Hencethepeculiarly，nottosayexuberantly，inanecharacterofthisbranchoforatory，coupledwithanindefatigableoptimismandgood—nature。Thisoutcomeisdueneithertoalackofapplicationnorofreflectiononthepartofthespeakers;itis，indeed，afinishedproductofthehomileticalartandmakesupsomethingofaclassofitsownamongtheartisticachievementsoftherace。Atthesametimeitisameanstoanend。（8*）
　　However，theclaystickstothesculptor’sthumb，asthemeal—dustpowdersthemiller’shairandthecobblercarriessensibletracesofthepitchthatgoesintohisday’swork，andastheable—bodiedseaman"walkswitharollinggait。"Soalsotheuniversityexecutive，whobypressureofcompetitiveenterprisecomestobeallthingstoallaudiences，willcomealsototakeonthecolourofhisownphilandropicpronouncements;tobelieve，moreorlessconveniently，inhisownblamelessutterances。Theynecessarilycommithimtoaproformaobservanceoftheirtenor;theymay，ofcourse，bedesiredasperfunctoryconciliation，simply，butincarryingconvictiontotheaudiencethespeaker’seloquenceunavoidablybendshisownconvictionsinsomedegree。Andnotonlydoesthetemperoftheaudiencesympatheticallyaffectthatofthespeaker，asdoesalsohisfamiliarcontactwiththesamerangeofpersons，suchasgoeswithandtakesachiefplaceinthisitinerantedification;butthereisalsotheopportunitywhichallthiswide—rangingitineraryofpublicaddressesaffordsforfeelingoutthestateofpopularsentiment，astowhatendstheuniversityisexpectedtoserveandhowitisexpectedbesttoservethem。Particularlydothesolemnamenitiesofsocialintercourseassociatedwiththispromulgationoflaysermonslendthemselvesfelicitouslytosuchapurpose;andthiscontactwiththepublicanditsspokesmendoubtlessexercisesapowerfulcontroloverthepoliciespursuedbytheseacademicexecutives，inthatitaffordsthemthereadiest，andatthesametimethemosthabitual，indicationastowhatlineofpolicyandwhatdetailsofconductwillmeetwithpopularapproval，andwhatwillnot。
　　Since，then，itisnecessarilytheendeavourofthecompetitiveexecutivestomeetthedesiresoftheirpublicasbesttheycan，consistentlywiththedemandsofmagnitudeand閏latimposedbytheirpositionaschiefsofthesecompetitiveconcerns，itbecomesaquestionofsomemomentwhatthecharacterofthisselectpublicopinionmaybe，towhichtheirperegrinationsexposethem;andhowfarandwithwhatlimitationsthepublicopinionthatsohabituallyimpingesontheirsensibilitiesandshapestheircanonsofproceduremaybetakenasreflectingthesentimentsofthepublicatlarge，orofanygivenclassofthepopulation。
　　Thepublicthatsocontributestothehabitualbentoftheacademicexecutivesisnecessarilyaselectfractionofthelaity，ofcourse，——self—selectedbyvirtueofmembershipinthevariousclubs，churchesandotherlikeorganizationsunderwhoseauspicestheedificationandamenitiesinquestionarecommonlybroughtintobearing，orbyvirtueofvoluntaryattendanceattheseoccasionsofquasi—cultureandgentility。Itissomewhatexclusivefragmentofthepublic，pecuniarilyofamiddlinggrade，asisindeedalsoitscaseinotherthanthepecuniaryrespect。Apartfromthe（veryconsequential）convivialgatheringswherebusinessmenwillnowandagaincometogetherandlendagenialeartotheseexecutivespokesmenofphilandropism，itwillbefoundthatattheaudiences，andattheirattendantsolemnitiesofhospitality，theassemblyismadeupofverymuchthesameelementsasmakeuptheeffectiveconstituencyofthemoderatelywell—to—dochurches。（9*）Neitherthesmallminorityofthewhollyidlerich，northegreatmajoritywhoworkwiththeirhands，arepresentinappreciableforce;particularlynotthelatter，whoarebusyelsewhere;nordothelearnedclasscomeinevidenceinthisconnection，——except，ofcourse，the"scholarsbyappointment，"withinwhoseofficialcompetencyliepreciselysuchoccasionsofpublicevidence。
