Theschoolhasformeditsestimateofthenatureandcharacter
　　ofthemarketonlyfromacosmopolitical，butnotfromapolitical
　　pointofview。MostofthemaritimecountriesoftheEuropean
　　continentaresituatedinthenaturalmarketdistrictofthe
　　manufacturersofLondon，Liverpool，orManchester；onlyveryfewof
　　theinlandmanufacturersofothernationscan，underfreetrade，
　　maintainintheirownseaportsthesamepricesastheEnglish
　　manufacturers。Thepossessionoflargercapital，alargerhome
　　marketoftheirown，whichenablesthemtomanufactureonalarger
　　scaleandconsequentlymorecheaply，greaterprogressin
　　manufactureitself，andfinallycheaperseatransport，giveatthe
　　presenttimetotheEnglishmanufacturersadvantagesoverthe
　　manufacturersofothercountries，whichcanonlybegradually
　　divertedtothenativeindustryofthelatterbymeansoflongand
　　continuousprotectionoftheirhomemarket，andthroughperfection
　　oftheirinlandmeansoftransport。Themarketoftheinhabitants
　　ofitscoastsis，however，ofgreatimportancetoeverynation，
　　bothwithreferencetothehomemarket，andtoforeigncommerce；
　　andanationthemarketofwhosecoastsbelongsmoretothe
　　foreignerthantoitself，isadividednationnotmerelyin
　　economicalrespects，butalsoinpoliticalones。Indeed，therecan
　　benomoreinjuriouspositionforanation，whetherinits
　　economicalorpoliticalaspect，thanifitsseaportssympathise
　　morewiththeforeignerthanwithitself。
　　Sciencemustnotdenythenatureofspecialnational
　　circumstances，norignoreandmisrepresentit，inordertopromote
　　cosmopoliticalobjects。Thoseobjectscanonlybeattainedby
　　payingregardtonature，andbytryingtoleadtheSeparatenations
　　inaccordancewithittoahigheraim。Wemayseewhatsmall
　　successhashithertoattendedthedoctrinesoftheschoolin
　　practice。Thisisnotsomuchthefaultofpracticalstatesmen，by
　　whomthecharacterofthenationalcircumstanceshasbeen
　　comprehendedtolerablycorrectly，asthefaultofthetheories
　　themselves，thepracticeofwhichinasmuchastheyareopposedto
　　allexperiencemustnecessarilyerr。Havethosetheoriesprevented
　　nationslikethoseofSouthAmericafromintroducingthe
　　protectionistsystem，whichiscontrarytotherequirementsof
　　theirnationalcircumstances？Orhavetheypreventedtheextension
　　ofprotectionismtotheproductionofprovisionsandrawmaterials，
　　which，however，needsnoprotection，andinwhichtherestriction
　　ofcommercialintercoursemustbedisadvantageousunderall
　　circumstancestobothnations——tothatwhichimposes，aswellas
　　tothatwhichsuffersfromsuchrestrictions？Hasthistheory
　　preventedthefinermanufacturedgoods，whichareessentially
　　articlesofluxury，frombeingcomprehendedamongobjectsrequiring
　　protection，whileitisneverthelessclearthatthesecanbe
　　exposedtocompetitionwithouttheleastdangertotheprosperity
　　ofthenation？No；thetheoryhastillnownoteffectedany
　　thoroughreform，andfurtherwillnevereffectany，solongasit
　　standsopposedtotheverynatureofthings。Butitcanandmust
　　effectgreatreformsassoonasitconsentstobaseitselfonthat
　　nature。
　　Itwillfirstofallestablishabenefitextendingtoall
　　nations，totheprosperityandprogressofthewholehumanrace，if
　　itshowsthatthepreventionoffreetradeinnaturalproductsand
　　rawmaterialscausestothenationitselfwhichpreventsitthe
　　greatestdisadvantage，andthatthesystemofprotectioncanbe
　　justifiedsolelyandonlyforthepurposeoftheindustrial
　　developmentofthenation。Itmaythen，bythusbasingthesystem
　　ofprotectionasregardsmanufacturesoncorrectprinciples，induce
　　nationswhichatpresentadoptarigidlyprohibitivesystem，as
　　e。g。theFrench，togiveuptheprohibitivesystembydegrees。The
　　manufacturerswillnotopposesuchachangeassoonastheybecome
　　convincedthatthetheorists，veryfarfromplanningtheruinof
　　existingmanufactures，considertheirpreservationandtheir
　　furtherdevelopmentasthebasisofeverysensiblecommercial
　　policy。
　　IfthetheorywillteachtheGermans，thattheycanfurther
　　theirmanufacturingpoweradvantageouslyonlybyprotectiveduties
　　previouslyfixed，andonagraduallyincreasingscaleatfirst，but
　　afterwardsgraduallydiminishing，andthatunderallcircumstances
　　partialbutcarefullylimitedforeigncompetitionisreally
　　beneficialtotheirownmanufacturingprogress，itwillrenderfar
　　betterserviceintheendtothecauseoffreetradethanifit
　　simplyhelpstostrangleGermanindustry。
　　ThetheorymustnotexpectfromtheUnitedStatesofNorth
　　Americathattheyaretosacrificetofreecompetitionfromthe
　　foreigner，thosemanufacturesinwhichtheyareprotectedbycheap
　　rawmaterialsandprovisions，andbymachinepower。Itwill，
　　however，meetnocontradictionifitmaintainsthattheUnited
　　States，aslongaswagesaredisproportionatelyhighertherethan
　　intheoldercivilisedStates，canbestpromotethedevelopmentof
　　theirproductivepowers，theircivilisationandpoliticalpower，by
　　allowingthefreeimportasmuchaspossibleofthosemanufactured
　　articlesinthecostofwhichwagesareaprincipalelement，
　　providedthatothercountriesadmittheiragriculturalproductsand
　　rawmaterials。
　　ThetheoryoffreetradewillthenfindadmissionintoSpain，
　　Portugal，Naples，TurkeyEgypt，andallbarbarousand
　　half-civilisedorhotcountries。Insuchcountriesasthesethe
　　foolishideawillnotbeheldanylonger，ofwantingtoestablish
　　intheirpresentstateofcultureamanufacturingpoweroftheir
　　ownbymeansofthesystemofprotection。
　　Englandwillthengiveuptheideathatsheisdesignedto
　　monopolisethemanufacturingpowerofthewholeworld。Shewillno
　　longerrequirethatFrance，Germany，andNorthAmericashould
　　sacrificetheirownmanufacturesinconsiderationoftheconcession
　　byEnglandofpermittingtheimport，dutyfree，ofagricultural
　　productsandrawmaterials。Shewillrecognisethelegitimacyof
　　protectivesystemsinthosenations，althoughshewillherselfmore
　　andmorefavourfreetrade；thetheoryhavingtaughtherthata
　　nationwhichhasalreadyattainedmanufacturingsupremacy，canonly
　　protectitsownmanufacturersandmerchantsagainstretrogression
　　andindolence，bythefreeimportationofmeansofsubsistenceand
　　rawmaterials，andbythecompetitionofforeignmanufactured
　　goods。
　　Englandwillthenfollowapracticetotallyopposedtoher
　　presentcommercialpolicy，insteadoflecturing，ashitherto，other
　　nationstoadoptfreetrade，whilstherselfmaintainingthe
　　strictestprohibitorysystem；shewillherselfpermitcompetition
　　withoutregardtotheforeignsystemsofprotection。Shewilldefer
