencespring。Byfarthegreaterpartoftheseinpastdaysweretheresultofthelawsofprivateproperty，whichforbadethesatisfactionoftheirnaturaldesirestoallbutaprivilegedfew，andofthegeneralvisiblecoercionwhichcameofthoselaws。All_that_causeofviolentcrimeisgone。Again，manyviolentactscamefromtheartificialperversionofthesexualpassions，whichcausedover-weeningjealousyandthelikemiseries。Now，whenyoulookcarefullyintothese，youwillfindthatwhatlayatthebottomofthemwasmostlytheideaalaw-madeideaofthewomanbeingthepropertyoftheman，whetherhewerehusband，father，brother，orwhatnot。_That_ideahasofcoursevanishedwithprivateproperty，aswellascertainfolliesaboutthe`ruin'ofwomenforfollowingtheirnaturaldesiresinanillegalway，whichofcoursewasaconventioncausedbythelawsofprivateproperty。“
　　“Anothercognatecauseofcrimesofviolencewasthefamilytyranny，mwhichwasthesubjectofsomanynovelsandstoriesofthepastandwhichoncemorewastheresultofprivateproperty。ofcoursethatisallended，sincefamiliesareheldtogetherbynobondofcoercion，legalorsocial，butbymutuallikingandaffection，andeverybodyisfreetocomeorgoasheorshepleases。Furthermore，ourstandardsofhonourandpublicestimationareverydifferentfromtheoldones；
　　successinbeatingourneighboursisaroadtorenownnowclosed，letushopeforever。Eachmanisfreetoexercisehisspecialfacultytotheutmostandeveryoneencourageshiminsodoing。Sothatwehavegotridofthescowlingenvy，coupledbythepoetswithhatred，andsurelywithgoodreason；heapsofunhappinessandill-bloodwerecausedbyit，whichwithirritableandpassionatemen——_i。e。_，energeticandactivemen——oftenledtoviolence。“
　　Ilaughed，andsaid:“Sothatyounowwihdrawyouradmission，andsaythatthereisnoviolenceamongstyou？“
　　“No，“saidhe，“Iwithdrawnothing；asItoldyou，suchthingswillhappen。Hotbloodwillerrsometimes。Amanmaystrikeanother，andthestrickenstrikebackagain，andtheresultbeahomicide，toputitattheworst。Butwhatthen？Shalltheneighboursmakeitworsestill？Shallwethinksopoorlyofeachotherastosupposethattheslainmancallsonustorevengehim，whenwe_know_thatifhehadbeenmaimed，hewould，whenincoldbloodandabletoweighallthecircumstances，haveforgivenhismaimer？Orwillthedeathoftheslayerbringtheslainmantolifeagainandcuretheunhappinesshisdeathhascaused？“
　　“Yes，“Isaid，“butconsider，mustnotthesafetyofsocietybesafeguardedbysomepunishment？“
　　“There，neighbour！“saidtheoldman，withsomeexultation。“Youhavehitthemark。That_punishment_ofwhichmenusedtotalksowiselyandactsofoolishly，whatwasitbuttheexpressionoftheirfear？
　　Andtheyhadnoneedtofear，since_they——i。e。_，therulersofsociety——weredwellinglikeanarmedbandinahostilecountry。Butwewholiveamongstourfriendsneedneitherfearnorpunish。Surelyifwe，indreadofanoccasionalrarehomicide，anoccasionalroughblow，weresolemnlyandlegallytocommithomicideandviolence，wecouldonlybeasocietyofferociouscowards。Don'tyouthinksoneighbour？“
　　“Yes，Ido，whenIcometothinkofitfromthatside，“saidI。
　　“Yetyoumustunderstand，“saidtheoldman，“thatwhenanyviolenceiscommitted，weexpectthetransgressortomakeanyatonementpossibletohim，andhehimselfexpectsit。Butagain，thinkifthedestructionorseriousinjuryofamanmomentarilyovercomebywrathorfollycanbeanyatonementtothecommonwealth？Surelyitcanonlybeanadditionalinjurytoit。“
　　SaidI:“Butsupposethemanhasahabitofviolence——killsamanayear，forinstance？“
　　“Suchathingisunknown，“saidhe。“Inasocietywherethereisnopunishmenttoevade，nolawtotriumphover，remorsewillcertainlyfollowtransgression。“
　　“Andlesseroutbreaksofviolence，“saidI“howdoyoudealwiththem？
　　forhithertowehavebeentalkingofgreattragedies，Isuppose？“
　　SaidHammond:“Iftheill-doerisnotsickormadinwhichcasehemustberestraineduntilhissicknessormadnessiscureditisclearthatgriefandhumiliationmustfollowtheill-deed；andsocietyingeneralwillmakethatprettycleartotheill-doneifheshouldchancetobedulltoit；andagain，，somekindofatonementwillfollow，——attheleast，anopenacknowledgementofthegriefandhumiliation。Isitsohardtosay，Iaskyourpardon，neighbour？——well，sometimesitishard——andletitbe。cq。
　　“Youthinkthatenough？“saidI。
　　“Yes，“saidhe，“andmoreoveritisallthatwe_can_do。Ifinadditionwetorturetheman，weturnhisgriefintoanger，andthehumiliationhewouldotherwisefeelfor_his_wrongdoingisswallowedupbyahopeofrevengefor_our_wrongdoingtohim。Hehaspaidthelegalpenalty，andcan`goandsinagain'withcomfort。Shallwecommitsuchafolly，then？RememberJesushadgotthelegalpenaltyremittedbeforehesaid`Goandsinnomore，'Letalonethatinasocietyofequalsyouwillnotfindanyonetoplaythepartoftorturerorjailer，thoughmanytoactasnurseordoctor。
　　“So，“saidI，“youconsidercrimeamerespasmodicdisease，whichrequiresnobodyofcriminallawtodealwithit？“
　　“Prettymuchso，“saidhe；“andsince，asIhavetoldyouweareahealthypeoplegenerally，sowearenolikelytobemuchtroubledwith_this_disease。“
　　“Well，youhavenocivillaw，andnocriminallaw。Buthaveyounolawsofthemarket，sotosay——noregulationfortheexchangeofwares？foryoumustexchange，evenifyouhavenoproperty。“
　　Saidhe:“Wehavenoobviousindividualexchange，asyousawthismorningwhenyouwenta-shopping；butofcoursethereareregulationsofthemarketsvaryingaccordingtothecircumstancesandguidedbygeneralcustom。Butasthesearemattersofgeneralassentwhichnobodydreamsofobjectingto，soalsowehavemadenoprovisionforenforcingthem:thereforeIdon'tcallthemlaws。Inlaw，whetheritbecriminalorcivil，executionalwaysfollowsjudgment，andsomeonemustsuffer。Whenyouseethejudgeonhisbench，youseethroughhim，asclearlyasifheweremadeofglass，thepolicemantoemprisonandthesoldiertoslaysomeactuallivingperson。suchfollieswouldmakeanagreeablemarket，wouldn'tthey？“
　　“Certainly，“saidI，“thatmeansturningthemarketintoamerebattlefield，inwhichmanypeoplemustsufferasmuchasinthebattlefieldofbulletandbayonet。AndfromwhatIhaveseen，ishouldsupposethatyourmarketing，greatandlittle，iscarriedoninawaythatmakesitapleasantoccupation。“
　　“Youareright，neighbour，“saidhe。“Althoughtherearesomany，indeedbyfarthegreaternumberamongstus，whowouldbeunhappyiftheywerenotengagedinactuallymakingthings，andthingswhichturnoutbeautifulundertheirhands，——therearemany，likethehousekeepersIwasspeakingof，whosedelightisinadministrationandorganizationtouselong-tailedwords；Imeanpeoplewholikekeepingthingstogether，avoidingwaste，seeingthatnothingsticksfastuselessly。Suchpeoplearethoroughlyhappyintheirbusiness，allthemoreastheyaredealingwithactualfacts，andnotmerelypassingcountersroundtoseewhatsharetheyshallhaveintheprivilegedtaxationofusefulpeoplewhichwasthebusinessofthecommercialfolkinpastdays。Well，whatareyougoingtoaskmenext？“
