Indeed，therearefactscurrentwhichbroadlysuggestthatthekeepingofthehigherlearningisbeginningtopassintoother，andpresumptivelymoredisinterested，hands。
　　Thepermeationofacademicpolicybybusinessprinciplesisamatterofmoreorless，notofabsolute，dominance。Itappearstobeaquestionofhowwideadeviationfromscholarlysinglenessofpurposethelong—termcommonsenseofthecommunitywilltolerate。Thecultoftheidlecuriositystickstoodeepintheinstinctiveendowmentoftherace，andithasinmoderncivilizationbeentoothoroughlygroundintotheshapeofaquestofmatter—of—factknowledge，toallowthispursuittobedefinitivelysetasideortofallintoabeyance。Itisbytoomuchanintegralconstituentofthehabitsofthoughtinducedbythedisciplineofworkdaylife。Thefaithinandaspirationaftermatter—of—factknowledgeistooprofoundlyingrainedinthemoderncommunity，andtooconsonantwithitsworkdayhabitofmind，toadmitofitssupersessionbyanyobjectiveendalientoit，——atleastforthepresentanduntilsomestrongerforcethanthetechnologicaldisciplineofmodernlifeshalltakeovertheprimacyamongthefactorsofcivilization，andsogiveusacultureofadifferentcharacterfromthatwhichhasbroughtonthismodernscienceandplaceditatthecentreofthingshuman。
　　Thepopularapprovalofbusinessprinciplesandbusinesslikethriftisprofound，disinterested，alertandinsistent;butitdoesnot，atleastnotyet，gothelengthofunreservedlyplacingabusinesslikeexploitationofofficeaboveafaithfuldischargeoftrust。Thecurrentpopularanimusmaynot，inthismatter，approachthatwhichanimatesthebusinesscommunity，specificallyso—called，butitissufficiently"practical"toapprovepracticalsagacityandgainfultrafficwhereveritisfound;yetthefurtheranceofknowledgeisafterallanidealwhichengagesthemoderncommunity’saffectionsinastillmoreprofoundway，and，inthelongrun，withastillmoreunqualifiedinsistence。
　　Forgoodorill，intheapprehensionofthecivilizedpeoples，matter—of—factknowledgeisanendtobesought;whilegainfulenterpriseis，afterall，ameanstoanend。Thereis，therefore，alwaysthismassivehedgeofslowbutindefeasiblepopularsentimentthatstandsinthewayofmakingtheseatsoflearningoverintosomethingdefinitivelyforeigntothepurposewhichtheyarepopularlybelievedtoserve。（1*）
　　Perhapsthemostnaivewayinwhichapredilectionformenofsubstantialbusinessvalueexpressesitselfinuniversitypolicyistheunobtrusive，andinpartunformulated，preferenceshownforteacherswithsoundpecuniaryconnections，whetherbyinheritanceorbymarriage。Withnosuchuniformityastogiveevidenceofanadvisedruleofprecedenceorastandarizedscheduleofcorrelation，butwithsufficientconsistencytomerit，andindeedtoclaim，thethoughtfulattentionofthemembersofthecraft，ascholarwhoisinapositiontopleadpersonalwealthorawealthyconnectionhasaperceptiblybetterchanceofappointmentontheacademicstaff，andonamoreadvantageousscaleofremuneration，thanmenwithoutpecuniaryantecedents。Dueprefermentalsoappearstofollowmoreasamatterofcoursewherethecandidatehasoracquiresatangiblestandingofthisnature。