　　herhopesofthegeneraladoptionoffreetrade，untilother
　　nationshavenolongertofearthattheruinoftheirmanufactories
　　wouldresultfromfreecompetition。
　　Meanwhile，anduntilthatperiodhasarrived，Englandwillbe
　　abletocompensateherselfforthelosseswhichshesuffersfrom
　　foreignsystemsofprotection，inrespectofherexporttradein
　　manufacturesofevery-dayuse，byagreaterexportofgoodsof
　　finerquality，andbyopening，establishing，andcultivatingnew
　　marketsforhermanufactures。
　　ShewillendeavourtobringaboutpeaceinSpain，intheEast，
　　andinthestatesofCentralandSouthAmerica，andwilluseher
　　influenceinallthebarbarousandhalf-civilisedcountriesof
　　CentralandSouthAmerica，ofAsiaandAfrica，inorderthat
　　powerfulandcivilisedgovernmentsmaybeformedinthem，that
　　securityofpersonsandofpropertymaybeintroducedintothem，
　　fortheconstructioninthemofroadsandcanals，thepromotionof
　　educationandcivilisation，moralityandindustry，andforrooting
　　outfanaticism，superstition，andidleness。Ifconcurrentlywith
　　theseendeavourssheabolishesherrestrictionsontheimportation
　　ofprovisionsandrawmaterials，shewillincreaseherexportsof
　　manufacturesimmensely，andmuchmoresuccessfullythanby
　　continuallyspeculatingontheruinoftheContinental
　　manufactories。
　　If，however，theseoperationsofcivilisationonthepartof
　　Englandaretobesuccessfulasrespectsbarbarousand
　　half-civilisednations，shemustnotactinanexclusivemanner，
　　shemustnotendeavourbyspecialcommercialprivileges，suchas，
　　forinstance，shehasmanagedtoprocureinBrazil，tomonopolise
　　thesemarkets，andtoshutoutothernationsfromthem。Sucha
　　policyasthelatterwillalwaysexcitethejustjealousyofother
　　nations，andgivethemamotiveforopposingtheexertionsof
　　England。Itisevidentthatthisselfishpolicyisthecausewhy
　　theinfluenceofthecivilisedpowersonthecivilisationofsuch
　　countriesaswehavespecifiedhasbeenhithertosounimportant。
　　Englandoughtthereforetointroduceintothelawofnationsthe
　　maxim：thatinallsuchcountriesthecommerceofallmanufacturing
　　nationsshouldhaveequalrights。Englandwouldtherebynotmerely
　　securetheaidofallcivilisedpowersinherownworkof
　　civilisation，butalsonodisadvantagewouldresulttoherown
　　commerceifsimilarexperimentsofcivilisationwereundertakenby
　　othermanufacturingnations。Onaccountoftheirsuperiorityinall
　　branchesofmanufactureandcommerce，theEnglishwouldeverywhere
　　alwaysobtainthegreatestshareoftheexportstosuchmarkets。
　　ThestrivingandceaselessintriguesoftheEnglishagainstthe
　　manufacturesofothernationsmightstillbejustified，ifa
　　world-manufacturingmonopolywereindispensablefortheprosperity
　　ofEngland，ifitcouldnotbeprovedbyevidencethatthenations
　　whichaspire，aftertheexampleofEngland，toattaintoalarge
　　manufacturingpowercanverywellattaintheirobjectwithoutthe
　　humiliationofEngland；thatEnglandneednotbecomepoorerthan
　　sheisbecauseothersbecomericher；andthatnatureoffers
　　sufficientmeansforthecreationinGermany，France，andNorth
　　AmericawithoutdetrimenttotheprosperityofEngland，ofa
　　manufacturingpowerequaltothatoftheEnglish。
　　Withregardtothis，itmustfurtherberemarked，thatevery
　　nationwhichgainsentirepossessionofitsownhomemarketfor
　　manufactures，gainsinthecourseoftime，byitshomeproduction
　　andconsumptionofmanufacturedgoods，infinitelymorethanthe
　　nationwhichhashithertoprovidedtheformerwithmanufactured
　　goodslosesbybeingexcluded；becauseanationwhichmanufactures
　　foritself，andwhichisperfectlydevelopedinitseconomical
　　conditions，becomesmorethanproportionatelyricherandmore
　　populous，consequentlyisenabledtoconsumeinfinitelymore
　　fabrics，thanitcouldimportwhiledependingonaforeign
　　manufacturingnationforitssupply。
　　Asrespectstheexportationofmanufacturedgoods，however，the
　　countriesofthetemperatezonebeingspeciallyfittedBynature
　　formanufacturinghaveaspecialfieldfortheireffortsin
　　supplyingtheconsumptionofthecountriesofthetorridzone，
　　whichlatterprovidetheformerwithcolonialproduceinexchange
　　fortheirmanufacturedgoods。Theconsumptionofmanufacturedgoods
　　bythecountriesofthetorridzone，however，ispartlydetermined
　　bytheirabilitytoproduceasurplusofthearticlespeculiarto
　　theirclimate，andpartlyaccordingtotheproportioninwhichthe
　　countriesofthetemperatezoneaugmenttheirdemandforthe
　　productsofthetorridzone。
　　Ifitcannowbeproved，thatinthecourseoftimethe
　　countriesofthetorridzonecanproducesugar，rice，cotton，
　　coffee，&c。toanextentfiveortentimesgreaterthanhitherto，
　　andthatthecountriesofthetemperatezonecanconsumefiveor
　　tentimesmoreofthesearticlesthanhitherto，itwillbe
　　simultaneouslyprovedthatthecountriesofthetemperatezonecan
　　increasetheirexportationofmanufacturedgoodstothecountries
　　ofthetorridzonebyfromfivetotentimestheirpresenttotal
　　quantity。
　　ThecapabilityoftheContinentalnationstoincreasetheir
　　consumptionofcolonialproducethusconsiderably，isindicatedby
　　theincreaseofconsumptioninEnglandforthelastfiftyyears；in
　　referencetowhichitmustfurtherbeborneinmind，thatthat
　　increasewouldprobablyhavebecomeverymuchgreaterstillwereit
　　notfortheexcessivetaxesonconsumption。
　　Ofthepossibilityofaugmentingtheproductionsofthetorrid
　　zone，HollandinSumatraandJava，andEnglandintheEastIndies，
　　havegivenusduringthelastfiveyearsirrefragableproofs。
　　EnglandhasquadrupledherimportationofsugarfromtheEast
　　Indiesfrom1835to1839；herimportationofcoffeehasincreased
　　eveninastilllargerproportion，whiletheimportationofEast
　　Indiacottonisalsogreatlyincreasing。Inoneword，thelatest
　　EnglishpapersFebruary，1840announcedwithgreatrejoicingthat
　　thecapabilityoftheEastIndiesfortheproductionofthese
　　articlesisunlimited，andthatthetimeisnotfardistantwhen
　　Englandwillmakeherselfindependentoftheimportationofthese
　　articlesfromAmericaandtheWestIndies。Hollandonherpartis
　　alreadyembarrassedformeansofsaleofhercolonialproducts，and
　　seeksactivelyfornewmarkets。LetusfurtherrememberthatNorth
　　Americacontinuestoaugmenthercottonproduction——thatinTexas
　　aStatehasrisenupwhichwithoutdoubtwillbecomepossessedof
　　thewholeofMexico，andwillmakeoutofthatfertilecountrya
　　territorysuchastheSouthernStatesoftheNorthAmericanUnion
　　noware。Wemaywellimaginethatorderandlaw，industryand
　　intelligence，willextendthemselvesgraduallyovertheSouth