　　Chapter13
　　ConcerningPoliticsSaidI:“Howdoyoumanagewithpolitics？“
　　SaidHammond，smiling:“Iamgladthatitisof_me_thatyouaskthatquestion；Idobelievethatanybodyelsewouldmakeyouexplainyourself，ortrytodoso，tillyouweresickofaskingquestions。
　　Indeed，IbelieveIamtheonlymaninEnglandwhowouldknowwhatyoumean；andsinceIknow，Iwillansweryourquestionbrieflybysayingthatweareverywelloffastopolitiics，——becausewehavenone。Ifeveryoumakeabookout4ofthisconversation，putthisinachapterbyitself，afterthemodelofoldHorrebow'sSnakesinIceland。“
　　“Iwill，“saidI。
　　Chapter14
　　HowMattersareManagedSaidI:“Howaboutyourrelationswithforeignnations？“
　　“Iwillnotaffectnottoknowwhatyoumean，“saidhe，“butIwilltellyouatoncethatthewholesystemofrivalandcontendingnationswhichplayedsogreatapartinthe`government'oftheworldofcivilisationhasdisappearedalongwiththeinequalitybetwixtmanandmaninsociety。“
　　“Doesnotthatmaketheworldduller？“saidI。
　　“Why？“saidtheoldman。
　　“Theobliterationofnationalvariety，“saidI。
　　“Nonsense，“hesaid，somewhatsnappishly。“Crossthewaterandsee。
　　Youwillfindplentyofvariety:thelandscapethebuilding，thediet，theamusements，allvariious。Themenandwomenvaryinginlooksaswellasinhabitsofthought；thecostumemorevariousthaninthecommercialperiod。Howshoulditaddtothevarietyordispelthedulness，tocoercecertainfamiliesortribesk，oftenheterogeneouwandjarringwithoneanotherkintocertainartificialandmechanicalgroupsandcallthemnations，andstimulatetheirpatriotism——_i。e。_，theirfoolishandenviousprejudices？“
　　“Well——Idon'tknowhow，“saidI。
　　“That'sright，“saidHammondcheerily；“youcaneasilyunderstandthatnowwearefreedfromthisfollyitisobvioustousthatbymeansofthisverydiversitythedifferentstrainsofbloodintheworldcanbeserviceableandpleasanttoeachother，withoutintheleastwantingtorobeachother:weareallbentonthesameenterprise，makingthemostofourlives。AndImusttellyouwhateverquarrelsormisunderstandingsarise，theyveryseldomtakeplactbetweenpeopleofdifferentrace；andconsequentlysincethereislessunreasoninthem，theyarethemorereadilyappeased。“
　　“Good，“saidI，“butastothosemattersofpolitics；astogeneraldifferenesofopiniooninoneandthesamecommunity。Doyouassertthattherearenone？“
　　“No，notatall，“saidhe，somewhatsnappishly；“butIdosaythatdifferencesofopinionaboutrealsolidthingsneednot，andwithusdonot，crystallisepeopleintopartiespermanentlyhostiletooneanother，withdifferenttheoriesastothebuildoftheuniverseandtheprogressoftime。Isn'tthatwhatpoliticsusedtomean？“
　　“H'm，well，“saidI，“Iamnotsosureofthat。“
　　Saidhe:“Itakeyou，neighbour；theyonly_pretended_tothisseriousdifferenceofopinion；forifithadexistedtheycouldnothavedealttogetherintheordinarybusinessoflife；couldn'thaveeatentogether，boughtandsoldtogether，gambledtogether，cheatedotherpeopletogether，butmusthavefoughtwhenevertheymet:whichwouldnothavesuitedthematall。Thegameofthemastersofpoliticswastocajoleorforcethepublictopaytheexpenseofaluxuriouslifeandexcitingamusementforafewcliquesofambitiouspersons:andthe_pretence_ofseriousdifferenceofopinionbeliedbyeveryactionoftheirlives，wasquitegoodenoughforiothat。Whathasallthatgottodowithus？“
　　SaidI:“Whynothing，Ishouldhope。ButIfear——Inshort，Ihavebeentoldthatpoliticalstrifewasanecessaryresultofhumannature。“
　　“Humannature！“criedtheoldboy，impetuously；“Whathumannature？
　　Thehumannatureofpaupers，ofslaves，ofslave-holders，orthehumannatureofwealthyfreemen？Which？Cometellmethat！“
　　“Well。“saidI，“Isupuposetherewouldbeadifferenceaccordingtocircumstancesinpeople'sactionaboutthesematters。“
　　“Ishouldthinkso，indeed，“saidhe。“Atallevents，experienceshowsthatitisso。Amongstus，ourdifferencesconcernmattersofbusiness，andpassingeventsastothem，andcouldnotdividemenpermanently。Asarule，theimmediateoutcomeshowswhichopiniononagivensubjectistherightone；itisamatteroffact，notofspeculation。Forinstance，itisclerlynoteasytoknockupapoliticalpartyonthequestionastowhetherhaymakinginsuchandsuchacountrysideshallbeginthisweekornext，whenallmenagreethatitmustatlatestbegintheweekafternext，andwhenanymancangodownintothefieldshimselfandseewhethertheseedsareripeenoughforthecutting。“
　　SaidI:“Andyousettlethesedifferences，greatandsmall，bythewillofthemajority，Isuppose？“
　　“Certainly，“saidhe；“howelsecouldwesettlethem？Youseeinmatterswhicharemerelypersonalwhichdonotaffectthewelfareofthecommunity——howamanshalldress，whatheshalleatanddrink，whatheshallwriteandread，andsoforth——therecanbenodifferenceofopinion，andeverybodydoesashepleases。Butwhenthematterisofcommoninteresttothewholecommunity，andthedoingornotdoingsomethingaffectseverybody，themajoritymusthavetheirway；unlesstheminorityweretotakeuparmsandshowbyforcethattheyweretheeffectiveorrealmajority；which，however，inasocietyofmenwhoarefreeandequalislittlelikelytohappen；becauseinsuchacommunitytheapparentmajority_is_therealmajority，wandtheothers，asIhavehintedbefore，knowthttoowelltoobstructfrommerepigheadedness；especiallyastheyhavehadplentyofopportunityofputtingforwardtheirsideofthequestion。“
　　“Howisthatmanaged？“saidI。
　　“Well，“saidhe，“letustakeoneofourunitsofmanagement，acommune，oraward，oraparishforwehaveallthreenames，indicatinglittlerealdistinctionbetweenthemnow，thoughtimewastherewasagooddeal。Insuchadistrict，asyouwouldcallit，someneighboursthinkthatsomethingoughttobedoneorundone:anewtown-hallbuilt；aclearanceofinconvenienthouses；orsayastonebridgesubstitutedforsomeuglyoldironone，——thereyouhaveundoinganddoinginone。Well，atthenextordinarymeetingoftheneighbours，orMote，aswecallit，accordingtotheancienttongueofthetimesbeforebureaucracy，aneighbourproposesthechangeandofcourse，ifeverybodyagrees，thereisanendofdiscussionexceptaboutdetails。Equally，ifnoonebackstheproposer——`secondshim，'
　　itusedtobecalled——thematterdropsforthetimebeing；athingnotlikelytohappenamongstreasonablemenkhowever，astheproposeissuretohavetalkeditoverwithothersbeforetheMote。Butsupposingrtheaffairproposedandseconded，ifafewoftheneighboursdisagreetoit，iftheythinkthatthebeastlyironbridgewillservealittlelongerandtheydon['twanttobebotheredwithbuildinganewonejustthen，theydon'tcountheadsthattime，butputofftheformaldiscussiontothenextMote；andmeantimerarguments_pro_and_con_areflyingabout，andsomegetprinted，sothateverybodyknowswhatisgoingon；andwhentheMotecomestogetheragainthereisaregulardiscusssionandatlastavotebyshowofhands。Ifthedivisionisacloseone，thequestionisagainputoffforfurtherdiscussion；ift4hedivisionisawideone，theminorityareaskediftheywillyieldtothemoregeneralopinion，whichtheyoften，nay，mostcommonlydo。Iftheyrefuse，thequestionisdebatedathirdtime，when，iftheminorityhasnotperceptiblygrown，theyalwaysgiveway；thoughIbelievethereissomehalf-forgottenrulebywhichtheymightstillcarryitonfurther；butIsay，whatalwayshappensisthattheyarecomvoincednotperhapsthttheirviewisthewrongone，buttheycannotpersuadeorforcethecommunitytoadoptit。“
