AndtheKaiserinnherself，Austria’shighMother，did，theysay，aftersuchaLeuthencomingonthebackofsuchaRossbach，feeldiscouraged；butthePompadour（notFrance’sMother，whatevershemightbetoFrance）wasoffarothermind:"Donotspeakofit，MA
　　REINE！Doubleorquits，thatisourgame:canweyieldforalittleill—luck？Never！"
　　FrancedismissesitsD’Argenson，"WhatArmiesaretheseofhis；
　　flyinghomeonus，likedraggledpoultry，acrosstheRhine！"——
　　summonsthefamedBelleisletobeWar—Minister，andgivethingsaneagle—quality:["26thFebruary，1758"（BARBIER，iv。258）。]
　　Franceengagestopayitssubsidiesbetter（Francenowthegeneralpayingparty，Austria，Sweden，Russiaitself，alllookingtoFrance，——wouldshewereaspunctualasEnglandusedtobe！），——inaword，engagestobemagnanimousextremely，andwillhearofnothingbutpersistence。"Shallnotwereap，then，wherethereissuchaharveststandingwhitetous？"Kaunitzadmitsthatthereneverwillagainbesuchachance。——Peace，itisclearenough，willnotbegotofthesepeoplebyanyLetter，orhumandevicewhatever，exceptsimplybyuttermost，moreorlessmiraculousfightingforit。
　　Friedrichisprofoundlyawareofthisfact；——isbusycompletinghisArmy:145，000forthefield，thisYear，53，000theSilesianpart，"agoodmanyofthemAustriandeserters；"[Stenzel，v。155。]andisclosinganimportantSubsidyTreatywithEngland，——ofwhichmoreanon。
　　AndifthisisthemoodinFranceandAustria，thinkwhatRussia’swillbe！TheCzarinaisnotdeadofdropsy，assomehadexpected，but，onthecontrary，alive，andfiercerthanever；furiousagainstApraxin，anddeterminedthatFermor，hissuccessor，shalldefyWinter，andbeginworkatonce。ShehasindignantlydismissedApraxin（tobetriedbyCourt—Martial，he）；dismissesBestucheftheChancellor；appointsanewGeneral，Fermorbyname；ordersFermortogoandlosenotamoment，nowinthedepthofWintersinceitwasnotdoneinthecrownofSummer，andtakepossessionofEastPreusseninhername。
　　WhichFermordoes；16thJanuary，crossestheborderagain，31，000
　　inall，withoutoppositionexceptfromthefrost；plantshimselfupanddown，——onlytwopoorPrussianbattalionsthere；whoretire，withtheireffects，especially"withsevenwagonsofmoney。"
　　January22d，FermorentersKonigsberg；publishesnoendofproclamations，manifestoes，rescripts，toinformthepoorpeople，tremblingattheCossackatrocitiesoflastYear，"ThathisaugustSovereignElizabethofAlltheRussiashasnowbecomeProprietressofEastPreussen，whichshallbeperfectlyprotectedandexquisitelywell—governedhenceforth；andthatallmenofofficialorsocialpositionhave，accordingly，tocomeandtaketheoathtoher，withtheduealacrityandpunctuality，attheirperil。"
　　Nomaniswillingfortheoperation，mostmenshudderatit；
　　butwhocanhelpthem？Surelyitwasanunblessedoperation。
　　Poorsouls，onepitiesthem；forathearttheywere，andcontinued，loyaltotheirownKing；thoroughlyabhorrentofbecomingRussian，asCzarishMajestyhasthoroughlyresolvedtheyshall。Somefewabsconded，leavingtheirpropertyasspoil；therestswore，withmentalreservation，withshifts，suchastheycoulddevise:——forexample，somewereobservedtoswearwithgloveson；therighthand，whichtheyheldup，wasamererightFISTwithastuffedgloveattheendofit，——SOhelpmeBeelzebub（orwhoeveristherecordingAngelhere）！[Helden—Geschichte，v。
　　141—149:Preuss，ii。145，iii。578，iv。477，&c。]AndthusdoesPreussen，withastonishment，asbythespellofaCzarinaCirce，finditselfchangedsuddenlytoRussian:anddoesnotrecovertheoldhumanformtillfouryearshence，——when，againsuddenly，asweshallsee，theCirceandherwandchancetogetbroken。
　　FriedrichcouldnotmendorpreventthisbadBusiness；butwassodisgustedwithit，heneversetfootinEastPreussenagain，——nevercouldbeartobeholdit，aftersuchatransformationintotemporaryRussianshape。IcannotsayheabhorredthisconstrainedOathasI
　　shouldhavedone:onthecontrary，inthefirstspurtofindignation，henotonlyprotestedaloud，butmadereprisals，——
　　"SwearMEthoseSaxons，then！"saidhe；andsomepoormagistratesoftowns，andofficialpeople，hadtomakeafigureofswearing（ifnotallegiancealtogether，allegianceforthetimebeing），inthesamesadfashion，tillone’shumorcooledagain。[Preuss，ii。163:
　　OathgiveninHelden—Geschichte，v。631。]
　　EastPreussen，lostinthisway，heldbyitsKingasbefore，ormorepassionatelynowthanever；stilllovedFriedrich，saytheBooks；butitisRussia’sforthepresent，andthemischiefisdone。EastPreussenitself，CirceCzarinacherishingitasherown，hadamuchpeaceablertime:insecretitevensentmoneys，recruits，numerousyoungvolunteerstoFriedrich；muchmore，hopesandprayers。Buthisdisgustwiththelatetransformationbyenchantmentwasinexpiable。
　　ItwasMayorJune，ashadbeenanticipated，beforetheRussianmainArmymadeitspracticalappearanceinthoseparts。Fermorhad，intheinterim，seizedThorn，seizedElbing（"Nooffence，magnanimousPolacks，itisonlyforatime！"），——andwouldfainhavehadDantzigtoo，butDantzigwouldn’t。NottillJune16thdidtheunwieldymass（onpaper104，000，andineffect，andexclusiveofCossackrabble，about75，000）getonway；andbeginslowlystaggeringwestward。Veryslowly，andamidincendiaryfireandhorridcruelty，asheretofore；——andinAugustcomingweshallbesuretohearofit。
　　LehwaldwasjustfinishingwiththeSwedes，——hadgotthemallbottledupinStralsundagain，aboutNew—Year’stime，whentheseRussianscrossedintoPreussen。WesaidnothingoftheSwedishso—calledCampaignoflastYear；——andindeedareboundtobenearlysilentofthatandofalltheothers。FiveCampaignsofthem，oratleastFourandahalf；suchCampaignsaswerenevermadebeforeorsince。OfCampaign1757，thememorablefeatureis，thatofthewhole"SwedishDivision，"asthelaughingNewspaperscalledit，whichwas"puttoflightbyfiveBerlinPostilions；"——substantiallyatruth，asfollows:——
　　"NightofSeptember12th—13th，1757，theSwedes，22，000strong，didatlastbeginbusiness；crossedPeeneRiver，theboundarybetweentheirPommernandours；and，havingnothingbutsomefractionsofMilitiatoopposethem，sooncapturedtheRedoubtsthere；
　　spreadoverPrussianPommern，andonintotheUckermark；
　　diligentlyraisingcontributions，toaheavyamount。Nolessthan90，000poundsinallforthispoorProvince；though，byastrangeaccident，60，000poundsprovedtobetheactualsum。
　　"TowardstheendofOctobertheyhadgotasmuchas60，000poundsfromthenorthernpartsofUckermark，Prentzlowbeingtheirhead—
　　quarterduringthatoperation；andtheynowsentoutaDetachmentof200grenadiersand100dragoonstowardsZehdenick，anotherlittleTown，somefortymilesfarthersouth，theretowringouttheremainingsum。TheDetachmentmarchedbynight，notcourtingnotice；butpeoplehadheardofitscoming；andfivePrussianPostilions，——shiftyfellows，oldhussarsitmaybe，atanyrateskilfulonthetrumpet，andfurnishedwithhussarjacketsandanoldpistoleach，determinedtodosomethingfortheirCountry。
　　TheSwedishDetachmenthadnotmarchedmanymiles，when，——afterorbeforesomeflourishesofmartialtrumpeting，——thereverilyfellontheSwedishflank，outofaclumpofdarkwood，fiveshots，andwoundedoneman。Totheastonishmentandpanicoftheothertwohundredandninety—nine；whomadeinstantretreat，undernewshotsandtrumpet—tones，asifitwerefromfivewholehussarregiments；
　　retreatdouble—quick，toPrentzlow；alarmwaxingbythespeed；
　　alarmspreadingatPrentzlowitself:sothatthewholeDivisiongottoitsfeet，recrossedthePeene；andUckermarkhadnothingmoretopay，forthatbout！Thisisnotafable，suchasgointheNewspapers，"addsmyAuthority，"butanaccuratefact:"[
　　Helden—Geschichte，iv。764，807；Archenholtz，i。
　　160。]——probably，inourday，thealonememorableoneofthat"SwedishWar。"