　　Doubtless，thelargest，tone—givingandeffective，constituentinthisself—selectedpubliconwhosetempertheuniversitypresidenttypicallyleans，andfromwhosebenthiscanonsofcircumspectionaredrawn，istheclassofmoderatelywell—to—doandserious—mindedwomenwhohaveoutlivedthedistractionsofmaternity，andsohavecometoturntheirparentalsolicitudetothecommongood，conceivedasasterilizationoftheproprieties。Thecontrollingidealsofefficiencyandexpediencyintheaffairsofthehigherlearningaccordingly，insofarastheyarenotaprecipitateofcompetitivebusinessprinciplessimply，willbechieflyofthisderivation。Notthatthecaptainsoferuditionneedintimatelyharbourpreciselythosenotionsofscholarshipwhichthisconstituencywouldenjoinuponthem，andforwhichtheydutifullyspeakintheirconciliatorysermonsbeforetheseaudiences;butjustashappensinallcompetitiveretailbusinessthathastodealwithalargeandcriticalconstituency，sohere，——thecaptainsfindthemselvesconstrainedintheirmanagementoftheaffairsoflearningtowalkblamelesslyinthesightofthisquasi—publicspiritedwingofthelaitythathasbyforceofcircumstancescometoconstitutethepublic，asseenintheperspectiveoftheitinerantphilandropist。
　　Theexecutiveandallhisworksandwordsmustavoidblamefromanysourcefromwhichcriticismmightconceivablyaffectthetrafficwithwhichheisoccupied，suchisthefirstofthosepoliticprinciplesthatgoverntheconductofcompetitivebusiness。Theuniversitymustaccordinglybemanagedwithafirstviewtoacreditableratinginthoseextraneousrespects，touchingwhichthatselectlaitythatmakeuptheexecutive’seffectivepublicarecompetenttoholdconvictions。Theresultingcanonsofmanagementwillbechieflyofthenatureoftabus，sinceblameisbestavoidedbyacodeofavoidance。andsincetheforuminwhichthesetabusareauditedisaforuminwhichthematronlynegationsofpiety，proprietyandgenteelusagetakeprecedenceofwork，whetherscholarlyorotherwise，amisdirectedcowardicenotinfrequentlycomestorulethecounselsofthecaptainsoferudition，——misdirectednotonlyinthemoreobvioussensethatitsguidanceisdisserviceabletothehigherlearning，butalso（whatismoretotheimmediatepoint）inthesensethatitdiscreditstheexecutiveandhistacticsintheesteemofthatworkdaypublicthatdoesnothabituallygivetongueoverthecupsatfive—o’clock。（10*）
　　Itisperhapsunnecessary，asitwouldassuredlybeungraceful，topursuethisquasi—personalinquiryintothecircumstancesthatsodeterminethathabitualattitudeoftheexecutive。Thedifficultiesofsuchanambiguouspositionshouldbesufficientlyevident，andthecharacterofthedemandswhichthispositionmakesontheincumbentshouldbesimilarlyevident，sofarasregardsconducivenesstocleanandhonestlivingwithinthepremisesofthisexecutiveoffice。Itmay，however，notbeoutofplacetocalltomindoneortwosignificant，andperhapsextenuating，traitsamongthoseconventionsthatgotomakeupthesituation。Unlikewhatoccursintheconductofordinarybusinessandintheprofessions，therehashithertobeenworkedoutnocodeofprofessionalethicsfortheguidanceofmenemployedinthisvocation，——withthesoleexceptionofthatmandatoryinter—presidentialcourtesythatbindsallmembersofthecrafttoastrictenforcementoftheacademicblack—list，——
　　allofwhichleavesanexceptionallybroadfieldforcasuistry。
