Y。M。Goon。Illustrate。
　　O。M。Doyouknowchess？
　　Y。M。Ilearneditaweekago。
　　O。M。Didyourmindgoonplayingthegameallnightthatfirstnight？
　　Y。M。Don’tmentionit！
　　O。M。Itwaseagerly，unsatisfiablyinterested;itriotedinthecombinations;youimploredittodropthegameandletyougetsomesleep？
　　Y。M。Yes。Itwouldn’tlisten;itplayedrightalong。ItworemeoutandIgotuphaggardandwretchedinthemorning。
　　O。M。Atsometimeorotheryouhavebeencaptivatedbyaridiculousrhymejingle？
　　Y。M。Indeed，yes！
　　"IsawEsaukissingKate，AndshesawIsawEsau;
　　IsawEsau，hesawKate，Andshesaw"
　　Andsoon。Mymindwentmadwithjoyoverit。ItrepeateditalldayandallnightforaweekinspiteofallIcoulddotostopit，anditseemedtomethatImustsurelygocrazy。
　　O。M。Andthenewpopularsong？
　　Y。M。Ohyes！"IntheSweeeetByandBy";etc。Yes，thenewpopularsongwiththetakingmelodysingsthroughone’sheaddayandnight，asleepandawake，tilloneisawreck。Thereisnogettingthemindtoletitalone。
　　O。M。Yes，asleepaswellasawake。Themindisquiteindependent。Itismaster。Youhavenothingtodowithit。Itissoapartfromyouthatitcanconductitsaffairs，singitssongs，playitschess，weaveitscomplexandingeniouslyconstructeddreams，whileyousleep。Ithasnouseforyourhelp，nouseforyourguidance，andneveruseseither，whetheryoubeasleeporawake。Youhaveimaginedthatyoucouldoriginateathoughtinyourmind，andyouhavesincerelybelievedyoucoulddoit。
　　Y。M。Yes，Ihavehadthatidea。
　　O。M。Yetyoucan’toriginateadreamthoughtforittoworkout，andgetitaccepted？
　　Y。M。No。
　　O。M。Andyoucan’tdictateitsprocedureafterithasoriginatedadreamthoughtforitself？
　　Y。M。No。Noonecandoit。Doyouthinkthewakingmindandthedreammindarethesamemachine？
　　O。M。Thereisargumentforit。Wehavewildandfantasticdaythoughts？Thingsthataredreamlike？
　　Y。M。YeslikeMr。Wells’smanwhoinventedadrugthatmadehiminvisible;andliketheArabiantalesoftheThousandNights。
　　O。M。Andtherearedreamsthatarerational，simple，consistent，andunfantastic？
　　Y。M。Yes。Ihavedreamsthatarelikethat。Dreamsthatarejustlikereallife;dreamsinwhichthereareseveralpersonswithdistinctlydifferentiatedcharactersinventionsofmymindandyetstrangerstome:avulgarperson;arefinedone;
　　awiseperson;afool;acruelperson;akindandcompassionateone;aquarrelsomeperson;apeacemaker;oldpersonsandyoung;
　　beautifulgirlsandhomelyones。Theytalkincharacter，eachpreserveshisowncharacteristics。Therearevividfights，vividandbitinginsults，vividlovepassages;therearetragediesandcomedies，therearegriefsthatgotoone’sheart，therearesayingsanddoingsthatmakeyoulaugh:indeed，thewholethingisexactlylikereallife。
　　O。M。Yourdreamingmindoriginatesthescheme，consistentlyandartisticallydevelopsit，andcarriesthelittledramacreditablythroughallwithouthelporsuggestionfromyou？
　　Y。M。Yes。
　　O。M。ItisargumentthatitcoulddothelikeawakewithouthelporsuggestionfromyouandIthinkitdoes。Itisargumentthatitisthesameoldmindinbothcases，andneverneedsyourhelp。
　　Ithinkthemindispurelyamachine，athoroughlyindependentmachine，anautomaticmachine。HaveyoutriedtheotherexperimentwhichIsuggestedtoyou？
　　Y。M。Whichone？
　　O。M。Theonewhichwastodeterminehowmuchinfluenceyouhaveoveryourmindifany。
