"THEmoreIthinkofit，"saysMr。Ruskin，"Ifindthisconclusionmoreimpresseduponme——thatthegreatestthingahumansouleverdoesinthisworldistoseesomething，andtellwhatitsawinaplainway。"Inthesepagesanattemptismadetotell"inaplainway"afewofthethingswhichScienceisnowseeingwithregardtotheAscentofMan。Whethertheseseeingsarethereatallisanothermatter。But，evenifvisions，everythinkingmind，throughwhatevermedium，shouldlookatthem。WhatSciencehastosayabouthimselfisoftranscendentinteresttoMan，andthepracticalbearingsofthisthemearecomingtobemorevitalthananyonthefieldofknowledge。Thethreadwhichbindsthefactsis，itistrue，butahypothesisAsthetheory，nevertheless。
withwhichatpresentallscientificworkisbeingdone，itisassumedineverypagethatfollows。
Thoughitsstand-pointisEvolutionanditssubjectMan，thisbookisfarfrombeingdesignedtoprovethatManhasrelations，compromisingorotherwise，withloweranimals。ItsthemeisAscent，notDescent。ItisaHistory，notanArgument。AndEvolution，inthenarrowsenseinwhichitisoftenusedwhenappliedtoMan，playslittlepartinthedramaoutlinedhere。SofarasthegeneralschemeofEvolutionisintroduced——andintheIntroductionandelsewherethisisdoneatlength——theobjectistheimportantoneofpointingouthowitsnaturehasbeenmisconceived，indeedhowitsgreatestfactorhasbeenoverlookedinalmostallcontemporaryscientificthinking。Evolutionwasgiventothemodernworldoutoffocus，wasfirstseenbyitoutoffocus，andhasremainedoutoffocustothepresenthour。Itsgeneralbasishasneverbeenre-examinedsincethetimeofMr。Darwin；andnotonlysuchspeculativesciencesasTeleology，butworkingscienceslikeSociologyhavebeenledastraybyafundamentalomission。AnEvolutionTheorydrawntoscale，andwiththelightsandshadowsproperlyadjusted——adjustedtothewholetruthandrealityofNatureandofMan——isneededatpresentasastandardformodernthought；
andthoughareconstructionofsuchmagnitudeisnotherepresumed，aprimaryobjectofthesepagesistosupplyatleasttheaccentsforsuchascheme。
Beyondanattemptedreadjustmentoftheaccentsthereisnothinghereforthespecialist——except，itmaybe，thereflectionofhisownwork。Nor，apartfromTeleology，isthereanythingforthetheologian。
Thelimitationsofalecture-audiencemadethetreatmentofsuchthemesasmightappealtohimimpossible；whileowingtothebrevityofthecourse，theAscenthadtobestoppedatapointwhereallthehigherinterestbegins。
AllthatthepresentvolumecoversistheAscentofMan，theIndividual，duringtheearlierstagesofhisevolution。Itisastudyinembryos，inrudiments，ininstallations；thesceneistheprimevalforest；thedate，theworld'sdawn。TracinghisriseasfarasFamilyLife，thishistorydoesnotevenfollowhimintotheTribe；andasitisonlythenthatsocialandmorallifebegininearnest，noformaldiscussionofthesehighthemesoccurs。AllthehigherforcesandphenomenawithwhichthesciencesofPsychology，Ethics，andTheologyusuallydealcomeontheworld'sstageatalaterdate，andnooneneedbesurprisedifthesemi-savagewithwhomweleaveoffisfoundwantinginsomanyofthehigherpotentialitiesofahumanbeing。
TheAscentofMankind，asdistinguishedfromtheAscentoftheIndividual，wasoriginallysummarizedinoneortwoclosinglectures，butthisstupendoussubjectwouldrequireavolumeforitself，andthesefragmentshavebeenomittedforthepresent。Doubtlessitmaydisappointsomethatatthecloseofallthebewilderingvicissitudesrecordedhere，Manshouldappear，afterall，sopooracreature。Butthegreatlinesofhisyoutharethelinesofhismaturity，anditisonlybystudyingthese，inthemselvesandinwhattheyconnote，thatthenatureofEvolutionandthequalityofHumanprogresscanbeperceived。
HENRYDRUMMOND。
TheAscentofMan-CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONI。EVOLUTIONINGENERAL
II。THEMISSINGFACTORINCURRENTTHEORIES
III。WHYWASEVOLUTIONTHEMETHODCHOSEN？
IV。EVOLUTIONANDSOCIOLOGYCHAPTERITHEASCENTOFTHEBODYCHAPTERIITHESCAFFOLDINGLEFTINTHEBODYCHAPTERIIITHEARRESTOFTHEBODYCHAPTERIVTHEDAWNOFMINDCHAPTERVTHEEVOLUTIONOFLANGUAGECHAPTERVITHESTRUGGLEFORLIFECHAPTERVIITHESTRUGGLEFORTHELIFEOFOTHERSCHAPTERVIIITHEEVOLUTIONOFAMOTHERCHAPTERIXTHEEVOLUTIONOFAFATHERCHAPTERXINVOLUTION
TheAscentofMan-INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONIEVOLUTIONINGENERALTHElastromanceofScience，themostdaringithasevertriedtopen，istheStoryoftheAscentofMan。Withheldfromallthewistfuleyesthathavegonebefore，whosereverentignoranceforbadetheirwisestmindstoasktoseeit，thisfinalvolumeofNaturalHistoryhasbeguntoopenwithourcentury'sclose。
InthemonographsofHisandMinot，theEmbryologyofManhasalreadyreceivedajustexpression；DarwinandHaeckelhavetracedtheoriginoftheAnimal-Body；
theresearchesofRomanesmarkabeginningwiththeEvolutionofMind；
HerbertSpencerhaselaboratedtheoriesofthedevelopmentofMorals；EdwardCairdoftheEvolutionofReligion。Supplementingthecontributionsoftheseauthorities，verifying，criticizing，combating，rebutting，thereworksamultitudeofotherswhohavedevotedtheirlivestothesamerichproblems，andalreadyeverychapterofthebewilderingstoryhasfounditseditors。
Yet，singularthoughtheomissionmayseem，noconnectedoutlineofthisgreatdramahasyetbeengivenus。Theseresearches，preliminaryreconnaissancesthoughtheybe，aresurelyworthyofbeinglookeduponasawhole。Noonecansaythatthismultitudeofobserversisnotinearnest，northeirworkhonest，northeirmethodscompetenttothelastpowersofscience。Whatevertheuncertaintyofthefield，itisduetothesepioneermindstotreattheirlabourwithrespect。Whattheyseeintheunexploredlandinwhichtheytravelbelongstotheworld。Byjustsuchmethods，andbyjustsuchmen，themapoftheworldofthoughtisfilledin——herefromthetracingupofsomegreatriver，therefromabearingtakenroughlyinadarkenedsky，yonderfromasuddenglintofthesunonafar-offmountain-peak，orbyaswiftinductionofanadventurousmindfromamomentaryglimpseofanaturallaw。Soknowledgegrows；andinacenturywhichhasaddedtothesumofhumanlearningmorethanallthecenturiesthatarepast，itisnottobeconceivedthatsomefurtherrevelationshouldnotawaitusonthehighestthemesofall。
ThedayisforeverpastwhenscienceneedapologizefortreatingManasanobjectofnaturalresearch。Hamlet's"beingoflargediscourse，lookingbeforeandafter"iswithalapartofNature，andcanbemadeneitherlargernorsmaller，anticipatelessnorprophesyless，becauseweinvestigate，andperhapsdiscover，thesecretofhispast。
Andshouldthatpastbeprovedtoberelatedinundreamed-ofwaystothatofallotherthingsinNature，"allotherthings"havethattogainbythealliancewhichphilosophyandtheologyforcenturieshavestriventowinforthem。Everystepintheproofoftheonenessinauniversalevolutionaryprocessofthisdivinehumanityofoursisastepintheproofofthedivinityofalllowerthings。Andwhatisofinfinitelygreatermoment，eachfootprintdiscoveredintheAscentofManisaguidetothesteptobetakennext。
Todiscovertherationaleofsocialprogressistheambitionofthisage。
Thereisanextraordinaryhumaninterestabroadaboutthispresentworlditself，ayearningdesire，notfromcuriousbutforpracticalreasons，tofindsomelightuponthecourse；andasthegoalcomesnearertheeagernesspassesintosuspensetoknowtheshortestandthequickestroadtoreachit。HencetheAscentofManisnotonlythenoblestproblemwhichsciencecaneverstudy，butthepracticalbearingsofthisthemearegreatbeyondanyotherontherollofknowledge。
Nowthatthefirstrashrushoftheevolutionaryinvasionispast，andthesinsofitsyouthatonedforbysoberconcession，Evolutionisseentobeneithermorenorlessthanthestoryofcreationastoldbythosewhoknowitbest。"Evolution，"saysMr。Huxley，"ordevelopmentisatpresentemployedinbiologyasageneralnameforthehistoryofthestepsbywhichanylivingbeinghasacquiredthemorphologicalandthephysiologicalcharacterswhichdistinguishit。"[1]ThoughappliedspecificallytoplantsandanimalsthisdefinitionexpressesthechiefsenseinwhichEvolutionistobeusedscientificallyatpresent。
Weshallusetheword，nodoubt，inothersofitsmanysenses；butafterallthebloodspilt，Evolutionissimply"history，"a"historyofsteps，"