　　AmericanStatesfromPanamatoCapeHorn，thenoverthewholeof
　　AfricaandAsia，andaugmenteverywhereproductionandasurplusof
　　products；andwemaythencomprehendwithoutdifficultythathere
　　thereisroomenoughformorethanonenationforthesaleof
　　manufacturedgoods。
　　Bycalculatingtheareaofthelandwhichhasuptothistime
　　beenactuallyusedfortheproductionofcolonialproduce，and
　　comparingitwiththeentireareawhichisfittedBynaturefor
　　suchproduction，weshallfindthatatpresentscarcelythe
　　fiftiethpartofthelandfittedforthisproductionisactually
　　used。
　　How，then，couldEnglandbeabletomonopolisethe
　　manufacturingmarketsofallcountrieswhichyieldcolonial
　　produce，ifsheisabletosupplyherownentirerequirementsof
　　suchproducebymeansofimportationfromtheEastIndiesalone？
　　HowcanEnglandindulgethehopeofsellingmanufacturedgoodsto
　　countrieswhosecolonialproductsshecannottakeinexchange？Or
　　howcanagreatdemandforcolonialproducespringupinthe
　　continentofEurope，iftheContinentisnotenabledbyits
　　manufacturingproductiontopayfor，andthustoconsume，these
　　goods？
　　Itisthereforeevident，thatkeepingdownthemanufacturing
　　industryoftheContinent，thoughitcertainlyhinderstheprogress
　　oftheContinentalnations，doesnotintheleastfurtherthe
　　prosperityofEngland。
　　Itisfurtherclear，that，atpresent，aswellasforsomelong
　　timetocome，thecountriesofthetorridzonewilloffertoall
　　nationswhicharefittedformanufacturingproductionabundant
　　materialsforexchange。
　　Lastly，itisevidentthataworld-manufacturingmonopolysuch
　　asisatpresentestablishedbythefreecompetitionofEnglish
　　manufacturedgoodsontheEuropeanandAmericancontinentsisnot
　　intheleastmoreconducivetothewelfareofthehumanracethan
　　thesystemofprotection，whichaimsatdevelopingthe
　　manufacturingpowerofthewholetemperatezone，forthebenefitof
　　theagricultureofthewholetorridzone。
　　TheadvancewhichEnglandhasmadeinmanufactures，navigation，
　　andcommerce，needthereforenotdiscourageanyothernationwhich
　　isfittedformanufacturingproduction，bythepossessionof
　　suitableterritory，ofnationalpowerandintelligence，from
　　enteringintothelistswithEngland'smanufacturingsupremacy。A
　　futureisapproachingformanufactures，commerce，andnavigation
　　whichwillsurpassthepresentasmuchasthepresentsurpassesthe
　　past。Letusonlyhavethecouragetobelieveinagreatnational
　　future，andinthatbelieftomarchonward。Butaboveallthingswe
　　musthaveenoughnationalspiritatoncetoplantandprotectthe
　　tree，whichwillyielditsfirstrichestfruitsonlytofuture
　　generations。Wemustfirstgainpossessionofthehomemarketof
　　ourownnation，atleastasrespectsarticlesofgeneralnecessity，
　　andtrytoprocuretheproductsoftropicalcountriesdirectfrom
　　thosecountrieswhichallowustopayforthemwithourown
　　manufacturedgoods。ThisisespeciallythetaskwhichtheGerman
　　commercialunionhastosolve，iftheGermannationisnotto
　　remainfarbehindtheFrenchandNorthAmericans，nay，farbehind
　　eventheRussians。
　　NOTES：
　　1。VideWealthofNations，BookIV。chap。ii。TR。
　　Chapter16
　　PopularandStateFinancialAdministration，PoliticalandNational
　　Economy
　　Thatwhichhasreferencetotheraising，theexpending，andthe
　　administrationofthematerialmeansofgovernmentofacommunity
　　thefinancialeconomyoftheState，mustnecessarilybe
　　distinguishedeverywherefromthoseinstitutions，regulations，
　　laws，andconditionsonwhichtheeconomyoftheindividual
　　subjectsofaStateisdependent，andbywhichitisregulated；
　　i。e。fromtheeconomyofthepeople。Thenecessityforthis
　　distinctionisapparentinreferencetoallpoliticalcommunities，
　　whetherthesecompriseawholenationormerelyfractionsofa
　　nation，andwhethertheyaresmallorlarge。
　　InaconfederatedState，thefinancialeconomyoftheStateis
　　againdividedintothefinancialeconomyoftheseparatestatesand
　　thefinancialeconomyoftheentireunion。
　　Theeconomyofthepeoplebecomesidenticalwithnational
　　economywheretheStateortheconfederatedStateembracesawhole
　　nationfittedforindependencebythenumberofitspopulation，the
　　extentofitsterritory，byitspoliticalinstitutions，
　　civilisation，wealth，andpower，andthusfittedforstabilityand
　　politicalinfluence。Theeconomyofthepeopleandnationaleconomy
　　are，underthesecircumstances，oneandthesame。Theyconstitute
　　withthefinancialeconomyoftheStatethepoliticaleconomyof
　　thenation。
　　But，ontheotherhand，inStateswhosepopulationand
　　territorymerelyconsistofthefractionofanationorofa
　　nationalterritory，whichneitherbycompleteanddirectunion，nor
　　bymeansofafederalunionwithotherfractions，constitutesa
　　whole，wecanonlytakeintoconsiderationan'economyofthe
　　people'whichisdirectlyopposedto'privateeconomy'orto
　　'financialeconomyoftheState。'
　　Insuchanimperfectpoliticalcondition，theobjectsand
　　requirementsofagreatnationalitycannotbetakeninto
　　consideration；especiallyisitimpossibletoregulatetheeconomy
　　ofthepeoplewithreferencetothedevelopmentofanation
　　completeinitself，andwithaviewtoitsindependence，
　　permanence，andpower。Herepoliticsmustnecessarilyremain
　　excludedfromeconomy，herecanoneonlytakeaccountofthe
　　naturallawsofsocialeconomy，asthesewoulddevelopandshape
　　themselvesifnolargeunitednationalityornationaleconomy
　　existedanywhere。
　　Itisfromthisstandpointthatthatsciencehasbeen
　　cultivatedinGermanywhichwasformerlycalled'State
　　administration，'then'nationaleconomy，'then'politicaleconomy，'
　　then'popularadministration，'withoutanyonehavingclearly
　　apprehendedthefundamentalerrorofthesesystems。
　　Thetrueconceptionandrealcharacterofnationaleconomy
　　couldnotberecognisedbecausenoeconomicallyunitednationwas
　　inexistence，andbecauseforthedistinctanddefiniteterm
　　'nation'menhadeverywheresubstitutedthegeneralandvagueterm
　　'society'，anideawhichisasapplicabletoentirehumanity，orto
　　asmallcountry，ortoasingletown，astothenation。
　　Chapter17
　　TheManufacturingPowerandthePersonal，Social，andPolitical
　　ProductivePowersoftheNation
　　Inacountrydevotedtomererawagriculture，dullnessofmind，
　　awkwardnessofbody，obstinateadherencetooldnotions，customs，
　　methods，andprocesses，wantofculture，ofprosperity，andof
　　libertyprevail。Thespiritofstrivingforasteadyincreasein
　　mentalandbodilyacquirements，ofemulation，andofliberty，
　　characterise，onthecontrary，aStatedevotedtomanufacturesand
　　commerce。