　　“Verygood，“saidI；“butwhathappensifthedivisionsarestillnarrow？“
　　Saidhe:“Asamatterofprincipleandaccordingtotheruleofsuchcases，thequestionmustthenlapse，andthemajority，ifsonarrow，hastosubmittosittingdownunderthe_statusquo_。ButImusttellyouthatinpointoffacttheminorityveryseldomenforcesthisrule，butgenerallyyieldsinafriendlymanner。“
　　“Butdoyouknow，“saidI，“thatthereissomethinginallthisverylikedemocracy；andIthoughtthatdemocracywasconsideredtobeinamoribundconditionmany，manyyearsago。“
　　Theoldboy'seyestwinkled。“Igrantyouthatourmethodshavethatdrawback。Butwhatistobedone？Wecan'tget_anyone_amongstustocomplainofhisnotalwayshavinghisownwayintheteethofthecommunity，whenitisclearthat_everybody_cannothavethatindulgence。What_is_tobedone？“
　　“Well，“saidI，“Idon'tknow。“
　　Saidhe:“TheonlyalternativestoourmethodthatIcanconcieveofarethese。First，thatweshouldchooseout，orbreed，aclassofsuperiorpersonscapableofjudgingonallmatterswithoutconsultingtheneighbours；that，inshort，wewhouldgetforourselveswhatusedtobecalledanaristocracyofintellect；or，secondly，thatforthepurposeofsafe-guardingthefreedomoftheindividualwillweshouldreverttoasystemofprivatepropertyagain，andhaveslavesandslave-holdersoncemore。Whatdoyouthinkofthosetwoexpedients？“
　　“Well，“saidI，“thereisathirdpossibility——towit，thateverymanshouldbequiteindependentofeveryotherandthatthusthetyrannyofsocietyshouldbeabolished。“
　　Helookedhardatmeforasecondortwo，andthenburstoutlaughingveryheartily；andIconfessthatIjoinedhim。Whenherecoveredhimselfhenoddedatme，andsaid:“Yes，yes，iquiteagreewithyou——andsowealldo。“
　　“Yes，“Isaid，“andbesides，itdoesnotpresshardlyontheminority:
　　for，takethismatterofthebridge，nomanisobligedtowoekonitifhedoesn'tagreetoitsbuilding。AtleastIsupposenot。“
　　Hesmiled，andsaid:“Shrewdlyput；andyetfromthepointofviewofanotherplanet。Ifthemamoftheminoritydoesfindhisfeelingshurt，doubtlesshemayrelievethembyrefusingtohelpinbuildingthebridge。But，dearneighbour，thatisnotaveryeffectivesalveforthewoundcausedbythe`tyrannyofamajority'inoursociety；
　　becauseallworkthatisdoneiseitherbeneficialorhurtfultoeverymemberofthesociety。Themanisbenefitedbythebridge-buildingifitturnsoutagoodthing，andhurtbyitifitturnsoutabadone，whetherheputsahandtoitornot；andmeanwhileheissbenefitingthebridge-buildersbyhiswork，whateverthatmaybe。Infact，Iseenohelpforhimexceptthepleasureofsaying`Itoldyouso'ifthebridge-buildingturnsouttobeamistakeandhurtshim；ifitbenefitshimhemustsufferinsilence。AterribletyrannyourCommunism，isitnot？Folkusedoftentobewarnedagainstthisberyunhappinessintimespast，whenforeverywell-fed，contentedpersonyousawathousandmiserablestarvelings。Whereasforus，wegrowfatandwell-likingonthetyranny；atyranny，tosaythetruth，nottobemadevisiblebyanytoseekfortroublesbycallingourpeaceandplentyandhappinessbyillnameswhoseverymeaningwehaveforgotten！“
　　Hesatmusingforalittle，andthenstartedandsaid:“Arethereanymorequestions，dearguest？Themorningiswaningfastamidstmygarrulity。“
　　Chapter15
　　OntheLackofIncentivetoLabourinaCommunistSociety“Yes，“saidI。“IwasexpectingDickandClaratomaketheirappearanceanymoment:butistheretimetoaskjustoneortwoquestionsbeforetheycome？“
　　“Tryit，dearneighbour——tryit，“saidoldHammond。“ForthemoreyouaskmethebetterIampleased；andatanyrateiftheydocomeandfindmeinthemiddleofananswer，theymustsitquietandpretendtolistentillIcometoanend。Itwon'thurtthem；theywillfinditquiteamusingenoughtositsidebyside，consciousoftheirproximitytoeachother。“
　　Ismiled，asIwasboundto，andsaid:“Good；Iwillgoontalkingwithoutnoticingthemwhentheycomein。Now，thisiswhatIwanttoaskyouabout——towit，howyougetpeopletoworkwhenthereisnorewardoflabour，andespeciallyhowyougetthemtoworkstrenuously？“
　　“Butnorewardoflabour？“saidHammond，gravely。“Therewardoflabouris_life_。Isthatnotenough？“
　　“Butnorewardforespeciallygoodwork，“quothI。
　　“Plentyofreward，“saidhe——“therewardofcreation。ThewageswhichGodgets，aspeoplemighthavesaidtimeagone。Ifyouaregoingtobepaidforthepleasureofcreation，whichiswhatexcellenceinworkmeans，thenextthingweshallhearofwillbeabillsentinforthebegettingofchildren。“
　　“Well，but，“saidI，“themanofthenineteenthcenturywouldsaythereisanaturaldesiretowardstheprocreationofchildren，andanaturaldesirenottowork。“
　　“Yes，yes，“saidhe，“Iknowtheancientplatitude，——whollyuntrue；
　　indeed，tousquitemeaningless。Fourier，whomallmenlaughedat，understoodthematterbetter。“
　　“Whyisitmeaninglesstoyou？“saidI。
　　Hesaid:“Becauseitimpliesthatallworkissuffering，andwearesofarfromthinkingthat，that，asyoumayhavenoticed，whereaswearenotshortofwealth，thereisakindoffeargrowingupamongstusthatweshallonedaybeshortofwork。Itisapleasurewhichweareafraidoflosing，notapain。“
　　“Yes，“saidI，“Ihavenoticedthat，andIwasgoingtoaskyouaboutthatalso。Butinthemeantime，whatdoyoupositivelymeantoassertaboutthepleasurablenessofworkamongstyou？“
　　“This，that_all_workisnowpleasureable；eitherbecauseofthehopeofgaininhonourandwealthwithwhichtheworkisdone，whichcausespleasurable_habit_，asinthecasewithwhatyoumaycallmechanicalwork；andlastlyandmostofourworkisofthiskindbecausethereisconscioussensuouspleasureintheworkitself；itisdone，thatis，byartists。“
　　“Isee，“saidI。“Canyounowtellmehowyouhavecometothishappycondition？For，tospeakplainly，thischangefromtheconditionsoftheolderworldseemstomefargreaterandmoreimportantthanalltheotherchangesyouhavetoldmeaboutastocrime，politics，property，marriage。“
　　“Youarerightthere，“saidhe。“Indeed，youmaysayratherthatitisthischangewhichmakesalltheotherspossible。WhatistheobjectofRevolution？Surelytomakepeoplehappy。Revolutionhavingbroughtitsforedoomedchangeabout，howcanyoupreventthecounter-revolutionfromsettinginexceptbymakingpeoplehappy？What！shallweexpectpeaceandstabilityfromunhappiness？Thegatheringofgrapesfromthornsandfigsfromthistlesisareasonableexpectationcomparedwiththat！Andhappinesswithouthappydailyworkisimpossible。“