　　Y。M。Yes，andgotmoreorlessentertainmentoutofit。I
　　didasyouordered:Iplacedtwotextsbeforemyeyesoneadulloneandbarrenofinterest，theotheronefullofinterest，inflamedwithit，whitehotwithit。Icommandedmymindtobusyitselfsolelywiththedullone。
　　O。M。Diditobey？
　　Y。M。Well，no，itdidn’t。Itbusieditselfwiththeotherone。
　　O。M。Didyoutryhardtomakeitobey？
　　Y。M。Yes，Ididmyhonestbest。
　　O。M。Whatwasthetextwhichitrefusedtobeinterestedinorthinkabout？
　　Y。M。Itwasthisquestion:IfAowesBadollarandahalf，andBowesCtwoandthreequarter，andCowesAthirty
　　fivecents，andDandAtogetheroweEandBthreesixteenthsofofIdon’tremembertherest，now，butanywayitwaswhollyuninteresting，andIcouldnotforcemymindtosticktoitevenhalfaminuteatatime;itkeptflyingofftotheothertext。
　　O。M。Whatwastheothertext？
　　Y。M。Itisnomatteraboutthat。
　　O。M。Butwhatwasit？
　　Y。M。Aphotograph。
　　O。M。Yourown？
　　Y。M。No。Itwashers。
　　O。M。Youreallymadeanhonestgoodtest。Didyoumakeasecondtrial？
　　Y。M。Yes。Icommandedmymindtointerestitselfinthemorningpaper’sreportoftheporkmarket，andatthesametimeI
　　remindeditofanexperienceofmineofsixteenyearsago。Itrefusedtoconsidertheporkandgaveitswholeblazinginteresttothatancientincident。
　　O。M。Whatwastheincident？
　　Y。M。Anarmeddesperadoslappedmyfaceinthepresenceoftwentyspectators。ItmakesmewildandmurderouseverytimeI
　　thinkofit。
　　O。M。Goodtests，both;verygoodtests。Didyoutrymyothersuggestion？
　　Y。M。TheonewhichwastoprovetomethatifIwouldleavemymindtoitsowndevicesitwouldfindthingstothinkaboutwithoutanyofmyhelp，andthusconvincemethatitwasamachine，anautomaticmachine，setinmotionbyexteriorinfluences，andasindependentofmeasitcouldbeifitwereinsomeoneelse’sskull。Isthattheone？
　　O。M。Yes。
　　Y。M。Itriedit。Iwasshaving。Ihadsleptwell，andmymindwasverylively，evengayandfrisky。Itwasrevelinginafantasticandjoyfulepisodeofmyremoteboyhoodwhichhadsuddenlyflashedupinmymemorymovedtothisbythespectacleofayellowcatpickingitswaycarefullyalongthetopofthegardenwall。Thecolorofthiscatbroughtthebygonecatbeforeme，andIsawherwalkingalongthesidestepofthepulpit;sawherwalkontoalargesheetofstickyflypaperandgetallherfeetinvolved;sawherstruggleandfalldown，helplessanddissatisfied，moreandmoreurgent，moreandmoreunreconciled，moreandmoremutelyprofane;sawthesilentcongregationquiveringlikejelly，andthetearsrunningdowntheirfaces。I
　　sawitall。ThesightofthetearswhiskedmymindtoafardistantandasaddersceneinTerradelFuegoandwithDarwin’seyesIsawanakedgreatsavagehurlhislittleboyagainsttherocksforatriflingfault;sawthepoormothergatherupherdyingchildandhugittoherbreastandweep，utteringnoword。
　　Didmymindstoptomournwiththatnudeblacksisterofmine？
　　Noitwasfarawayfromthatsceneinaninstant，andwasbusyingitselfwithaneverrecurringanddisagreeabledreamofmine。InthisdreamIalwaysfindmyself，strippedtomyshirt，cringinganddodgingaboutinthemidstofagreatdrawingroomthrongoffinelydressedladiesandgentlemen，andwonderinghowIgotthere。Andsoonandsoon，pictureafterpicture，incidentafterincident，adriftingpanoramaofeverchanging，everdissolvingviewsmanufacturedbymymindwithoutanyhelpfrommewhy，itwouldtakemetwohourstomerelynamethemultitudeofthingsmymindtalliedoffandphotographedinfifteenminutes，letalonedescribethemtoyou。