　　Thecauseofthisdifferenceliespartlyinthedifferentkind
　　ofsocialhabitsandofeducationwhichrespectivelycharacterise
　　thesetwoclassesofpeople，partlyinthedifferentcharacterof
　　theiroccupationandinthethingswhicharerequisiteforit。The
　　agriculturalpopulationlivesdispersedoverthewholesurfaceof
　　thecountry；andalso，inrespecttomentalandmaterial
　　intercourse，agriculturistsarewidelyseparatedfromoneanother。
　　Oneagriculturistdoesalmostpreciselywhattheotherdoes；the
　　oneproduces，asarule，whattheotherproduces。Thesurplus
　　produceandtherequirementsofallarealmostalike；everybodyis
　　himselfthebestconsumerofhisownproducts；here，therefore，
　　littleinducementexistsformentalintercourseormaterial
　　exchange。Theagriculturisthastodeallesswithhisfellow-men
　　thanwithinanimatenature。Accustomedtoreaponlyafteralong
　　lapseoftimewherehehassown，andtoleavethesuccessofhis
　　exertionstothewillofahigherpower，contentmentwithlittle，
　　patience，resignation，butalsonegligenceandmentallaziness，
　　becometohimasecondnature。Ashisoccupationkeepshimapart
　　fromintercoursewithhisfellow-men，soalsodoestheconductof
　　hisordinarybusinessrequirebutlittlementalexertionandbodily
　　skillonhispart。Helearnsitbyimitationinthenarrowcircle
　　ofthefamilyinwhichhewasborn，andtheideathatitmightbe
　　conducteddifferentlyandbetterseldomoccurstohim。Fromthe
　　cradletothegravehemovesalwaysinthesamelimitedcircleof
　　menandofcircumstances。Examplesofspecialprosperityin
　　consequenceofextraordinarymentalandbodilyexertionsareseldom
　　broughtbeforehiseyes。Thepossessionofmeansorastateof
　　povertyaretransmittedbyinheritanceintheoccupationofmere
　　agriculturefromgenerationtogeneration，andalmostallthat
　　powerwhichoriginatesinemulationliesdead。
　　Thenatureofmanufacturesisfundamentallydifferentfromthat
　　ofagriculture。Drawntowardsoneanotherbytheirbusiness，
　　manufacturersliveonlyinsociety，andconsequentlyonlyin
　　commercialintercourseandbymeansofthatintercourse。The
　　manufacturerprocuresfromthemarketallthatherequiresofthe
　　necessariesoflifeandrawmaterials，andonlythesmallestpart
　　ofhisownproductsisdestinedforhisownconsumption。Ifthe
　　agriculturistexpectsablessingonhisexertionschieflyfrom
　　nature，theprosperityandexistenceofthemanufacturermainly
　　dependonhiscommercialintercourse。Whiletheagriculturistdoes
　　notknowthepurchasersofhisproduce，oratanyrateneedhave
　　littleanxietyastodisposingofit，theveryexistenceofthe
　　manufacturerdependsonhiscustomers。Thepricesofrawmaterials，
　　ofthenecessariesoflifeandwages，ofgoodsandofmoney，vary
　　incessantly；themanufacturerisnevercertainhowhisprofitswill
　　turnout。Thefavourofnatureandmereordinaryindustrydonot
　　guaranteetohimexistenceandprosperityastheydotothe
　　agriculturist；boththesedependentirelyuponhisownintelligence
　　andactivity。Hemuststrivetogainmorethanenoughinorderto
　　becertainofhavingenoughofwhatisabsolutelynecessary；he
　　mustendeavourtobecomerichinordernottobereducedto
　　poverty。Ifhegoesonsomewhatfasterthanothers，hethrives；if
　　hegoesslower，heiscertainofruin。Hemustalwaysbuyandsell，
　　exchangeandmakebargains。Everywherehehastodealwithmen，
　　withchangingcircumstances，withlawsandregulations；hehasa
　　hundredtimesmoreopportunityfordevelopinghismindthanthe
　　agriculturist。Inordertoqualifyhimselfforconductinghis
　　business，hemustbecomeacquaintedwithforeignmenandforeign
　　countries；inordertoestablishthatbusiness，hemustmake
　　unusualefforts，Whiletheagriculturistsimplyhastodowithhis
　　ownneighbourhood，thetradeofthemanufacturerextendsitself
　　overallcountriesandpartsoftheworld。Thedesiretogainthe
　　respectofhisfellow-citizensortoretainit，andthecontinual
　　competitionofhisrivals，whichperpetuallythreatenhisexistence
　　andprosperity，aretohimasharpstimulustouninterrupted
　　activity，toceaselessprogress。Thousandsofexamplesproveto
　　him，thatbyextraordinaryperformancesandexertionsitis
　　possibleforamantoraisehimselffromthelowestdegreeof
　　well-beingandpositiontothehighestsocialrank，butthat，on
　　theotherhand，bymentalinactivityandnegligence，hecansink
　　fromthemostrespectabletothemeanestposition。These
　　circumstancesproduceinthemanufactureranenergywhichisnot
　　observableinthemereagriculturist。
　　Ifweregardmanufacturingoccupationsasawhole，itmustbe
　　evidentatthefirstglancethattheydevelopandbringintoaction
　　anincomparablygreatervarietyandhighertypeofmentalqualities
　　andabilitiesthanagriculturedoes。AdamSmithcertainlyexpressed
　　oneofthoseparadoxicalopinionswhichaccordingtoDugald
　　Stewart，hisbiographerhewasveryfondof，whenhemaintained
　　thatagriculturerequiresmoreskillthanmanufacturesand
　　commerce。Withoutenteringintotheinvestigationwhetherthe
　　constructionofaclockrequiresmoreskillthanthemanagementof
　　afarm，wehavemerelytoobservethatallagriculturaloccupations
　　areofthesamekind，whileinmanufacturesathousandfoldvariety
　　exists。Itmustalsonotbeforgotten，thatforthepurposeofthe
　　presentcomparison，agriculturemustberegardedasitexistsin
　　theprimitivestate，andnotasithasbeenimprovedbythe
　　influenceofmanufactures。IftheconditionofEnglish
　　agriculturistsappearedtoAdamSmithmuchnoblerthanthe
　　conditionofEnglishmanufacturers，hehadforgottenthatthe
　　conditionoftheformerhasbeenthusennobledthroughthe
　　influenceofmanufacturesandcommerce。
　　Itisevidentthatbyagriculturemerelypersonalqualitiesof
　　thesamekindareputintorequisition，andmerelythosewhich
　　combinebodilypowerandperseveranceinexecutingrawandmanual
　　labourwiththesimpleideaoforder；whilemanufacturesrequirea
　　thousandfoldvarietyofmentalabilityskill，andexperience。The
　　demandforsuchavarietyoftalentsmakesiteasyforevery
　　individualinamanufacturingStatetofindanoccupationand
　　vocationcorrespondingwithhisindividualabilitiesandtaste，
　　whileinanagriculturalStatebutlittlechoiceexists。Inthe
　　formermentalgiftsareinfinitelymoreprizedthaninthelatter，
　　whereasaruletheusefulnessofamanisdeterminedaccordingto
　　hisbodilystrength。Thelabouroftheweakandthecrippleinthe
　　formerisnotunfrequentlyvaluedatamuchhigherratethanthat
　　ofthestrongestmanisinthelatter。Everypower，eventhe
　　smallest，thatofchildrenandwomen，ofcripplesandoldmen，
　　findsinmanufacturesemploymentandremuneration。
　　Manufacturesareatoncetheoffspring，andatthesametime