　　Thispreferenceforwell—to—doscholarsneedbynomeansbeanaltogetherblindorimpulsivepredilectionforcommercialsolvencyonthepartoftheappointingpower;thoughsuchapredilectionisnodoubtordinarilypresentandoperativeinadegree。Butthereissubstantialgroundforawisediscriminationinthisrespect。Asameasureofexpediency，particularlytheexpediencyofpublicity，itisdesirablethattheincumbentsofthehigherstationsonthestaffshouldbeabletoliveonsuchascaleofconspicuousexpensivenessastomakeafavourableimpressiononthosemenofpecuniaryrefinementandexpensivetasteswithwhomtheyaredesignedtocomeincontact。Theuniversityshouldbeworthilyrepresentedinitspersonnel，particularlyinsuchofitspersonnelasoccupyaconspicuousplaceintheacademichierarchy;thatistosay，itshouldberepresentedwithbecomingexpensivenessinallitssocialcontactwiththoseclassesfromwhosemunificencelargedonationsmayflowintothecorporatefunds。Largegiftsofthiskindarecreditablebothtohimthatgivesandhimthattakes，anditisthepartofwiseforesightsotoarrangethatthosetowhomitfallstorepresenttheuniversity，aspotentialbeneficiary，atthisjunctureshoulddosowithpropitiouslycreditablecircumstance。Tomeetandconvincetheopulentpatronsoflearning，aswellastheparentsandguardiansofpossibleopulentstudents，itis，byandlarge，necessarytomeetthemontheirownground，andtobringintoviewsuchevidenceofcultureandintelligenceaswillreadilybeappreciatedbythem。Tothisendalargeandwellappointeddomesticestablishmentismorefortunatethanasmallerone;abundant，well—chosenandwell—servedviands，beveragesandnarcoticswillalsofelicitouslytouchthesensibilitiesofthesemenwhoarefortunateenoughtohavelearnedtheirvirtue;thebetter，thatistosay，onthewhole，themorecostly，achievementsindressandequipagewill"carryfarther"inthesepremisesthanapenuriouseconomy。Inshort，itiswellthatthosewhomaybecalledtostandspokesmenfortheseatoflearninginitscontactwithmenandwomenofsubstantialmeans，shouldbeaccustomedto，andshouldbepecuniarilycompetentfor，ascaleoflivingsomewhatabovethatwhichtheordinaryremunerationforacademicworkwillsupport。Anindependentincome，therefore，isameritoriousqualityinanofficialscholar。
　　Theintroductionofthesedelegatesfromthewell—to—doamongtheacademicpersonnelhasafurther，secondaryeffectthatisworthnoting。Theirabilityfreelytomeetanyrequiredpecuniarystrain，coupledwiththatdegreeofsocialambitionthatcommonlycomeswiththeabilitytopay，willhaveasalutaryeffectinraisingthestandardoflivingamongtherestofthestaff，——
　　salutaryasseenfromthepointofviewofthebureauofpublicity。Intheabsenceofoutsideresources，thelivelihoodofacademicmenissomewhatscantandprecarious。Thisplacesthemunderaninsidioustemptationtoamoreparsimoniousmanneroflifethanthebest（prestige）interestsoftheseatoflearningwoulddictate。Byunduesavingoutoftheircurrentwagestheymayeasilygivetheacademicestablishmentanuntowardairofindigence，suchaswouldbelikelytodepreciateitsprestigeinthosewell—to—docircleswheresuchprestigemightcometohaveacommercialvalue，inthewayofdonations，anditmightatthesametimedeterpossiblecustomersofthesamedesirableclassfromsendingtheiryoungmentotheuniversityasstudents。
　　TheAmericanuniversityisnotaneleemosynaryinstitution;
　　itdoesnotpleadindigence，exceptinthatPickwickiansenseinwhichindigencemaywithoutshamebeavowedinpolitecircles;
　　nordoesitputitstrustindonationsofthatsparsenessandmodestywhichthegiftsofcharitycommonlyhave。Itsrecoursenecessarilyisthatsubstantialanddignifiedclassofgiftsthatarenotgiventhriftilyoncompunctionofcharity，butoutofthefulnessofthepurse。Thesedignifiedgiftscommonlyaimtopromotethemostreputableinterestsofhumanity，ratherthanthesordidneedsofcreaturecomfort，atthesametimethattheyservetofortifythedonor’sgoodnameingoodcompany。