　　"TheFrench，"saysanotherofmyNotes，"whodidthesubsidyingallround（whopaideventheRussianSubsidy，thoughinAustria’sname），hadalwaysanideathattheSwedes——22，000stoutmen，thisyear，4，000ofthemcavalry——mightbemadetoco—operatewiththeRussians；withthemorwithsomebody；anddosomethingeffectiveinthewayofdestroyingFriedrich。Andbesidestheirsubsidiesandbribings，theFrenchtookincrediblepainswiththisview；
　　incessantlycontriving，correspondencing，andrunningtoandfrobetweentheparties:[Forexample:M。leMarquisdeMontalembert，CORRESPONDANCEAVEC&c。，ETANTEMPLOYEPARLEROIDEFRANCEA
　　L’ARMEESUEDOISE，1757—1761（"withtheSwedishArmy，"yes，andsometimeswiththeRussian，——andsometimesontheFrenchCoasts，ardentlyfortifyingagainstPittandhisDescentsthere:——averyintelligent，industrious，observantman；stillamusingtoread，ifonewereidler），ALONDRES（evidentlyParis），1777，3vols。small8vo。Then，likewiseveryintelligent，thereisaMontazet，aMortaigne，aCaulaiucourt；aCAMPAGNEDESRUSSESEN1757；&c。&c。，——inshort，agreatdealoffinefacultyemployedthereinspinningropesfromsand。]buthadnot，evenfromtheRussiansandCzarishMajesty，muchofaresult，andfromtheSwedeshadabsolutelynoneatall。ByFrenchindustryandflagitation，theSwedishArmywasgenerallykeptuptoabout20，000:thesoldierswereexpertwiththeirfighting—tools，knewtheirfield—exercisewell；hadfineartillery，andwerestouthardyfellows:buttheguidanceofthemwaswonderful。’Theyhadnofield—commissariat，’saysoneObserver，’nofield—bakery，nomagazines，nopontoons，nolighttroops；and，’
　　amongtheHigherOfficers，’nosubordination。’[Archenholtz，i。
　　158。]Were，inshort，commandedbynobodyinparticular。CommandedbySenatorCommittee—meninStockholm；and，onthefield，byGeneralsanxioustoavoidresponsibility；who，insteadofacting，heldcontinualCouncilsofWar。ThehistoryoftheirCampaigns，yearafteryear，is，insummary，this:——
　　"Lateintheseason（alwayslate，War—Officesathome，andCaptaincieshere，beinginsuchastate），theyemergedfromStralsund，animpregnableplaceoftheirown，——wherethemen，I
　　observe，havehadtoliveondriedfishysubstances，insteadofnaturalboiledoatmeal；[Montalembert，i。32—37，335。394，&c。
　　（thatofthedemandforNeisePORRIDGE，whichinterestedme，I
　　cannotfindagain）。]andhavediedextensivelyinconsequence:——
　　theymarchfromStralsund，afortyorthirtymiles，tilltheyreachtheSwedish—Pommernboundary，PeeneRiver；amuddysullenstream，flowingthroughquagmiremeadows，whicharemilesbroad，oneachshore。Riverunfordableeverywhere；onlytobecrossedinfourorfiveplaces，wherepavedcausewaysare。TheSwedes，withdeliberation，crossPeene；aftersometime，capturethebitsofRedoubts，andtheoneortwopoorPrussianTownsuponit；
　　AnklamRedoubt，PEENE—MUNDE（Peene—mouth）Redoubt；androveforwardintoPrussianPommern，oroverintotheUckermark，forfifty，forahundredmiles；exactingcontributions；foragingwhattheycan；
　　makingthepoorcountry—peopleverymiserable，andthemselvesnothappy，——theirsoldiers’growingyearlymoreplunderous，’saysArchenholtz，’tillatlengththeygot，thoughmuchshyerofmurder，toresembleCossacks，’inregardtootherpleasofthecrown。
　　"ThereisgenerallysomefractionalregimentortwoofPrussianforce，leftundersomeselectGeneralManteuffel，ColonelBelling；
　　whohangsdiligentlyontheskirtsofthem，explodingbyallopportunities。TherehavebeenCountryMilitiasvoluntarilygotonfoot，fortheoccasion；fiveorsixsmallregimentsofthem；
　　officeredbyPrussianVeteransoftheSquirearchyinthoseparts；
　　whodoexcellentservice。TheGovernorofStettin，Bevern，ouroldSilesianfriend，strikesoutnowandthen，alwaysvigilant，promptandeffective，onachanceoffering。This，throughSummer，iswhatoppositioncanbemade:andtheSwedes，withoutmagazines，scout—
　　service，orthelikemilitaryappliances，butwillingenoughtofight[whentheycansee]，andlivingontheirshifts，willroveinward，perhaps100miles；saysouthwestward，saysoutheastward[towardsRuppin，whichweusedtoknow]，——theylovetokeepMecklenburgusuallyontheirflank，whichisafriendlyCountry。
　　Smallfightsbefallthem，usuallybeatings；neveranythingconsiderable。ThatistheirsuccessthroughSummer。
　　"Then，inAutumn，someremnantmoreofPrussianregularsarrive，disposablenowforthatservice；uponwhichtheSwedesaredrivenoverPeeneagain（quitesuretobedriven，whentheRiverwithitsquagmiresfreezes）；loseAnklamRedoubt，Peene—mundeRedoubt；
　　loseDemmin，Wollin；arefollowedintoSwedishPommern，oftenesttothegatesofStralsund，andarelockedupthere，thereandinRugenadjoining，tillanewseasonarrive。"——Thisyear（1757—1758），Lehwald，onturningthekeyofStralsund，mighthavedoneafinefeat；frosthavingcomesuddenly，andweldedRugentomainland。
　　"Whatistohinderyoufromstarvingthemintosurrender？"
　　signifiesFriedrich，hastily:"BesiegemeStralsund！"WhichLehwalddid；butshouldhavebeenquickeraboutit；orthethawcametoosoon，andadmittedshipswithprovisionagain。UponwhichLehwaldresigned，toaGeneralGrafvonDohna；andwenthome，asgrowntooold:andDohnakeptthembottledtheretilltheusualRussianAdvent（deepinJune）；bywhichtime，whatwithlimitedstockfishdiet，whatwithsorelabor（breakingoftheice，wheneverfrostreappeared）andotherhardship，morethanhalfofthemhaddied。——
　　"EverynewseasontherewasanewGeneraltried；butwithouttheleastimprovement。Therewasmockeryenough，complaintenough；
　　indignantlaughterinStockholmitself；andtheDalecarliansthoughtofrevolting:buttheSenatorCommittee—menheldfirm，ballastedbyFrenchgold，forfouryears。
　　"ThePrussianMilitiasareafinetraitofthematter；aboutfifteenregimentsindifferentparts；——aboutfiveinPommern，whichsettheexample；whichweresuddenlyraisedlastAutumnbytheSTANDEthemselves，drilledinStettincontinually，whiletheSwedeswereunderway，andwhichstoodreadyforsomeaction，underveteransofthesquirearchy，whentheSwedesarrived。TheywerekeptupthroughtheWar。TheSTANDEevenraisedalittlefleet，[Archenholtz，i。110。]riverfleetandcoastfleet，twelvegunboats，withapowerfulcarronadeineach，andeffectivemenandcaptain；agreatcheckonplunderingandcoastmischief，tilltheSwedes，whoarenaval，atlastmadeaneffortanddestroyedthemall。"
　　FriedrichwasverysensibleoftheseproceduresonthepartofhisSTANDE；andperhapsreadersarenotpreparedforsuch，orforothersofthelike，whichwecouldproduceelsewhere，inaCountrywithoutConstitutiontospeakof。Friedrichraisesnonewtaxes，——
　　exceptuponhimselfexclusively，andthesetotheveryblood:——
　　FriedrichgetsnoLife—and—FortuneAddressesofthevocalorprintedsort，butonlyoftheacted。Verymuchthepreferablekind，wherepossible，toallpartiesconcerned。Thesepoormilitiasandflotillasonecheerfullyputsonrecord；cheerfullynothingelse，inregardtosuchaSwedishWar；——norshallwehenceforthinsultthehumanmemorybyanotherworduponitthatisnotindispensable。
　　OFTHEENGLISHSUBSIDY。
　　OneofFriedrich’smostimportantaffairs，atpresent，——vitallyconnectedwithhisArmyanditsfurnishings，whichistheall—
　　important，——washisSubsidyTreatywithEngland。ItisthethirdtreatyhehassignedwithEnglandinregardtothisWar；thesecondinregardtosubsidyforit；anditisthefirstthattakesrealpracticaleffect。Ithadcostdifficultyinadjusting，notalittlecorrespondenceandmanagementfromMitchell；fortheKingisveryshyaboutsubsidy，thoughgrimnecessityprescribesitasinevitable；andhispride，andhisreflectionsonthelastSubsidyTreaty，"OneMillionsterling，ArmyofObservation，andFleetintheBaltic，"insteadofwhichcameZeroandKloster—Zeven，havemadehimverysensitive。However，alldifficultiesaregotover；