　　Sothat，unlikewhathappensinthebusinesscommunityatlarge，nostandardizationhasheredeterminedthelimitsoflegitimateprevarication;norcansuchastandardizationandlimitbeworkedoutsolongastheexecutiveisrequired，ineffect，tofunctionasthediscretionaryemployerofhisacademicstaffandholdthemtoaccountasagentsforwhomheisresponsible，atthesametimethathemust，inappearance，betheirconfidentialspokesmanandtheircolleagueinthecorporationoflearning。Anditisimpossibletoforegoeitheroftheserequirements，sincethediscretionarypowerofuseandabuseisindispensabletothebusinesslikeconductoftheenterprise，whiletheappearanceofscholarlyco—partnerywiththestaffisindispensabletothatprestigeonwhichreststhecontinuedexerciseofthispower。Andsoalsoithassimilarlyprovedunavoidable（perhapsasanissueofhumaninfirmity）thattheexecutivebeguidedineffectbyameretricioussubserviencetoextra—scholasticconventions，allthewhilethathemustprofessanunbiassedpursuitof"theincreaseanddiffusionofknowledgeamongmen。"
　　IV
　　Withalldueendeavourtoavoidtheappearanceofastudyintotaldepravity，theforegoinganalysishascome，afterall，toconvergeonthegrowthandderivationofthosepeculiarambiguitiesandobliquitiesthatgivecharactertothetypicalacademicexecutive。Notthatallacademicexecutives，withoutexception，are（inthehistoricalpresent）tobefoundfullyabreastofthatmaturephaseofthetypethatwouldsobereflectedbytheexigenciesoftheirofficeasoutlinedabove。
　　Norneeditbebelievedorarguedthatnomanmayenteronthesedutiesofofficebutsuchasarespeciallyfitted，bynativegiftandprevioustraining，forjustsuchanenterpriseinmeretriciousnotorietyastheseofficialdutiesenjoin。Theexceptionstosucharulearenotaltogetherrare，andtheincumbentmaywellhaveenteredonthedutiesofofficewithpreconceptionsandaimssomewhatatvariancewithwhatitsdisciplineinculcates。But，itshouldbecalledtomind，thetrainingthatmakesatypicalexecutivecomeswiththemostfelicitousandindefeasibleeffectnotinthepredisposingdisciplineofcandidaturebutintheworkdayconductofoffice。
　　Andsoconsistentandunremittingisthisdriftofthedutiesofoffice，overtandcovert，that，humanlyspeaking，anyonewhosubmitstoitsdisciplinethroughanappreciableperiodofyearsmustunavoidablycometoconformtotype。Menofunmanageablyrefractorytemperament，suchascannotbyhabituationbeinduedwiththerequisitedeviationandself—sufficiency，willofnecessitypresentlybethrownout，asbeingincompetentforthisvocation。Instancesofsuchrejectionaftertrialwillcometomind，butsuchinstancesare，afterall，notsofrequentorsostrikingastothrowdoubtonthegeneralrule。Thedisciplineofexecutiveofficewillcommonlyshapetheincumbenttoitsuses。
　　Itshouldseembeyondreasontoexpectthatadecadeofexposuretotheexigenciesofthishighofficewillleavetheincumbentstillamenabletothedictatesofcommonplacetoleranceandcommonhonesty。
　　Asintimatedabove，menwithingrainedscholarlyidealsandaconsistentaimtoservetheendsoflearningwillstilloccasionallybedrawnintotheexecutiveofficebyforceofcircumstances——particularlybyforceoftheslow—dyingpreconceptionthatthepreferencesoftheacademicstaffshouldcountforsomethinginthechoiceoftheirseniormember;andthiswillhappeninspiteoftheubiquitouscandidatureofaspirantswhohavepreparedthemselvesforthisenterprisebyseduloustraininginalltheartsofpopularityandbyawellorganizedbackingofinfluential"friends。"Thelikehappenedmorefrequentlyaquarterofacenturyago，atthetimewhenthecurrentsituationwastakingshapeundertheincipientincursionofbusinessprinciplesintouniversitypolicy。Butitdoesnotappearthatthoseincumbentswhosoenterontheseduties，willfarenotablyotherwiseintheendthandotheotherswhoseprevioustraininghasalreadybentthemtothetypicalpolicyofdeviation，fromtheoutset。