　　O。M。Aman’smind，leftfree，hasnouseforhishelp。Butthereisonewaywherebyhecangetitshelpwhenhedesiresit。
　　Y。M。Whatisthatway？
　　O。M。Whenyourmindisracingalongfromsubjecttosubjectandstrikesaninspiringone，openyourmouthandbegintalkinguponthatmatterortakeyourpenandusethat。Itwillinterestyourmindandconcentrateit，anditwillpursuethesubjectwithsatisfaction。Itwilltakefullcharge，andfurnishthewordsitself。
　　Y。M。Butdon’tItellitwhattosay？
　　O。M。Therearecertainlyoccasionswhenyouhaven’ttime。
　　Thewordsleapoutbeforeyouknowwhatiscoming。
　　Y。M。Forinstance？
　　O。M。Well，takea"flashofwit"repartee。Flashistherightword。Itisoutinstantly。Thereisnotimetoarrangethewords。Thereisnothinking，noreflecting。Wherethereisawitmechanismitisautomaticinitsactionandneedsnohelp。
　　Wherethewhitmechanismislacking，noamountofstudyandreflectioncanmanufacturetheproduct。
　　Y。M。Youreallythinkamanoriginatesnothing，createsnothing。
　　TheThinkingProcessO。M。Ido。Menperceive，andtheirbrainmachinesautomaticallycombinethethingsperceived。Thatisall。
　　Y。M。Thesteamengine？
　　O。M。Ittakesfiftymenahundredyearstoinventit。Onemeaningofinventisdiscover。Iusethewordinthatsense。
　　Littlebylittletheydiscoverandapplythemultitudeofdetailsthatgotomaketheperfectengine。Wattnoticedthatconfinedsteamwasstrongenoughtoliftthelidoftheteapot。Hedidn’tcreatetheidea，hemerelydiscoveredthefact;thecathadnoticeditahundredtimes。Fromtheteapotheevolvedthecylinderfromthedisplacedlidheevolvedthepistonrod。Toattachsomethingtothepistonrodtobemovedbyit，wasasimplemattercrankandwheel。Andsotherewasaworkingengine。[1]
　　Onebyone，improvementswerediscoveredbymenwhousedtheireyes，nottheircreatingpowersfortheyhadn’tanyandnow，afterahundredyearsthepatientcontributionsoffiftyorahundredobserversstandcompactedinthewonderfulmachinewhichdrivestheoceanliner。
　　Y。M。AShakespeareanplay？
　　O。M。Theprocessisthesame。Thefirstactorwasasavage。Hereproducedinhistheatricalwardances，scalp
　　dances，andsoon，incidentswhichhehadseeninreallife。A
　　moreadvancedcivilizationproducedmoreincidents，moreepisodes;theactorandthestorytellerborrowedthem。Andsothedramagrew，littlebylittle，stagebystage。Itismadeupofthefactsoflife，notcreations。IttookcenturiestodeveloptheGreekdrama。Itborrowedfromprecedingages;itlenttotheagesthatcameafter。Menobserveandcombine，thatisall。Sodoesarat。
　　Y。M。How？
　　O。M。Heobservesasmell，heinfersacheese，heseeksandfinds。Theastronomerobservesthisandthat;addshisthisandthattothethisandthatsofahundredpredecessors，infersaninvisibleplanet，seeksitandfindsit。Theratgetsintoatrap;getsoutwithtrouble;infersthatcheeseintrapslacksvalue，andmeddleswiththattrapnomore。Theastronomerisveryproudofhisachievement，theratisproudofhis。Yetbotharemachines;theyhavedonemachinework，theyhaveoriginatednothing，theyhavenorighttobevain;thewholecreditbelongstotheirMaker。Theyareentitledtonohonors，nopraises，nomonumentswhentheydie，noremembrance。Oneisacomplexandelaboratemachine，theotherasimpleandlimitedmachine，buttheyarealikeinprinciple，function，andprocess，andneitherofthemworksotherwisethanautomatically，andneitherofthemmayrighteouslyclaimaPERSONALsuperiorityorapersonaldignityabovetheother。