　　PlenipotentiaryKnyphausen，Pitt，BritannicMajestyandeverybodystrivingtoberationalandpractical；andatLondon，11thApril，1758，SubsidyTreaty，admirablybriefandtothepoint，isfinished:[InfourshortArticles；givenin
　　Helden—Geschichte，v。16，17。]"ThatFriedrichshallhaveFourMillionThalers，thatis，670，000pounds；payableinLondontohisorder，inOctober，thisYear；whichsumFriedrichengagestospendwhollyinmaintenanceandincreaseofhisArmyforbehoofofthecommonobject；——neitherpartytodreamofmakingtheleastshadowofpeaceortrucewithouttheother。"OfBalticFleet，thereisnothingsaid；nor，inregardtothat，wasanythingdone，thisyearorafterwards；highlyimportantasitwouldhavebeentoFriedrich，withtheNaviessocalledofbothSwedenandRussiadoingtheirworstuponhim。"WhynotsparemeasmallEnglishsquadron，andblowtheseaway？"Norwasthewhyevermadecleartohim；theprivatewhybeing，thatCzarishMajestyhad，lastyear，intimatedtoBritannic，"AnysuchsteponyourpartwillannihilatethenowoldfriendshipofRussiaandEngland，andbetakenasadirectdeclarationofWar！"——whichBritannicMajesty，forcommercialandmiscellaneousreasons，hopedalwaysmightbeavoided。Besilent，therefore，onthatofBalticFleet。
　　InallthespokenorcovenantedpointstheTreatywasaccuratelykept:670，000pounds，two—thirdsofamillionverynearly，will，inpunctualpromptitude，cometoFriedrich’shand，wereOctoberhere。
　　AndinregardtoFerdinand（apointleftsilent，thistoo），Friedrich’sexpectationswereexceeded，notthecontrary，solongasPittendured。ThisistheThirdEnglish—PrussianTreatyoftheSeven—YearsWar，aswesaidabove；anditistheFirstthattookpracticaleffect:thiswasfollowedbythreeothers，yearafteryear，ofpreciselythesametenor，whichwerelikewisepracticalandpunctuallykept，——thelastofthem，"12thDecember，1760，"hadreferencetoSubsidyfor1761:——andbeforeanothercame，Pittwasout。Sothat，inall，FriedrichhadFourSubsidies；670，000poundsx4=2，680，000poundsofEnglishmoneyaltogether:——anditiscomputedbysome，therewasneverasmuchgoodfightingotherwisehadoutofallthe800，000，000poundswehavefundedinthatpeculiarlineofenterprise。[FirstTreaty，16thJanuary，1756（isinHelden—Geschichte，iii。681），"WewillopposebyarmsanyforeignArmamententeringGermany；"
　　SecondTreaty，11thJanuary，1757（neverpublishedtill1802），isinScholl，iii。30—32:"onemillionsubsidy，aFleet&c。"（notKEPT
　　atall）；afterwhich，ThirdTreaty（theFIRSTreallyissuinginsubsidyandperformance）
　　is11thApril，1758（giveninHelden—Geschichte，v。17）；Fourth（reallySECOND），7thDecember，1758（Ib。v。
　　752）；Fifth（THIRD），9thNovember，1759；Sixth（FOURTH），12thDecember，1760。SeePREUSS，ii。124n。]
　　PitthadnodifficultywithhisParliament，orwithhisPublic，inregardtothisSubsidy；thecontraryrather。Seldom，ifever，wasEnglandinsuchaheatofenthusiasmaboutanyForeignManasaboutFriedrichinthesemonthssinceRossbachandwhathadfollowed。
　　Celebratingthis"ProtestantHero，"authenticnewChampionofChristendom；toastinghim，withallthehonors，outofitsWorcesterandotherMugs，veryhighindeed。TaketheseThreeClippingsfromtheoldNewspapers，omittingallelse；andrekindlethese，bygoodinspectionandconsideration，intofeeblesymboliclampsofanoldillumination，nowfallensoextinct。
　　No。1。REVERENDMR。WHITFIELDANDTHEPROTESTANTHERO。"Monday，January2d，"1758，"wasobservedasaDayofThanksgiving，attheChapelinTottenham—CourtRoad[brand—newChapel，stillstandingandacting，thoughnowinadingiermanner]，byMr。Whitfield’speople，forthesignalVictoriesgainedbytheKingofPrussiaoverhisEnemies。[Gentleman’sMagazine，xxviii。
　　（for1758），p。41。]——’WhyragetheHeathen；whydothepeopleimagineavainthing？Sinfulbeingswe，perilouslysunkinsinagainsttheMostHigh:——butthey，dotheythinkthat，byearthlyproppingandhoisting，theirunblessedChimera，withhisThreeHats，cansweepawaytheEternalStars！’"——Inthisstrain，I
　　suppose:ProtestantHeroandHeaven’slong—sufferingPatiencesandMerciesinraisingupsuchaoneforabackslidinggeneration；
　　doubtlesswithmuchunctionbyMr。Whitfield。
　　No。2。KINGOFPRUSSIA’SBIRTHDAY（Tuesday，January24th）。
　　"ThisbeingtheBirthdayoftheKingofPrussia，whothenenteredintotheforty—seventhyearofhisage，thesamewasobservedwithilluminationsandotherdemonstrationsofjoy；"——throughouttheCitiesofLondonandWestminster，"greatrejoicingsandilluminations，"itappears，[Gentleman’sMagazine，xxviii。（for1758），p。43；andvol。xxix。p。42，fornextyear’sbirthday，andp。81foranotherkindofcelebration。]——nowshiningsofeeblyatacentury’sdistance！——No。3isstillmorecurious；andhasdeservedfromusalittlespecialinquiringinto。
　　No。3。MISSBARBARAWYNDHAM’SSUBSIDY。"March13th，1758，"——whilePittandKnyphausenarebusyontheSubsidyTreaty，stillnotoutwithit，theNewspaperssuddenlyannounce，——
　　"MissBab。Wyndham，ofSalisbury，sisterofHenryWyndham，Esq。，ofthatCity，amaidenladyofamplefortune，hasorderedherbankertopreparethesumof1，000poundstobeimmediatelyremitted，inherownname，asapresenttotheKingofPrussia。"[
　　LondonChronicle，March14th—16th，1758；
　　Lloyd’sEveningPost；&c。&c。]DoubtlesstotheKingofPrussia’ssurprise，andthatofLondonSociety，whichwouldnotwantforcommentariesonsuchathing！
　　Beforelong，theSubsidyTreatybeingnowout，andtheWyndhamtopicnewagain，LondonSocietyreads，inthesameNewspaper，aDocumentaryPiece，calculatedtohelpinitscommentaries。Thereisgoodlikelihoodofguess，thoughnocertaintynowattainable，thatthe"EnglishLady"referredtomaybeMissBab。herself；——ofwhoselong—vanishedbiography，andbrisk，airy，nomadicways，wecatchherebyafaintshadow，momentary，butconceivable，andsufficientforus:——
　　"TOTHEAUTHORSOFTHELONDONCHRONICLE。
　　LondonChronicle，of13th—15thApril，1758。
　　"ThefollowingAccount，whichisarealfact，willservetoshowwithwhatpunctualityandexactnesstheKingofPrussiaattendstothemostminuteaffairs，andhowopenheistoapplicationsfromallpersons。
　　"AnEnglishLadybeingpossessedofactions[shares]intheEmbdenCompany，andhavingoccasiontoraisemoneyonthem，repairedtoAntwerp[sometwoyearsago，aswillbeseen]，andmadeapplicationforthatpurposetoaDirectoroftheCompany，establishedtherebytheKingofPrussiaforthemanagingallaffairsrelativethereto。
　　Thisperson，"VanErthornthenameofhim，"verywillinglyenteredintotreatywithher；butthesumheofferedtolendbeingfarshortofwhattheactionswouldbring，andhealsoinsistingonforfeitureofherrightinthem，ifnotredeemedintwelvemonths，——shebrokeoffwithhim，andhadrecoursetosomemerchantsatAntwerp，whowereinclinabletotreatwithheronmuchmoreequitableterms。TheproceedingnecessarilybroughtthepartiesbeforethisDirectorforreceivinghissanction，whichwasessentialtothesolidityoftheagreement；andhe，findinghewasliketolosetheadvantagehehadflatteredhimselfwith，disputedtheauthenticityoftheactions，andtherebythrewherintosuchdiscredit，astorenderallattemptstoraisemoneyonthemineffectual。UponthistheLadywroteaLetterbythecommonposttohisMajestyofPrussia，accompaniedwithaMemorialcomplainingofthetreatmentshehadreceivedfromtheDirector；andshelikewiseenclosedtheactionsthemselvesinanotherlettertoafriendatBerlin。Bythereturnofthepost，hisMajestycondescendedtoanswerherLetter；andtheactionswerereturnedauthenticated；whichsorestoredhercredit，thatinafewhoursalldifficultieswereremovedrelatingtothetransactionshehadinhand；anditismorethanprobabletheDirectorhasfelthisMajesty’sresentmentforhisill—behavior。——TheLady’sLetterwasasfollows:——