　　thesupportersandthenurses，ofscienceandthearts。Wemay
　　observehowlittletheconditionofrawagricultureputssciences
　　andartsintorequisition，howlittleofeitherisnecessaryto
　　preparetherudeimplementswhichitemploys。Itistruethat
　　agricultureatfirsthad，byyieldingrentsofland，madeit
　　possibleformentodevotethemselvestoscienceandart；but
　　withoutmanufacturestheyhavealwaysremainedprivatetreasures，
　　andhaveonlyextendedtheirbeneficialeffectsinaveryslight
　　degreetothemasses。InthemanufacturingStatetheindustryof
　　themassesisenlightenedbyscience，andthesciencesandartsare
　　supportedbytheindustryofthemasses。Therescarcelyexistsa
　　manufacturingbusinesswhichhasnotrelationstophysics，
　　mechanics，chemistry，mathematics，ortotheartofdesign，&c。No
　　progress，nonewdiscoveriesandinventions，canbemadeinthese
　　sciencesbywhichahundredindustriesandprocessescouldnotbe
　　improvedoraltered。InthemanufacturingState，therefore，
　　sciencesandartsmustnecessarilybecomepopular。Thenecessity
　　foreducationandinstruction，throughwritingsandlecturesbya
　　numberofpersonswhohavetobringintopracticetheresultsof
　　scientificinvestigations，inducesmenofspecialtalentstodevote
　　themselvestoinstructionandauthorship。Thecompetitionofsuch
　　talents，owingtothelargedemandfortheirefforts，createsboth
　　adivisionandco-operationofscientificactivity，whichhasa
　　mostbeneficialinfluencenotmerelyonthefurtherprogressof
　　scienceitself，butalsoonthefurtherperfectionoftheartsand
　　ofindustries。Theeffectsoftheseimprovementsaresoon
　　afterwardsextendedeventoagriculture。Nowherecanmoreperfect
　　agriculturalmachinesandimplementsbefound，nowhereis
　　agriculturecarriedonwithsomuchintelligence，asincountries
　　whereindustryflourishes。Undertheinfluenceofmanufactures，
　　agricultureitselfisraisedtoaskilledindustry，anart，a
　　science。
　　Thesciencesandindustryincombinationhaveproducedthat
　　greatmaterialpowerwhichinthenewstateofsocietyhasreplaced
　　withtenfoldbenefitstheslavelabourofancienttimes，andwhich
　　isdestinedtoexerciseontheconditionofthemasses，onthe
　　civilisationofbarbarouscountries，onthepeoplingofuninhabited
　　lands，andonthepowerofthenationsofprimitiveculture，such
　　animmeasurableinfluence-namely，thepowerofmachinery。
　　Amanufacturingnationhasahundredtimesmoreopportunities
　　ofapplyingthepowerofmachinerythananagriculturalnation。A
　　cripplecanaccomplishbydirectingasteamengineahundredtimes
　　morethanthestrongestmancanwithhismerehand。
　　Thepowerofmachinery，combinedwiththeperfectionof
　　transportfacilitiesinmoderntimes，affordstothemanufacturing
　　StateanimmensesuperiorityoverthemereagriculturalState。It
　　isevidentthatcanals，railways，andsteamnavigationarecalled
　　intoexistenceonlybymeansofthemanufacturingpower，andcan
　　onlybymeansofitbeextendedoverthewholesurfaceofthe
　　country。InthemereagriculturalState，whereeverybodyproduces
　　forhimselfthegreaterpartofwhatherequires，andconsumes
　　himselfthegreaterpartofwhatheproduces，wheretheindividuals
　　amongthemselvescanonlycarryonasmallamountofgoodsand
　　passengertraffic，itisimpossiblethatasufficientlylarge
　　trafficineithergoodsorpassengerscantakeplacetodefraythe
　　costsoftheerectionandmaintenanceofthemachineryof
　　transport。
　　NewinventionsandimprovementsinthemereagriculturalState
　　areofbutlittlevalue。Thosewhooccupythemselveswithsuch
　　thingsinsuchaStatefallthemselves，asarule，asacrificeto
　　theirinvestigationsandendeavours，whileinthemanufacturing
　　Statethereisnopathwhichleadsmorerapidlytowealthand
　　positionthanthatofinventionanddiscovery。Thus，inthe
　　manufacturingStategeniusisvaluedandrewardedmorehighlythan
　　skill，andskillmorehighlythanmerephysicalforce。Inthe
　　agriculturalState，however，exceptinginthepublicservice，the
　　reverseisalmosttherule。
　　As，however，manufacturesoperatebeneficiallyonthe
　　developmentofthementalpowersofthenation，soalsodotheyact
　　onthedevelopmentofthephysicalpoweroflabour，byaffordingto
　　thelabourersmeansofenjoyment，inducementstoexerttheir
　　powers，andopportunitiesformakinguseofthem。Itisan
　　undisputedobservation，thatinflourishingmanufacturingStates
　　theworkman，irrespectiveoftheaidwhichheobtainsfrombetter
　　machineryandtools，accomplishesafarlargerday'sworkthanin
　　mereagriculturalcountries。
　　Moreover，thecircumstancethatinmanufacturingStatesthe
　　valueoftimeisrecognisedmuchmorethaninagriculturalStates，
　　affordsproofofthehigherstandingintheformerofthepowerof
　　labour。Thedegreeofcivilisationofanationandthevalueofits
　　labourpowercannotbeestimatedmoreaccuratelythanaccordingto
　　thedegreeofthevaluewhichitattributestotime。Thesavage
　　liesfordaysidleinhishut。Howcantheshepherdlearnto
　　estimatethevalueoftime，towhomtimeissimplyaburdenwhich
　　hispastoralpipeorsleepalonemakestolerabletohim？Howcana
　　slave，aserf，apeasant，subjecttotributesofforcedlabour，
　　learntovaluetime，hetowhomlabourispenalty，andidleness
　　gain？Nationsonlyarriveattherecognitionofthevalueoftime
　　throughindustry。Atpresenttimegainedbringsgainofprofit；
　　lossoftime，lossofprofit。Thezealofthemanufacturerto
　　utilisehistimeinthehighestpossibledegreeimpartsitselfto
　　theagriculturist。Throughtheincreaseddemandforagricultural
　　productscausedbymanufactures，therentandthereforethevalue
　　oflandisraised，largercapitalisemployedincultivatingit，
　　profitsareincreased，alargerproducemustbeobtainedfromthe
　　soilinordertobeabletoprovidefortheincreasedrentand
　　interestofcapital，andfortheincreasedconsumption。Oneisin
　　apositiontoofferhigherwages，butonealsorequiresmorework
　　tobedone。Theworkmanbeginstofeelthathepossessesinhis
　　bodilypowers，andintheskillwithwhichheusesthem，themeans
　　ofimprovinghiscondition。Hebeginstocomprehendwhythe
　　Englishmansays，'Timeismoney。'
　　Owingtotheisolationinwhichtheagriculturistlives，andto
　　hislimitededucation，heisbutlittlecapableofaddinganything
　　togeneralcivilisationorlearningtoestimatethevalueof
　　politicalinstitutions，andmuchlessstilltotakeanactivepart
　　intheadministrationofpublicaffairsandofjustice，orto
　　defendhislibertyandrights。Henceheismostlyinastateof
　　dependenceonthelandedproprietor。Everywheremerelyagricultural
　　nationshavelivedinslavery，oroppressedbydespotism，