　　Y。M。Inearnedpersonaldignity，then，andinpersonalmeritforwhathedoes，itfollowsofnecessitythatheisonthesamelevelasarat？
　　O。M。Hisbrothertherat;yes，thatishowitseemstome。
　　Neitherofthembeingentitledtoanypersonalmeritforwhathedoes，itfollowsofnecessitythatneitherofthemhasarighttoarrogatetohimself（personallycreated）superioritiesoverhisbrother。
　　Y。M。Areyoudeterminedtogoonbelievingintheseinsanities？Wouldyougoonbelievingintheminthefaceofableargumentsbackedbycollatedfactsandinstances？
　　O。M。Ihavebeenahumble，earnest，andsincereTruthSeeker。
　　Y。M。Verywell？
　　O。M。Thehumble，earnest，andsincereTruthSeekerisalwaysconvertiblebysuchmeans。
　　Y。M。IamthankfultoGodtohearyousaythis，fornowI
　　knowthatyourconversion
　　O。M。Wait。Youmisunderstand。IsaidIhaveBEENaTruthSeeker。
　　Y。M。Well？
　　O。M。Iamnotthatnow。Haveyourforgotten？ItoldyouthattherearenonebuttemporaryTruthSeekers;thatapermanentoneisahumanimpossibility;thatassoonastheSeekerfindswhatheisthoroughlyconvincedistheTruth，heseeksnofurther，butgivestherestofhisdaystohuntingjunktopatchitandcaulkitandpropitwith，andmakeitweatherproofandkeepitfromcavinginonhim。HencethePresbyterianremainsaPresbyterian，theMohammedanaMohammedan，theSpiritualistaSpiritualist，theDemocrataDemocrat，theRepublicanaRepublican，theMonarchistaMonarchist;andifahumble，earnest，andsincereSeekerafterTruthshouldfinditinthepropositionthatthemoonismadeofgreencheesenothingcouldeverbudgehimfromthatposition;forheisnothingbutanautomaticmachine，andmustobeythelawsofhisconstruction。
　　Y。M。Afterso
　　O。M。HavingfoundtheTruth;perceivingthatbeyondquestionmanhasbutonemovingimpulsethecontentingofhisownspirit
　　andismerelyamachineandentitledtonopersonalmeritforanythinghedoes，itisnothumanlypossibleformetoseekfurther。
　　Therestofmydayswillbespentinpatchingandpaintingandputtyingandcaulkingmypricelesspossessionandinlookingtheotherwaywhenanimploringargumentoradamagingfactapproaches。
　　1。TheMarquessofWorcesterhaddoneallofthismorethanacenturyearlier。
　　VI
　　InstinctandThoughtYoungMan。Itisodious。Thosedrunkentheoriesofyours，advancedawhileagoconcerningtheratandallthatstripManbareofallhisdignities，grandeurs，sublimities。
　　OldMan。Hehasn’tanytostriptheyareshams，stolenclothes。HeclaimscreditswhichbelongsolelytohisMaker。
　　Y。M。Butyouhavenorighttoputhimonalevelwitharat。
　　O。M。Idon’tmorally。Thatwouldnotbefairtotherat。
　　Theratiswellabovehim，there。
　　Y。M。Areyoujoking？
　　O。M。No，Iamnot。
　　Y。M。Thenwhatdoyoumean？
　　O。M。ThatcomesundertheheadoftheMoralSense。Itisalargequestion。Letusfinishwithwhatweareaboutnow，beforewetakeitup。
　　Y。M。Verywell。YouhaveseemedtoconcedethatyouplaceManandtheratonAlevel。Whatisit？Theintellectual？
　　O。M。Informnotadegree。
　　Y。M。Explain。
　　O。M。Ithinkthattherat’smindandtheman’smindarethesamemachine，butofunequalcapacitieslikeyoursandEdison’s;
　　liketheAfricanpygmy’sandHomer’s;liketheBushman’sandBismarck’s。