a"generalname"forthehistoryofthestepsbywhichtheworldhascometobewhatitis。Accordingtothisgeneraldefinition，thestoryofEvolutionisnarrative。Itmaybewronglytold；itmaybecoloured，exaggerated，over-orunder-statedliketherecordofanyothersetoffacts；itmaybetoldwithatheologicalbiasorwithananti-theologicalbias；theoriesoftheprocessmaybeaddedbythisthinkerorbythat；butthesearenotofthesubstanceofthestory。WhetherhistoryistoldbyaGibbonoraGreenthefactsremain，andwhetherEvolutionbetoldbyaHaeckeloraWallaceweacceptthenarrativesofarasitisarenderingofNature，andnomore。Itistrue，beforethisstorycanbefullytold，centuriesstillmustpass。Atpresentthereisnotachapteroftherecordthatiswhollyfinished。Themanuscriptisalreadywornwitherasures，thewritingisoftenblurred，theverylanguageisuncouthandstrange。Yetevennowtheoutlineofacontinuousstoryisbeginningtoappear——astorywhosechiefcredentialliesinthefactthatnoimaginationofmancouldhavedesignedaspectaclesowonderful，orworkedoutaplotatoncesointricateandsotranscendentlysimple。
Thisstorywillbeoutlinedherepartlyforthestoryandpartlyforapurpose。Ahistoriandarenothaveaprejudice，buthecannotescapeapurpose——thepurpose，consciousorunconscious，ofunfoldingthepurposewhichliesbehindthefactswhichhenarrates。
Theinterestofadrama——theauthorshipoftheplayapart——isintheplayers，theircharacter，theirmotives，andthetendencyoftheiraction。Itisimpossibletotreattheseplayersasautomata。Evenifautomata，thoseintheaudiencearenot。Hence，whereinterpretationseemslawful，orcommentwarrantedbythefacts，neitherwillhewithheld。
TogiveanaccountofEvolution，itneedscarcelyberemarked，isnottoaccountforit。NolivingthinkerhasyetfounditpossibletoaccountforEvolution。Mr。HerbertSpencer'sfamousdefinitionofEvolutionas"achangefromanindefiniteincoherenthomogeneitytoadefinitecoherentheterogeneitythroughcontinuousdifferentiationsandintegrations"[2]——theformulaofwhichtheContemporaryReviewerremarkedthat"theuniversemaywellhaveheavedasighofreliefwhen，throughthecerebrationofaneminentthinker，ithadbeendeliveredofthisaccountofitself"——issimplyasummaryofresults，andthrowsnolight，thoughitisoftensupposedtodoso，uponultimatecauses。Whileitistrue，asMr。Wallaceaffirmsinhislatestwork，that"Descentwithmodificationisnowuniversallyacceptedastheorderofnatureintheorganicworld，"thereiseverywhereatthismomentthemostdisturbinguncertaintyastohowtheAscentevenofspecieshasbeenbroughtabout。TheattacksontheDarwiniantheoryfromtheoutsidewereneversokeenasarethecontroversiesnowraginginscientificcircles，overthefundamentalprinciplesofDarwinismitself。
Onatleasttwomainpoints——sexualselectionandtheoriginofthehighermentalcharacteristicsofman——MrAlfredRusselWallace，co-discovererwithDarwinoftheprincipleofNaturalSelectionthoughhebe，directlyopposeshiscolleague。ThepowerfulattackofWeismannontheDarwinianassumptionoftheinheritabilityofacquiredcharactershasopenedoneoftheliveliestcontroversiesofrecentyears，andthewholefieldofscienceishotwithcontroversiesanddiscussions。Inhis`GermPlasm，'
theGermannaturalistbelieveshimselftohavefinallydisposedofbothDarwin's"gemmules"andHerbertSpencer's"primordialunits，"whileEimerbreaksalancewithWeismannindefenceofDarwin，andHerbertSpencerrepliesforhimself，assuringusthat"eithertherehasbeeninheritanceofacquiredcharactersortherehasbeennoevolution。"
ItisthegreatestcomplimenttoDarwinismthatitshouldhavesurvivedtodeservethiseraofcriticism。MeantimeallprudentmencanbutholdtheirjudgmentinsuspensebothastothatspecifictheoryofonedepartmentofEvolutionwhichiscalledDarwinism，andastothefactorsandcausesofEvolutionitself。NooneasksmoreofEvolutionatpresentthanpermissiontouseitasaworkingtheory。
UndoubtedlytherearecasesnowbeforeSciencewhereitismorethantheory——thedemonstrationfromYale，forinstance，oftheEvolutionoftheHorse；andfromSteinheimofthetransmutationofPlanorbis。Inthesecasesthemissinglinkshavecomeinoneafteranother，andinseriessoperfect，thattheevidencefortheirevolutionisirresistible。"OntheevidenceofPalaeontology，"
saysMr。HuxleyintheEncyclopaediaBritannica，"theevolutionofmanyexistingformsofanimallifefromtheirpredecessorsisnolongeranhypothesisbutanhistoricalfact。"AndevenastoMan，mostnaturalistsagreewithMr。Wallacewho"fullyacceptsMr。Darwin'sconclusionastotheessentialidentityofMan'sbodilystructurewiththatofthehighermammaliaandhisdescentfromsomeancestralformcommontomanandtheanthropoidapes，"for"theevidenceofsuchdescentappearsoverwhelmingandconclusive。"[3]ButastothedevelopmentofthewholeManitissufficientforthepresenttorankitasatheory，nomatterhowimpressivetheconvictionbethatitismore。Withoutsomehypothesisnoworkcaneverbedone，and，aseveryoneknows，manyofthegreatestcontributionstohumanknowledgehavebeenmadebytheuseoftheorieseitherseriouslyimperfectordemonstrablyfalse。ThisistheageoftheevolutionofEvolution。AllthoughtsthattheEvolutionistworkswith，alltheoriesandgeneralizations，havebeenthemselvesevolvedandarenowbeingevolved。Evenwerehistheoryperfected，itsfirstlessonwouldbethatitwasitselfbutaphaseoftheEvolutionoffurtheropinion，nomorefixedthanaspecies，nomorefinalthanthetheorywhichitdisplaced。OfallmentheEvolutionist，bytheverynatureofhiscalling，themeretoolsofhiscraft，hisunderstandingofhishourlyshiftingplaceinthisalwaysmovingandevermoremysteriousworld，mustbehumble，tolerant，andundogmatic。
These，nevertheless，arecoldwordswithwhichtospeakofaVision——forEvolutionisafterallaVision——whichisrevolutionizingtheworldofNatureandofthought，and，withinlivingmemory，hasopenedupavenuesintothepastandvistasintothefuturesuchassciencehasneverwitnessedbefore。WhilemanyofthedetailsofthetheoryofEvolutionareinthecrucibleofcriticism，andwhilethefieldofmodernsciencechangeswithsuchrapiditythatinalmosteverydepartmentthetextbooksoftenyearsagoareobsoleteto-day，itisfairtoaddthatnooneofthesechanges，norallofthemtogether，havetouchedthegeneraltheoryitselfexcepttoestablishitsstrength，itsvalue，anditsuniversality。
Evenmoreremarkablethantherapidityofitsconquestistheauthoritywithwhichthedoctrineofdevelopmenthasseemedtospeaktothemostauthoritativemindsofourtime。Ofthosewhoareinthefrontrank，ofthosewhobytheirknowledgehave，bycommonconsent，therighttospeak，therearescarcelyanywhodonotinsomeformemployitinworkingandinthinking。Authoritymaymeanlittle；theworldhasoftenbeenmistaken；
butwhenmindssodifferentasthoseofCharlesDarwinandofT。H。Green，ofHerbertSpencerandofRobertBrowning，buildhalfthelaboursoftheirlifeonthisonelaw，itisimpossible，andespeciallyintheabsenceofanyotherevencompetingprincipleatthepresenthour，totreatitasabaselessdream。Onlythepeculiarnatureofthisgreatgeneralizationcanaccountfortheextraordinaryenthusiasmofthisacceptance。EvolutionhasdoneforTimewhatAstronomyhasdoneforSpace。AssublimetothereasonastheScienceoftheStars，asoverpoweringtotheimagination，ithasthrowntheuniverseintoafreshperspective，andgiventhehumanmindanewdimension。Evolutioninvolvesnotsomuchachangeofopinionasachangeinman'swholeviewoftheworldandoflife。Itisnotthestatementofamathematicalpropositionwhichmenarecalledupontodeclaretrueorfalse。ItisamethodoflookinguponNature。Scienceforcenturiesdevoteditselftothecataloguingoffactsandthediscoveryoflaws。Eachworkertoiledinhisownlittleplace——thegeologistinhisquarry，thebotanistinhisgarden，thebiologistinhislaboratory，theastronomerinhisobservatory，thehistorianinhislibrary，thearchaeologistinhismuseum。Suddenlytheseworkerslookedup；theyspoketooneanother；
theyhadeachdiscoveredalaw；theywhispereditsname。ItwasEvolution。
Henceforththeirworkwasone，sciencewasone，theworldwasone，andmind，whichdiscoveredtheoneness，wasone。