　　Anillustrativeinstanceortwomaywellbetothepoint。Andthesameillustrationswillperhapsalsoservetoenforcetheviewthatanythinglikeaneffectualuniversity——aseminaryofthehigherlearning，asdistinctfromanassemblageofvocationalschools——isnotapracticablepropositioninAmericaundercurrentconditions。Suchseemstobetheconclusionvouchedforbythetwomostnotableattemptsofthekindduringthepastquarter—century。Thetwoinstancesinquestionshouldappeartoaffordclearexperimentalevidencetothateffect，thoughitisalwayspossibletoallegethatpersonalorlocalconditionsmaysofarhaveaffectedtheseexperimentalinstancesasstilltoleavethecaseindoubt。
　　Inthesetwoinstances，intheMiddleWestandintheFarWest，thematterhasbeentriedoutunderconditionsasfavourabletothecauseoflearningastheAmericancommunitymayhopetooffer，barringonlythepossibleinhibitionduetoanuntowardlocalcolourofsentiment。Eachofthesetwogreatestablishmentshasbeenfavouredwithanendowmentofsuchmagnitudeaswouldbeadequatetothefoundationofaneffectualuniversity，sufficienttothesingle—mindedpursuitofthehigherlearning，withallthe"modernappliances"requisitetoscientificandscholarlywork，ifonlytheirresourceshadbeenhusbandedwithasinglemindtothatend;andineithercasethetermsoftheendowmenthavebeensufficientlytoleranttoadmitsuchpursuitofknowledgewithoutarri鑢epens閑。Thedirectivehands，too，underwhosediscretionarycontroleachoftheseestablishmentsenteredonitsadventuresandattaineditsdistinctivecharacter，weremenwho，atonepointoranotherintheiradministrationofacademicpolicy，entertainedasincerelyconceivedscholarlyambitiontocreateasubstantialuniversity，aninstitutionoflearning。（11*）And，inageneralway，thetwoattemptshaveequallyfailedoftheiravowedinitialpurpose。
　　Inthepersonsoftheirdiscretionaryheads，thetwoenterpriseswerefromtheoutsetanimatedwithwidelydivergentidealsandaspirationsinmattersofscholarship，andwithsingularlydissimilaranddistinctivetraitsofcharacter，resemblingoneanotherinlittleelsethanasinceredevotiontothecauseofscholarshipandanunhampereddiscretionintheirautocraticmanagementofaffairs;butitisanilluminatingcommentontheforceofcircumstancesgoverningthesematters，thatthesetwoestablishmentshavegonedowntosubstantiallythesamekindanddegreeofdefeat，——adefeatnotextremebuttypical，bothinkindanddegree。Intheonecase，themorenotorious，theinitialaim（wellknowntopersonsintimatelyintouchwiththerelevantfactsatthetime）wasthepursuitofscholarship，somewhatblatantperhaps，butnonethelesssincereandthoughtful;inthecompanion—pieceitwasinalikedegreethepursuitofscientificknowledgeandserviceability，though，itistrue，unschooledandpuzzle—headedtoadegree。Inbothenterprisesalikethediscretionaryheadssoplacedincontrolhadbeenselectedbyindividualbusinessmenoftheuntutoredsort，andwerevestedwithplenarypowers。Underpressureofcircumstances，inbothcasesalike，thepolicyofforcefulinitiativeandinnovation，withwhichbothalikeenteredontheenterprise，presentlyyieldedtotheubiquitouscravingforstatisticalmagnitudeandtheconsequentfeltneedofconciliatorypublicity;untilpresentlytheulteriorobjectofbothwaslostintheshadowoftheseimmediateandurgentmanoeuvresofexpediency，anditbecametheruleofpolicytostickatnothingbutappearances。