　　Y。M。Howareyougoingtomakethatout，whentheloweranimalshavenomentalqualitybutinstinct，whilemanpossessesreason？
　　O。M。Whatisinstinct？
　　Y。M。Itismerelyunthinkingandmechanicalexerciseofinheritedhabit。
　　O。M。Whatoriginatedthehabit？
　　Y。M。Thefirstanimalstartedit，itsdescendantshaveinheritedit。
　　O。M。Howdidthefirstonecometostartit？
　　Y。M。Idon’tknow;butitdidn’tTHINKitout。
　　O。M。Howdoyouknowitdidn’t？
　　Y。M。WellIhavearighttosupposeitdidn’t，anyway。
　　O。M。Idon’tbelieveyouhave。Whatisthought？
　　Y。M。Iknowwhatyoucallit:themechanicalandautomaticputtingtogetherofimpressionsreceivedfromoutside，anddrawinganinferencefromthem。
　　O。M。Verygood。Nowmyideaofthemeaninglessterm"instinct"is，thatitismerelyPETRIFIEDTHOUGHT;solidifiedandmadeinanimatebyhabit;thoughtwhichwasoncealiveandawake，butitbecomeunconsciouswalksinitssleep，sotospeak。
　　Y。M。Illustrateit。
　　O。M。Takeaherdofcows，feedinginapasture。Theirheadsareallturnedinonedirection。Theydothatinstinctively;theygainnothingbyit，theyhavenoreasonforit，theydon’tknowwhytheydoit。Itisaninheritedhabitwhichwasoriginallythoughtthatistosay，observationofanexteriorfact，andavaluableinferencedrawnfromthatobservationandconfirmedbyexperience。Theoriginalwildoxnoticedthatwiththewindinhisfavorhecouldsmellhisenemyintimetoescape;thenheinferredthatitwasworthwhiletokeephisnosetothewind。Thatistheprocesswhichmancallsreasoning。Man’sthoughtmachineworksjustliketheotheranimals’，butitisabetteroneandmoreEdisonian。Man，intheox’splace，wouldgofurther，reasonwider:hewouldfacepartoftheherdtheotherwayandprotectbothfrontandrear。
　　Y。M。Didyoustaytheterminstinctismeaningless？
　　O。M。Ithinkitisabastardword。Ithinkitconfusesus;
　　forasaruleitappliesitselftohabitsandimpulseswhichhadafarofforigininthought，andnowandthenbreakstheruleandappliesitselftohabitswhichcanhardlyclaimathoughtorigin。
　　Y。M。Giveaninstance。
　　O。M。Well，inputtingontrousersamanalwaysinsertsthesameoldlegfirstnevertheotherone。Thereisnoadvantageinthat，andnosenseinit。Allmendoit，yetnomanthoughtitoutandadopteditofsetpurpose，Iimagine。Butitisahabitwhichistransmitted，nodoubt，andwillcontinuetobetransmitted。
　　Y。M。Canyouprovethatthehabitexists？
　　O。M。Youcanproveit，ifyoudoubt。Ifyouwilltakeamantoaclothingstoreandwatchhimtryonadozenpairsoftrousers，youwillsee。
　　Y。M。Thecowillustrationisnot
　　O。M。Sufficienttoshowthatadumbanimal’smentalmachineisjustthesameasaman’sanditsreasoningprocessesthesame？
　　Iwillillustratefurther。IfyoushouldhandMr。Edisonaboxwhichyoucausedtoflyopenbysomeconcealeddevicehewouldinferaspring，andwouldhuntforitandfindit。Nowanuncleofminehadanoldhorsewhousedtogetintotheclosedlotwherethecorncribwasanddishonestlytakethecorn。Igotthepunishmentmyself，asitwassupposedthatIhadheedlesslyfailedtoinsertthewoodenpinwhichkeptthegateclosed。
　　Thesepersistentpunishmentsfatiguedme;theyalsocausedmetoinfertheexistenceofaculprit，somewhere;soIhidmyselfandwatchedthegate。Presentlythehorsecameandpulledthepinoutwithhisteethandwentin。Nobodytaughthimthat;hehadobservedthenthoughtitoutforhimself。HisprocessdidnotdifferfromEdison’s;heputthisandthattogetheranddrewaninferenceandthepeg，too;butImadehimsweatforit。