　　feudalism，orpriestcraft。Themereexclusivepossessionofthe
　　soilgavethedespot，theoligarchy，orthepriestlycasteapower
　　overthemassoftheagriculturalpopulation，ofwhichthelatter
　　couldnotridthemselvesoftheirownaccord。
　　Underthepowerfulinfluenceofhabit，everywhereamongmerely
　　agriculturalnationshastheyokewhichbruteforceorsuperstition
　　andpriestcraftimposeduponthemsogrownintotheirveryflesh，
　　thattheycometoregarditasanecessaryconstituentoftheirown
　　body，asaconditionoftheirveryexistence。
　　Ontheotherhand，theseparationandvarietyoftheoperations
　　ofbusiness，andtheconfederationoftheproductivepowers，press
　　withirresistibleforcethevariousmanufacturerstowardsone
　　another。Frictionproducessparksofthemind，aswellasthoseof
　　naturalfire。Mentalfriction，however，onlyexistswherepeople
　　livetogetherclosely，wherefrequentcontactincommercial，
　　scientific，social，civil，andpoliticalmattersexists，where
　　thereislargeinterchangebothofgoodsandideas。Themoremen
　　livetogetherinoneandthesameplace，themoreeveryOneof
　　thesemendependsinhisbusinessontheco-operationofall
　　others，themorethebusinessofeveryoneoftheseindividuals
　　requiresknowledge，circumspection，education，andthelessthat
　　obstinacy，lawlessness，oppressionandarrogantoppositionto
　　justiceinterferewiththeexertionsofalltheseindividualsand
　　withtheobjectsatwhichtheyaim，somuchthemoreperfectwill
　　thecivilinstitutionsbefound，somuchlargerwillbethedegree
　　oflibertyenjoyed，somuchmoreopportunitywillbegivenfor
　　self-improvementandforco-operationintheimprovementofothers。
　　Thereforelibertyandcivilisationhaveeverywhereandatalltimes
　　emanatedfromtowns；inancienttimesinGreeceandItaly；inthe
　　MiddleAgesinItaly，Germany，belgium，andHolland；lateronin
　　England，andstillmorerecentlyinNorthAmericaandFrance。
　　Buttherearetwokindsoftowns，oneofwhichwemaytermthe
　　productive，theothertheconsumingkind。Therearetownswhich
　　workuprawmaterials，andpaythecountrydistrictsforthese，as
　　wellasforthemeansofsubsistencewhichtheyrequire，bymeans
　　ofmanufacturedgoods。Thesearethemanufacturingtowns，the
　　productiveones。Themorethattheseprosper，themorethe
　　agricultureofthecountryprospers，andthemorepowersthat
　　agricultureunfolds，somuchthegreaterdothosemanufacturing
　　townsbecome。Buttherearealsotownswherethoselivewhosimply
　　consumetherentsoftheland。Inallcountrieswhicharecivilised
　　tosomeextent，alargeportionofthenationalincomeisconsumed
　　asrentinthetowns。Itwouldbefalse，however，wereweto
　　maintainasageneralprinciplethatthisconsumptionisinjurious
　　toproduction，ordoesnottendtopromoteit。Forthepossibility
　　ofsecuringtooneselfanindependentlifebytheacquisitionof
　　rents，isapowerfulstimulustoeconomyandtotheutilisationof
　　savingsinagricultureandinagriculturalimprovements。Moreover
　　themanwholivesonrents，stimulatedbytheinclinationto
　　distinguishhimselfbeforehisfellow-citizens，supportedbyhis
　　educationandhisindependentposition，willpromotecivilisation，
　　theefficiencyofpublicinstitutions，ofStateadministration，
　　scienceandart。Butthedegreeinwhichrentinfluencesinthis
　　mannertheindustry，prosperity，andcivilisationofthenation
　　willalwaysdependonthedegreeoflibertywhichthatnationhas
　　alreadyobtained。Thatinclinationtobecomeusefultothe
　　commonwealthbyvoluntaryactivity，andtodistinguishoneself
　　beforeone'sfellow-citizens，willonlydevelopitselfincountries
　　wherethisactivityleadstopublicrecognition，topublicesteem，
　　andtoofficesofhonour，butnotincountrieswhereeveryattempt
　　togainpublicesteemandeverymanifestationofindependenceis
　　regardedbytherulingpowerwithajealouseye。Insuchcountries
　　themanofindependentincomewillgivehimselfuptodebauchery
　　andidleness，andbecauseinthismannerhebringsusefulindustry
　　intocontempt，andinjuresthemoralityaswellastheindustrious
　　impulseofthenation，hewillradicallyimperilthenation's
　　productivepower。Evenifundersuchconditionsthemanufacturesof
　　townsaretosomeextentpromotedbytheconsumptionofthe
　　rentier，suchmanufacturesareneverthelesstoberegardedas
　　barrenandunsoundfruits，andespeciallytheywillaidverylittle
　　inpromotingthecivilisation，prosperity，andlibertyofthe
　　nation。Inasmuchasasoundmanufacturingindustryespeciallytends
　　toproducelibertyandcivilisation，itmayalsobesaidthat
　　throughitrentitselfisredeemedfromformingafundfor
　　idleness，debauchery，andimmorality，andisconvertedintoafund
　　forpromotingmentalculture，andconsequentlythatthroughitthe
　　merelyconsumingtownsarechangedintoproductivetowns。Another
　　elementbywhichtheconsumingtownsaresupportedis，the
　　consumptionofthepublicservantsandoftheStateadministration。
　　Thesealsomayoccasionsomeapparentprosperityinatown；but
　　whethersuchconsumptionespeciallypromotesorisinjurioustothe
　　productivepower，prosperityandinstitutionsofthenation，
　　dependsaltogetheronthequestionhowfarthefunctionsofthe
　　consumerstendtopromoteortoinjurethosepowers。
　　FromthisthereasonisevidentwhyinmereagriculturalStates
　　largetownscanexist，which，althoughtheycontainalargenumber
　　ofwealthyinhabitantsandmanifoldtrades，exerciseonlyavery
　　inconsiderableinfluenceonthecivilisation，liberty，and
　　productivepowerofthenation。Thepersonsengagedinthosetrades
　　necessarilyparticipateintheviewsoftheircustomers；theyare
　　toberegardedinagreatmeasureasmeredomesticservantsofthe
　　rentiersandpublicemployees。Incontrasttogreatluxuryinthose
　　towns，poverty，misery，narrow-mindedness，andaslavish
　　dispositionarefoundamongtheinhabitantsofthesurrounding
　　countrydistricts。Aprosperouseffectofmanufacturesonthe
　　civilisation，theimprovementofpublicinstitutions，andthe
　　libertyofthenation，isonlyperceptibleifinacountrya
　　manufacturingpowerisestablishedwhich，quiteindependentlyof
　　therentiersandpublicservants，worksforthelargemassofthe
　　agriculturalpopulationorforexporttrade，andconsumesthe
　　productsofthatpopulationinlargequantitiesforworkingupin
　　manufactureandforsubsistence。Themoresuchasoundandhealthy
　　manufacturingpowerincreasesinstrength，themorewillitdrawto
　　itssidethemanufacturingpowerwhichoriginatedinthe
　　consumptionabovenamed，andalsotherentiersandpublicservants，
　　andthemorealsowillthepublicinstitutionsberegulatedwitha
　　viewtotheinterestofthecommonwealth。