　　Sothatbothestablishmentshavecomesubstantiallytosurrendertheuniversityideal，throughlossofeffectualinitiativeandcourage，andsohavefoundthemselvesrunningsubstantiallythesamecourseofinsidiouscompromisewith"vocational"aims，undergraduatemethods，andthecounselsofthePhilistines。Thelife—historyofeach，whiledifferingwidelyindetailofwaysandmethods，isafterallmacleup，forthegreaterpart，offutileextensions，expansions，annexations，ramifications，affiliationsandpronunciamentos，inmattersthatarenomoregermanetothecauseoflearningthanisthestateoftheweather。Intheonecase，thechaseafterasufficientnotorietytookthedirectionofaravenousmegalomania，thebusiestconcernofwhichpresentlycametobehowmostconspicuouslytoprolongashoutintopolysyllables;andthefurtherfactthatthisclamorousraidonthesensibilitiesofthegallerywaspresently，onachangeofexecutivepersonnel，succeededbyagenialsurrendertotimeandtide，anaimlessgum—shodpusillanimity，hasapparentlychangedthedriftofthingsinnoveryappreciabledegree。（12*）
　　Inthecompanion—piece，theenterprisehasbeenbroughttothelikemanneranddegreeofstultificationunderthesimpleguidanceofanhystericallymeticulousdeferencetoallelsethanthemainfacts。Inbothcasesaliketheexecutivesolicitudehascometoconvergeonaself—centredandirresponsiblegovernmentofintolerance，differingchieflyinthedegreeofitsefficiency。Ofcourse，throughallthisdriftofstultificationtherehasalwaysremained——decusetsolamen——somethingofanamiablyinefficientandoptimisticsolicitudefortheadvancementoflearningatlarge，insomeunspecifiedmannerandbearing，sometime，butnottointerferewiththebusinessinhand。
　　Itisnotthateitherofthesetwogreatschoolsistoberatedasuselessforwhatevereachisgoodfor，butonlythatthatpursuitoflearningonwhichbothsetoutinthebeginninghasfallenintoabeyance，byforceofcircumstancesastheyimpingeonthesensibilitiesofadiscretionaryexecutive。Asvocationalschoolsandasestablishmentsforthediffusionofsalutaryadviceonthestateofmankindatlarge，botharedoubtlessallthatmightbedesired;particularlyinrespectoftheirstatisticalshowing。Itisonlythattheaffairsofthehigherlearninghavecomedefinitivelytotakeasubsidiary，orputative，place。Intheseestablishments;andtoallappearanceirretrievablyso，becausebotharenowcommittedtosolargeandexactingavolumeofobligationsandliabilities，legalandcustomary，extraneousandalientotheirlegitimateinterest，thatthereisnolongerareasonablechanceoftheircomingtoanythingofseriousimportinthewayofthehigherlearning，even，conceivably，underthemostenlightenedmanagementinthecalculablefuture。Intheirbootlesschaseafterablamelesspublicity，bothhavesunktheirendowmentinconspicuousrealestate，vocational，technicalandaccessoryschools，andthelikeacademicside—issues，tosuchanextentastoleavethemwithoutmeanstopursuetheirlegitimateendinanyadequatemanner，eveniftheyshouldharbouraneffectualinclinationtopursueit。（13*）
　　Theseremarksonthetypicaltraitsoftheacademicexecutivehaveunavoidablytakenthecolourofpersonalities。Thatsuchisthecaseshouldbynomeansbetakenasintentionallyreflectinganythinglikedispraiseonthosepersonswhohavethis（unavoidable）workofstultificationinhand。Rather，itisdispassionatelytobegatheredfromtherunofthefactsassetoutabovethatthosepersonsonwhomtheseexigenciesimpingewill，byforceofhabituation，necessarilycometotakethebentwhichthesecurrentconditionsenforce，andwithoutwhichthisworkcouldnotwellbedone;allonthesupposition——anditisbynomeansanextravagantassumption——thatthesepersonssoexposedtotheseagenciesofspiritualdisintegrationarebynativegiftendowedwiththecommonplacetraitsofhumannature，nomoreandnoless。Itisthedutiesoftheoffice，notarunofinfirmitiespeculiartotheincumbentsofoffice，thatmaketheoutcome。Verymuchlikethatofthemedicine—man，theofficeisonewhichwillnotabideatolerantandingenuousincumbent。（14*）
　　V