　　Y。M。Ithassomethingoftheseemingofthoughtaboutit。
　　Stillitisnotveryelaborate。Enlarge。
　　O。M。SupposeMr。Edisonhasbeenenjoyingsomeone’shospitalities。Hecomesagainbyandby，andthehouseisvacant。Heinfersthathishosthasmoved。Awhileafterward，inanothertown，heseesthemanenterahouse;heinfersthatthatisthenewhome，andfollowstoinquire。Here，now，istheexperienceofagull，asrelatedbyanaturalist。ThesceneisaScotchfishingvillagewherethegullswerekindlytreated。Thisparticulargullvisitedacottage;wasfed;camenextdayandwasfedagain;cameintothehouse，nexttime，andatewiththefamily;keptondoingthisalmostdaily，thereafter。But，oncethegullwasawayonajourneyforafewdays，andwhenitreturnedthehousewasvacant。Itsfriendshadremovedtoavillagethreemilesdistant。Severalmonthslateritsawtheheadofthefamilyonthestreetthere，followedhimhome，enteredthehousewithoutexcuseorapology，andbecameadailyguestagain。Gullsdonotrankhighmentally，butthisonehadmemoryandthereasoningfaculty，yousee，andappliedthemEdisonially。
　　Y。M。YetitwasnotanEdisonandcouldn’tbedevelopedintoone。
　　O。M。Perhapsnot。Couldyou？
　　Y。M。Thatisneitherherenorthere。Goon。
　　O。M。IfEdisonwereintroubleandastrangerhelpedhimoutofitandnextdayhegotintothesamedifficultyagain，hewouldinferthewisethingtodoincaseheknewthestranger’saddress。Hereisacaseofabirdandastrangerasrelatedbyanaturalist。AnEnglishmansawabirdflyingaroundabouthisdog’shead，downinthegrounds，andutteringcriesofdistress。
　　Hewenttheretoseeaboutit。Thedoghadayoungbirdinhismouthunhurt。Thegentlemanrescueditandputitonabushandbroughtthedogaway。Earlythenextmorningthemotherbirdcameforthegentleman，whowassittingonhisveranda，andbyitsmaneuverspersuadedhimtofollowittoadistantpartofthegroundsflyingalittlewayinfrontofhimandwaitingforhimtocatchup，andsoon;andkeepingtothewindingpath，too，insteadofflyingthenearwayacrosslots。Thedistancecoveredwasfourhundredyards。Thesamedogwastheculprit;hehadtheyoungbirdagain，andoncemorehehadtogiveitup。Nowthemotherbirdhadreasoneditallout:sincethestrangerhadhelpedheronce，sheinferredthathewoulddoitagain;sheknewwheretofindhim，andshewentuponhererrandwithconfidence。
　　HermentalprocesseswerewhatEdison’swouldhavebeen。SheputthisandthattogetherandthatisallthatthoughtISandoutofthembuiltherlogicalarrangementofinferences。Edisoncouldn’thavedoneitanybetterhimself。
　　Y。M。Doyoubelievethatmanyofthedumbanimalscanthink？
　　O。M。Yestheelephant，themonkey，thehorse，thedog，theparrot，themacaw，themockingbird，andmanyothers。Theelephantwhosematefellintoapit，andwhodumpeddirtandrubbishintothepittillbottomwasraisedhighenoughtoenablethecaptivetostepout，wasequippedwiththereasoningquality。
　　Iconceivethatallanimalsthatcanlearnthingsthroughteachinganddrillinghavetoknowhowtoobserve，andputthisandthattogetheranddrawaninferencetheprocessofthinking。
　　Couldyouteachanidiotofmanualsofarms，andtoadvance，retreat，andgothroughcomplexfieldmaneuversatthewordofcommand？
　　Y。M。Notifhewereathoroughidiot。