　　"’ANTWERP，19thFebruary，1756。
　　"’SIR，——HavinghadthehappinesstopaymycourttoyourMajestyduringaprettylongresidenceatBerlin[sayinVoltaire’stime；
　　MissBarbara’s"EmbdenCompany，"Iobserve，wasthefirstofthetwo，date1750；thatof1753isnothers]，andtoreceivesuchmarksoffavorfromtheirMajestiestheQueens[aBarbaracapableofshiningintheRoyalsoireesatMonbijou，oftalkingto，orof，yourVoltairesandlions，andinvestingmoneysinthenewEmbdenCompany]asIshalleverretainagratefulsenseof，——IpresumetoflattermyselfthatyourMajestywillnotbeoffendedattherespectfullibertyIhavetakeninlayingbeforeyoumycomplaintsagainstoneVanErthorn，aDirectoroftheEmbdenChinaCompany，whosebadbehaviortome，assetforthinmyMemorial，hathforcedmetomakeaverylongandexpensivestayatthisplace；and，astheconsiderableinterestIhaveinthatCompanymayfarthersubjectmetohiscaprices，IcannotforbearlayingmygrievancesatthefootofyourMajesty’sthrone；mostrespectfullysupplicatingyourMajestythatyouwouldbegraciouslypleasedtogiveordersthatthisDirectorshallnotacttowardsmeforthefutureashehathdonehitherto。
　　"’IhopeforthisfavorfromyourMajesty’ssovereignequity；andI
　　shallneverceaseofferingupmyardentprayersfortheprosperityofyourgloriousreign；havingthehonortobe，withthemostrespectfulzeal，Sir，yourMajesty’smosthumble，mostobedient，andmostdevotedservant，***’
　　"THEKINGOFPRUSSIA’SANSWER。
　　"’POTSDAM，26thFebruary，1756。
　　"’MADAM，——IreceivedtheLetterofthe19thinstant，whichyouthoughtpropertowritetome；andwasnotalittledispleasedtohearofthebadbehaviorofoneoftheDirectorsoftheAsiaticCompanyofEmbdentowardsyou，ofwhichyouwereforcedtocomplain。Ishalldirectyourgrievancestobeexamined，andhavejustnowdespatchedmyordersforthatpurposetoLenz，myPresidentoftheChamberofEastFriesland，’ChiefJudgeinthoseparts。[Seyfarth，ii。139。]’Youmayassureyourselfthestrictestjusticeshallbedoneyouthatthecasewilladmit。Godkeepyouinhisholyprotection。FRIEDRICH。’"
　　WhetherthisreferstoMissBarbaraornot，thereisnoaffirming。
　　Buttheinterestingpointis，FriedrichdidreceiveandacceptMissBarbara’s1，000pounds。ThePrussianaccount，whichcallsher"anEnglishJUNGFRAU，LADYSALISBURY，whoactuallysentasumofmoney，"[Preuss，ii。124，whosereferenceismerely
　　"Gentleman’sMagazinefor1758。"BothintheANNUAL
　　REGISTERofthatYear（i。86），andintheGentleman’sMagazine，pp。142，177，theaboveParagraphandLettersarecopiedfromtheNewspapers，butwithoutthesmallestcommentary（thereorelsewhere），oranymentionofa"LadySalisbury。"]wouldnotitselfbesatisfactory:but，bygoodchance，thereisstillliving，inSalisburyCity，averyagedGentleman，wellknownforhisworth，andintelligenceonsuchmatters，who，beinginquiredof，makesreplyatonce:ThattheFirstEarlofMalmesbury（whowasofhisacquaintance，andhadmanyanecdotesandreminiscencesofFriedrich，allnoteddown，itwasunderstood，withdiplomaticexactitude，butneveryetpublishedorbecomeaccessible）did，as"Iwellremember，amongotherthings，mentiontheKing’stellinghimthathe，"theKing，"hadreceivedaThousandPoundsfromMissWyndham；withapartofwhichhehadboughttheFlutetheninhishand。"[LetterfromJohnFowler，Esq。，"Salisbury，2dApril，1860，"toaFriendofmine（PENESME）:
　　ofBarbara’sidentity，orotherwise，withtheAntwerpEmbdenLady，Mr。F。cansaynothing。]Whichlattercircumstance，too，iscurious。For，atalltimes，howeverstraitenedFriedrich’sExchequermightbe，itwashisknownhabit，duringthisWar，tohavealways，beforethecurrentyearended，thewaysandmeanscompletelysettledandprovidedfortheyearcoming；sothateverythingcouldbeatoncepaidinmoney（goodmoneyorbad，——goodstilluptothisdate）；——Andnothingwasobservedtofallshort，somuchasthecustomaryliberalityofhisgiftstothoseabouthim。
　　Iinfer，therefore:Friedrichhaddecidedtolayoutthis1，000
　　poundsinwhathewouldcallluxuries，chieflygifts，——and，amongotherthings，hadsaidtohimself，"Iwillhaveanewflute，too！"
　　Probablyoneofhislast；forIunderstandhehad，bythistime（Malmesbury’stime，1772），ceasedmuchplaying，andceasedaltogethernotlongafter。[Preuss，i。371—373。]
　　JamesHarris，FirstEarlofMalmesbury，wasResidentatBerlin，1772:thatisallthedatewehavefortheKing’ssaying，"AndwithpartofitIboughtthisFlute！"DateofLordMalmesbury’smentionofitatSalisbury，wehavenone，——likeliesttheremightbevariousdates；athingmentionedmorethanonce，andnotimprovablebydating。TheWyndhamsstillliveintheCloseofSalisbury；
　　arespectedandwell—knownFamily；recordofthem（noneofBarbarathere，orelsewhereexcepthere）tobefoundintheCountyHistories。[Britton’sBeautiesofEnglandandWales，xv。partii。p。118；Hoare’sSalisbury（mistaken，p。815）；&c。]Ionlyknowfarther，BarbaradiedMay，1765，"agedandwealthy，"and"withthebulkofherfortuneendowedaCharity，tobecalled’WyndhamCollege，’"[ANNUAL
　　REGISTER（for1765），viii。86。]——whichIhopestillflourishes。
　　EnoughonthissmallWyndhammatter；whichisnearlyaltogetherEnglish，butinwhichFriedrichtoohashisindefeasibleproperty。
　　FRIEDRICH，ASINDEEDPITT’SPEOPLEANDOTHERSHAVEDONE，TAKESTHEFIELDUNCOMMONLYEARLY:FRIEDRICHGOESUPONSCHWEIDNITZ，SCHWEIDNITZ，ASTHEPREFACETOWHATEVERHISCAMPAIGNMAYBE。
　　WhilethisSubsidyTreatyisgettingsettledinEngland，DukeFerdinandhashisFrenchinfullcackleofuniversalflight；
　　andbeforethesigningofit（April11th），everyfeatherofthemisovertheRhine；DukeFerdinandbusypreparingtofollow。Gloriousnews，dayafterday，comingin，forPitt，forMissBarbaraandforallEnglishsouls，RoyalHighnessofCumberlandhardlyexcepted！
　　The"DescentonRochefort，"lastAutumn，hadagooddealdisappointedPittandEngland；——anexpensivelyelaborateExpedition，militaryandnaval；whichcouldnot"descend"atall，whenitgottothepoint；butmerelywentgropingabout，onthemuddyshoresoftheCharente，holdingcouncilsofwaryonder；
　　"cannonadedtheIsleofAixfortwohours；"andreturnedhomewithoutresultofanykind，Courts—martialfollowingonit，astoousual。Thiswasanunsuccessfulfirst—strokeforPitt。Indeed，heneverdidmuchsucceedinthoseDescentsontheFrenchCoast，thoughneveragainsoillasthistime。Thoseareakindofthingsthatrequireanexactitudeasofclockwork，inalltheirparts:
　　andPitt’sGeneralciesandWar—Offices，——weknowwhethertheywereofthePrussiantypeoroftheSwedish！AverygrievoushindrancetoPitt；——whichhewillnotbelievetobequiteincurable。
　　Againstwhichhe，forhispart，standsup，ingrimearnest，andwithhiswholestrength；andisnow，andatalltimes，doingwhatinhimliestoabateorremedyit:——successfully，toanunexpecteddegree，withinthenextfouryears。FromAmerica，hehasdecidedtorecallLordLoudon，asacunctatoryhagglingmortal，thereverseofaGeneral；howverydifferentfromhisAustrianCousin！
　　[Cousinscertainlyenough；theirProgenitorswereBrothers，ofthatHouse，about1568，——whenMatthew，thecadet，went"intoLivonia，"
　　intoforeignSoldiering（PapahavingfallenPrisoner"attheBattleofLangside，"1568，andtheFamilyprospectsbeinglow）；fromthisMatthewcomes，throughascripsofLivonianSoldiers，thefamedAustrianLoudon。Douglas，PeerageofScotland，p。425；&c。&c。VIEDELOUDON（ill—informedonthatpointandsomeothers）says，thefirstLivonianLoudoncamefromAyrshire，"inthefourteenthcentury"。]"Abercrombiemaybebetter，"hopeshe；——wasbetter，stillnotgood。Butalreadyinthegloomyimbrogliooveryonder，PittdiscernsthatoneAmherst（thesonofpeopleunimportantatthehustings）hasmilitarytalent:
　　andinthispuddleofaRochefortFutility，hehasgothiseyeonayoungOfficernamedWolfe，whowasQuartermasteroftheExpedition；