　　“Mostobviouslytrue，“saidI:forIthoughttheoldboywaspreachingalittle。“Butanswermyquestion，astohowyougainedthishappiness。“
　　“Briefly，“saidhe，“bytheabsenceofartificialcoercion，andthefreedomforeverymantodowhathecandobest，joinedtotheknowledgeofwhatproductionsoflabourwereallywant。Imustadmitthatthisknowledgewereachedslowlyandpainfully。“
　　“Goon，“saidI，“givememoredetail；explainmorefully。Forthissubjectinterestsmeintensely。“
　　“Yes，Iwill，“saidhe；“butinordertodosoImustwearyyoubytalkingalittleaboutthepast。Contrastisnecessaryforthisexplanation。Doyoumind？“
　　“No，no，“saidI。
　　Saidhe，settlinghimselfinhischairagainforalongtalk:“Itisclearfromallthatwehearandread，thatinthelastageofcivilisationmenhadgotintoaviciouscircleinthematterofproductionofwares。Theyhadreachedawonderfulfacilityofproduction，andinordertomakethemostofthatfacilitytheyhadgraduallycreatedorallowedtogrow，ratheramostelaboratesystemofbuyingandselling，whichhasbeencalledtheWorld-Market；andthatWorldMarket，onceseta-going，forcedthemtogoonmakingmoreandmoreofthesewares，whethertheyneededthemornot。Sothatwhileofcoursetheycouldnotfreethemselvesfromthetoilofmakingrealnecessities，theycreatedinanever-endingseriesshamorartificialnecessaries，whichbecame，undertheironruleoftheaforesaidWorld-Market，ofequalimportancetothemwiththerealnecessarieswhichsupportedlife。Byallthistheyburdenedthemselveswithaprodigiousmassofworkmerelyforthesakeofkeepingtheirwretchedsystemgoing。“
　　“Yes——andthen？cq。saidI。
　　“Why，then，oncetheyhadforcedthemselvestostaggeralongunderthishorribleburdenofunnecessaryproduction，itbecameimpossibleforthemtolookuponlabouranditsresultsfromanyotherpointofviewthanone——towit，theceaselessendeavourtoexpendtheleastpossibleamountoflabouronanyarticlemadeandyetatthesametimetomakeasmanyarticlesaspossible。Tothis`cheapeningofproduction，'asitwascalled，everythingwassacrificed:thehappinessoftheworkmanathiswork，nay，hismostelementarycomfortandbarehealth，hisfood，hisclothes，hisdwelling，hisleisure，hisamusement，hiseducation“——hislife，inshort——didnotweighagrainofsandinthebalanceagainstthisdirenecessityof`cheapproduction'ofthings，agreatpartofwhichwerenotworthproducingatall。Nay，wearetold，andwemustbelieveit，sooverwhelmingistheevidence，thoughmanyofourpeoplescarcely_can_believeit，thatevenrichandpowerfulmen，themastersofthepoordevilsaforesaid，submittedtoliveamidstsightsandsoundsandsmellswhichitisintheverynatureofmantoabhorandfleefrom，inorderthattheirrichesmightbolsterupthissupremefolly。Thewholecommunity，infact，wascastintothejawsofthisraveningmonster，`thecheapproduction'forcedonitbytheWorld-Market。“
　　“Dearme！“saidI。“Butwhathappened？Didnottheirclevernessandfacilityinproductionmasterthischaosofmiseryatlast？Couldn'ttheycatchupwiththeWorld-Market，andthensettoworktodevisemeansforrelievingthemselvesfromthisfearfultaskofextralabour？“
　　Hesmiledbitterly。“Didtheyeventryto？“saidhe。“Iamnotsure。
　　Youknowthataccordingtotheoldsawthebeetlegetsusedtolivingindung；andthesepeoplewhethertheyfoundthedungsweetornot，certainlylivedinit。“
　　Hisestimateofthelifeofthenineteenthcenturymademecatchmybreathalittle；andIsaidfeebly，“Butthelabour-savingmachines？“
　　“Heyday！“quothhe。“What'sthatyouaresaying？thelabour-savingmachines？Yes，theyweremeantto`savelabour'or，tospeakmoreplainly，thelivesofmenononepieceofworkinorderthatitmightbeexpended——Iwillsaywasted——onanother，probablyuseless，pieceofwork。Friend，alltheirdevicesforcheapeninglaboursimplyresultedinincreasingtheburdenoflabour。TheappetiteoftheWorld-Marketgrewwithwhatitfedon:thecountrieswithintheringof`civilisation'thatisorganisedmiseryweregluttedwiththeabortionsofthemarket，andforceandfraudwereusedunsparinglyto`openup'countries_outside_thatpale。Thisprocessof`openingup'
　　isastrangeonetothosewhohavereadtheprofessionsofthemenofthatperiodanddonotunderstandtheirpractice；andperhapsshowsusatitsworstthegreatviceofthenineteenthcentury，theuseofhypocrisyandcanttoevadetheresponsibilityofvicariousferocity。
　　WhenthecivilisedWorld-Marketcovetedacountrynotyetinitsclutchessometransparentpretextwasfound——thesuppressionofaslaverydifferentfrom，andnotsocruelasthatofcommerce；thepushingofareligionnolongerbelievedinbyitspromoters；the`rescue'ofsomedesperadoorhomicidalmadmanwhosemisdeedshadgothimintotroubleamongstthenativesofthe`barbarous'country——anystick，inshort，whichwouldbeatthedogatall。Thensomebold，unprincipled，ignorantadventurererwasfoundnodifficulttaskinthedaysofcompetition，andhewasbribedto`createamarket'bybreakingupwhatevertraditionalsocietytheremightbeinthedoomedcountry，andbydestroyingwhateverleisureorpleasurehefoundthere。Heforcedwaresonthenativeswhichtheydidnotwant，andtooktheirnaturalproductsin`exchange'，asthisformofrobberywascalled，andtherebyhe`creatednewwants'，tosupplywhichthatis，tobeallowedtolivebytheirnewmastersthehaplesshelplesspeoplehadtosellthemselvesintotheslaveryofhopelesstoilsothattheymighthavesomethingwherewithtopurchasethenullitiesof`civilisation。'“Ah，“saidtheoldman，pointingtotheMuseum，“I
　　havereadbooksandpapersinthere，tellingstrangestoriesindeedofthedealingsofcivilisationororganisedmiserywith`non-civilisation'；fromthetimewhentheBritishGovernmentdeliberatelysentblanketsinfectedwithsmall-poxaschoicegiftstoinconvenienttribesofRed-skins，tothetimewhenAfricawasinfestedbyamannamedStanley，who——“
　　“Excuseme，“saidI，“butasyouknow，timepressesd；andIwanttokeepourquestiononthestraightestlinepossible；andIwantatoncetoaskthisaboutthesewaresmadefortheWorld-Market——howabouttheirquality；thesepeoplewhoweresocleveraboutmakinggoods，I
　　supposetheymadethemwell？“
　　“Quality！“saidtheoldmancrustily，forhewasratherpeevishatbeingcutshortinhisstory；“howcouldtheypossiblyattendtosuchtriflesasthequalityofthewarestheysold？Thebestofthemwereofalowishaverage，theworstweretransparentmake-shiftsforthethingsaskedforwhichnobodywouldhaveputupwithiftheycouldhavegotanythingelse。Itwasthecurrentjestofthetimethatthewaresweremadetosellandnottouse；ajestwhichyou，ascomingfromanotherplanet，mayunderstand，butwhichourfolkcouldnot。“
　　SaidI:“？What！didtheymakenothingwell？“