　　O。M。Well，canarybirdscanlearnallthat;dogsandelephantslearnallsortsofwonderfulthings。Theymustsurelybeabletonotice，andtoputthingstogether，andsaytothemselves，"Igettheidea，now:whenIdosoandso，asperorder，Iampraisedandfed;whenIdodifferentlyIampunished。"
　　FleascanbetaughtnearlyanythingthataCongressmancan。
　　Y。M。Granting，then，thatdumbanimalsareabletothinkuponalowplane，isthereanythatcanthinkuponahighone？
　　Isthereonethatiswelluptowardman？
　　O。M。Yes。Asathinkerandplannertheantistheequalofanysavageraceofmen;asaselfeducatedspecialistinseveralartssheisthesuperiorofanysavageraceofmen;andinoneortwohighmentalqualitiessheisabovethereachofanyman，savageorcivilized！
　　Y。M。Oh，come！youareabolishingtheintellectualfrontierwhichseparatesmanandbeast。
　　O。M。Ibegyourpardon。Onecannotabolishwhatdoesnotexist。
　　Y。M。Youarenotinearnest，Ihope。Youcannotmeantoseriouslysaythereisnosuchfrontier。
　　O。M。Idosayitseriously。Theinstancesofthehorse，thegull，themotherbird，andtheelephantshowthatthosecreaturesputtheirthis’sandthatstogetherjustasEdisonwouldhavedoneitanddrewthesameinferencesthathewouldhavedrawn。
　　Theirmentalmachinerywasjustlikehis，alsoitsmannerofworking。TheirequipmentwasasinferiortotheStrasburgclock，butthatistheonlydifferencethereisnofrontier。
　　Y。M。Itlooksexasperatinglytrue;andisdistinctlyoffensive。Itelevatesthedumbbeaststoto
　　O。M。Letusdropthatlyingphrase，andcallthemtheUnrevealedCreatures;sofaraswecanknow，thereisnosuchthingasadumbbeast。
　　Y。M。Onwhatgroundsdoyoumakethatassertion？
　　O。M。Onquitesimpleones。"Dumb"beastsuggestsananimalthathasnothoughtmachinery，nounderstanding，nospeech，nowayofcommunicatingwhatisinitsmind。WeknowthatahenHAS
　　speech。Wecannotunderstandeverythingshesays，butweeasilylearntwoorthreeofherphrases。Weknowwhensheissaying，"Ihavelaidanegg";weknowwhensheissayingtothechicks，"Runhere，dears，I’vefoundaworm";weknowwhatsheissayingwhenshevoicesawarning:"Quick！hurry！gatheryourselvesundermamma，there’sahawkcoming！"Weunderstandthecatwhenshestretchesherselfout，purringwithaffectionandcontentmentandliftsupasoftvoiceandsays，"Come，kitties，supper’sready";weunderstandherwhenshegoesmourningaboutandsays，"Wherecantheybe？Theyarelost。Won’tyouhelpmehuntforthem？"andweunderstandthedisreputableTomwhenhechallengesatmidnightfromhisshed，"Youcomeoverhere，youproductofimmoralcommerce，andI’llmakeyourfurfly！"Weunderstandafewofadog’sphrasesandwelearntounderstandafewoftheremarksandgesturesofanybirdorotheranimalthatwedomesticateandobserve。Theclearnessandexactnessofthefewofthehen’sspeecheswhichweunderstandisargumentthatshecancommunicatetoherkindahundredthingswhichwecannotcomprehendinaword，thatshecanconverse。AndthisargumentisalsoapplicableinthecaseofothersofthegreatarmyoftheUnrevealed。Itisjustlikeman’svanityandimpertinencetocallananimaldumbbecauseitisdumbtohisdullperceptions。
　　Nowastotheant
　　Y。M。Yes，gobacktotheant，thecreaturethatasyouseemtothinksweepsawaythelastvestigeofanintellectualfrontierbetweenmanandtheUnrevealed。