　　ayoungmanlikewisedestituteofParliamentaryconnection，butwhomaybeworthsomething。Bothofwhomwillbeheardof！Inafouryears’determinedeffortofthiskind，thingsdoimprove:anditwaswonderful，towhatamount，——outofthesechaoticWar—OfficeslittlebetterthantheSwedish，andignorantGeneralciesfullyworsethantheSwedish，——Pittgotheroicsuccessesandworkreallydone。
　　OnPitt，amidconfusedclouds，thereisbrightdawnrising；
　　andFriedrichtoo，forthelastmonth，inBreslau，hasacheerfulprospectonthatWesternsideofhishorizon。HereisoneofhisPostscripts，thrownoffinAutograph，whichDukeFerdinandwillreadwithpleasure:"Icongratulateyou，MONCHER，withmywholeheart！MayyouFLEUR—DE—LYSeveryFrenchskinofthem；cuttingoutontheir"——whatshallwesay（LEURIMPRIMANTSURLECUE）！——"theInitialsofthePeaceofWestphalia，andpackingthemacrosstheRhine，"tattooedinthatlatestextremityoffashion！[FriedrichtoDukeFerdinand，"Grussau，19thMarch，1758:"inKnesebeck，
　　HerzogFerdinand，i。64。HerzogFerdinandwahrenddes7—jahrigenKrieges（"fromtheEnglishaudPrussianArchives"）isthefullTitleofKnesebeck’sBook:
　　LETTERSaltogether；notveryintelligentlyedited，butwellworthreadingbyeverystudent，militaryandcivil:2vols。8vo。
　　Hannover，1857。]
　　Friedrich，groundingpartlyonthoseRhineaspects，hashisownschemelaidforCampaign1758。Itistheoldschemetriedtwicealready:togohomeuponyourEnemyswiftly，withyourutmostcollectivestrength，andtrytostrikeintotheheartofhimbeforeheisaware。Friedrichhastwicetriedthis；thesecondtimewithsuccess，respectablethoughfarshortofcomplete。Weakenedasnow，butwithFerdinandlikelytofindtheFrenchinemployment，hemeanstotryitagain；andisbusypreparingatNeisseandelsewhere，thoughkeepingitadeadsecretforthetime。Thereis，infact，nootherhopefulplanforhim，ifthisprovefeasibleatall。Doubleyourvelocity，youdoubleyourmomentum。One’sweightisgiven，——weightgrowinglessandless；——butnot，ornotinthesamewayanddegree，one’svelocity，one’srightnessofaim。
　　Weightgiven:itisonlybydoublingortreblinghisvelocitythatamancanmakehismomentumdoubleortreble，asneeded！
　　Friedrichmeanstotryit，readerswillseehow，——weretheFortofSchweidnitzoncehad；forwhichobjectFriedrichwatchestheweatherlikeaveryD’Argens，eagerthatthefrostwouldgo。
　　RecaptureofSchweidnitz，thelastspeckofAustrianismwipedawaythere；thatisevidentlytheprefacetowhatsoeverday’s—workmaybeahead。
　　March15th，frostbeingnowoff，FriedrichquitsBreslauandD’Argens，——hisHead—quarterthenceforthKloster—Grussau，nearLandshut，troopsallgettingcantonedthereabout，tokeepBohemiaquiet，——andgoesatonceuponSchweidnitz。Withthetopofthemorning，sotospeak；meanstohaveSchweidnitzbeforecampaigningusuallycanbegin，orcommonlaborerstaketheirtoolsinthistrade。TheAustrianCommandanthasbeengreatlystrengtheningtheworks；hehad，atfirst，some8，000ofgarrison；butthethreemonths’blockadehasbeentightuponhimandthem；anditishopedthethingcanbedone。
　　APRIL1st—2d，——Siege—materialbeinggottotheground，andSiegeDivisionandCoveringArmyallintheirplaces，——inspiteoftheheavyrains，weopenourfirstparallel，AustrianCommandantnotnoticingtillitisnearlydone。April8th，wehaveourbatteriesbuilt；andburstout，atourbestrate，intocannonade；aimingagooddealat"FortNo。1，"calledalso"GALGENorGallowsFort，"
　　whichweesteemtheprincipal。Cannonadecontinuesdayafterday，prosperstolerablyonGallowsFort，"——thoughthewetweather，andhardshiptothetroops，aregrievouscircumstances，andmakeFriedrichdoublyurgent。"Tryitbystorm！"counselsBalbi，whoisEngineer。NightofAPRIL15th—16thstormtakesplace；withsuchvigorandsuchcunning，thattheGallowsFortisgotforalmostnothing（lossoftenmen）；—andfewhoursafter，Austriabeatthechamade。[Tempelhof，ii。21—25；Helden—Geschichte，v。109—123:aboveall，Tielcke，BeytragezurKriegs—KunstundzurGeschichtedesKriegesvon1756bis1763（6vols。4to，Freyberg，1775—1786），iv。43—76。Volumeiv。
　　iswhollydevotedtoSchweidnitzanditssuccessiveSieges。]
　　Fifty—onenewAustrianguns，foroneitem，andabout7，000poundsofmoney。PrisonersofWartheGarrison，8，000goneto4，900；
　　withsuchstoresaswecanguess，ofoursandtheirsadded:
　　BalbiwasPrussianEngineer—in—Chief，TreskauCaptainoftheSiege；——otherparticularsIsparethereader。
　　UnfortunateSchweidnitzunderwentfourSieges，fourcapturesorrecaptures，inthisWar；——uponallofwhichwemustbequitesummary，onlytheresultsofthemimportanttous。Forthecuriousinsieges，especiaIlyforthescientificallycurious，thereis，byaCaptainTielcke，excellentaccountofalltheseSchweidnitzSieges，andofothers；——Artillery—CaptainTielcke，intheSaxonorSaxon—Russianservice；whomperhapsweshalltransientlyfallinwith，onadifferentfield，inthecourseofthisYear。
　　ChapterXII。
　　SIEGEOFOLMUTZ。
　　Fouquet，onthefirstmovementtowardsSchweidnitz，hadbeendetachedfromLandshuttosweepcertainCroatPartiesoutofGlatz；
　　Ziethen，withasimilarview，intoTroppauCountry；bothwhicherrandswereatonceperfectlydone。DaunliesbehindtheBohemianFrontier（betimesinthefieldhetoo，"arrivedatKonigsgratz，March13th"）；andis，withalldiligence，perfectinghisnewlevies；intrenchinghimselfonallpoints，asmanseldomdid；
　　"fellingwholeforests，"theysay，buildingabatiswithinabatis；
　　——notdoubting，especiallyontheseZiethen—Fouquetsymptoms，butFriedrich’sCampaignistobeanInvasionofBohemiaagain。
　　"Whichheshallnotdogratis！"hopesDaun；and，indeed，judgessaytheentrancewouldhardlyhavebeenpossibleonthatside，hadFriedrichtriedit；whichhedidnot。
　　Schweidnitzbeingdone，andDaundeepintheBohemianproblem，——
　　Friedrich，inanunintelligiblemanner，breaksoutfromGrussauandtheLandshutregion（April19th—25th），notstraightsouthward，asDaunhadbeenexpecting，butstraightsoutheastwardthroughNeisse，Jagerndorf:allgone，orallbutZiethenandFouquetgone，thatway；——meaningwhoshallsaywhat，whennewsofitcomestoDaun？
　　Intwodivisions，from30to40，000strong；throughJagerndorf，everonwardthroughTroppau，andnottillTHENturningsouthward:
　　indubitablemarchofthatcunningEnemy；rapidlyproceeding，his40，000andhe，alongthoseelevateduplandcountries，watershedoftheBlackSeaandtheBaltic，bleaklyilluminedbytheAprilsun；
　　amarchintothemistsofthefuturetense，whichdonotyetclearthemselvestoDaun。SeeingthemarchturnsouthwardatTroppau，alightbreaksonDaun:"Ha！comingrounduponBohemiafromtheeast，then？"ThatisDaun’sopinion，forsometimeyet；andheimmediatelystartsthatway，tosaveafinemagazinehehasatLeutomischloverthere。Daun，fromSkalitznearKonigsgratzwhereheis，hasbutsomeeightymilestomarch，fortheKing’shundredandfifty；andarrivesinthosepartsfewdaysaftertheKing；
　　postshimselfatLeutomischl，veiledinPandours。NotfortwoweeksmoredoesheascertainittohavebeenamarchupontheOlmutzCountry，andtheintricateforksoftheMorawaRiver；withaviewtobesiegingOlmutz，bythiswilyEnemy！UponwhichDaundidstrivetobestirhimselfthitherward，atlast；and，thoughveryslowandhesitative，hismeasuresotherwisewereunexceptionable，andturnedoutluckierthanhadbeenexpectedbysomepeople。
　　OlmutzisanancientpleasantlittleCity，inthePlainsofMahren，romantic，indistincttotheEnglishmind；withDomes，withSteepleseminentbeyonditssize，——populationlittleabove10，000souls；——
　　hasitsPrince—Archbishopandecclesiasticoutfittings，withwhomFriedrichhaslodgedinhistime。Citywhichtradesinleather，andRussianandMoldaviandrovesofoxen。MemorabletotheSlavicpopulationsforitsgrandCzechLibrary，whichwascarriedawaybytheSwedes，happilyintothicknight；[ToStralsund（1645），"andhasnotsincebeenheardof。"]alsoforthatpoorlittleWenzeloftheirs（lastheiroftheBohemianCzechroyalties，whomnoreaderhastheleastmemoryof）beingkilledonthestreetshere；——