　　Donationstouniversityfundshavesomethingofthecharacterofaninvestmentingoodfame;theyaremadebygentlemenandgentlewomen，togentlemen，andthetransactionsbeginandendwithinthecircleofpecuniaryrespectability。Animpeccablerespectability，authenticinthepecuniaryrespect，therefore，affordstheonlygroundonwhichsuchaseminaryoflearningcanreasonablyclaimthesympatheticattentionoftheonlyclasswhoseattentionsareseriouslyworthengaginginthesepremises;
　　andrespectabilityisinseparablefromanexpensivescaleofliving，inanycommunitywhoseschemeoflifeisconventionallyregulatedbypecuniarystandards。
　　Itisaccordinglyexpedient，foritscollectivegoodrepute，thatthemembersoftheacademicstaffshouldconspicuouslyconsumealltheircurrentincomeincurrentexpensesofliving。
　　Hencealsothemoralobligationincumbentonallmembersofthestaff——andtheirhouseholds——totakehandsandhelpinanendlesschainofconspicuouslyexpensivesocialamenities，wheretheirsocialproficiencyandtheirostensibleabilitytopaymayeffectuallybeplacedonview。Aneffectualfurtherancetothisdesirableendistheactivepresenceamongthestaffofanappreciablenumberwhoarereadytotaketheleadatapaceslightlyabovethecompetencyofthecommonrunofuniversitymen。Theirpresenceinsuresthatthegeneralbodywillliveuptotheirlimit;forinthis，asinothergamesofemulation，thepace—makerisinvaluable。
　　Besidestheincentivesogiventopoliteexpenditurebythepresenceofahighlysolventminorityamongtheacademicpersonnel，ithasalsobeenfoundexpedientthatthedirectoratetakethoughtandinstitutesomethinginthewayofanauthenticcurriculumofacademicfestivitiesandexhibitionsofsocialproficiency。Adegreeofexpensivegentilityisinthiswaypropagatedbyauthority，tobepaidforinpartoutofthesalariesofthefaculty。
　　SomethinginthiswayofceremonialfunctionsandpublicpageantshaslongbeenincludedintheordinaryroutineoftheacademicyearamongthehigherAmericanschools。Itdatesbacktothetimewhentheywereboys’schoolsunderthetutelageoftheclergy，anditappearstohavehadaritualisticorigin，suchaswouldcomportwithwhatisfoundexpedientintheserviceofthechurch。Byremoterderivationitshouldprobablybefoundtorestonaveryancientandarchaicfaithinthesacramentalormagicalefficacyofceremonialobservances。Butthepresentstateofthecasecanbynomeansbesetdowntotheaccountofaimlesssurvivalalone。Insteadofbeingallowedinanydegreetofallintoabeyancebyneglect，therangeandmagnitudeofsuchobservanceshaveprogressivelygrownappreciablygreatersincetheprinciplesofcompetitivebusinesshavecometorulethecounselsoftheuniversities。Thegrowth，inthenumberofsuchobservances，intheirpecuniarymagnitude，intheirritualisticcircumstance，andintheimportanceattachedtothem，isgreaterintheimmediatepresentthanatanyperiodinthepast;anditis，significantly，greaterinthoselargernewestablishmentsthathavestartedoutwithfewrestraintsoftradition。Butthemovesomadebytheseyounger，freer，moreenterprisingseatsoflearningfallscloselyinwiththatspiritofcompetitiveenterprisethatanimatesallalikethoughunequally。1
　　Thatitdoesso，thatthisefflorescenceofritualandpageantryintimatelybelongsinthecurrenttrendofthingsacademic，isshownbythevisibleproclivityoftheolderinstitutionstofollowtheleadgiveninthismatterbytheyoungerones，sofarastheyoungeroneshavetakenthelead。Inthemerenumberofauthorizedevents，ascontrastedwiththeaverageofsometwenty—fiveorthirtyyearsback，thepresentaverageappears，onasomewhatdeliberatereviewoftheavailabledata，tocompareasthreeorfourtoone。Forcertainoftheyoungerandmoreexuberantseatsoflearningtoday，ascomparedwithwhatmaybemostnearlycomparableintheacademicsituationoftheeighties，theproportionisperhapstwiceaslargeasthelargerfigurenamedabove。Broadlyspeaking，norequirementoftheacademicroutineshouldbeallowedtostandinthewayofanavailableoccasionforascholasticpageant。