　　“Why，yes，“saidhe，“therewasoneclassofgoodswhichtheydidmakethoroughlywell，andthatwastheclassofmachineswhichwereusedformakingthings。Thesewereusuallyquiteperfectpiecesofworkmanship，admirablyadaptedtotheendinview。Sothatitmaybefairlysaidthatthegreatachievementofthenineteenthcenturywasthemakingofmachineswhichwerewondersofinvention，skill，andpatience，andwhichwereusedfortheproductionofmeasurelessquantitiesofworthlessmake-shifts。Intruth，theownersofthemachinesdidnotconsideranythingwhichtheymadeaswares，butsimplyasmeansfortheenrichmentofthemselves。Ofcourse，theonlyadmittedtestofutilityinwareswasthefindingofbuyersforthem——wisemenorfools，asitmightchance。“
　　“Andpeopleputupwiththis？“saidI。
　　“Foratime，“saidhe。
　　“Andthen？“
　　“Andthentheoverturn，“saidtheoldman，smiling，“andthenineteenthcenturysawitselfasamanwhohaslosthisclotheswhilstbathing，andhastowalknakedthroughthetown。“
　　“Youareverybitteraboutthatunluckynineteenthcentury，“saidI。
　　“Naturally，“saidhe，“sinceIknowsomuchaboutit。“
　　Hewassilentalittle，andthensaid:“Therearetraditions——nay，realhistories——inourfamilyaboutit；mygrandfatherwasoneofitsvictims。Ifyouknowsomethingaboutit，youwillunderstandwhathesufferedwhenItellyouthathewasinthosedaysagenuineartist，amanofgenius，andarevolutionist。“
　　“IthinkIdounderstand，“saidI:“butnow，asitseems，youhavereversedallthis？“
　　“Prettymuchso，“saidhe。“Thewareswhichwemakearemadebecausetheyareneeded:menmakefortheirneighbours'useasiftheyweremakingforthemselves，notforavaguemarkeetofwhichtheyknownothing，andoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol:asthereisnobuyingandselling，itwouldbemereinsanitytomakegoodsonthechanceoftheirbeingwanted；forthereisnolongeranyonewhocanbe_compelled_tobuythem。Sothatwhateverismadeisgood，andthoroughlyfitforitspurpose。Nothing_can_bemadeexceptforgenuineuse；thereforenoinferiorgoodsaremade。Moreover，asaforesaid，wehavenowfoundoutwhatwewant；andaswearenotdriventomakeavastquantityofuselessthings，wehavetimeandresourcesenoughtoconsiderourpleasureinmakingthem。Allworkwhichwouldbeirksometodobyhandisdonebyimmenselyimprovedmachinery；andinallworkwhichitisapleasuretodobyhandmachineryisdonewithout。Thereisnodifficultyinfindingworkwhichsuitsthespecialturnofmindforeverybody；sothatnomanissacrificedtothewantsofanother。Fromtimetotime，whenwehavefoundoutthatsomepieceofworkwastoodisagreeableortroublesome，wehavegivenitupanddonealtogetherwithoutthethingproducedbyit。Now，surelyyoucanseethatunderthesecircumstancesalltheworkthatwedoisanexerciseofthemindandbodymoreorlesspleasanttobedone；sothatinsteadofavoidingworkeverybodyseeksit:and，sincepeoplehavegotdefterindoingtheworkgenerationaftergeneration，ithasbecomesoeasytodo，thatitseemsasiftherewerelessdone，thoughprobablymoreisproduced。Isupposethisexplainsthatfear，whichIhintedatjustnow，ofapossiblescarcityinwork，whichperhapsyouhavealreadynoticed，andwhichisafeelingontheincrease，andhasbeenforascoreofyears。“
　　“Butdoyouthink，“saidI，“thatthereisanyfearofawork-famineamongstyou？“
　　“No，Idonot，“saidhe，“andIwilltellwhy；itiseachman'sbusinesstomakehisownworkpleasanterandpleasanter，whichofcoursetendstowardsraisingthestandardofexcellence，asnomanenjoysturningoutworkwhichisnotacredittohim，andalsotogreaterdeliberationinturningitout；andthereissuchavastnumberofthingswhichcanbetreatedasworksofart，thatthisalonegivesemploymenttoahostofdeftpeople。Again，ifartbeinexhaustible，soissciencealso；andthoughitisnolongertheonlyinnocentoccupationwhichisthoughtworthanintelligentmanspendinghistimeupon，asitoncewas，yetthereare，andIsupposewillbe，manypeoplewhoareexcitedbyitsconquestofdifficulties，andcareforitmorethanforanythingelse。Again，asmoreandmoreofpleasureisimportedintowork，Ithinkweshalltakeupkindsofworkwhichproducedesirablewares，butwhichwegaveupbecausewecouldnotcarrythemonpleasantly。Moreover，IthinkthatitisonlyinpartsofEuropewhicharemoreadvancedthantherestoftheworldthatyouwillhearthistalkofthefearofawork-famine。thoselandswhichwereoncethecoloniesofGreatBritain，forinstance，andespeciallyAmerica，sufferedsoterriblyfromthefullforceofthelastdaysofcivilisationandbecamesuchhorribleplacestolivein，thattheyarenowverybackwardinallthatmakeslifepleasant。
　　Indeed，onemaysaythatfornearlyahundredyearsthepeopleofthenorthernpartsofAmericahavebeeenengagedingraduallymakingadwellingplaceoutofastinkingdust-heap；andthereisstillagreatdealtodo，especiallyasthecountryissobig“
　　“Well，“saidI，“Iamexceedinglygladtothinkthatyouhavesuchaprospectofhappinessbeforeyou。ButIshouldliketoaskafewmorequestions，andthenIhavedoneforto-day。“
　　Chapter16
　　DinnerintheHalloftheBloomsburyMarketAsIspoke，Iheardfootstepsnearthedoor；thelatchyielded，andincameourtwoloverslookingsohandsomethatonehadnofeelingofshameinlookingonattheirlittle-concealedlove-making；forindeeditseemedasifalltheworldmustbeinlovewiththem。AsforoldHammond，helookedonthemlikeanartistwhohasjustpaintedapicturenearlyaswellashethoughthecouldwhenhebeganit，andwasperfectlyhappy。Hesaid:
　　“Sitdown，sitdown，，youngfolk，anddon'tmakeanoise。Ourguestherehasstillsomequestionstoaskme。“
　　“Well，Ishouldsupposeso，“saidDick；“youhaveonlybeenthreehoursandahalftogether；anditisn'ttobehopedthatthehistoryoftwocenturiescouldbetoldinthreehoursandahalf:letalonethatforallIknow，youmayhavebeenwanderingintotherealmsofgeographyandcraftsmanship。“
　　“Astonoise，mydearkinsman，“saidClara，“Youwillverysoonbedisturbedbythenoiseofthedinner-bell，whichIshouldthinkwillbeverypleasantmusictoourguest，whobreakfastedearly，itseems，andprobablyhadatiringday，yesterday。“
　　Isaid:“Well，sinceyouhavespokentheword，Ibegintofeelthatitisso；butIhavebeenfeedingmyselfwithwonderthislongtimepast:
　　really，it'squitetrue，“quothI，asIsawhersmile，Osoprettily！
　　Butjustthenfromsometowerhighupintheaircamethesoundofsilverychimesplayingasweetcleartune，thatsoundedtomyunaccustomedearslikethesongofthefirstblackbirdinthespring，andcalledarushofmemoriestomymind，someofbadtimes，someofgoodbutallsweetenednowintomerepleasure。
　　“Nomorequestionsnowbeforedinner，“saidClara；andshetookmyhandasanaffectionatechildwould，andledmeoutoftheroomanddownstairsintotheforecourtoftheMuseum，leavingthetwoHammondstofollowastheypleased。
　　Wewentintothemarket-placewhichIhadbeeninbefore，athinnishstreamofelegantly1dressedpeoplegoinginalongwithus。Weturnedintothecloisterandcametoarichlymouldedandcarveddoorway，whereaveryprettydark-hairedyounggirlgaveuseachabeautifulbunchofsummerflowers，andweenteredahallmuchbiggerthanthatoftheHammersmithGuestHouse，moreelaborateinitsarchitectureandperhapsmorebeautiful。Ifounditdifficulttokeepmyeyesoffthewall-picturesforIthoughtitbadmannerstostareatClaraallthetime，thoughshewasquiteworthit。Isawataglancethattheirsubjectsweretakenfromqueerold-worldmythsandimaginationswhichinyesterday'sworldonlyabouthalfadozenpeopleinthecountryknewanythingabout；andwhenthetwoHammondssatdownoppositetous，Isaidtotheoldman，pointingtothefrieze:
　　“Howstrangetoseesuchsubjectshere！“
　　1“Elegant，“Imean，asaPersianpatterniselegant；notlikearich“elegant“ladyoutforamorningcall。Ishouldrathercallthat_genteel_。
　　“Why？“saidhe。“Idon'tseewhyyoushouldbesurprised；everybodyknowsthetales；andtheyaregracefulandpleasantsubjects，nottootragicforaplacewherepeoplemostlyeatanddrinkandamusethemselves，andyetfullofincident。“
　　Ismiled，andsaid:“WellIscarcelyexpectedtofindrecordoftheSevenSwansandtheKingoftheGoldenMountainandFaithfulHenry，andsuchcuriouspleasantimaginationsasJacobGrimmgottogetherfromthechildhoodoftheworld，barelylingeringeveninhistime:I
　　shouldhavethoughtyouwouldhaveforgottensuchchildishnessbythistime。“
　　Theoldmansmiled，andsaidnothing；butDickturnedratherred，andbrokeout:
　　“Whatdoyoumean，guest？Ithinkthemverybeautiful，Imeannotonlythepictures，butthestories；andwhenwewerechildrenweusedtoimaginethemgoingonineverywood-end，bythebightofeverystream:
　　everyhouseinthefieldswastheFairylandKing'sHousetous。Don'tyouremember，Clara？“
　　“Yes，“shesaid；anditseemedtomeasifaslightcloudcameoverherfairface。Iwasgoingtospeaktoheronthesubject，whentheprettywaitressescametoussmiling，andchatteringsweetlylikereedwarblersbytheriver-side，andfelltogivingusourdinner。Astothis，asatourbreakfast，everythingwascookedandservedwithaadaintinesswhichshowedthatthosewhohadprepareditwereinterestedinit；buttherewasnoexcesseitherofquantityorofgourmandise；
　　everythingwassimple，thoughsoexcellentofitskind；anditwasmadecleartousthatthiswasnofeast，onlyanordinarymeal。Theglass，crockery，andplatewereverybeautifultomyeyes，usedtothestudyofmediaevalart；butanineteenthcenturyclub-haunterwould，I
　　daresay，havefoundthemroughandlackinginfinish；thecrockerybeinglead-glazedpot-ware。thoughbeautifullyornamented；theonlyporcelainbeinghereandthereapieceofoldorientalware。Theglass，again，thoughelegantandquaint，andveryvariedinform，wassomewhatbubbledandhornierintexturethanthecommercialarticlesofthenineteenthcentury。Thefurnitureandgeneralfittingsofthehallweremuchofapiecewiththetable-gear，beautifulinformandhighlyornamental，butwithoutthecommercial`finish'ofthejoinersandcabinet-makersofourtime。Withal，therewasatotalabsenceofwhatthenineteenthcenturycalls`comfort'——thatis，stuffyinconvenience；sothat，evenapartfromthedelightfulexcitementofthedayIhadnevereatenmydinnersopleasantlybefore。
　　Whenwehaddoneeating，andweresittingalittlewhile，withabottleofverygoodBordeauxwinebeforeus，Claracamebacktothequestionofthesubject-matterofthepictures，asthoughithadtroubledher。
　　Shelookedupatthem，andsaid:“Howisitthatthoughwearesointerestedwithourlifeforthemostpart，yetwhenpeopletaketowritingpoemsorpaintingpicturestheyseldomdealwithourmodernlife，oriftheydo，takegoodcaretomaketheirpoemsorpicturesunlikethatlife？Arewenotgoodenoughtopaintourselves？Howisitthatwefindthedreadfultimesofthepastsointerestingtous——inpicturesandpoetry？“
　　OldHammondsmiled。“Italwayswasso，andIsupposealwayswillbe，“
　　saidhe，“howeveritmaybeexplained。Itistruethatinthenineteenthcentury，whentherewassolittleartandsomuchtalkaboutit，therewasatheorythatartandimaginativeliteratureoughttodealwithcontemporarylife；buttheyneverdidso；for，iftherewasanypretenceofit，theauthoralwaystookcareasClarahintedjustnowtodisguise，orexaggerate，oridealise，andinsomewayoranothermakeitstrange；sothat，foralltheverisimilitudetherewas，hemightjustaswellhavedealtwiththetimesofthePharaohs。“
　　“Well，“saidDick，“surelyitisbutnaturaltolikethesethingsstrange；justaswhenwewerechildren，asIsaidjustnow，weusedtopretendtobeso-and-soinsuch-and-suchaplace。That'swhatthesepicturesandpoemsdo；andwhyshouldn'tthey？“
　　“Thouhasthitit，Dick，“quotholdHammond；“itisthechild-likepartofusthatproducesworksofimagination。Whenwearechildrentimepassessoslowwithusthatweseemtohavetimeforeverything。“
　　Hesighed，andthensmiledandsaid:“Atleastletusrejoicethatwehavegotbackourchildhoodagain。Idrinktothedaysthatare！“
　　“Secondchildhood，“saidIinalowvoice，andthenblushedatmydoublerudeness，andhopedthathehadn'theard。Buthehad，andturnedtomesmiling，andsaid:“Yeswhynot？Andformypart，Ihopeitmaylastlong；andthattheworld'snextperiodofwiseandunhappymanhood，ifthatshouldhappen，willspeedilyleadustoathirdchildhood:ifindeedthisagebenotourthird。Meantime，myfriend，youmustknowthatwearetoohappy，bothindividuallyandcollectively，totroubleourselvesaboutwhatistocomehereafter。“
　　“Well，formypart，“saidClara，“Iwishwewereinterestingenoughtobewrittenorpaintedabout。“
　　Dickansweredherwithsomelover'sspeech，impossibletobewrittendown，andthenwesatquietalittle。
　　Chapter17
　　HowtheChangeCameDickbrokethesilenceatlast，saying:“Guest，forgiveusforalittleafter-dinnerdulness。Whatwouldyouliketodo？ShallwehaveoutGreylocksandtrotbacktoHammersmith？orwillyoucomewithusandhearsomeWelshfolksinginahallclosebyhere？orwouldyoulikepresentlytocomewithmeintotheCityandseesomereallyfinebuilding？or——whatshallitbe？“
　　“Well，“saidI“asIamastranger，Imustletyouchooseforme。“
　　Inpointoffact，Ididnotbyanymeanswanttobe“amused“justthen；andalsoIratherfeltasiftheoldman，withhisknowledgeofpasttimes，andevenakindofinvertedsympathyforthemcausedbyhisactivehatredofthem，wasasitwereablanketformeagainstthecoldofthisverynewworld，whereIwas，sotosay，strippedbareofeveryhabitualthoughtandwayofacting；andIdidnotwanttoleavehimtoosoon。Hecametomyrescueatonce，andsaid:
　　“Waitabit，Dick；thereissomeoneelsetobeconsultedbesidesyouandtheguesthere，andthatisI。Iamnotgoingtolosethepleasureofhiscompanyjustnow，especiallysinceIknowhehassomethingelsetoaskme。SogotoyourWelshmen，byallmeans；butfirstbringusanotherbottleofwinetothisnook，andthenbeoffassoonasyoulike；andcomeagainandfetchourfriendtogowestward，butnottoosoon。“
　　Dicknoddedsmilingly，andtheoldmanandIweresoonaloneinthegreathall，theafternoonsunwasgleamingontheredwineinourtallquaint-shapedglasses。ThensaidHammond:
　　“Doesanythingespeciallypuzzleyouaboutourwayofliving，nowyouhaveheardagooddealandseenalittleofit？“
　　SaidI:“Ithinkwhatpuzzlesmemostishowitallcameabout。“
　　“Itwellmay，“saidhe，“sogreatasthechangeis。Itwouldbedifficultindeedtotellyouthewholestory，perhapsimpossible:
　　knowledge，discontent，treachery，disappointment，ruin，misery，despair——thosewhoworkedforthechangebecausetheycouldseefurtherthanotherpeoplewentthroughallthesephasesofsuffering；
　　anddoubtlessallthetimethemostofmenlookedon，notknowingwhatwasdoing，thinkingitallamatterofcourse，liketherisingandsettingofthesun——andindeeditwasso。“
　　“Tellmeonething，ifyoucan，“saidI。“Didthechange，the`revolution'itusedtobecalled，comepeacefully？“
　　“Peacefully？“saidhe；“whatpeacewasthereamongstthosepoorconfusedwretchesofthenineteenthcentury？Itwaswarfrombeginningtoend:bitterwar，tillhopeandpleasureputanendtoit。“
　　“Doyoumeanactualfightingwithweapons？“saidI，“orthestrikesandlock-outsandstarvationofwhichwehaveheard？“
　　“Both，both，“hesaid。“Asamatteroffact，thehistoryoftheterribleperiodoftransitionfromcommercialslaverytofreedommaythusbesummarised。Whenthehopeofrealisingacommunalconditionoflifeforallmenarose，quitelateinthenineteenthcentury，thepowerofthemiddleclasses，thethentyrantsofsociety，wassoenormousandcrushing，thattoalmostallmen，eventhosewhohad，youmaysaydespitethemselves，despitetheirreasonandjudgement，conceivedsuchhopes，itseemedadream。SomuchwasthisthecasethatsomeofthosemoreenlightenedmenwhowerethencalledSocialists，althoughtheywellknew，andevenstatedinpublic，thattheonlyreasonableconditionofSocietywasthatofpureCommunismsuchasyounowseearoundyou，yetshrunkfromwhatseemedtothemthebarrentaskofpreachingtherealismofahappydream。Lookingbacknow，wecanseethatthegreatmotive-powerofthechangewasalongingforfreedomandequality，akinifyoupleasetotheunreasonablepassionofalover；asicknessofheartthatrejectedwithloathingtheaimlesssolitarylifeofthewell-educatedmenofthattime:phrases，mydearfriend，whichhavelosttheirmeaningtousofthepresentday；sofarremovedwearefromthedreadfulfactswhichtheyrepresent。“
　　“Well，thesemen，thoughconsciousofthisfeeling，hadnofaithinit，asameansofbringingaboutthechange。Norwasthatwonderful:
　　forlookingaroundthemtheysawthehugemassoftheoppressedclassestoomuchburdenedwiththemiseryoftheirlives，andtoomuchoverwhelmedbytheselfishnessofmiserytobeabletoformaconceptionofanyescapefromitexceptbytheordinarywayprescribedbythesystemofslaveryunderwhichtheylived；whichwasnothingmorethanaremotechanceofclimbingoutoftheoppressedintotheoppressingclass。“
　　“Therefore，thoughtheyknewthattheonlyreasonableaimforthosewhowouldbettertheworldwasaconditionofequality；intheirimpatienceanddespairtheymanagedtoconvincethemselvesthatiftheycouldbyhookorbycrookgetthemachineryofproductionandthemanagementofpropertysoalteredthatthe`lowerclasses'sothehorriblewordranmighthavetheirslaverysomewhatameliorated，theywouldbereadytofitintothismachinery，andwoulduseitforbetteringtheirconditionstillmoreandstillmore，untilatlasttheresultwouldbeapracticalequalitytheywereveryfondofusingtheword`practical'，because`therich'wouldbeforcedtopaysomuchforkeeping`thepoor'inatolerableconditionthattheconditionofricheswouldbecomenolongervaluableandwouldgraduallydieout。Doyoufollowme？“
　　“Partly，“saidI。“Goon。“
　　SaidoldHammond:“Well，sinceyoufollowme，youwillseethatasatheorythiswasnotaltogetherunreasonable；but`practically'，itturnedoutafailure。“
　　“Howso？“saidI。
　　“Well，don'tyousee，“saidhe，“becauseitinvolvedthemakingofamachinerybythosewhodidn'tknowwhattheywantedthemachinestodo。Sofarasthemassesoftheoppressedclassfurtheredthisschemeofimprovement，theydidittogetthemselvesdimprovedslave-rations——asmanyofthemascould。Andifthoseclasseshadreallybeenincapableofbeingtouchedbythatinstinctwhichproducedthepassionforfreedomandequalityaforesaid，whatwouldhavehappened，Ithink，wouldhavebeenthis:thatacertainpartoftheworkingclasseswouldhavebeensofarimprovedinconditionthattheywouldhaveapproachedtheconditionofthemiddlingrichmen；butbelowthemwouldhavebeenagreatclassofmostmiserableslaves，whoseslaverywouldhavebeenfarmorehopelessthantheolderclass-slaveryhadbeen。“
　　“Whatstoodinthewayofthis？“saidI。
　　“Why，ofcourse，“saidhe，“justthatinstinctforfreedomaforesaid。
　　itistruethattheslave-classcouldnotconceivethehappinessofafreelife。Yettheygrewtounderstandandveryspeedilytoothattheywereoppressedbytheirmasters，andtheyassumed，youseehowjustly，thattheycoulddowithoutthem，thoughperhapstheyscarceknewhow；sothatitcametothisthatthoughtheycouldnotlookforwardtothehappinessorpeaceofthefreeman，theydidatleastlookforwardtothewarwhichavaguehopetoldthemwouldbringthatpeaceabout。“
　　“Couldyoutellmerathermorecloselywhatactuallytookplace？“saidI；forIthought_him_rathervaguehere。
　　“Yes，hesaid，““Ican。Thatmachineryoflifefortheuseofpeoplewhodidn'tknowwhattheywantedofit，andwhichwasknownatthetimeasStateSocialism，waspartlyputinmotion，thoughinaverypiecemealway。Butitdidnotworksmoothly；itwas，ofcourse，resistedateveryturnbythecapitalists；andnowonder，forittendedmoreandmoretoupsetthecommercialsystemIhavetoldyouof，withoutprovidinganythingreallyeffectiveinitsplace。Theresultwasgrowingconfusion，greatsufferingamongsttheworkingclasses，and，asaconsequence，greatdiscontent。Foralongtimematterswentonlikethis。Thepoweroftheupperclasseshadlessened，astheircommandoverwealthlessened，andtheycouldnotcarrythingswhollybythehighhandastheyhadbeenusedtoinearlierdays。SofartheStateSocialistswerejustifiedbytheresult。Ontheotherhand，theworkingclasseswereill-organised，andgrowingpoorerinreality，inspiteofthegainsalsorealinthelongrunwhichtheyhadforcedfromthemasters。Thusmattershunginthebalance；themasterscouldnotreducetheirslavestocompletesubjection，thoughtheyputdownsomefeebleandpartialriotseasilyenough。Theworkersforcedtheirmasterstograntthemameliorations，realorimaginary，oftheircondition，butcouldnotforcefreedomfromthem。Atlastcameagreatcrash。Toexplainthisyoumustunderstandthatverygreatprogresshadbeenmadeamongsttheworkers，thoughasbeforesaidbutlittleinthedirectionofimprovedlivelihood。“
　　Iplayedtheinnocentandsaid:“Inwhatdirectioncouldtheyimproveifnotinlivelihood？“