　　Letusconsidertheconditionofalargetowninwhichthe
　　manufacturersarenumerous，independent，loversofliberty，
　　educated，andwealthywherethemerchantsparticipateintheir
　　interestsandposition，wheretherentiersfeelthemselves
　　compelledtogaintherespectofthepublic，wherethepublic
　　servantsaresubjecttothecontrolofpublicopinion，wherethe
　　menofscienceandartworkforthepublicatlarge，anddrawfrom
　　ittheirmeansofsubsistence；letusconsiderthemassofmental
　　andmaterialmeanswhicharecombinedtogetherinsuchanarrow
　　space，andfurtherhowcloselythismassofpowerisunitedthrough
　　thelawofthedivisionoftheoperationsofbusinessandthe
　　confederationofpowers；wemaynoteagainhowquicklyevery
　　improvement，everyprogressinpublicinstitutions，andinsocial
　　andeconomicalconditions，ontheonehand，andhow，ontheother
　　hand，everyretrogression，everyinjuryofthepublicinterests，
　　mustbefeltbythismass；then，again，howeasilythismass，
　　livinginoneandthesameplace，cancometoanagreementasto
　　theircommonobjectsandregulations，andwhatenormousmeansit
　　canconcentrateonthespotforthesepurposes；andfinally，in
　　whatacloseunionacommunitysopowerful，enlightened，and
　　liberty-loving，standsinrelationtoothersimilarcommunitiesin
　　thesamenation——ifwedulyconsiderallthesethings，weshall
　　easilybeconvincedthattheinfluenceonthemaintenanceand
　　improvementofthepublicwelfareexercisedbyanagricultural
　　populationlivingdispersedoverthewholesurfaceofthecountry
　　howeverlargeitsaggregatenumbermaybewillbebutslightin
　　comparisonwiththatoftowns，whosewholepoweraswehaveshown
　　dependsupontheprosperityoftheirmanufacturesandofthose
　　tradeswhicharealliedtoanddependentonthem。
　　Thepredominatinginfluenceofthetownsonthepoliticaland
　　municipalconditionsofthenation，farfrombeingdisadvantageous
　　totheruralpopulation，isofinestimableadvantagetoit。The
　　advantageswhichthetownsenjoymakethemfeelitadutytoraise
　　theagriculturiststotheenjoymentofsimilarliberty，
　　cultivation，andprosperity；forthelargerthesumofthese
　　mental；andsocialadvantagesisamongtheruralpopulation，the
　　largerwillbetheamountoftheprovisionsandrawmaterialswhich
　　theysendintothetowns，thegreateralsowillbethequantityof
　　themanufacturedgoodswhichtheypurchasefromthetowns，and
　　consequentlytheprosperityofthetowns。Thecountryderives
　　energy，civilisation，liberty，andgoodinstitutionsfromthe
　　towns，butthetownsinsuretothemselvesthepossessionofliberty
　　andgoodinstitutionsbyraisingthecountrypeopletobepartakers
　　oftheseacquisitions。Agriculture，whichhithertomerelysupported
　　landownersandtheirservants，nowfurnishesthecommonwealthwith
　　themostindependentandsturdydefendersofitsliberty。Inthe
　　cultureofthesoil，also，everyclassisnowabletoimproveits
　　position。Thelabourercanraisehimselftobecomeafarmer，the
　　farmertobecomealandedproprietor。Thecapitalandthemeansof
　　transportwhichindustrycreatesandestablishesnowgive
　　prosperitytoagricultureeverywhere。Serfdom，feudalburdens，laws
　　andregulationswhichinjureindustryandlibertydisappear。The
　　landedproprietorwillnowderiveahundredtimesmoreincomefrom
　　hisforestpossessionsthanfromhishunting。Thosewhoformerly
　　fromthemiserableproduceofserflabourscarcelyobtainedthe
　　meansofleadingarudecountrylife，whosesolepleasureconsisted
　　inthekeepingofhorsesanddogsandchasinggame，whotherefore
　　resentedeveryinfringementofthesepleasuresasacrimeagainst
　　theirdignityaslordsofthesoil，arenowenabledbythe
　　augmentationoftheirrentstheproduceoffreelabourtospend
　　aportionoftheyearinthetowns。There，throughthedramaand
　　music，throughartandreading，theirmannersaresoftened；they
　　learnbyintercoursewithartistsandlearnedmentoesteemmind
　　andtalents。FrommereNimrodstheybecomecultivatedmen。The
　　aspectofanindustriouscommunity，inwhicheverybodyisstriving
　　toimprovehiscondition，awakensinthemalsothespiritof
　　improvement。Theypursueinstructionandnewideasinsteadofstags
　　andhares。Returningtothecountry，theyoffertothemiddleand
　　smallfarmerexamplesworthyofimitation，andtheygainhis
　　respectinsteadofhiscurse。
　　Themoreindustryandagricultureflourish，thelesscanthe
　　humanmindbeheldinchains，andthemorearewecompelledtogive
　　waytothespiritoftoleration，andtoputrealmoralityand
　　religiousinfluenceintheplaceofcompulsionofconscience。
　　Everywherehasindustrygivenbirthtotolerance；everywherehasit
　　convertedthepriestsintoteachersofthepeopleandintolearned
　　men。Everywherehavethecultivationofnationallanguageand
　　literature，havethecivilisingarts，andtheperfectionof
　　municipalinstitutionskeptequalpacewiththedevelopmentof
　　manufacturesandcommerce。Itisfrommanufacturesthatthe
　　nation'scapabilityoriginatesofcarryingonforeigntradewith
　　lesscivilisednations，ofincreasingitsmercantilemarine，of
　　establishinganavalpower，andbyfoundingcolonies，ofutilising
　　itssurpluspopulationforthefurtheraugmentationofthenational
　　prosperityandthenationalpower。
　　Comparativestatisticsshowthatbythecompleteandrelatively
　　equalcultivationofmanufacturesandagricultureinanation
　　endowedwithasufficientlylargeandfertileterritory，a
　　populationtwiceorthreetimesaslargecanbemaintained，and
　　maintained，moreover，inafarhigherdegreeofwell-beingthanin
　　acountrydevotedexclusivelytoagriculture。Fromthisitfollows
　　thatallthementalpowersofanation，itsStaterevenues，its
　　materialandmentalmeansofdefence，anditssecurityfornational
　　independence，areincreasedinequalproportionbyestablishingin
　　itamanufacturingpower。
　　Atatimewheretechnicalandmechanicalscienceexercisesuch
　　immenseinfluenceonthemethodsofwarfare，whereallwarlike
　　operationsdependsomuchontheconditionofthenationalrevenue，
　　wheresuccessfuldefencegreatlydependsonthequestions，whether
　　themassofthenationisrichorpoor，intelligentorstupid，
　　energeticorsunkinapathy；whetheritssympathiesaregiven
　　exclusivelytothefatherlandorpartlytoforeigncountries；
　　whetheritcanmustermanyorbutfewdefendersofthecountry——
　　atsuchatime，morethaneverbefore，mustthevalueof
　　manufacturesbeestimatedfromapoliticalpointofview。
　　Chapter18
　　TheManufacturingPowerandtheNaturalProductivePowersofthe
　　Nation。
　　Themorethatmanandthecommunityperfectthemselves，the
　　morearetheyenabledtomakeuseofthenaturalpowerswhichare