　　Thesegenteelsolemnities，ofcourse，haveaculturalsignificance，probablyofahighorder，bothasoccasionsofrehearsalinallmattersofpoliteconformityandasastimulustogreaterrefinementandproficiencyinexpenditureonseemlydressandequipage。Theymayalsobebelievedtohavesomeremote，butpresumablysalutary，bearingonthehigherlearning。
　　Thislatterisanobscurepoint，onwhichitwouldbeimpossibleatpresenttoofferanythingbetterthanabstrusespeculativeconsiderations;sincetherelationofthesegenteelexhibitionstoscientificinquiryorinstructionisofapeculiarlyintangiblenature。Butitisnoneoftheseculturalbearingsofanysuchroundofpolitesolemnitiesandstatelypageantsthatcomesinquestionhere。Itistheirexpediencyinpointofbusinesslikeenterprise，orperhapsrathertheirbusinesslikemotive，ontheonehand，andtheireffectUpontheanimusandefficiencyoftheacademicpersonnel，ontheotherhand。
　　Insofarastheirmotiveshouldnot（byunseemlyimputation）
　　besetdowntomereboyishexuberanceofmake—believe，itmustbesoughtamongconsiderationsgermanetothatbusinessenterprisethatrulesacademicpolicy。Howeverattractivesuchaderivationmightseem，thiswholetrafficinpageantryandceremonialamenitiescannotbetracedbacktoecclesiasticalground，exceptinpointofremotepedigree;ithasgrowngreatersincethebusinessmentookoveracademicpolicyoutofthehandsoftheclergy。Norcanitbeplacedtotheaccountofcourtly，diplomatic，ormilitaryantecedentsorguidance;thesefieldsofactivity，whiletheyaregoodbreedinggroundforpompandcircumstance，donotoverlap，orevenseriouslytouch，thefrontiersoftherepublicoflearning。Ontheotherhand，inseekinggroundsormotivesforitall，itisalsonoteasytofindanycloseanalogyinthefieldofbusinessenterpriseofthelargersort，thathastodowiththeconductofindustry。Thereislittleofthismannerofexpensivepublicceremonialandsolemnfestivitiestobeseen，e。g。，amongbusinessconcernsoccupiedwithrailroadingorbanking，incottonspinning，orsugar—refining，orinfarming，shipping，coal，steel，oroil。Inthisfieldphenomenaofthisgeneralclassareofrareoccurrence，sporadicatthebest;andwhentheyoccurtheywillcommonlycomeinconnectionwithcompetitivesalesofproducts，servicesorsecurities，particularlythelatter。Nearerbusinessanalogueswillbefoundinretailmerchandising，andinenterprisesofpopularamusement，suchasconcerthalls，beergardens，oritinerantshows。Thestreetparadesofthelatter，e。g。，showaseductive，though，itisbelieved，misleadinganalogytotheceremonialpageantsthatroundofftheacademicyear。
　　Phenomenathatcomeintoviewinthelaterandmaturergrowthoftheretailtrade，asseen，e。g。，inthelargerandmorereputabledepartmentstores，areperhapsnearerthepoint。Thereareformal"openings"toinauguratethespecialtradeofeachofthefourseasons，desiredtoputthepatronsofthehouseonafootingofgood—humouredfamiliaritywiththeplantanditsresources，withthecustomsofthehouse，thepersonnelandthestockofwaresinhand，andbeforealltoarresttheattentionandenlisttheinterestofthoseclassesthatmaybeinducedtobuy。