　　Inalltheaboveargumentandexposition，touchingtheexecutiveofficeanditsadministrativeduties，thepointofthediscussionis，ofcourse，notthepersonalcharacteristicsofthetypicalexecutive，noreventhespiritualfortunesofthepersonsexposedtothewearandtearofexecutiveoffice;althoughthesemattersmightwellengagetheattentionofanyonegiventomoralizing。Thepointis，ofcourse，thatprecarioussituationinwhichtheuniversity，consideredasacorporationofthehigherlearning，isplacedunderthesecurrentconditions，andthemannerinwhichthesecurrentconditionsgiverisetothissituation。Seenfromthepointofviewofthehigherlearning，anddisregardingconsiderationsextraneoustothatinterest，itisevidentthatthisrunofevents，andtheconditionswhichdeterminethem，arewhollyuntoward，nottosaydisastrous。
　　Now，thisinquiryisnowiseconcernedtoreform，deflectorremedythiscurrentdriftofthingsacademicawayfromtheancientholdinggroundofthehigherlearning;partlybecausesuchanenterpriseinreformandrehabilitationliesbeyonditscompetence;andpartly，again，becauseinallthiscurrentmovetodisplacethehigherlearningtheremayconceivablybeotherendsinvolved，whichmaybeworthwhileinsomeotherbearingthatisalientothehigherlearningbutofgraverconsequenceforthefortunesoftherace，——urgentneedswhichcanonlybeservedbysodivertingeffortandattentionfromthispursuit。
　　Yet，partlyoutofareasonabledeferencetothecurrentprejudicethatanymerenegativecriticismandcitationofgrievancesisnothingbetterthananunworthyexperimentinirritation;andmoreparticularlyasameanstoamoreadequateappreciationoftherigorousdifficultiesinherentinthiscurrentstateanddriftofthings;itmaynotbeoutofplacetooffersomeconsiderationofremedialmeasuresthathavebeenattemptedorprojected，orthatmaybeconceivedtopromiseawayout。
　　Asiswellknown，diversandvariousremedialmeasureshavebeenadvocatedbycriticsofcurrentuniversityaffairs，fromtimetotime;anditisequallyevidentonreflectionthattheseproposedremedialmeasuresarewithfairuniformitydirectedtothetreatmentofsymptoms，——torelieveagitationandinduceinsensibility。However，thereisatleastonelineofaggressivelyremedialactionthatisbeingtried，thoughnotavowedlyasameasuretobringtheuniversitiesintolinewiththeirlegitimateduties，butratherwithaviewtorelievingthemofthisworkwhichtheyarenolongerfittotakecareof。Itisamovedesignedtoshifttheseatofthehigherlearningoutoftheprecinctsoftheschools。Andthedesperatecaseoftheuniversities，consideredasseminariesofscienceandscholarship，isperhapsmoreforciblybroughtinevidencebywhatisinthiswaytakingplaceintheaffairsoflearningoutsidetheschoolsthanbytheirvisiblefailuretotakecareoftheirownwork。Thisevidencegoestosaythatthedifficultiesoftheacademicsituationareinsurmountable;anyrehabilitationoftheuniversitiesisnotcontemplatedinthislatterdaymovement。Anditissocomingtoberecognized，ineffectthoughtacitly，thatforalltheirprofessionsofasingle—mindedaddictiontothepursuitoflearning，theacademicestablishments，oldandnew，arenolongercompetenttotakethedirectionofaffairsinthisdomain。
　　Soitisthat，withasanguinehopebornofacademicdefeat，therehavelatterlybeenfoundedcertainlargeestablishments，ofthenatureofretreatsorsheltersfortheprosecutionofscientificandscholarlyinquiryinsomesortofacademicquarantine，detachedfromallacademicaffiliationandrenouncingallshareintheworkofinstruction。Inpointofformthemovementisnotaltogethernew。Foundationsofasimilaraimhavebeenhadbefore。Butthemagnitudeandcomprehensiveaimsofthenewestablishmentsaresuchastotakethemoutofthecategoryofauxiliariesandthrowthemintothelead。Theyareassumingtotakeovertheadvanceinscienceandscholarship，whichhasbytraditionbelongedunderthetutelageoftheacademiccommunity。