　　withintheirreachfortheaccomplishmentoftheirobjects，andthe
　　moredoesthesphereofwhatiswithintheirreachextenditself。
　　Thehunterdoesnotemploythethousandthpart，theshepherd
　　notthehundredthpart，ofthosenaturaladvantageswhichsurround
　　him。Thesea，foreignclimatesandcountries，yieldhimeither
　　none，oratleastonlyaninconsiderableamountofenjoyment，
　　assistance，orstimulantstoexertion。
　　Inthecaseofapeopleinaprimitiveagriculturalcondition，
　　alargeportionoftheexistingnaturalresourcesliesyet
　　unutilised，andmanstillcontinueslimitedtohisnearest
　　surroundings。Thegreaterpartofthewaterpowerandwindpower
　　whichexists，orcanbeobtained，isunemployed；thevarious
　　mineralproductswhichthemanufacturerssowellunderstandhowto
　　utiliseprofitably，liedead；varioussortsoffuelarewastedor
　　regardedas，forinstance，peatturfasamerehindranceto
　　cultivation；stone，sand，andlimeareusedbutlittleasbuilding
　　materials；therivers，insteadofbeingmeansoffreightand
　　transportforman，oroffertilisingtheneighbouringfields，are
　　allowedtodevastatethecountrybyfloods；warmerclimatesandthe
　　seayieldtotheagriculturalcountrybutfewoftheirproducts。
　　Infact，intheagriculturalState，thatpowerofnatureon
　　whichproductionespeciallydepends，thenaturalfertilityofthe
　　soil，canonlybeutilisedtoasmallerextentsolongas
　　agricultureisnotsupportedbymanufacturingindustry。
　　EverydistrictintheagriculturalStatemustitselfproduceas
　　muchofthethingsnecessarytoitasitrequirestouse，forit
　　canneithereffectconsiderablesalesofthatwhichithasin
　　excesstootherdistricts，norprocurethatwhichitrequiresfrom
　　otherdistricts。Adistrictmaybeeversofertileandadaptedfor
　　thecultureofplantsyieldingoil，dyeingmaterials，andfodder，
　　yetitmustplantforestsforfuel，becausetoprocurefuelfrom
　　distantmountaindistricts，overwretchedcountryroads，wouldbe
　　tooexpensive。Landwhichifutilisedforthecultivationofthe
　　vineandforgardenproducecouldbemadetoyieldthreetofour
　　timesmorereturnsmustbeusedforcultivatingcornandfodder。He
　　whocouldmostprofitablydevotehimselfsolelytothebreedingof
　　cattlemustalsofattenthem：ontheotherhand，hewhocouldmost
　　profitablydevotehimselfmerelytofatteningstock，mustalso
　　carryoncattlebreeding。Howadvantageousitwouldbetomakeuse
　　ofmineralmanuresgypsum，lime，marl，ortoburnpeat，coal，&c。
　　insteadofwood，andtobringtheforestlandsundercultivation；
　　butinsuchaStatethereexistsnomeansoftransportbymeansof
　　whichthesearticlescanbeconveyedwithadvantageformorethan
　　veryshortdistances。Whatrichreturnswouldthemeadowsinthe
　　valleysyield，ifirrigationworksonalargescalewere
　　established——theriversnowmerelyservetowashdownandcarry
　　awaythefertilesoil。
　　Throughtheestablishmentofmanufacturingpowerinan
　　agriculturalState，roadsaremade，railwaysconstructed，canals
　　excavated，riversrenderednavigable，andlinesofsteamers
　　established。Bythesenotmerelyisthesurplusproduceofthe
　　agriculturallandconvertedintomachineryforyieldingincome，not
　　merelyarethepowersoflabourofthosewhoareemployedbyit
　　broughtintoactivity，notonlyistheagriculturalpopulation
　　enabledtoobtainfromthenaturalresourceswhichitpossessesan
　　infinitelygreaterreturnthanbefore，butallminerals，all
　　metals，whichheretoforewerelyingidleintheeartharenow
　　renderedusefulandvaluable。Articleswhichcouldformerlyonly
　　bearafreightofafewmiles，suchassalt，coals，stone，marble，
　　slate，gypsum，lime，timber，bark，&c。，cannowbedistributedover
　　thesurfaceofanentirekingdom。Hencesucharticles，formerly
　　quitevalueless，cannowassumeadegreeofimportanceinthe
　　statisticalreturnsofthenationalproduce，whichfarsurpasses
　　thetotaloftheentireagriculturalproductioninprevioustimes。
　　Notacubicfootofwater-fallwillthenexistwhichisnotmadeto
　　performsomeservice；eveninthemostdistantdistrictsofa
　　manufacturingcountry，timberandfuelwillnowbecomevaluable，of
　　whichpreviouslynooneknewhowtomakeanyuse。
　　Throughtheintroductionofmanufactures，ademandfora
　　quantityofarticlesoffoodandrawmaterialsiscreated，tothe
　　productionofwhichcertaindistrictscanbefarmoreprofitably
　　devotedthantothegrowthofcorntheusualstaplearticleof
　　rudeagriculturalcountries。Thedemandwhichnowspringsupfor
　　milk，butter，andmeataddsahighervaluetotheexistingpasture
　　land，andleadstothebreakingupoffallowsandtheerectionof
　　worksofirrigation。Thedemandforfruitandgardenproduce
　　convertstheformerbareagriculturallandintovegetablegardens
　　andorchards。
　　ThelosswhichthemereagriculturalStatesustainsbynot
　　makinguseofthesenaturalpowers，issomuchthegreaterthemore
　　itisfittedbynatureforcarryingonmanufactures，andthemore
　　itsterritoryisadaptedfortheproductionofrawmaterialsand
　　naturalpowerswhichmanufacturersspeciallyrequire；thatloss
　　willthereforebethegreatestinmountainousandhillycountries
　　lesssuitableforagricultureonthewhole，butwhichofferto
　　manufacturesplentyofwaterpower，ofminerals，timber，andstone，
　　andtothefarmertheopportunityofcultivatingtheproductswhich
　　arespeciallyrequiredbythemanufacturer。
　　Countrieswithatemperateclimatearealmostwithout
　　exceptionadaptedforfactoriesandmanufacturingindustry。The
　　moderatetemperatureoftheairpromotesthedevelopmentand
　　exertionofpowerfarmorethanahottemperature。Butthesevere
　　seasonoftheyear，whichappearstothesuperficialobserverasan
　　unfavourableeffectofnature，isthemostpowerfulpromoterof
　　habitsofenergeticactivity，offorethought，order，andeconomy。
　　Amanwhohastheprospectbeforehimofsixmonthsinwhichheis
　　notmerelyunabletoobtainanyfruitsfromtheearth，butalso
　　requiresspecialprovisionsandclothingmaterialsforthe
　　sustenanceofhimselfandhiscattle，andforprotectionagainst
　　theeffectsofcold，mustnecessarilybecomefarmoreindustrious
　　andeconomicalthantheonewhomerelyrequiresprotectionfromthe
　　rain，andintowhosemouththefruitsarereadytodropduringthe
　　wholeyear。Diligence，economy，order，andforethoughtareatfirst
　　producedbynecessityafterwardsbyhabit，andbythesteady
　　cultivationofthosevirtues。Moralitygoeshandinhandwiththe
　　exertionofone'spowersandeconomy，andimmoralitywithidleness
　　andextravagance：eacharereciprocallyfertilesources，theoneof
　　power，theotherofweakness。
　　Anagriculturalnation，whichinhabitsacountryoftemperate
　　climate，leavesthereforetherichestpartofitsnaturalresources
　　unutilised。