Therearealsooccasionalgatheringsofamoreceremonialcharacter，byspecialinvitationofselectcustomerstoapromisedexhibitionofpeculiarlyrareandcuriousarticlesoftrade。Thiswillthenbeilluminatedwithshrewdlyconceivedharanguessettingforththeallegedhistory，adventuresandmerits，pastandfuture，oftheparticularbranchofthetrade，andoftheparticularhouseatwhoseexpensetheeventisachieved。Inadditiontotheseseasonalandoccasionalsetpiecesofmercantileceremony，therewillalsorunalongintheday’sworkanunremittingdisplayofmeritoriousactsofcommissionandomission。Liketheiranaloguesinacademiclifetheseceremonialsoftradeareexpensive，edifying，enticing，andsurroundedwithasolicitousregardforpublicity;anditwillbeseenthattheyare，allandseveral，expedientsofadvertising。
　　Toreturntotheacademicpersonnelandtheirimplicationintheserecurrentspectaclesandamenitiesofuniversitylife。Aswasremarkedabove，apartfromoutsideresourcesthelivelihoodthatcomestoauniversitymanis，commonly，somewhatmeagre。Thetenureisuncertainandthesalaries，atanaverage，arenotlarge。Indeed，theyarenotablylowincomparisonwiththehighconventionalstandardoflivingwhichisbycustomincumbentonuniversitymen。Universitymenareconventionallyrequiredtoliveonascaleofexpenditurecomparablewiththatinvogueamongthewell—to—dobusinessmen，whiletheiruniversityincomescomparemorenearlywiththelowergradesofclerksandsalesmen。
　　Therateofpayvariesquitematerially，asiswellknown。Forthehighergradesofthestaff，whosescaleofpayislikelytobepubliclydivulged，itis，perhaps，adequatetotheaveragedemandsmadeonuniversityincomesbypoliteusage;butthelargemajorityofuniversitymenbelongonthelowerlevelsofgradeandpay;andontheselowerlevelsthepayis，perhaps，lowerthananyoutsiderappreciates。（3*）
　　Withmencircumstancedasthecommonrunofuniversitymenare，thetemptationtoparsimonyiseverpresent，whileontheotherhand，ashasalreadybeennoted，theprestigeoftheuniversity——andoftheacademichead——demandsofallitsmembersaconspicuouslyexpensivemannerofliving。Bothoftheseneedsmay，ofcourse，bemetinsomepoormeasurebysavingintheobscureritemsofdomesticexpense，suchasfood，clothing，heating，lighting，floor—space，books，andthelike;andmakingallavailablefundscounttowardthecollectiveendofreputablepublicity，bythrowingthestressonsuchexpendituresascomeunderthepubliceye，asdressandequipage，bric—a—brac，amusements，publicentertainments，etc。Itmayseemthatitshouldalsobepossibletocutdowntheproportionofobscureexpendituresforcreaturecomfortsbylimitingthenumberofbirthsinthefamily，orbyforegoingmarriage。But，byandlarge，thereisreasontobelievethatthisexpedienthasbeenexhausted。Asmenhavelatterlybeenatpainstoshow，thecurrentaverageofchildreninacademichouseholdsisnothigh;
　　whereasthepercentageofcelibatesis。Thereappears，indeed，tobelittleroomforadditionaleconomyonthishead，orinthematterofhouseholdthrift，beyondwhatisembodiedinthefamilybudgetsalreadyinforceinacademiccircles。
　　Soalso，thetenureofofficeissomewhatprecarious;moresothanthedocumentswouldseemtoindicate。Thisapplieswithgreaterforcetothelowergradesthantothehigher。Latterly，undertheruleofbusinessprinciples，sincetheprestigevalueofaconspicuousconsumptionhascometoagreatercurrencyinacademicpolicy，amemberofthestaffmayrenderhistenuremoresecure，andmayperhapsassurehisduepreferment，byasedulousattentiontotheacademicsocialamenities，andtothemoreconspicuousitemsofhisexpenseaccount;andhewillthendowellinthesameconnectionalsototurnhisbestattentionintheday’sworktoadministrativedutiesandschoolmasterlydiscipline，ratherthantotheincreaseofknowledge。Whereashemaymakehischanceofprefermentlessassured，andmayevenjeopardizehistenure，byaconspicuouslyparsimoniousmanneroflife，orbytoopronouncedanaddictiontoscientificorscholarlypursuits，totheneglectofthosepoliteexhibitionsofdecorumthatconducetothemaintenanceoftheuniversity’sprestigeintheeyesofthe（pecuniarily）culturedlaity。