Suchbeingthescopeofthetheory，itisessentialthatforitsinterpretationthisuniversalcharacterberecognized，andnophenomenoninnatureorinhumannaturebeleftoutofthefinalreckoning。Itisequallyclearthatinmakingthatinterpretationwemustbeginwiththefinalproduct，Man。IfEvolutioncanbeprovedtoincludeMan，thewholecourseofEvolutionandthewholeschemeofNaturefromthatmomentassumeanewsignificanceThebeginningmustthenbeinterpretedfromtheend，nottheendfromthebeginning。Anengineeringworkshopisunintelligibleuntilwereachtheroomwherethecompletedenginestands。
Everythingculminatesinthatfinalproduct，iscontainedinit，isexplainedbyit。TheEvolutionofManisalsothecomplementandcorrectiveofallotherformsofEvolution。Fromthisheightonlyisthereafullview，atrueperspective，aconsistentworld。ThewholemistakeofnaturalismhasbeentointerpretNaturefromthestandpointoftheatom——tostudythemachinerywhichdrivesthisgreatmovingworldsimplyasmachinery，forgettingthattheshiphasanypassengers，orthepassengersanycaptain，orthecaptainanycourse。Itisasgreatamistake，ontheotherhand，forthetheologiantoseparateofftheshipfromthepassengersasforthenaturalisttoseparateoffthepassengersfromtheship。ItishewhocannotincludeManamongthelinksofEvolutionwhohasgreatlytofearthetheoryofdevelopment。Inhisjealousyforthatreligionwhichseemstohimhigherthanscience，heremovesatoncetherationalbasisfromreligionandthelegitimatecrownfromscience，forgettingthatinsodoingheofferstotheworldanunnaturalreligionandaninhumanscience。ThecureforallthesmallmentaldisorderswhichspringuparoundrestrictedapplicationsofEvolutionistoextenditfearlesslyinalldirectionsasfarasthemindcancarryitandthefactsallow，tilleachman，workingathissubordinatepart，iscompelledtoown，andadjusthimselfto，thewhole。
Ifthetheologicalmindbecalledupontomakethisexpansion，thescientificmanmustbeaskedtoenlargehisviewinanotherdirection。IfheinsistsuponincludingManinhisschemeofEvolution，hemustseetoitthatheincludethewholeMan。ForhimatleastnoformofEvolutionisscientificoristobeconsidered，whichdoesnotincludethewholeMan，andallthatisinMan，andalltheworkandthoughtandlifeandaspirationofMan。Thegreatmoralfacts，themoralforcessofarastheyareprovedtoexist，themoralconsciousnesssofarasitisreal，mustcomewithinitsscope。HumanHistorymustbeasmuchapartofitasNaturalHistory。Thesocialandreligiousforcesmustnomorebeleftoutsidethantheforcesofgravitationoroflife。
ThereasonwhythenaturalistdoesnotusuallyincludetheseamongthefactorsinEvolutionisnotoversight，butundersight。Sometimes，nodoubt，hemaytakeattheirwordthosewhoassurehimthatEvolutionhasnothingtodowiththosehigherthings，butthemainreasonissimplythathisworkdoesnotlieonthelevelswherethoseforcescomeintoplay。Thespecialistisnottobeblamedforthis；limitationishisstrength。Butwhenthespecialistproceedstoreconstructtheuniversefromhislittlecornerofit，andespeciallyfromhislevelofit，henotonlyinjuresscienceandphilosophy，butmayfatallymisleadhisneighbours。ThemanwhoisbusywiththestarswillnevercomeacrossNaturalSelection，yetsurelymustheallowforNaturalSelectioninhisconstructionoftheworldasawhole。Hewhoworksamongstar-fishwillencounterlittleofMentalEvolution，yetwillhenotdenythatitexists。Thestarshavevoices，butthereareothervoices；thestar-fisheshaveactivities，butthereareotheractivities。Man，body，soul，spirit，arenotonlytobeconsidered，butarefirsttobeconsideredinanytheoryoftheworld。Youcannotdescribethelifeofkings，orarrangetheirkingdoms，fromthecellarbeneaththepalace。"Art，"asBrowningremindsus，"Mustfumbleforthewhole，oncefixingonapart，Howeverpoor，surpassthefragment，andaspireToreconstructtherebytheultimateentire。"IITHEMISSINGFACTORINCURRENTTHEORIESButitisnotsomuchinignoringManthatevolutionaryphilosophyhasgoneastray；for，ofthaterrorithasseriouslybeguntorepent。Whatwehavenowtochargeagainstit，whatisamainobjectofthesepagestopointout，isthatithasmisreadNatureherself。In"fixingonapart"wherebyto"reconstructtheultimate，"ithasfixeduponapartwhichisnotthemostvitalpart，andthereconstructions，therefore，havecometobewhollyoutoffocus。Fixuponthewrong"part，"andtheinstabilityofthefabricbuiltuponitisaforegoneconclusion。Now，althoughreconstructionsofthecosmosinthelightofEvolutionarethechieffeatureofthescienceofourtime，inalmostnocasedoesevenahintofthetruescientificstandpointappeartobeperceived。Andalthoughitanticipatesmuchthatweshouldprefertoleaveuntoucheduntilitappearsinitsnaturalsetting，thegravityoftheissuesmakesitessentialtosummarizethewholesituationnow。
Therootoftheerrorlies，indirectlyratherthandirectly，withMr。Darwin。In1859，throughthepublicationoftheOriginofSpecies，heofferedtotheworldwhatpurportedtobethefinalcluetothecourseoflivingNature。ThatcluewastheprincipleoftheStruggleforLife。Aftertheyearsofstormandstresswhichfollowtheintrusionintotheworldofallgreatthoughts，thisprinciplewasuniversallyacceptedasthekeytoallthescienceswhichdealwithlife。
SoceaselesswasMr。Darwin'semphasisuponthisfactor，andsomasterfulhisinfluence，that，afterthefirstsharpconflict，eventhecontroversydieddown。WithscarceachallengetheStruggleforLifebecameacceptedbythescientificworldasthegoverningfactorindevelopment，andthedramaofEvolutionwasmadetohingeentirelyuponitsaction。Itbecamethe"part"fromwhichsciencehenceforthwenton"toreconstructthewhole，"
andbiology，sociology，andteleology，werebuiltanewonthisfoundation。
ThattheStruggleforLifehasbeenaprominentactorinthedramaiscertain。Furtherresearchhasonlydeepenedtheimpressionofthemagnitudeanduniversalityofthisgreatandfar-reachinglaw。ButthatitisthesoleoreventhemainagentintheprocessofEvolutionmustbedenied。Creationisadrama，andnodramawaseverputuponthestagewithonlyoneactor。TheStruggleforLifeisthe"Villain"ofthepiece，nomore；and，likethe"Villain"intheplay，itschieffunctionistore-actupontheotherplayersforhigherends。Thereis，inpointoffact，asecondfactorwhichonemightventuretocalltheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，whichplaysanequallyprominentpart。
Evenintheearlystagesofdevelopment，itscontributionisasreal，whileintheworld'slaterprogress——underthenameofAltruism——itassumesasovereigntybeforewhichtheearlierStrugglesinksintoinsignificance。
ThatthissecondformofStruggleshouldallbuthaveescapedthenoticeofEvolutionistsisthemoreunaccountablesinceitarises，likethefirst，outofthosefundamentalfunctionsoflivingorganismswhichitisthemainbusinessofbiologicalsciencetoinvestigate。Thefunctionsdischargedbyalllivingthings，plantandanimal，aretwo[4]innumber。ThefirstisNutrition，thesecondisReproduction。ThefirstisthebasisoftheStruggleforLife；thesecond，oftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。Thesetwofunctionsruntheirparallelcourse——orspiralcourse，fortheycontinuouslyintertwine——fromtheverydawnoflife。Theyareinvolvedinthefundamentalnatureofprotoplasmitself。Theyaffecttheentireroundoflife；theydeterminethewholemorphologyoflivingthings；inasensetheyarelife。Yet，inconstructingthefabricofEvolution，oneofthesehasbeentaken，theotherleft。
Partlybecauseofthelimitationsofitspurelyphysicalname，andpartlybecauseithasneverbeenworkedoutasanevolutionaryforce，thefunctionofReproductionwillrequiretobeintroducedtothereaderinsomedetail。Buttorealizeitsimportanceoreventounderstandit，itwillbenecessarytorecalltoourmindsthesupremeplacewhichfunctiongenerallyholdsintheeconomyoflife。
LifetoananimalortoaManisnotarandomseriesofefforts。Itscourseissetasrigidlyasthecoursesofthestars。
Allitsmovementsandchanges，itsapparentdeflectionsandperturbationsareguidedbyunalterablepurposes；itsenergiesandcapricesdefinitelycontrolled。Whatcontrolsitareitsfunctions。Theseandtheseonlydeterminelife；livingouttheseislife。Tracebackanyone，orall，ofthecountlessactivitiesofananimal'slife，anditwillbefoundthattheyareatbottomconnectedwithoneorotherofthetwogreatfunctionswhichmanifestthemselvesinprotoplasm。Takeanyorganofthebody——handorfoot，eyeorear，heartorlung——oranytissueofthebody——muscleornerve，boneorcartilage——anditwillbefoundtobeconnectedeitherwithNutritionorwithReproduction。