　　uncertain，tothisday，bywhom，thoughforwhosebenefitthatdagger—strokeendediscertainenough；[Supra，vol。v。p。118。]——
　　poorlittleWenzel’sdustliesunderthathighestDome，oftheoldCathedralyonder，ifanybodythoughtofsuchathinginhotpracticaltimes。PoorLafayette，too，lodgedhereinprison，whentheAustriansseizedhim。Citytradesinleatherandlivestock，wesaid；hasmuchtodowithartillery，muchwithecclesiastry；——andFriedrichbesiegedit，forsevenweeks，inthehotsummerdaysof1758，tonopurpose。FriedrichhasbeeninOlmiitzmorethanoncebefore；hisSchwerinoncetookitinasingleday，anditwashisformonths，intheoldMoravian—Foraytime:buttheplaceischangednow；becomeanarsenalormilitarystorehouseofAustria；
　　stronglyfortified，andwithaCaptaininit，whodistinguisheshimselfbyvaliantskillandactivityonthisoccasion。
　　Friedrich’sOlmutzEnterprise，theratherasitwasunsuccessful，hasnotwantedcritics。Andcertainly，accordingtotheordinaryrulesofcautiousprudence，couldthesehavebeenFriedrich’sinhispresentsituation，itwasnottobecalledaprudentEnterprise。ButhadFriedrich’sarrangementsbeenpunctuallyfulfilled，andOlmutzbeengotinfairtime，aswaspossibleorprobable，thethingmighthavebeendoneverywell。DukeFerdinand，intheseearlyMaydays，ispracticallymakingpreparationstofollowtheFrenchacrosstheRhine；nofearofFrenchArmiesinterferingwithusthisyear。DohnahastheSwedeslockedinStralsund（capableofbeingstarved，hadnotthethawcome）；andinHinter—PommernhehasGeneralPlaten，withatolerableDetachment，watchingFermorandhisRussians；Dohna，withPlaten，mayentertaintheRussiansforalittle，whentheygetonway，——whichweknowwillbeataslowpace，andlateintheseason。PrinceHenricommandsinSaxony，saywith30，000；——King’svicegerentandotherselfthere，"DoYOURwisestandpromptest；holdnocouncilsofwar！"PrinceHenri，altogetherontheaggressiveasyet，iswaitingwhatReichsArmytheremaybe；——hasalreadyhadMayerandFreeCorpscareeringaboutinFrankenCountryonceandagain，tearinguptheincipienciesandpreparations，withtheusualemphasis；andishimselfintendingtofollowthither，inastillmoreimpressivemanner。Friedrich’scalculationis，PrinceHenriwillhavehishandsfreeforagoodfewweeksyet。Whichprovedtrueenough，sofarasthatwent。
　　Andnow，supposingOlmutzours，andViennaitselfopentoourinsults，doesnot，byrapidsuction，everyarmedAustrianflowthitherward；Germanyalldrainedofthem:inwhichcase，whatistohinderPrinceHenrifromsteppingintoBohmen，bytheMetalMountains；capturingPrag；gettingintojunctionwithushere，andtumblingAustriaataratethatwillastonishher！Her，andhermiscellaneoustagraggeryofConfederates，oneandall。
　　Konigsberg，Stralsund，Bamberg；Russians，Swedes，Reichsfolk，——
　　here，inMahren，willbethecrownofthegameforallthese。
　　ProsperinMahren，allthesearelamed；onerightstrokeattheheart，thelimbsbecomemanageablequantities！ThiswasFriedrich’sprogram；andhadnotimperfectionsofexecution，beyondwhatwaslookedfor，andalsoagooddealofplainill—luck，intervened，thisboldstrokeforMahrenmighthaveturnedoutfarotherwisethanitdid。
　　Themarchthither（startedfromNeisseApril27th）wasbeautiful:
　　Friedrichwithvanguardandfirstdivision；Keithwithrear—guardandsecond，alwaysataday’sdistance；splitintopropercolumns，forconvenienceofroadandquarterinthehungrycountries；
　　threadingthosesilentmountainvillages，andupperstreamletsofOderandMorawa:ZiethenwavingintrusiveCroateriesfaroff；
　　Fouquet，inthousandsofwagons，shovingonfromNeisse，"infoursections，"withthedueintervals，underthedueescorts，theimmensityofstoresandsiege—furniture，throughJagerndorf，throughTroppau，andonwards；[TableofhisroutesandstagesinTEMPELHOF，ii。46。]——punctualeverybody；besiegersandsiegematerialsreadyontheirgroundbythesetday。DauntoohadmadespeedtosavehisMagazine。DaunwasatLeutomischl，May5th，——afortymilestowestoftheMorawa，——fewdaysafterFriedrichhadarrivedinthosecountriesbytheeasternorleftbank，byTroppau，Gibau，Littau，Aschmeritz，Prossnitz；andaweekbeforeFriedrichhadfinishedhisreconnoitrings，campings，andtakenpositiontohismind。Camps，fourormore（shrankintheendtothree），onbothbanksoftheRiver；amatterofabstrusestudy；sothatitwasMay12thbeforeFriedrichfirsttookviewofOlmutzitself，andcouldfairlybeginhisProblem，——Daun，withhisbestTolpatcheries，stillunabletoguesswhatitwas。
　　OftheSiegeIproposetosaylittle，thoughtheaccountsofitareample，usefultotheArtilleristandEngineer。Ifthereadercanbemadetoconceiveitasablazingloud—soundingfact，onwhich，andonFriedrichinit，theeyesofallEuropewerefixedforsomeweeks，itmayrestnowinimpressiveindistinctnesstous。KeithisCaptainoftheSiege，whomallpraiseforhispunctualfirmnessofprogress；Balbiasbefore，isEngineer，againstwhomgoesthecriticism，Keith’sfirstofall，thathe"openedhisfirstparallel800yardstoofaroff，"——whichmuchincreasedthelabor，andtheexpenditureofuselessgunpowder，shothavingnoeffectatsuchadistance。Therewerevariouscriticisms:somereal，asthis；someimaginary，asthatFriedrichgrudgedgunpowder，thefactbeingthathehaditnot，exceptaftercarriagefromNeisse，sayahundredandtwentymilesoff，——Troppau，hislastSilesianTown，orsafeplace（hisforthemoment），iseightymiles；——andwasobligedtowastenoneofit。
　　Friedrichisnotthoughttoshineinthesieginglineashedoesinthefighting；whichhassometruthinit，thoughnotverymuch。
　　WhenFriedrichlaidhimselftoengineering，Iobserve，hediditwell:seeNeisse，Graudenz，Magdeburg。HisBalbiwentwrongwiththeparallels，onthisoccasion；manythingswentwrong:butthetrulygrievousthingwashisdistancefromSilesiaandthesupplies。Ahundredandtwentymilesofhill—carriage，eightyofthemdisputable，foreveryshotofammunitionandforeveryloafofbread；thiswashardtostand:——andperhapsnoWar—apparatusbutaPrussian，withaFriedrichforsolechief—manager，couldhavestooditsolong。Friedrichdidstandit，inawonderfullytolerablemanner；andwascontinuingtostandit，andmakefairprogress；
　　anditisnotdoubtedhewouldhavegotOlmutz，hadnotthereanotherfactcomeonhim，whichprovedtobeofunmanageablenature。Theactualloss，namely，ofoneConvoy，aftersomanyhadcomesafe，andwhen，asappears，therewasnowonlyonewantedandnomore！——Letusattendtothisalittle。
　　HadDaun，atOlmutz，beenasaDukeofCumberlandrelievingTournay，rushingintofightatFontenoy，likeaHanoverWhite—
　　Horse，neckclothedwiththunder，andheaddestituteofknowledge，——howluckyhaditbeenforFriedrich！ButDaunknowshistradebetter。Daun，thoughsuperiorinstrength，sitsonhisMagazine，clearnottofight。Bynoartofmanoeuvring，hadFriedrichmuchtriedit，orhopedit，thistime，couldDaunhavebeenbroughttogivebattle。AsFabinsCunctatorheishereinhisrightplace；
　　takingimpregnablepositions，nomanwithbetterskillinthatbranchofbusiness；pushingoutpartiesontheTroppauroad；
　　andpatientlywaitingtillthisdangerousEnemy，withsuchendlessshiftsinhim，comeinsightperhapsofhislastcartridge，orperhapsmakesomestumbleonthewaytowardsthatconsummation。
　　DaunisawareofFriedrich’ssurprisingqualities。BosagainstLeo，Daunfeelstheseprocedurestobealtogetherfeline（FELIS—
　　LEONINE）；suchstealthyglidingsabout，deceptivemotions，appearances；thensucharapidityofspringuponyou，andwithsuchasetofclaws，——destructivetobovineorrhinocerosnature:
　　inregardtoallwhich，Bos，ifhewillprosper，surelycannotbetoocautious。ItwasremarkedofDaun，thathewasscrupulouslycareful；never，inthemostimpregnablesituations，neglectingtheleastprecaution，butpunctiliouslyfortifyinghimselftothelastitem，eventoaridiculousextent，sayRetzowandthecritics。
　　ItwastheoneresourceofDaun:trulyasolidstubbornpatienceisintheman；stubborncouragetoo，ofbovine—rhinocerostype；——
　　stupid，ifyouwill，butdoingatalltimeshonestlyhisbestandhiswisestwithoutflurry；whichcharacterisoftenofsurprisingvalueinWar；capableofmuchmischief，nowandthen，toquickerpeople。RhinocerosDaundidplayhisLeoabadprankmorethanonce；andthisofbarringhimoutfromOlmutzwasoneofthem，perhapstheworstafterKolin。
　　Daun’smanagementofthisOlmutzbusinessisbynomeansreckonedbrilliant，evenintheFabiusline；but，onthecontrary，inert，dim—minded，inconclusive；andinreality，tillalmosttheverylast，hehadbeenoflittlehelptothebesieged。Fornearthreeweeks（tillMay23d）DaunsatatLeutomischl，immovableonhisbread—basketthere，fortyormoremilesfromOlmutz；anddidnotseethataSiegewasmeant。May27th—28th，Balbiopenedhisfirstparallel，inthatmistakenway；fourdaysbeforewhich，Daundoesmoveinwardsamarchorso，toZwittau，toGewitsch（stillthirtymilestowestofOlmutz）；stillthinkingofBohemia，notofanysiege；stillhangingbythemountainsandthebread—basket。
　　Andthere，——aboutGewitsch，siegeornosiege，Daunsitsdownagain；prettymuchimmovable，throughthefiveweeksofbombardment；and，——exceptthatLoudonandtheLightHorseareverydiligenttodoamischief，"attemptingourconvoys，morethanonce，tonopurpose，andalarmingsomeofouroutpostsalmosteverynight，buteverynightbeatenoff，"——does，inamanner，nothing；
　　sitsquiet，behindhisimpenetrableveilofPandours，andletsthebombardmenttakeitscourse。HadnotexpressOrdercomefromViennaonhim，itisthoughtDaunwouldhavesattillOlmutzwastaken；
　　andwouldthenhavegonebacktoLeutomischlandimpregnablepostsintheHills。Onexpressorder，he——Butgather，first，thesepoorsparksinelucidation:——
　　"The’destructivesallies’andthelike，atOlmutz，wereprincipallyanaffairofthegazetteersandtheimagination:butitiscertain，Olmutzthistimewasexcellentlywelldefended；
　　theCommandant，avigorousskilfulman，prompttoseizeadvantages；
　　andGarrisonandTownsfolkzealouslyhelping:sothatFriedrich’sprogresswasunusuallyslow。Friedrich’sfeelings，allthiswhile，andBalbi’s（who’spenthisfirst1，220shotsentirelyinvain，’
　　beginningsofaroff），maybejudgedof，——thesoundofhimtoBalbisometimessternenough！Aswhen（June9th）hepersonallyvisitsBalbi’sparallels（topoftheTafelbergyonder）；andinquires，’Whendoyoucalculatetogetdone，then？’WestsideofOlmutzandoftheRiver（eastsideliesmostlyunderwater），thereisthebombarding；seventy—oneheavyguns；Keith，inhisexpertestmanner，doingallthecaptaincies:Keithhasabout8，000offootandhorse，busyandvigilant，withtheirfacestotheeast。Inaringoffourcamps，orprincipallythree（Prossnitz，Littau，andNeustadt，whichisacrosstheRiver），alllookingwestwardornorthwestward，some，tenortwentymilesfromKeith，Friedrich（head—quartersoftenestProssnitz，thechiefcamp）standsfacingDaun；wholiesconcentrictohim，atthedistanceofanothertenortwentymiles，ingoodpartstillthirtyorfortymilesfromOlmutz，veiledmostlyunderacloudofPandours。
　　"OfFriedrich’simpatienceswehearlittle，thoughtheymusthavebeengreat。PrinceHenriisreadyforPrag；manythingsareready，wereOlmutzbutdone！May22d，PrinceHenrihadfollowedMayerinperson，withastrongercorps，torootouttheReichsfolk，——andisnowinBambergCityandCountry。AndiseveninBaireuthitself，wherewaslatelytheCampofthenewReichsGeneral，SereneHighnessofZweibruck，andhisnascentReichsArmy；whoareoffbodilytoBohemia，’toEgerandtheCircleofSaatz，’aweekbefore。[Helden—Geschichte，v。206—209。
　　Wilhelmina’sprettyLettertoFriedrich（"Baireuth，10thMay"）；
　　Friedrich’sAnswer（"Olmutz，June，1758"）；inOEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。i。313—315。]FancythatvisitofHenri’stoapoorWilhelmina；thelastsightsheeverhadofaBrother，oroftheoldPrussianuniforms，clearingherofZweibrucksandsorrowfulguests！OurpoorWilhelmina，alassheissunkinsicknessthisyearmorethanever；journeyingtowardsdeath，infact；andisprobablythemostpungent，sacredlytragic，ofFriedrich’ssorrows，nowandonwards。June12th，Friedrich’spoutingBrother，thePrinceofPrussia，died；thisalsohehadtohearinCampatOlmutz。’Whatdidhedieof？’saidFriedrichtotheMessenger，aMajorSomething。’Ofchagrin，’saidtheMajor，’AUS
　　GRAM。’Friedrichmadenoanswer。——
　　"OnthelastnightofMay，bybeautifulmanagement，militaryandother，DukeFerdinandisacrosstheRhine；againchasingtheFrenchbeforehim；who，astheyarefarmorenumerous，cannotsurelybutmakesomestand:sothataBattletheremaybeexpectedsoon，——letushope，aVictory；asindeeditbeautifullyprovedtobe，threeweeksafter。[BattleofCrefeld，23dJune。]Ontheotherhand，FermorandhisRussiansareastir；continuallywendingtowardsBrandenburg，intheirvoluminousmanner，sinceJune16th，thoughataslowrate。HowdesirabletheSiegeofOlmutzweredone！"
　　OnexpressfromVienna，Daundidbestirhimself；cautiouslygotonfootagain；detached，acrosstheRiver，anexpertHussarGeneral（"BebusyallyeLoudons，St。Ignons，Ziskowitzes，doublynow！"），——
　　expertHussarGeneral，oneitemofwhoseforceis1，100chosengrenadiers；——andhimselfcautiouslysteptsouthwardandeastward，nearertheSiegeLines。TheHussarGeneral’smeaningseemedtobesomemischiefonourCampofNeustadtandtheoutpoststhere；
　　butinrealityitwastothrowhis1，100intoOlmutz（usefultotheCommandant）；which——byingeniousmanoeuvring，andguidancefromthepeasants"throughbushywoodsaudby—paths"onthateastsideoftheRiver——theexpertHussarGeneral，thoughZiethenwassentovertohandlehim，didperfectlymanage，andwouldnotquitforZiethentillhesawitfinished。Whichdone，Daunkeepssteppingstillfarthersouthward，nearertheSiegeLines；and，atProssnitz，morningofJune22d，Friedrich，withhisowneyes，seesDauntakingpostontheoppositeheights；saystosomebodynearhim，"VOILALES
　　AUTRICHIENS，ILSAPPRENNENTAMARCHER，TherearetheAustrians；
　　theyarelearningtomarch，though！"——gettingontheirfeet，likeinfantsinacertainstage（"MARCHER"havingthatmeaningtoo，thoughIknownotthattheKingintendedit）；——theyhavelearnedagreatmanythings，sinceyourMajestyfirstmetthem。
　　FriedrichtookDauntobe，nowatlast，meaningBattleforOlmutz，andmadesomeslightarrangementsaccordingly；butthatisnotDaun’sintentionatall；asFriedrichwillfindtohiscost，infewdays。Thatveryday，Daunhasvanishedagain，stillinthesoutherlydirection，againunderveilofPandours。
　　Meanwhile，inspiteofallthings，theSiegemakesprogress；
　　"June22d，Balbi’ssaphadgottotheirglacis，andwaspushingforwardthere，"——June22d，daywhenDaunmademomentaryappearance，andthereinforcementstolein:——withinafortnightmore，Balbipromisesthethingshallbedone。Butsuppliesareindispensable:
　　oneotherconvoyfromTroppau，andletitbeabigone，"between3
　　and4，000wagons，"meal，money，iron，powder；Friedrichhopesthisone，ifhecangetithome，willsuffice。ColonelMoselistobringthisConvoy；aresoluteexpertOfficer，withperhaps7，000footandhorse:surelysufficientescort:but，asDaunisastir，andhisLoudons，Ziskowitzesandlightpeopleareglidingabout，FriedrichordersZiethentomeetthisimportantConvoy，withsomethousandsofnewforce，andtakechargeofbringingitin。MoselwastoleaveTroppauJune26th；ZiethenpushesouttomeethimfromtheOlmutzend，ontheseconddayafter；and，onehopes，allisnowsafeonthathead。