　　Saidhe:“Inthepowertobringaboutastateofthingsinwhichlivelihoodwouldbefull，andeasytogain。Theyhadatlastlearnedhowtocombineafteralongperiodofmistakesanddisasters。Theworkmenhadnowaregularorganisationinthestruggleagainsttheirmasters，astrugglewhichformorethanhalfacenturyhadbeenacceptedasaninevitablepartoftheconditionsofthemodernsystemoflabourandproduction。Thiscombinationhadnowtakentheformofafederationofalloralmostalltherecognisedwage-paidemployments，anditwasbyitsmeansthatthosebettermentsoftheconditionoftheworkmenhadbeenforcedfromthemasters:andthoughtheywerenotseldommixedupwiththeriotingthathappened，especiallyintheearlierdaysoftheirorganisation，itbynomeansformedanessentialpartoftheirtactics；indeedatthetimeIamnowspeakingoftheyhadgottobesostrongthatmostcommonlythemerethreatofa`strike'wasenoughtogainanyminorpoint:becausetheyhadgivenupthefoolishtacticsoftheancienttradesunionsofcallingoutofworkapartonlyoftheworkersofsuchandsuchanindustry，andsupportingthemwhileoutofworkonthelabourofthosethatremainedin。Bythistimetheyhadabiggishfundofmoneyforthesupportofstrikes，andcouldstopacertainindustryaltogetherforatimeiftheysodetermined。“
　　SaidI:“Wastherenotaseriousdangerofsuchmoneysbeingmisused——ofjobberyinfact？“
　　OldHammondwriggleduneasilyonhisseat，andsaid:
　　“Thoughallthishappenedsolongago，IstillfeelthepainofmereshamewhenIhavetotellyouthatitwasmorethanadanger:thatsuchrascalityoftenhappened；indeedmorethanoncethewholecombinationseemeddroppingtopiecesbecauseofit:butatthetimeofwhichIamtelling，thingslookedsothreatening，andtotheworkmenatleastthenecessityoftheirdealingwiththefast-gatheringtroublewhichthelabour-strugglehadbroughtabout，wassoclear，thattheconditionsofthetimeshadbegotadeepseriousnessamongstallreasonablepeople；adeterminationwhichputasideallnon-essentials，andwhichtothinkingmenwasominousoftheswiftly-approachingchange:suchanelementwastoodangerousformeretraitorsandself-seekers，andonebyonetheywerethrustoutandmostlyjoinedthedeclaredreactionaries。“
　　“Howabaoutthoseameliorations，“saidI；“whatwerethey？orratherofwhatnature？“
　　Saidhe:“Someofthem，andtheseofthemostpracticalimportancetothemen'slivelihood，wereyieldedbythemastersbydirectcompulsiononthepartofthemen；thenewconditionsoflaboursogainedwereindeedonlycustomary，enforcedbynolaw:but，onceestablished，themastersdurstnotattempttowithdrawtheminfaceofthegrowingpowerofthecombinedworkers。Someagainwerestepsonthepathof`StateSocialism'；themostimportantofwhichcanbespeedilysummedup。Attheendofthenineteenthcenturythecryaroseforcompellingthemasterstoemploytheirmenalessnumberofhoursintheday:
　　thiscrygatheredvolumequickly，andthemastershadtoyieldtoit。
　　Butitwas，ofcourse，clearthatunlessthismeantahigherpricefortheworkperhour，itwouldbeanulliity，andthatthemasters，unlessforced，wouldreduceittothat。Thereforeafteralongstruggleanotherlawwaspassedfixingaminimumpriceforlabourinthemostimportantindustries；whichagainhadtobesupplementedbyalawfixingthemaximumpriceonthechiefwaresthenconsiderednecessaryforaworkman'slife。“
　　“YouweregettingperilouslyneartothelateRomanpoor-rates，“saidI，smiling，“andthedolingoutofbreadtotheproletariat。“
　　“Somanysaidatthetime，“saidtheoldmandrily；“andithaslongbeenacommonplacethatthatsloughawaitsStateSocialismintheend，ifitgetstotheend，whichasyouknowitdidnotwithus。However，itwentfurtherthanthisminimumandmaximumbusiness，whichbythebyewecannowseewasnecessary。Thegovernmentnowfounditimperativeonthemtomeettheoutcryofthemasterclassattheapproachingdestructionofcommerceasdesirable，hadtheyknownit，astheextinctionofthecholera，whichhassincehappilytakenplace。Andtheywereforcedtomeetitbyameasurehostiletothemasters，theestablishmentofgovernmentfactoriesfortheproductionofnecessarywares，andmarketsfortheirsale。Thesemeasurestakenaltogetherdiddosomething:theywereinfactofthenatureofregulationsmadebythecommanderofabeleagueredcity。Butofcoursetotheprivilegedclassesitseemedasiftheendoftheworldwerecomewhensuchlawswereenacted。“
　　“Norwasthataltogetherwithoutawarrant:thespreadofcommunistictheoriesandthepartialpracticeofStateSocialismhadatfirstdisturbed，andatlastalmostparalysedthemarvelloussystemofcommerceunderwhichtheoldworldhadlivedsofeverishly，andhadproducedforsomefewalifeofgambler'spleasure，andformany，ormost，alifeofmeremisery:overandoveragaincame`badtimes'astheywerecalled，andindeedtheywerebadenoughforthewage-slaves。
　　Theyear1952wasoneoftheworstofthesetimes；theworkmensuffereddreadfully:thepartial，inefficientgovernmentfactories，whichwereterriblyjobbed，allbutbrokedown，andavastpartofthepopulationhadforthetimebeingtobefedonundisguised`charity'
　　asitwascalled。“
　　“TheCombinedWorkerswatchedthesituationwithmingledhopeandanxiety。Theyhadalreadyformulatedtheirgeneraldemands；butnowbyasolemnanduniversalvoteofthewholeoftheirfederatedsocieties，theyinsistedonthefirststepbeingtakentowardcarryingouttheirdemands:thisstepwouldhaveleddirectlytohandingoverthemanagementofthewholenaturalresourcesofthecountry，togetherwiththemachineryforusingthemintothepoweroftheCombinedWorkers，andthereductionoftheprivilegedclassesintothepositionofpensionersobviouslydependentonthepleasureoftheworkers。The`Resolution'，asitwascalled，whichwaswidelypublishedinthenewspapersofthedaywasinfactadeclarationofwar，andwassoacceptedbythemasterclass。Theybeganhenceforwardtoprepareforafirmstandagainstthe`brutalandferociouscommunismoftheday'，astheyphrasedit。Andastheywereinmanywaysstillverypowerful，orseemedtobe，theystillhopedbymeansofbruteforcetoregainsomeofwhattheyhadlost，andperhapsintheendthewholeofit。Itwassaidamongstthemonallhandsthatithadbeenagreatmistakeofthevariousgovernmentsnottohaveresistedsooner；andtheliberalsandradicalsthenameasperhapsyoumayknowofthemoredemocraticallyinclinedpartoftherulingclassesweremuchblamedforhavingledtheworldtothispassbytheirmis-timedpedantryandfoolishsentimentality:andoneGladstone，orGledsteinprobably，judgingbythisname，ofScandinaviandescent，anotablepoliticianofthenineteenthcentury，wasespeciallysingledoutforreprobationinthisrespect。Ineedscarcelypointouttoyoutheabsurdityofallthis。
　　Butterribletragedylayhiddenbehindthisgrinningthroughahorse-collarofthereactionaryparty。`Theinsatiablegreedofthelowerclassesmustberepressed'——`Thepeoplemustbetaughtalesson'——thesewerethesacramentalphrasescurrentamongstthereactionists，andominousenoughtheywere。“
　　Theoldmanstoppedtolookkeenlyatmyattentiveandwonderingface，andthensaid:
　　“Iknow，dearguest，thatIhavebeenusingwordsandphraseswhichfewpeopleamongstuscouldunderstandwithoutlongandlaboriousexplanation；andnoteventhenperhaps。Butsinceyouhavenotyetgonetosleep，andsinceIamspeakingtoyouastoabeingfromanotherplanet，Imayventuretoaskyouifyouhavefollowedmethusfar？“
　　“Oyes，“saidI，“Iquiteunderstand:praygoon；agreatdealofwhatyouhavebeensayingwascommon-placewithus——when——when——“
　　“Yes，“saidhegravely，“whenyouweredwellingintheotherplanet。
　　Well，nowforthecrashaforesaid。“