Justaseverythingaboutanengine，everybolt，bar，valve，crank，lever，wheel，hassomethingtodowiththeworkofthatengine，everythingaboutananimal'sbodyhassomethingtodowiththeworkprescribedbythosetwofunctions。Ananimal，oraMan，isaconsistentwhole，arationalproduction。
Nowtherationaleoflivingstandsrevealedtousinprotoplasm。Protoplasmsetslifeitstask。Livingcanonlybedonealongitslines。Therestartthechannelsinwhichalllifemustrun，andthoughthechannelsbifurcateendlesslyastimegoeson，andthoughmorelifeandfullerisevercoursingthroughthem，itcanneveroverflowthebanksappointedfromthebeginning。
Butthisisnotall。Theactivitiesevenofthehigherlife，thoughnotqualitativelylimitedbythelower，aredeterminedbythesesamelines。Werethesefactsonlyrelevantinthedomainofphysiology，theywouldbeofsmallaccountinastudyoftheAscentofMan。ButthemoreprofoundlytheEvolutionofManisinvestigatedthemoreclearlyisitseenthatthewholecourseofhisdevelopmenthasbeenconductedonthisfundamentalbasis。Life，alllife，higherorlower，isanorganicunity。Naturemayvaryhereffects，mayintroducequalitativechangessostupendousastomaketheiraffinitieswithlowerthingsunthinkable，butshehasneverre-laidthefoundationsoftheworld。EvolutionbeganwithprotoplasmandendedwithMan，andallthewaybetween，thedevelopmenthasbeenasymmetrywhosesecretliesinthetwoorthreegreatcrystallizingforcesrevealedtousthroughthisfirstbasis。
Havingrealizedthesignificanceofthephysiologicalfunctions，letusnowaddressourselvestotheirmeaningandconnotations。
Thefirst，thefunctionofNutrition，onwhichtheStruggleforLifedepends，requiresnoexplanation。Mr。Darwinwascarefultogivetohisfavouritephrase，theStruggleforLife，awidermeaningthanthatwhichassociatesitmerelywithNutrition；butthisqualificationseemslargelytohavebeenlostsightof——tosomeextentevenbyhimself——andtheprincipleasitstandsto-dayinscientificandphilosophicaldiscussionispracticallysynonymouswiththeStruggleforFood。AstimegoesonthisStruggle——atfirstaconflictwithNatureandtheelements，sustainedbyhunger，andintensifiedbycompetition——assumesmanydisguises，andisultimatelyknowninthemodernworldunderthenamesofWarandIndustry。Intheselaterphasestheearlyfunctionofprotoplasmisobscured，butonthelastanalysis，WarandIndustry——pursuitsinwhichhalftheworldisnowengaged——areseentobesimplyitsnaturaldevelopments。
Theimplicationsofthesecondfunction，Reproduction，liefurtherfromthesurface。TosaythatReproductionissynonymouswiththeStrugglefortheLifeofOthersconveysatfirstlittlemeaning，forthephysiologicalaspectsofthefunctionpersistinthemind，andmakeevenaglimpseofitstruecharacterdifficult。Intwoorthreechaptersinthetext，theimplicationsofthisfunctionwillbeexplainedatlength，andthereaderwhoissufficientlyinterestedintheimmediateproblem，orwhoseesthatthereisheresomethingtobeinvestigated，maydowelltoturntotheseatonce。SufficeitforthemomenttosaythatthephysiologicalaspectsoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthersaresoovershadowedeventowardsthecloseoftheAnimalKingdombythepsychicalandethicalthatitisscarcelynecessarytoemphasizetheformeratall。One'sfirstandnaturalassociationwiththeStrugglefortheLifeofOthersiswithsomethingdoneforposterity——intheplanttheStruggletoproduceseeds，intheanimaltobegetyoung。Butthisisapreliminarywhich，comparedwithwhatdirectlyandindirectlyrisesoutofit，maybealmostpassedover。Thesignificantnoteisethical，thedevelopmentofOther-ism，asAltruism——itsimmediateandinevitableoutcome。Watchanyhigheranimalatthatmostcriticalofallhours——foritself，andforitsspecies——thehourwhenitgivesbirthtoanothercreaturelikeitself。Passoverthepurelyphysiologicalprocessesofbirth；observethebehaviouroftheanimal-motherinpresenceofthenewandhelplesslifewhichpalpitatesbeforeher。Thereitlies，tremblinginthebalancebetweenlifeanddeath。Hungertorturesit；coldthreatensit；dangerbesetsit；itsblindexistencehangsbyathread。
ThereistheopportunityofEvolution。Thereisanopeningappointedinthephysicalorderfortheintroductionofamoralorder。IfthereismoreinNaturethantheselfishStruggleforLifethesecretcannowbetold。
Hitherto，theworldbelongedtotheFood-seeker，theSelf-seeker，theStrugglerforLife，theFather。NowisthehouroftheMother。And，animalthoughshebe，sherisestohertask。Andthathour，assheministerstoheryoung，becomestotheworldthehourofitsholiestbirth。
Sympathy，tenderness，unselfishness，andthelonglistofvirtueswhichmakeupAltruism，arethedirectoutcomeandessentialaccompanimentofthereproductiveprocess。Withoutsomerudimentarymaternalsolicitudefortheegginthehumblestformsoflife，orfortheyoungamonghigherforms，thelivingworldwouldnotonlysuffer，butwouldcease。Foratimeinthelifehistoryofeveryhigheranimalthedirect，personal，gratuitous，unrewardedhelpofanothercreatureisaconditionofexistence。EveninthelowliestworldofplantsthelaboursofMaternitybegin，andtheanimalkingdomcloseswiththecreationofaclassinwhichthisfunctionisperfectedtoitslastconceivableexpression。ThevicariousprincipleisshotthroughandthroughthewholevastwebofNature；andifoneactorhasplayedamightierpartthananotherinthedramaofthepast，ithasbeenself-sacrifice。WhatmorehascomeintohumanityalongthelineoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOtherswillbeshownlater。Butitisquitecertainthat，ofallthethingsthatministertothewelfareandgoodofMan，ofallthatmaketheworldvariedandfruitful，ofallthatmakesocietysolidandinteresting，ofallthatmakelifebeautifulandgladandworthy，byfarthelargerparthasreachedusthroughtheactivitiesoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。
Howgravetheomissionofthissupremefactorfromourreckoning，howserioustheeffectuponourwholeviewofnature，mustnowappear。TimewaswhenthescienceofGeologywasinterpretedexclusivelyintermsoftheactionofasingleforce——fire。Thenfollowedthetheoriesofanopposingschoolwhosawalltheearth'sformationstobetheresultofwater。AnyBiology，anySociologyanyEvolution，whichisbasedonasinglefactor，isasuntrueastheoldGeology。ItisonlywhenboththeStruggleforLifeandtheStrugglefortheLifeofOthersarekeptinview，thatanyscientifictheoryofEvolutionispossible。Combinethem，contrastthem，assigneachitsplace，allowfortheirinter-actions，andtheschemeofNaturemaybeworkedoutintermsofthemtothelastdetail。Allalongtheline，throughthewholecourseofthedevelopment，thesetwofunctionsactandreactupononeanother；andcontinuallyastheyco-operatetoproduceasingleresult，theirspecificdifferencesareneverlost。
Thefirst，theStruggleforLife，is，throughout，theSelf-regardingfunction；thesecond，theOther-regardingfunction。
Thefirst，inlowerNature，obeyingthelawofself-preservation，devotesitsenergiestofeeditself；theother，obeyingthelawofspecies-preservation，tofeeditsyoung。Whilethefirstdevelopstheactivevirtuesofstrengthandcourage，theotherlaysthebasisforthepassivevirtues，sympathy，andlove。Inthelaterworldoneseeksitsendinpersonalaggrandizement，theotherinministration。Onebegetscompetition，self-assertion，war；
theotherunselfishness，self-effacement，peace。OneisIndividualism，theother，Altruism。
TosaythatnoethicalcontentcanbeputintothedischargeofeitherfunctionintheearlierreachesofNaturegoeswithoutsaying。Butthemomentwereachacertainheightinthedevelopment，ethicalimplicationsbegintoarise。These，inthecaseofthefirst，havebeenreadintoNature，loweraswellashigher，withanexaggeratedandmercilessmalevolence。Theothersidehasreceivedalmostnoexpression。
ThefinalresultisapictureofNaturewhollypaintedinshadow——apicturesodarkastobeachallengetoitsMaker，anunansweredproblemtophilosophy，anabidingoffencetothemoralnatureofMan。Theworldhasbeenhelduptousasonegreatbattlefieldheapedwiththeslain，anInfernoofinfinitesuffering，aslaughter-houseresoundingwiththecriesofaceaselessagony。