　　Avarietyofotheruntowardcircumstances，ofasimilarlyextra—scholasticbearing，mayaffectthefortunesofacademicmentoalikeeffect;as，e。g。，unearnednewspapernotorietythatmaybeturnedtoaccountinridicule;unconventionalreligious，orirreligiousconvictions——sofarastheybecomeknown;anundesirablepoliticalaffiliation;animpecuniousmarriage，orsuchdomesticinfelicitiesasmightbecomesubjectofremark。
　　Noneoftheseuntowardcircumstancesneedtouchtheserviceabilityoftheincumbentforanyoftheavowed，oravowable，purposesoftheseminaryoflearning;andwhereactionhastobetakenbythedirectorateonprovocationofsuchcircumstancesitiscommonlydonewiththe（unofficial）admissionthatsuchactionistakennotonthesubstantialmeritsofthecasebutoncompulsionofappearancesandtheexigenciesofadvertising。Thatsomesucheffectshouldbehadfollowsfromthenatureofthings，sofarasbusinessprinciplesrule。
　　Inthedegree，then，inwhichtheseandthelikemotivesofexpediencyaredecisive，thereresultsahusbandingoftime，energyandmeansinthelessconspicuousexpendituresandduties，inordertoafreerapplicationtomoreconspicuoususes，andameticulouscultivationofthebourgeoisvirtues。Theworkdaydutiesofinstruction，andmoreparticularlyofinquiry，are，inthenatureofthecase，lessconspicuouslyinevidencethanthedutiesofthedrawing—room，theceremonialprocession，theformaldinner，orthegrandstandonsomered—letterdayofintercollegiateathletics。（4*）Forthepurposesofareputablenotorietytheeverydayworkoftheclassroomandlaboratoryisalsonotsoeffectiveaslecturestopopularaudiencesoutside;
　　especially，perhaps，addressesbeforeanaudienceofdevoutandwell—to—dowomen。Indeed，allthisiswellapprovedbyexperience。Inmanyanddeviousways，therefore，auniversitymanmaybeabletoservethecollectiveenterpriseofhisuniversitytobettereffectthanbyanexclusiveattentiontothescholasticworkonwhichaloneheisostensiblyengaged。
　　Amongtheconsequencesthatfollowisaconstanttemptationforthemembersofthestafftotakeonworkoutsideofthatforwhichthesalaryisnominallypaid。Suchworktakesthepubliceye;butafurtherincentivetogointothisoutsideandnon—academicwork，aswellastotakeonsupernumeraryworkwithintheacademicschedule，liesinthefactthatsuchoutsideorsupernumeraryworkisspeciallypaid，andsomayhelptoekeoutasensiblyscantlivelihood。Sofarastouchesthemorescantilypaidgradesofuniversitymen，andsofarasnoalienconsiderationscomeintotroubletheworking—outofbusinessprinciples，theoutcomemaybeschematizedsomewhatasfollows。