　　O。M。Thatiswhatshesurelydoes。InallhishistorytheaboriginalAustralianneverthoughtoutahouseforhimselfandbuiltit。Theantisanamazingarchitect。Sheisaweelittlecreature，butshebuildsastrongandenduringhouseeightfeethighahousewhichisaslargeinproportiontohersizeasisthelargestcapitolorcathedralintheworldcomparedtoman’ssize。Nosavageracehasproducedarchitectswhocouldapproachtheairingeniusorculture。Nocivilizedracehasproducedarchitectswhocouldplanahousebetterfortheusesproposedthancanhers。Herhousecontainsathroneroom;nurseriesforheryoung;granaries;apartmentsforhersoldiers，herworkers，etc。;andtheyandthemultifarioushallsandcorridorswhichcommunicatewiththemarearrangedanddistributedwithaneducatedandexperiencedeyeforconvenienceandadaptability。
　　Y。M。Thatcouldbemereinstinct。
　　O。M。Itwouldelevatethesavageifhehadit。Butletuslookfurtherbeforewedecide。Theanthassoldiersbattalions，regiments，armies;andtheyhavetheirappointedcaptainsandgenerals，wholeadthemtobattle。
　　Y。M。Thatcouldbeinstinct，too。
　　O。M。Wewilllookstillfurther。Theanthasasystemofgovernment;itiswellplanned，elaborate，andiswellcarriedon。
　　Y。M。Instinctagain。
　　O。M。Shehascrowdsofslaves，andisahardandunjustemployerofforcedlabor。
　　Y。M。Instinct。
　　O。M。Shehascows，andmilksthem。
　　Y。M。Instinct，ofcourse。
　　O。M。InTexasshelaysoutafarmtwelvefeetsquare，plantsit，weedsit，cultivatesit，gathersthecropandstoresitaway。
　　Y。M。Instinct，allthesame。
　　O。M。Theantdiscriminatesbetweenfriendandstranger。
　　SirJohnLubbocktookantsfromtwodifferentnests，madethemdrunkwithwhiskeyandlaidthem，unconscious，byoneofthenests，nearsomewater。Antsfromthenestcameandexaminedanddiscussedthesedisgracedcreatures，thencarriedtheirfriendshomeandthrewthestrangersoverboard。SirJohnrepeatedtheexperimentanumberoftimes。Foratimethesoberantsdidastheyhaddoneatfirstcarriedtheirfriendshomeandthrewthestrangersoverboard。Butfinallytheylostpatience，seeingthattheirreformatoryeffortswentfornothing，andthrewbothfriendsandstrangersoverboard。Comeisthisinstinct，orisitthoughtfulandintelligentdiscussionofathingnew
　　absolutelynewtotheirexperience;withaverdictarrivedat，sentencepassed，andjudgmentexecuted？Isitinstinct？thoughtpetrifiedbyagesofhabitorisn’titbrandnewthought，inspiredbythenewoccasion，thenewcircumstances？
　　Y。M。Ihavetoconcedeit。Itwasnotaresultofhabit;
　　ithasallthelookofreflection，thought，puttingthisandthattogether，asyouphraseit。Ibelieveitwasthought。
　　O。M。Iwillgiveyouanotherinstanceofthought。Franklinhadacupofsugaronatableinhisroom。Theantsgotatit。
　　Hetriedseveralpreventives;andantsrosesuperiortothem。
　　Finallyhecontrivedonewhichshutoffaccessprobablysetthetable’slegsinpansofwater，ordrewacircleoftararoundthecup，Idon’tremember。Atanyrate，hewatchedtoseewhattheywoulddo。Theytriedvariousschemesfailures，everyone。Theantswerebadlypuzzled。Finallytheyheldaconsultation，discussedtheproblem，arrivedatadecisionandthistimetheybeatthatgreatphilosopher。Theyformedinprocession，crossthefloor，climbedthewall，marchedacrosstheceilingtoapointjustoverthecup，thenonebyonetheyletgoandfelldownintoit！Wasthatinstinctthoughtpetrifiedbyagesofinheritedhabit？
　　Y。M。No，Idon’tbelieveitwas。Ibelieveitwasanewlyreasonedschemetomeetanewemergency。