Beforethisversionofthetragedy，authenticatedbythehighestnamesontherollofscience，humanitywasdumb，moralitymystified，naturaltheologystultified。Atruerreadingmaynotwhollyrelievethefirst，enlightenthesecond，orre-instatethethird。Butitatleastre-openstheinquiry；andwhenallitsbearingscometobeperceived，thelightthrownuponthefieldofNaturebythesecondfactormaybemoreimpressivetoreasonthantheapparentshadowofthefirsttosense。
Torelievethestrainofthepositionforceduponethicsbytheone-sidedtreatmentoftheprocessofEvolution，heroicattemptshavebeenmade。Somehaveattemptedtomitigatetheamountofsufferingitinvolves，andassureusthat，afterall，theStruggle，exceptasametaphor，scarcelyexists。"Thereis，"protestsMr。AlfredRusselWallace，"goodreasontobelieve……thatthesupposed`torments`and`miseries`ofanimalshavelittlerealexistence，butarethereflectionoftheimaginedsensationsofcultivatedmenandwomeninsimilarcircumstances；
andthattheamountofactualsufferingcausedbytheStruggleforExistenceamonganimalsisaltogetherinsignificant。"[5]Mr。Huxley，ontheotherhand，willmakenocompromise。TheStruggleforLifetohimisaportentousfact，unmitigatedandunexplained。Nometaphorsarestrongenoughtodescribetheimplacabilityofitssway。"Themoralindifferenceofnature"and"theunfathomableinjusticeofthenatureofthings"everywherestarehimintheface。"Forhissuccessfulprogress，asfarasthesavagestate，Manhasbeenlargelyindebtedtothosequalitieswhichheshareswiththeapeandthetiger。"[6]Thatstagereached，"forthousandsandthousandsofyears，beforetheoriginoftheoldestknowncivilizations，menweresavagesofaverylowtype。
Theystrovewiththeirenemiesandtheircompetitors；theypreyeduponthingsweakerorlesscunningthanthemselves；theywereborn，multipliedwithoutstint，anddied，forthousandsofgenerations，alongsidethemammoth，theurus，thelion，andthehyaena，whoseliveswerespentinthesameway；andtheywerenomoretobepraisedorblamed，onmoralgrounds，thantheirlesserectandmorehairycompatriots……Lifewasacontinualfreefight，andbeyondthelimitedandtemporaryrelationsofthefamily，theHobbesianwarofeachagainstallwasthenormalstateofexistence。Thehumanspecies，likeothers，plashedandflounderedamidthegeneralstreamofevolution，keepingitsheadabovewaterasitbestmight，andthinkingneitherofwhencenorwhither。"[7]
HowthendoesMr。Huxleyact——foritisinstructivetofollowouttheconsequencesofanerror——inthefaceofthistremendousproblem？Hegivesitup。Thereisnosolution。Natureiswithoutexcuse。
Afterframinganindictmentagainstitintheseverestlanguageathiscommand，heturnshisbackuponNature——sub-humanNature，thatis——andleavesteleologytosettlethescoreasbestitcan。"Thehistoryofcivilization，"
hetellsus，"istherecordoftheattemptsofthehumanracetoescapefromthisposition。"Butwhitherdoeshebetakehimself？IshenotpartofNature，andthereforeasharerinitsguilt？Bynomeans。Forbyanastonishingtourdeforce——thelast，ashisformerassociatesintheevolutionaryrankshavenotfailedtoremindhim，whichmighthavebeenexpectedofhim——heejectshimselffromtheworld-order，andwasheshishandsofitinthenameofEthicalMan。AftersharingthefortunesofEvolutionallhislife，bearingitsburdensandsolvingitsdoubts，heabandonsitwithoutapang，andsetsupanimperiuminimperio，where，asamoralbeing，the`cosmic'Struggletroubleshimnomore。"CosmicNature，"hesays，inapartingshotathisformercitadel，"isnoschoolofvirtue，butthehead-quartersoftheenemyofethicalnature。"[8]SofarfromtheAscentofManrunningalongtheancientline，"Socialprogressmeansacheckingofthecosmicprocessateverystepandthesubstitutionforitofanother，whichmaybecalledtheethicalprocess；theendofwhichisnotthesurvivalofthosewhomayhappentobethefittest，inrespectofthewholeoftheconditionswhichexist，butofthosewhoareethicallythebest。"[9]
Theexpedient，tohim，wasanecessity。ViewingNatureasMr。Huxleyviewedittherewasnootherrefuge。The"cosmicprocess"
meanttohimtheStruggleforLife，andtoescapefromtheStruggleforLifehewascompelledtoturnawayfromtheworld-order，whichhaditsbeingbecauseofit。Asithappens，Mr。Huxleyhashitupontherightsolution，onlythemethodbywhichhereachesitiswhollywrong。Andthemischievousresultofitisobvious——itleavesalllowerNatureinthelurch。WithacuriousdisregardoftheprincipleofContinuity，towhichallhispreviousworkhaddonesuchhomage，hesplitsuptheworld-orderintotwoseparatehalves。Theearlierdominatedbythe`cosmic`principle——theStruggleforLife；theotherbythe`ethical`principle——virtually，theStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。TheStruggleforLifeisthusmadetostopatthe`ethical`process；theStrugglefortheLifeofOtherstobegin。Neitherisjustifiedbyfact。TheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，aswehaveseen，startsitsupwardcoursefromthesameprotoplasmastheStruggleforLife；
andtheStruggleforLiferunsonintothe`ethical'sphereasmuchastheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。OnehasonlytoseewhereMr。Huxleygetshis`ethical`worldtoperceivetheextentoftheanomaly。Forwheredoeshegetit，andwhatmannerofworldisit？"Thehistoryofcivilizationdetailsthestepsbywhichmenhavesucceededinbuildingupanartificialworldwithinthecosmos。"[10]Anartificialworldwithinthecosmos？
Thissuggestedbreachbetweentheearlierandthelaterprocess，ifindeedwearetotakeitseriously，isscientificallyindefensible，andthemoreunfortunatesincethesameresult，orabetter，canbeobtainedwithoutit。Therealbreachisnotbetweentheearlierandthelaterprocess，butbetweentworival，ortwoco-operatingprocesses，whichhaveexistedfromthefirst，whichhaveworkedtogetherallalongtheline，andwhichtookon`ethical`charactersatthesamemomentintime。TheStrugglefortheLifeofOthersissunkasdeepinthe"cosmicprocess"astheStruggleforLife；theStruggleforLifehasashareinthe"ethicalprocess"asmuchastheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。Botharecosmicprocesses；bothareethicalprocesses；botharebothcosmicalandethicalprocesses。Nothingbutconfusioncanarisefromacross-classificationwhichdoesjusticetoneitherhalfofNature。
TheconsternationcausedbyMr。Huxley'schangeoffront，orsupposedchangeoffront，ismatterofrecenthistory。Mr。
LeslieStephenandMr。HerbertSpencerhastenedtoprotest；theolderschoolofmoralistshaileditalmostasaconversion。Buttheonefacteverywhereapparentthroughoutthediscussionisthatneithersideapprehendedeithertheultimatenatureorthetruesolutionoftheproblem。Theseatofthedisorderisthesameinbothattackersandattacked——theone-sidedviewofNature。UniversallyNature，asfarastheplant，animal，andsavagelevels，istakentobesynonymouswiththeStruggleforLife。Darwinismheldthemonopolyofthatlowerregion，andDarwinismrevengeditselfinamannerwhichhasatleastshowntheinadequacyofthemostwidelyacceptedpremiseofrecentscience。
ThatMr。HuxleyhasmisgivingsonthematterhimselfisapparentfromhisNotes。"Ofcourse，"heremarks，inreferencetothetechnicalpoint，"strictlyspeaking，sociallifeandtheethicalprocess，invirtueofwhichitadvancestowardsperfection，arepartandparcelofthegeneralprocessofEvolution。"[11]Andhegetsamomentaryglimpseofthe"ethicalprocess"inthecosmos，which，ifhehadfolloweditout，musthavemodifiedhiswholeposition。
"Evenintheserudimentaryformsofsociety，loveandfearcomeintoplay，andenforceagreaterorlessrenunciationofself-will。Tothisextentthegeneralcosmicprocessbeginstobecheckedbyarudimentaryethicalprocess，whichis，strictlyspeaking，partoftheformer，justasthe`governor'
inasteam-engineispartofthemechanismoftheengine。"[12]
Herethewholepositionisvirtuallyconceded；
andonlythepre-conceptionsofDarwinismandthelackofacompleteinvestigationintothenatureandextentofthe"rudimentaryethicalprocess"canhaveprevailedinthefaceofsuchanadmission。Followoutthemetaphorofthe`governor，'and，withoneimportantmodification，thetruesituationalmoststandsdisclosed。Forwhatappearstobethe`governor'intherudimentaryethicalprocessbecomesthe`steam-engine'inthelaterprocess。Themerefactthatitexistsinthe"generalcosmicprocess"altersthequalityofthatprocess；andthefactthat，aswehopetoshow，itbecomestheprimemoverinthelaterprocess，entirelychangesoursubsequentconceptionofit。Thebeginningofaprocessistobereadfromtheendandnotfromthebeginning。Andifevenarudimentofamoralorderbefoundinthebeginningsofthisprocessitrelatesitselfandthatprocesstoafinalendandafinalunity。