　　Thismovelookslikeadesperatesurrenderoftheuniversityideal。Thereasonforitappearstobetheproveninabilityoftheschools，undercompetitivemanagement，totakecareofthepursuitofknowledge。
　　Seenfromthepointofviewofthehigherlearning，thisnewdeparture，aswellastheapparentneedofit，istoberatedasuntoward;anditreflectsgravelyenoughontheuntowardconditionintowhichtheruleofbusinessprinciplesisleadingtheAmericanschools。Suchestablishmentsofresearcharecapable，inanycompetentmanner，ofservingonlyoneofthetwojointpurposesnecessarytobeservedbyanyeffectiveseminaryofthehigherlearning;norcantheyatalladequatelyservethisonepurposetothebestadvantagewhensodisjoinedfromitsindispensablecorrelate。Byandlarge，thesenewestablishmentsaregoodforresearchonly，notforinstruction;oratthebesttheycanservethislatterpurposeonlyasamoreorlessSurreptitiousorsupererogatorysideinterest。Shouldthey，underpressureofinstantneed，turntheirforcestoinstructionaswellastoinquiry，theywouldincontinentlyfindthemselvesdriftingintothesameequivocalpositionastheuniversities，andthedry—rotofbusinessprinciplesandcompetitivegentilitywouldpresentlyconsumetheirtissuesafterthesamefashion。
　　Itis，toallappearance，impracticableandinadvisabletolettheseinstitutionsofresearchtakeoveranyappreciableshareofthatworkofscientificandscholarlyinstructionthatisslippingoutofthepalsiedhandsoftheuniversities，soastoincludesomeconsistentapplicationtoteachingwithinthescopeoftheireverydaywork。Andthiscutsoutoftheircomplementofwaysandmeansoneofthechiefaidstoaneffectualpursuitofscientificinquiry。Onlyinthemostexceptional，nottosayerratic，caseswillgood，consistent，saneandalertscientificworkbecarriedforwardthroughacourseofyearsbyanyscientistwithoutstudents，withoutlossorbluntingofthatintellectualinitiativethatmakesthecreativescientist。Theworkthatcanbedonewellintheabsenceofthatstimulusandsafe—guardingthatcomesofthegiveandtakebetweenteacherandstudentiscommonlysuchonlyascanwithoutdeteriorationbereducedtoamechanicallysystematizedtask—work，——thatistosay，suchascan，withoutlossorgain，becarriedonundertheauspicesofabusinesslikeacademicgovernment。
　　This，imperativelyunavoidable，absenceofprovisionforsystematicinstructioninthesenew—foundestablishmentsofresearchmeansalsothattheyandtheworkwhichtheyhaveinhandarenotself—perpetuating，whetherindividuallyandindetailortakeninthelarge;sincetheirworkbreedsnogenerationofsuccessorstothecurrentbodyofscientistsonwhichtheydraw。Asthematterstandsnow，theydependfortheirpersonnelonthepastoutputofscholarsandscientistsfromtheschools，andsotheypickupandturntoaccountwhatthereisreadytohandinthatway——notinfrequentlymenforwhomtheuniversitiesfindlittleuse，asbeingrefractorymaterialnotaltogethersuitablefortheacademicpurposesofnotoriety。Whenthisacademicsourcefails，asitpresentlymust，withtheincreasinglyefficientapplicationofbusinessprinciplesintheuniversities，thereshouldseemtobesmallrecourseforestablishmentsofthisclassexcepttorunintothesandsofintellectualquietismwheretheuniversitieshavegonebefore。
　　Inthisconnectionitwillbeinterestingtonote，bywayofparenthesis，thatevennowalargeproportionofthenamesthatappearamongthestaffoftheseinstitutionsofresearcharenotAmerican，andthateventheAmerican—bornamongthemarefrequentlynotAmerican—bredinrespectoftheirscientifictraining。Forthiswork，recourseisnecessarilyhadtotheoutputofmentrainedelsewherethaninthevocationalandathleticestablishmentsoftheAmericanuniversities，ortothattaperingfileofacademicmenwhoarestillimbuedwithtraditionssoalientothecurrentschemeofconventionsastoleavethemnotamenabletothedictatesofbusinessprinciples。