　　Thedrivingof3，000four—horsewagons，underescort，ninetymilesofroad，issuchanenterpriseascannotreadilybeconceivedbysedentarypacificreaders；——muchmoretheattackofsuch！
　　Militaryscience，constrainingchaosintothecosmicstate，hasnowheresuchaproblem。Therearetwelvethousandhorses，foronething，tobeshod，geared，keptroadworthyandregular；saysixthousandcountrywagoners，thick—soledpeasants:then，hangingtotheskirtsofthese，inmiscellaneouscrazyvehiclesandweakteams，equineandasinine，areoneortwothousandsutlerpeople，maleandfemale，notofselectquality，thoughonthem，too，wekeepasharpeye。Theseriescoversmanymiles，asmanyastwentyEnglishmiles（saysTempelhof），unlessinfavorablepointsyoucompressthemintofive，goingfourwagonsabreastfordefence’ssake。Defence，orescort，goesinthreebulksorbrigades；
　　vanguard，middle，rear—guard，withsparsepicketsintervening；——
　　widerthanfivemiles，youcannotgetthepartstosupportoneanother。Anenemybreakinginuponyou，atsomedifficultpointofroad，woodyholloworthelike，andopeningcannon，musketryandhussarexerciseonsuchanobject，mustmakeaconfusedtransactionofit！Somecommanders，fortheroadhashithertobeenmainlypacific，dividetheirtrainintoparts，sayfourparts；movingwiththeirpartialescorts，withanintervalofonedaybetweeneachtwo:thishasitsobviousadvantages，butdepends，ofcourse，ontheroadbeinglittleinfested，sothatyourpartialescortwillsufficetorepelattacks。Toilingforward，attheirdiligentslowrate，IfindthesetrainsfromTroppautakeaboutsixdays（fromNeissetoOlmutztheytakeeleven，butthefirstfivearepeaceable[Tempelhof，ii。48。]）；——can’tbehurriedbeyondthatpace，ifyouwouldsaveyourlaggards，yourirregulars，andpreventwhatwemaycallRAGGERYinyourrearwardparts；theskirtsofyourprocessiongettornbythebushesifyougofaster。ThistimeColonelMoselwillhavetomendhispace，however，andtogointhelumpwithal；
　　thecasebeingcritical，asMoselknows，andMOREthanheyetknows。
　　Daun，whohasfriendseverywhere，andnolackofspiesinthiscountry，generallyhearsoftheconvoys。Hehasheard，inparticular，ofthisimportantone，ingoodtime。HithertoDaunhadnotattemptedmuchuponconvoys，noranythingwithsuccess:
　　King’spostedcorpsandotherprecautionsareofsuchakind，notevenLoudon，whenhetriedhisbest，coulddoanygood；andcommonwanderinghussarpartiesareaslikelytogetamischiefastodoone，onsuchservice。CautiousDaunhadbeenbusyenoughkeepinghisownCampsafe，andflingingawordofnewsorencouragement，atthemostatrifleofreinforcement，intoOlmutz。whenpossible。
　　Butnowitbecomesevidenttheremustbeoneoftwothings:
　　thisconvoyseized，orelseabattlerisked；——andthatindefectofboththese，theinevitablethirdthingis，Olmutzwillstraightwaygo。
　　Major—GeneralLoudon，thebestpartisansoldierextant，andripeningforbetterthings，hasusuallyaforceofperhaps10，000
　　underhim，fourregimentsofthemregulargrenadiers；andhasbeenactiveontheconvoys，thoughhithertounsuccessful。LetanactiveLoudon，withincreasedforce，trythis，theirvitallyimportantconvoy，fromthewestsideoftheRiver；anactiveZiskowitzco—operatingontheeastside，wheretheroaditselfis；anddotheiruttermost！ThatisDaun’splan，——nowincourseofexecution。
　　Daun，insteadofmeaningbattle，thatdaywhenFriedrichsawhim，wascautiouslystealingpast，intendingtocrosstheRiverfartherdown；andhimselfsupporttheoperation。Daunhascrossedaccordingly，andhasdoubledupnorthwardagaintothefitpoint；
　　Ziskowitzisinthefitpoint，inthedueforce，onthiseastsidetoo。Loudon，onthewestside，goesbyMuglitz，Hof；makingalongdeepbendfartowestwardandhillwardofallthePrussianpostedcorpsandprecautions，andaltogetherhiddenfromthem；LoudonaimstobeinTroppauneighborhood，"Guntersdorf，nearBautsch，"bytheproperday，andpayMoselanunexpectedvisitinthepassagethere。
　　ColonelMosel，marshallinghisendlessTrainswitheveryexcellentprecaution，andthecleverestdispositions（saytheBooks），againsttheknownandtheunknown，hadgotupontheroad，andcreakedforward，many—wheeled，outofTroppau，Monday，26thJune。
　　[Tempelhof，ii。89—94。]Theroads，wornbythemuchtravellingandwetweather，wereutterlybad；thepacewasperhapsquickerthanusual；themuch—joltingTraingotgreatlyintoajumble:——Mosel，tobringupthelaggards，madethemorrowarest—day；didgetabouttwo—thirdsofhislaggardsmarshalledagain；orderedtheotherstoreturn，asimpossible。Theysay，haditnotbeenforthisrest—day，whichseemedofnoconsequence，LoudonwouldnothavebeenatGuntersdorfintime，norhaveattemptedashedidatGuntersdorfandafterwards。Atbreakofday（Wednesday，28th），Moselisagainontheroad；heavilyjumblingforwardfromhisquartersinBautsch。
　　Fewmileson，towardsGuntersdorf，hediscoversLoudonpostedaheadinthedefiles。WhatasightforMosel，inhischaracterofWagonerupwiththedawn！ButMoselmanagedthedefilesandLoudonthistime；haltedhistrain，dashedupintothewoodyheightsanddifficultgrounds；stormedLoudon’scannonfromhim，smoteLoudoninavalianttempestuousmanner；andsenthimtravellingagainforthepresent。
　　Loudon，Iconjecture，wouldhavestruggledfarther，hadnotheknownthattherewouldbeabetterchanceagainnotverymanymilesahead。LondonhasstudiedthisConvoy；knowsofZiethencomingtoitwithsomany；ofZiskowitzcomingtohim，Loudon，withsomany；
　　thatZiethencannotsendformore（roadsbeingallbesetbyourindustryyesterday），thatZiskowitzcan，shoulditbeneedful；——andthatatDomstadtlthereisadefile，orconfusedwoodyhollow，ofunequalledquality！MoseljumblesonalldaywithhisTrain，nonemolesting；atnightgetstohisappointedquarters，VillageofNeudorfl；[TheL，orEL，isadiminutiveintheseNames:
　　（NEUDORFL）"New—ThorpLET，"（DOMSTADTL）"Cathedral—TownLET，"andthelike。]andtherefindsZiethen:agladmeeting，wemayfancy，butananxiousone，withDomstadtlaheadonthemorrow。LoudonconcertswithZiskowitzthisday；callsinallreinforcementspossible，andtakeshismeasures。Thursdaymorning，ZiethenfindstheTraininsuchastate，hardlyhalfofitcomeup，hehastospendthewholeday，Moselandhe，inrearrangingit:Fridaymorning，June30th，theygetunderwayagain；——Friday，thecatastropheiswaitingthem。
　　ThePassofDomstadtl，lappedinthedimMoraviandistance，isnotknowntomeortomyreaders；norindeedcouldthehumanpenorintellect，aidedbyocularinspectionorwhateverhelps，givetheleastimageofwhatnowtookplacethere，renderingDomstadtlamemorablelocalityeversince。UnderstandthatZiethenandMosel，withtheirwasteslowdelugeofwagons，comejumblingin，withanxiety，withprecautions，——precautionsdoubled，nowthatthewoodyintricaciesaboutDomstadtlriseinsight。"Pooh，itisaswethought:theregoAustriancannon—salvos，horse—charges，volleyingmusketries，asourfirstwagonsenterthePass；——andtherewillbeajob！"Indecipherabletomankindfaroff，orevennear。Ofwhichonlythisfeatureandthatcanbelaidholdof，asdiscernible，bythemostindustriousman。Escort，inthreemainbodies，vanguard，middle，rear—guard，marchesoneachside；infantryontheleft，cavalryontheright，asthegroundislevellerthere。LengthoftheTraininstatutemiles，asitjumblesalongatthispoint，isnotgiven；butweknowitwasmanymiles；thathorsesandwagonerswereinpanichardlyrestrainable；andwedimlydescry，hereespecially，humandrill—sergeantcydoingtheimpossibletokeepchaospluggeddown。Thepoorwagoner，cannonplayingahead，whirlshomewardwithhisvehicle，ifyoureyequithim，——stillbetter，andhandier，cutshistraces，mountsinagoodmoment，andisoffatheavy—footedgallop，leavinghiswagon。Seldomhadhumandrill—
　　sergeantcysuchaproblem。