Philosophyreadsendintotheearlierprocessbyanecessityofreason。ButhowmuchstrongeritspositionifitcouldaddtothatabasisinthefactsofNature？"Iasktheevolutionist，"pertinentlyinquiresMr。Huxley'scritic，"whohasnootherbasisthantheStruggleforexistence，howheaccountsfortheintrusionofthesemoralideasandstandardswhichpresumetointerferewiththecosmicprocessandsitinjudgmentuponitsresults。"[13]Mayweaskthephilosopherhowheaccountsforthem？Aslittlecanheaccountforthemashewhohas"nootherbasisthantheStruggleforexistence。"Truly，thewritercontinues，thequestion"cannotbeansweredsolongasweregardmoralitymerelyasanincidentalresult，aby-product，asitwere，ofthecosmicalsystem。"Butwhatifmoralitybethemainproductofthecosmicalsystem——ofeventhecosmicalsystem？Whatifitcanbeshownthatitistheessentialandnottheincidentalresultofit，andthatsofarfrombeingaby-product，itisimmoralitythatistheby-product？
Theseinterrogationsmaybetoostronglyput。
`Accompaniments'ofthecosmicalsystemmightbebetterthan`products'；
`revelationsthroughthatprocess'maybenearerthetruththan`results'
ofit。Butwhatitisintendedtoshowisthatthemoralorderisacontinuouslinefromthebeginning，thatithashadthroughout，sotospeak，abasisinthecosmos，thatuponthis，asatrellis-work，ithasclimbedupwardstothetop。Theone——thetrelliswork——istobeconceivedofasanincarnation；
theother——themanifestation——asarevelation；theoneisanEvolutionfrombelow，theotheranInvolutionfromabove。Philosophyhaslongsinceassuredusofthelast，butbecauseitwasneverabletoshowusthecompletenessofthefirst，sciencerefusedtobelieveit。Thedefaulterneverthelesswasnotphilosophybutscience。Itsbusinesswaswiththetrellis-work。
Anditgaveusabrokentrellis-work，aladderwithonlyoneside，andeverystepontheothersiderestingonair。Whensciencetriedtoclimbtheladderitfailed；thestepsrefusedtobearanyweight。Whatdidmenofsciencedo？Theycondemnedtheladderand，balancingthemselvesonthesidethatwassecure，proclaimedtheirAgnosticismtophilosophy。Andwhatdidphilosophydo？Itstoodontheotherhalfoftheladder，thehalfthatwasnotthere，andratedthem。Thattheotherhalfwasnottherewasoflittlemoment。Itwasinthemselves。Itoughttobethere；thereforeitmustbethere。Anditisquitetrue；itisthere。Philosophy，likePoetry，isprophetic："Thesenseofthewhole，"itsays，"comesfirst。"[14]
Butsciencecouldnotacceptthealternative。
Ithadlooked，anditwasnotthere；fromitsstandpointtheonlyrefugewasAgnosticism——therewerenofacts。Tillthefactsarrived，therefore，philosophywaspowerlesstorelieveherally。SciencelookedtoNaturetoputinherownends，andnottophilosophytoputtheminforher。Philosophymightinterpretthemaftertheywerethere，butitmusthavesomethingtostartfrom；andallthatsciencehadsuppliedherwithmeantimewasthefactoftheStruggleforLife。WorkingfromthestandpointofthelargerNature，HumanNatureitself，philosophycouldputinotherends；butthereappearednosolidbackingfortheseinfacts，andsciencerefusedtobesatisfied。Thepositionwasafairone。Thedangerofphilosophyputtingintheendsisthatshecannotconvinceeveryonethattheyaretherightones。
Andwhatisthevalidanswer？Ofcourse，thatNaturehasputinherownendsifwewouldtakethetroubletolookforthem。Shedoesnotrequirethemtobesecretlymanufacturedupstairsandcreditedtoheraccount。Bythatprocessmistakesmightariseinthereckoning。
Thephilosophersupstairsmightdifferaboutthefigures，oratleastinequatingthem。Thephilosopherrequiresfact，phenomenon，naturallaw，ateveryturntokeephimright；andwithoutatleastsomeglimpseofthese，hemaytravelfarafield。SolongasSchopenhauerseesonethinginthecourseofNatureandRousseauanother，itwillalwaysbewelltohaveNatureherselftoactasreferee。TheendasreadinNature，andtheendasre-readin，andinterpretedby，thehigherNatureofManmaybeverydifferentthings；butnothingcanbedonetilltheEnd-in-the-phenomenonclearsthewayfortheEnd-in-itself——tillscienceovertakesphilosophywithfacts。
Whenthatisdone，everythingcanbedone。Withthefindingoftheotherhalfoftheladder，evenAgnosticismmayretire。Sciencecannotpermanentlypronounceitself"notknowing，"tillithasexhaustedthepossibilitiesofknowing。AndinthiscasetheAgnosticismispremature，forsciencehasonlytolookagain，anditwilldiscoverthatthemissingfactsarethere。
Seldomhastherebeenaninstanceonsolargeascaleofabiologicalerrorcorruptingawholephilosophy。Bacon'saphorismwasnevermoretrue："ThisIdareaffirminknowledgeofNature，thatalittlenaturalphilosophy，andthefirstentranceintoit，dothdisposetheopiniontoatheism，butontheotherside，muchnaturalphilosophy，andwadingdeepintoit，willbringaboutmen'smindstoreligion。"[15]Hitherto，theEvolutionisthashadpracticallynootherbasisthantheStruggleforLife。Supposeevenweleavethatuntouched，theadditionofanOther-regardingbasismakesaninfinitedifference。Forwhenitisthenaskedonwhichofthemtheprocessturns，andtheanswerisgiven`Onboth，'
weperceivethatitisneitherbytheonealone，norbytheotheralone，thattheprocessistobeinterpreted，butbyahigherunitywhichresolvesandembracesall。Andasbothareequallynecessarytotheantinomy，eventhatofthetwowhichseemsirreconcilablewithhigherendsisseentobenecessary。Viewedsimpliciter，theStruggleforLifeappearsirreconcilablewithethicalends，aprodigiousanomalyinamoralworld；
butviewedincontinuousreactionwiththeStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，itdisclosesitselfasaninstrumentofperfectionthemostsubtleandfar-reachingthatreasoncoulddevise。
Thepresenceofthesecondfactortherefore，whileitleavesthefirstuntouched，cannotleaveitsimplicationsuntouched。
Itcompletelyalterstheseimplications。IthasneverbeendeniedthattheStruggleforLifeisanefficientinstrumentofprogress；thesoledifficultyhasalwaysbeentojustifythenatureoftheinstrument。Butifevenitbeshownthatthisisonlyhalftheinstrument，teleologygainssomething。IfthefullerviewtakesnothingawayfromtheprocessofEvolution，itimportssomethingintoitwhichchangesthewholeaspectofthecase。
Forevenfromthefirstthatfactoristhere。TheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，aswehaveseen，isnointerpolationattheendoftheprocess，butradical，engrainedintheworld-orderasprofoundlyastheStruggleforLife。Bywhatright，then，hasNaturebeeninterpretedonlybytheStruggleforLife？WithfargreaterjusticemightscienceinterpretitinthelightoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。For，inthefirstplace，unlesstherehadbeenthissecondfactor，theworldcouldnothaveexisted。WithouttheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，obviouslytherewouldhavebeennoOthers。Inthesecondplace，unlesstherehadbeenaStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，theStruggleforLifecouldnothavebeenkeptup。AswillbeshownlatertheStruggleforLifealmostwhollysupportsitselfontheproductsoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。Inthethirdplace，withouttheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，theStruggleforLifeasregardsitsenergieswouldhavedieddown，andfailedofitswholeachievement。
ItistheceaselesspressureproducedbytheexuberantfertilityofReproductionthatcreatesanyvaluableStruggleforLifeatall。Themoment"Others"
multiply，theindividualstrugglebecomeskeenuptothedisciplinarypoint。
Itwasthis，indeed——throughthereadingofMalthusonOver-population——thatsuggestedtoMr。DarwinthevalueoftheStruggleforLife。ThelawofOver-populationfromthattimeforwardbecamethefoundation-stoneofhistheory；andrecentbiologicalresearchhasmadethebasismoresolidthanever。TheStrugglefortheLifeofOthersontheplantandanimalplane，inthemereworkofmultiplyinglives，isafinalconditionofprogress。