　　Meantime，thatwhichiseatingtheheartoutoftheAmericanseminariesofthehigherlearningshouldinduecoursealsoworkoutthelikesterilizationintheuniversitiesofEurope，asfastandasfarastheseothercountriesalsocomefullyintolinewiththesamepecuniaryidealsthataremakingtheoutcomeinAmerica。AndevidenceisnotwhollywantingthatthelikeproclivitytopragmaticandpopulartrafficisalreadymakingthewayoftheacademicscientistorscholardifficultanddistastefulinthegreaterschoolsoftheOldWorld。Americaisbynomeansinauniquepositioninthismatter，exceptonlyinrespectoftheeminentdegreeinwhichthiscommunityispervadedbybusinessprinciples，anditsconsequentfaithinbusinesslikemethods，anditsintoleranceofanyotherthanpecuniarystandardsofvalue。Itisonlythatthiscountryisinthelead;
　　theotherpeoplesofChristendomarefollowingthesameleadasfastastheirincumbranceofarchaicusagesandtraditionswilladmit;andthegeneralityoftheirhigherschoolsarealreadybeginningtoshowtheeffectsofthesamebusinesslikeaspirations，decorativelycolouredwithfeudalisticarchaismsofpatrioticbuncombe。
　　Aswillbeseenfromtheaboveexplicationofdetailsandcircumstances，suchpracticablemeasuresashavehithertobeenofferedasacorrectivetothissterilizationoftheuniversitiesbybusinessprinciples，amounttoasurrenderoftheseinstitutionstotheenemiesoflearning，andaproposaltoreplacethemwithanimperfectsubstitute。Thatitshouldsobenecessarytorelinquishtheuniversities，asameanstothepursuitofknowledge，andtoreplacethemwithasecond—best，isdue，ashasalsoappearedfromtheaboveanalysis，tothecourseofpolicy（necessarily）pursuedbytheexecutiveofficersplacedincontrolofacademicaffairs;andthecharacterofthepolicysopursuedfollowsunavoidablyfromthedependenceoftheexecutiveonabusinesslikegoverningboard，backedbyabusinesslikepopularclamour，ontheonehand，andfromhisbeing（necessarily）vested，ineffect，witharbitrarypowerofuseandabusewithintheacademiccommunity，ontheotherhand。Itfollows，therefore，alsothatnoremedyorcorrectivecanbecontrivedthatwillhaveanythingmorethanatransientpalliativeeffect，solongastheseconditionsthatcreatethedifficultyareallowedtoremaininforce。
　　Allofwhichpointsunambiguouslytotheonlylineofremedialmeasuresthatcanbeworthseriousconsideration;andatthesametimeitcarriesthebroadimplicationthatinthepresentstateofpopularsentiment，touchingthesemattersofcontrolandadministration，anyeffortthatlookstoreinstatetheuniversitiesaseffectualseminariesoflearningwillnecessarilybenugatory;inasmuchasthepopularsentimentrunsplainlytotheeffectthatmagnitude，arbitrarycontrol，andbusinesslikeadministrationistheonlysaneruletobefollowedinanyhumanenterprise。Sothat，whilethemeasurescalledforaresimple，obvious，andeffectual，theyarealsosuretobeimpracticable，andfornonebutextraneousreasons。
　　Whileitstillremainstruethatthelong—termcommonsensejudgmentofcivilizedmankindplacesknowledgeabovebusinesstraffic，asanendtobesought，yetworkdayhabituationunderthestressofcompetitivebusinesshasinducedaframeofmindthatwilltoleratenoothermethodofprocedure，andnoruleoflifethatdoesnotapproveitselfasafaithfultravestyofcompetitiveenterprise。Andsincethequestoflearningcannotbecarriedonbythemethodsorwiththeapparatusandincidentsofcompetitivebusiness，itfollowsthattheonlyremedialmeasuresthatholdanypromiseofrehabilitationforthehigherlearningintheuniversitiescannotbeattemptedinthepresentstateofpublicsentiment。