　　Thesemenhave，attheoutset，goneintotheuniversitypresumablyfromaninclinationtoscholarlyorscientificpursuits;itisnotprobablethattheyhavebeenledintothiscallingbythepecuniaryinducements，whichareslightascomparedwiththerulingratesofpayintheopenmarketforotherworkthatdemandsanequallyarduouspreparationandanequallycloseapplication。Theyhavethenbeenapportionedrathermoreworkasinstructorsthantheycantakecareofinthemostefficientmanner，atarateofpaywhichissensiblyscantforthestandardof（conspicuous）livingconventionallyimposedonthem。Theyare，byauthority，expectedtoexpendtimeandmeansinsuchpoliteobservances，spectaclesandquasi—learnedexhibitionsasarepresumedtoenhancetheprestigeoftheuniversity。Theyaresoinducedtodiverttheirtimeandenergytospreadingabroadtheuniversity’sgoodreputebycreditableexhibitionsofaquasi—scholarlycharacter，whichhavenosubstantialbearingonauniversityman’slegitimateinterests;
　　aswellasinseekingsupplementaryworkoutsideoftheirmandatoryschedule，fromwhichtoderiveanadequatelivelihoodandtofillupthecomplementofpolitelywastefulexpendituresexpectedofthem。Theacademicinstructionnecessarilysuffersbythisdiversionofforcestoextra—scholasticobjects;andtheworkofinquiry，whichmayhaveprimarilyengagedtheirinterestandwhichisindispensabletotheircontinuedefficiencyasteachers，is，inthecommonrunofcases，crowdedtoonesideandpresentlydropsoutofmind。Likeotherworkmen，underpressureofcompetitionthemembersoftheacademicstaffwillendeavourtokeepuptheirnecessaryincomebycheapeningtheirproductandincreasingtheirmarketableoutput。Andbyconsequenceofthispressureofbread—winningandgenteelexpenditure，theseuniversitymenaresobarredoutfromtheseriouspursuitofthosescientificandscholarlyinquirieswhichalonecan，academicallyspeaking，justifytheirretentionontheuniversityfaculty，andforthesakeofwhich，ingreatpartatleast，theyhavechosenthisvocation。Noinfirmitymorecommonlybesetsuniversitymenthanthisgoingtoseedinroutineworkandextra—scholasticduties。Theyhaveenteredontheacademiccareertofindtime，place，facilitiesandcongenialenvironmentforthepursuitofknowledge，andunderpressuretheypresentlysettledowntoaroundofperfunctorylabourbymeansofwhichtosimulatethelifeofgentlemen。（5*）
　　Beforeleavingthetopicitshouldfurtherberemarkedthatthedissipationincidenttothesepoliteamenities，thatsoareincumbentontheacademicpersonnel，apparentlyalsohassomethingofadeteriorativeeffectontheirworkingcapacity，whetherforscholarlyorforworldlyuses。Primafacieevidencetothiseffectmightbeadduced，butitisnoteasytosayhowfartheevidencewouldbearcloserscrutiny。Thereisanappreciableamountofdissipation，initsseveralsorts，carriedforwardinuniversitycirclesinaninconspicuousmanner，andnotdesignedforpublicity。Howfarthisisinducedbyalossofinterestinscholarlywork，duetothehabitualdiversionofthescholars’energiestootherandmoreexactingduties，wouldbehardtosay;asalsohowfaritmaybeduetotheleadgivenbymen—of—the—worldretainedonthefacultiesforotherthanscholarlyreasons。Atthesametimethereisthedifficultythatmanyofthosemenwhobearalargepartintheceremonialdissipationincidenttotheenterpriseinpublicityareretained，apparently，fortheirproficiencyinthislineasmuchasfortheirscholarlyattainments，oratleastsoonemightinfer;andthesemenmustbeacceptedwiththedefectsoftheirqualities。