Withoutcompetitiontherecanbenofight，andwithoutfighttherecanbenovictory。Inotherwords，withouttheStrugglefortheLifeofOtherstherecanbenoStruggleforLife，andthereforenoEvolution。Finally，andallthereasonsalreadygivenarefrivolousbesideit，hadtherebeennoAltruism——Altruisminthedefinitesenseofunselfishness，sympathy，andself-sacrificeforOthers，thewholehigherworldoflifehadperishedassoonasitwascreated。Forhours，ordays，orweeksintheearlyinfancyofallhigheranimals，maternalcareandsympathyareaconditionofexistence。
Altruismhadtoentertheworld，andanyspecieswhichneglecteditwasextinguishedinageneration。
NodoubtacasecouldbemadeoutlikewisefortheimperativevalueoftheStruggleforLife。Thepositionhasjustbeengranted。Sofarfromdisputingit，weassumeittobeequallyessentialtoNatureandtoajudgmentupontheprocessofEvolution。ButwhatisdisputedisthattheStruggleforLifeiseitherthekeytoNature，orthatitismoreimportantinitselfthantheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers。
Itispitifulworkpittingtherighthandagainsttheleft，theheartagainstthehead；butifitbeinsistedthatthereisneitherrighthandnorheart，theproclamationisnecessarynotonlythattheyexist，butthatabsolutelytheyareasimportantandrelativelytoethicalManofinfinitelygreatermomentthananythingthatfunctionseitherintheanimalorsocialorganism。
Butwhy，ifallthisbetrueoftheStrugglefortheLifeofOthers，hasaclaimsoimperiousnotbeenrecognizedbyscience？Thataphenomenonofthisdistinctionshouldhaveattractedsolittleattentionsuggestsasuspicion。Doesitreallyexist？
Isthebiologicalbasissound？Havewenotatleastexaggerateditssignificance？Thebiologistwilljudge。ThoughnodoubtthefunctionofReproductionisintimatelyconnectedinPhysiologywiththefunctionofNutrition，thefactsasstatedherearefactsofNature；
andsomeglimpseoftheinfluenceofthissecondfactorwillbegiveninthesequelfromwhicheventhenon-biologicalreadermaydrawhisownconclusions。
DifficultasitseemstoaccountfortheignoringofanelementalfactinframingthedoctrineofEvolution，therearecircumstanceswhichmaketheomissionlessunintelligible。Foremost，ofcourse，therestandstheoverpoweringinfluenceofMr。Darwin。Inspiteofthefactthathewarnedhisfollowersagainstit，thislargelyprejudgedtheissue。Nextistobeconsideredthenarrowing，onehadalmostsaidtheblighting，effectofspecialism。Necessarytotheprogressofscience，thefirsteraofareignofspecialismisdisastroustophilosophy。Themenwhoinfieldandlaboratoryareworkingoutthefacts，donotspeculateatall。Contentwithslowlybuildingupthesumofactualknowledgeinsomeneglectedandrestrictedprovince，theyaretooabsorbedtonoticeevenwhattheworkersintheotherprovincesareabout。Thusithappensthatwhiletherearemanyscientificmen，therearefewscientificthinkers。Thecomplaintisoftenmadethatsciencespeculatestoomuch。Itisquitetheotherway。
Onehasonlytoreadtheaveragebookofscienceinalmostanydepartmenttowonderatthewealthofknowledge，thebrilliancyofobservation，andthebarrennessofidea。Ontheotherhand，thoughscientificexpertswillnotthinkthemselves，thereisalwaysamultitudeofonlookerswaitingtodoitforthem。Amongthesewhatstrikesoneistheignoranceoffactandtheaudacityoftheidea。Themomentanygreathalf-truthinNatureisunearthed，theseunqualifiedpractitionersleaptoageneralization；
andtheobserversmeantime，onthetrackoftheotherhalf，aretoobusyortoooblivioustorefutetheirheresies。Hence，longafteritsfoundationsareundermined，abrilliantgeneralizationwillretainitsholduponthepopularmind；andbeforethecomplementary，thequalifying，ortheneutralizingfactscanbesupplied，themischiefisdone。
Butwhilethisistrueofmanywhoplaywiththedouble-edgedtoolsofscience，itisnottrueofathirdclass。Whenweturntothepagesofthefewwhosescienceisadequateandwhosesweepisoverthewholevasthorizon，wefind，asweshouldexpect，somerecognitionofthealtruisticfactor。ThoughMr。HerbertSpencer，towhomtheappealinthisconnectionisobvious，makesadifferentuseofthefact，ithasnotescapedhim。NotonlydoestheOther-regardingfunctionreceiverecognition，butheallotsitahighplaceinhissystem。Ofitsethicalbearingsheisequallyclear。"What，"heasks，"istheethicalaspectofthese[altruistic]
principles？Inthefirstplace，animallifeofallbutthelowestkindshasbeenmaintainedbyvirtueofthem。ExcludingtheProtozoa，amongwhichtheiroperationisscarcelydiscernible，weseethatwithoutgratisbenefitstooffspring，andearnedbenefitstoadults，lifecouldnothavecontinued。Inthesecondplace，byvirtueofthemlifehasgraduallyevolvedintohigherforms。Bycareofoffspring，whichhasbecomegreaterwithadvancingorganization，andbysurvivalofthefittestinthecompetitionamongadults，whichhasbecomemorehabitualwithadvancingorganization，superiorityhasbeenperpetuallyfosteredandfurtheradvancescaused。"[16]Fiske，Littre，Romanes，LeConte，L。Buchner，MissBuckley，andPrinceKropotkinhaveexpressedthemselvespartlyinthesamedirection；andGeddesandThomson，insomanywords，recognize"theco-existenceoftwin-streamsofegoismandaltruism，whichoftenmergeforaspacewithoutlosingtheirdistinctness，andaretraceabletoacommonorigininthesimplestformsoflife。"[17]Thelastnamed——doubtlessbecausetheirstudieshavetakenthembothintothefieldsofpurebiologyandofbionomics——moreclearlythananyothermodernwriters，havegraspedthebearingsofthisthemeinalldirections，andtheyfearlesslytaketheirstandpointfromthephysiologyofprotoplasm。
Thus，"inthehungerandreproductiveattractionsofthelowestorganisms，theself-regardingandother-regardingactivitiesofthehigherfindtheirstarting-point。Thoughsomevagueconsciousnessisperhapsco-existentwithlifeitself，wecanonlyspeakwithconfidenceofpsychicalegoismandaltruismafteracentralnervoussystemhasbeendefinitelyestablished。
Atthesametime，theactivitiesofeventhelowestorganismsareoftendistinctlyreferabletoeithercategory……Hardlydistinguishableattheoutset，theprimitivehungerandlovebecomethestarting-pointsofdivergentlinesofegoisticandaltruisticemotionandactivity。"[18]
Thatatamuchearlierstagethanisusuallysupposed，Evolutionvisiblyentersuponthe"rudimentaryethical"
plane，iscertain，andweshallhopetooutlinetheproof。Butevenifthethesisfails，itremainstochallengethegeneralviewthattheStruggleforLifeiseverything，andtheStrugglefortheLifeofOthersnothing。
Seeingnotonlythatthesecondisthemoreimportant，butalsothisfarmoresignificantfact——whichhasnotyetbeenalludedto——thatasEvolutionproceedstheoneStrugglewaxes，andtheotherwanes，woulditnotbewisertostudythedramaneareritsdenouementbeforedecidingwhetheritwasamoral，anon-moral，oranimmoralplay？
LesttheallegedwaningoftheStruggleforLifeconveyawrongimpression，letitbeaddedthatofcoursethewordistobetakenqualitatively。TheStruggleinitselfcannevercease。
Whatceasesisitsso-calledanti-ethicalcharacter。FornothingisinfinerevidenceasweriseinthescaleoflifethanthegradualtemperingoftheStruggleforLife。Itsslowameliorationistheworkofages，maybetheworkofagesstill，butitsanimalqualitiesinthesociallifeofManarebeingsurelyleftbehind；andthoughthemarkofthesavageandthebrutestillmaritshandiwork，theseharsherqualitiesmustpassaway。Inthatnewsocialorderwhichthegatheringmightofthealtruisticspiritiscreatingnowaroundus，inthatreignofLovewhichmustoneday，ifthecourseofEvolutionholdsonitsway，berealized，thebaserelementswillfindthatsolventpreparedforthemfromthebeginninginanticipationofahigherruleonearth。InterpretingthecourseofEvolutionscientifically，whetherfromitsstarting-pointinthefirstprotoplasm，orfromtherallying-pointofitstwogreatforcesinthesocialorganismofto-day，itbecomesmoreandmorecertainthatonlyfromthecommingledachievementofbothcanthenatureoftheprocessbetrulyjudged。Yet，asoneseestheonesunset，andtheotherrisewithasplendourthemoreastonishingandbewilderingasthecenturiesrollon，itisimpossibletowithholdaverdictastowhichmaybemostreasonablylookeduponastheultimaterealityoftheworld。ThepathofprogressandthepathofAltruismareone。EvolutionisnothingbuttheInvolutionofLove，therevelationofInfiniteSpirit，theEternalLifereturningtoItself。EventhegreatshadowofEgoismwhichdarkensthepastisrevealedasshadowonlybecausewearecompelledtoreaditbythehigherlightwhichhascome。Intheveryactofjudgingittobeshadow，weassumeandvindicatethelight。Andineveryvisionofthelight，contrariwise，weresolvetheshadow，andperceivetheendforwhichbothlightanddarkaregiven。
"Icanbelieve，thisdreadmachineryOfsinandsorrow，wouldconfoundmeelse，Devised——allpain，atmostexpenditureOfpainbyWhodevisedpain——toevolve，Bynewmachineryincounterpart，ThemoralqualitiesofMan——howelse？——
Tomakehimloveinturn，andbebeloved，Creativeandself-sacrificingtoo，AndthuseventuallyGodlike。"[19]IIIWHYWASEVOLUTIONTHEMETHODCHOSEN？Oneseldom-raisedyetnotmerelycuriousquestionofEvolutionis，whytheprocessshouldbeanevolutionatall？IfEvolutionissimplyamethodofCreation，whywasthisveryextraordinarymethodchosen？Creationtoutd'uncoupmighthaveproducedthesameresult；aninstantaneousactoranage-longprocesswouldbothhavegivenustheworldasitis？
Theanswerofmodernnaturaltheologyhasbeenthattheevolutionarymethodistheinfinitelynoblerscheme。Aspectacularact，itissaid，savoursofthemagician。Asamereexhibitionofpoweritappealstothelowernature；butaprocessofgrowthsuggeststothereasontheworkofanintelligentMind。Nodoubtthisintellectualgainisreal。Whileacatastropheputstheuniversetoconfusionatthestart，agradualrisemakesthebeginningofNatureharmoniouswithitsend。Howthesurpassinggrandeurofthenewconceptionhasfilledtheimaginationandkindledtoenthusiasmthesoberestscientificminds，fromDarwindownwards，isknowntoeveryone。AsthememorablewordswhichclosetheOriginofSpeciesrecall："Thereisagrandeurinthisviewoflife，withitsseveralpowers，havingbeenoriginallybreathedbytheCreatorintoafewformsorintoone；andthatwhilstthisplanethasgonecyclingon，accordingtothefixedlawofgravity，fromsosimpleabeginningendlessformsmostbeautifulandmostwonderfulhavebeen，andarebeingevolved。"[20]
Butcananintellectualanswersatisfyusanymorethanthemechanicalanswerwhichitreplaced？AstherewasclearlyamoralpurposeintheendtobeachievedbyEvolution，shouldwenotexpecttofindsomesimilarpurposeinthemeans？Canweperceivenohighdesigninselectingthisparticulardesign，noworthyethicalresultwhichshouldjustifytheconceptionaswellastheexecutionofEvolution？
Wegotoofar，perhaps，inexpectinganswerstoquestionssotranscendent。Butoneatleastsuggestsitself，whosepracticalvalueisapologyenoughforventuringtoadvanceit。Whenevertheschemewasplanned，itmusthavebeenforeseenthatthetimewouldcomewhenthedirectingofpartofthecourseofEvolutionwouldpassintothehandsofMan。Aspectatorofthedramaforages，tooignoranttoseethatitwasadrama，andtooimpotenttodomorethanplayhislittlepart，thediscoverymustsoonerorlaterbreakuponhimthatNaturemeanthimtobecomeapartnerinhertask，andsharetheresponsibilityoftheclosingacts。ItisnotgiventohimasyettobindthesweetinfluencesofPleiades，ortounloosethebandsofOrion。Inpartonlycanhemakethewindsandwavesobeyhim，orcontrolthefallingrain。Butinlargerpartheholdsthedominionoftheworldoflowerlife。Heexterminateswhathepleases；
hecreatesandhedestroys；hechanges；heevolves；hisselectionreplacesnaturalselection；hereplenishestheearthwithplantsandanimalsaccordingtohiswill。Butinafargrandersphere，andinaninfinitelyprofoundersense，hasthesovereigntypassedtohim，For，bythesamedecree，hefindshimselftheguardianandthearbiterofhispersonaldestiny，andthatofhisfellow-men。Themouldingofhislifeandofhischildren'schildreninmeasureliewithhim。Throughinstitutionsofhiscreation，throughParliaments，Churches，Societies，Schools，heshapesthepathofprogressforhiscountryandhistime。Theevilsoftheworldarecombatedbyhisremedies；itspassionsarestayed，itswrongsredressed，itsenergiesforgoodorevildirectedbyhishand。Forunnumberedmillionsheopensorshutsthegatesofhappiness，andpavesthewayformiseryorsocialhealth。
NeverbeforewasitknownandfeltwiththesamesolemncertaintythatMan，withinboundswhichnonecanpass，mustbehisownmakerandthemakeroftheworld。Forthefirsttimeinhistorynotindividualsonlybutmultitudesofthewisestandthenoblestineverylandtakehometothemselves，andunceasinglyconcernthemselveswith，theproblemoftheEvolutionofMankind。
Multitudesmore，philanthropists，statesmen，missionaries，humblemenandpatientwomen，devotethemselvesdailytoitspracticalsolution，andeverywheresome，inaGod-likeculminationofAltruism，givetheirverylivesfortheirfellow-men。WhoistohelpthesePracticalEvolutionists——forthosewhoreadthebookofNaturecancallthembynoothername，andthosewhoknowitsspiritcancallthembynohigher——whoistohelpthemintheirtremendoustask？Thereisthewill——whereisthewisdom？
WherebutinNatureherself。NaturemayhaveentrustedthefurtherbuildingtoMankind，buttheplanhasneverleftherhands。Thelinesofthefuturearetobelearnedfromherpast，andherfellow-helperscanmosteasily，mostloyally，andmostperfectlydotheirpartbystudyingcloselythearchitectureoftheearlierworld，andcontinuingthehalf-finishedstructuresymmetricallytothetop。TheinformationnecessarytocompletetheworkwitharchitecturalconsistencyliesinNature。
Wemightexpectthatitshouldbethere。Whenabusinessistransferred，orapartnerassumed，thebooksareshown，themethodsofthebusinessexplained，itsfuturedevelopmentspointedout。AllthisisnowdonefortheEvolutionofMankind。InEvolutionCreationhasshownherhand。TohavekeptthesecretfromManwouldhaveimperilledthefurtherevolution。
Tohaverevealeditsoonerhadbeenpremature。Lovemustcomebeforeknowledge，forknowledgeistheinstrumentofLove，anduselesstillitarrives。ButnowthatthereisAltruismenoughintheworldtobeginthenewera，theremustbewisdomenoughtodirectit。TomakeNaturespelloutherowncareer，toembodythekeytothedevelopmentintheverydevelopmentitself，sothatthekeymightbehandedoveralongwiththework，wastomakethetransferenceofresponsibilitypossibleandrational。Intheseventeenthcentury，Descartes，whowithLeibnitzalreadyforesawtheadumbrationoftheevolutionaryprocess，almostpointedthisout；forspeaking，inanotherconnection，oftheintellectualvalueofaslowdevelopmentofthingsheobserves，"theirnatureismuchmoreeasytoconceivewhentheyareseenoriginatingbydegreesinthisway，thanwhentheyareconsideredasentirelymade。"[21]
ThepastofNatureisaworking-modelofhowworldscanbemade。Theprobabilitiesarethereisnobetterwayofmakingthem。IfMandoesaswellitwillbeenough。InanycasehecanonlybeginwhereNatureleftoff，andworkwithsuchtoolsasareputintohishands。
Ifthenewpartnerhadbeenintendedmerelytoexperimentwithworld-making，nosuchlegacyofusefullawhadbeenevergivenhim。Andifhehadbeenmeanttobegindenovoonatotallydifferentplan，itisunlikelyeitherthatthatshouldnothavebeenhintedat，orthatinhistouchingandbeautifulendeavourheshouldbeembarrassedandthrownoffthetrackbytheoldplan。Asachildsettocompletesomefineembroideryisshownthestitches，thecolours，andtheoutlinetraceduponthecanvas，sothegreatMotherinsettingtheirdifficulttasktoherlaterchildrenprovidesthemwithonesuperbpartfinishedtoshowthepattern。IVEVOLUTIONANDSOCIOLOGYThemomentitisgraspedthatwemayhaveinNatureakeytothefutureprogressofMankind，thestudyofEvolutionrisestoanimposingrankinhumaninterest。Thereliestheprogrammeoftheworldfromthefirstoftime，theinstrument，thecharter，andstillmoretheprophecyofprogress。Evolutionisthenaturaldirectoryofthesociologist，theguidethroughthatwhichhasworkedinthepasttowhat——subjecttomodifyinginfluenceswhichNaturecanalwaysbetrustedtogivefullnoticeof——maybeexpectedtoworkinthefuture。Here，fortheindividual，isanewandimpressivesummonstopublicaction，avocationchosenofNaturewhichitwillprofithimtoconsider，fortherebyhemaynotonlysavethewholeworld，butfindhisownsoul。"Thestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentofman，"saysProf。