　　Asbearingonthiswholematterofpompandcircumstance，socialamenitiesandritualdissipation，quasi—learneddemonstrationsandmeretriciouspublicity，inacademiclife，itisdifficultbeyondhopeofafinalanswertodeterminehowmuchofitisduedirectlytothemasterfulinitiativeofthestrongmanwhodirectstheenterprise，andhowmuchistobesetdowntoaninnateproclivityforallthatsortofthingonthepartoftheacademicpersonnel。Anearviewofthesephenomenaleavestheimpressionthatthereis，onthewhole，lessobjectionfeltthanexpressedamongtheacademicmenwithregardtothisroutineofdemonstration;thatthereluctancewithwhichtheypassundertheceremonialyokeisnotaltogetheringenuous;allofwhichwouldperhapsholdtrueevenmoredecidedlyasappliedtothefacultyhouseholds。（6*）Butforallthat，italsoremainstruethatwithouttheinitiativeandcountenanceoftheexecutiveheadtheseboyishmovementsofsentimentalspectacularityonthepartofthepersonnelwouldcometolittle，bycomparisonwithwhatactuallytakesplace。Itisafterallamatterforexecutivediscretion，and，fromwhatevermotives，thisdiversionofefforttoextra—scholasticendshastheexecutivesanction;（7*）withtheresultthatanintimatefamiliaritywithcurrentacademiclifeiscalculatedtoraisethequestionwhethermake—believedoesnot，afterall，occupyalargerandmoreurgentplaceinthelifeofthesethoughtfuladultmalecitizensthaninthelifeoftheirchildren。
　　NOTES:
　　1。Itwasaverywiseandadroitpoliticianwhofoundoutthat"Youcannotfoolallthepeopleallthetime。"
　　2。Lagloriadicoluichetuttomuove，Perl’universopen閠raerisplendeInunapartepi*emenoaltr’ove。
　　3。Inacertainlargeandenterprisinguniversity，e。g。，thepayofthelowest，andnumerous，rankregularlyemployedtodofullworkasteachers，isproportionedtothatofthehighest——muchlessnumerous——rankaboutasonetotwelveatthemost，perhapsevenaslowasonetotwenty。Anditmaynotbeoutofplacetoenterthecautionthatthenominalrankofagivenmemberofthestaffisnosecureindexofhisincome，evenwherethesalary"normally"attachedtothegivenacademicrankisknown。Notunusuallya"normal"scaleofsalariesisformallyadoptedbythegoverningboardandspreadupontheirrecords，andsuchascalewillthenbesurreptitiouslymadepublic。Butdeparturesfromthescalehabituallyoccur，wherebythesalariesactuallypaidcometofallshortofthe"normal"perhapsasfrequentlyastheyconformtoit。
　　Thereisnotrades—unionamonguniversityteachers，andnocollectivebargaining。Thereappearstobeafeelingprevalentamongthemthattheirsalariesarenotofthenatureofwages，andthattherewouldbeaspeciesofmoralobliquityimpliedinovertlysodealingwiththematter。Andintheindividualbargainingbywhichtherateofpayisdeterminedthedirectoratemayeasilybetemptedtoseekaneconomicalwayout，byofferingalowrateofpaycoupledwithahigheracademicrank。Thepleaisalwaysreadytohandthattheuniversityisinwantofthenecessaryfundsandisconstrainedtoeconomizewhereitcan。Soanadvanceinnominalrankismadetoserveinplaceofanadvanceinsalary，theformerbeingthelesscostlycommodityforthetimebeing。Indeed，sofrequentaresuchdeparturesfromthenormalscaleastohavegivenrisetothe（nodoubtill—advised）
　　suggestionthatthismaybeoneofthechiefusesoftheadoptedscheduleofnormalsalaries。Soanemployeeoftheuniversitymaynotinfrequentlyfindhimselfconstrainedtoaccept，aspartpayment，anexpensiveincrementofdignityattachingtoahigherrankthanhissalaryaccountwouldindicate。Suchanoutcomeofindividualbargainingisallthemorelikelyintheacademiccommunity，sincethereisnosettledcodeofprofessionalethicsgoverningtheconductofbusinessenterpriseinacademicmanagement，ascontrastedwiththetrafficofordinarycompetitivebusiness。
　　4。So，e。g。，thewell—knownpresidentofawellandfavourablyknownuniversitywasatpainsafewyearsagotodistinguishoneofhisfacultyasbeinghis"idealofauniversityman";thegroundsofthisinvidiousdistinctionbeingalifelikeimitationofacountrygentlemanandafairdegreeofattentiontocommitteeworkinconnectionwiththeacademicadministration;